Journal articles: 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'

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Partridge, Linda. "Current developments at Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, no. 1585 (January 12, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0315.

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Baranyiová, Eva. "Philosophical Transactions: 350 years of publishing at the Royal Society." Occupational Medicine 65, no. 9 (December 2015): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqv188.

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Turner, Anthony. "An interrupted story: French translations from Philosophical Transactions in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 62, no. 4 (October 14, 2008): 341–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2008.0006.

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Although consistently recognized as desirable by both the Royal Society and the Académie des Sciences, translations of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society were only infrequently undertaken officially. More successful were some private attempts, which by the end of the eighteenth century had produced a virtually complete translation, albeit only of Lowthorp's abridgements.

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Cook, A. "Royal weather." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 55, no. 1 (January 22, 2001): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2001.0129.

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Fellows of The Royal Society have been interested in weather from the earliest years of the Society. When John Locke was in Montpellier in 1676 he made many observations of the weather, which are in his unpublished Journal . Edmond Halley collected observations of winds worldwide from sea captains and published a chart of the trade winds in Philosophical Transactions . Robert Hooke devised a barometer for use at sea. Present Fellows are deeply involved with questions of change of climate. Our Archivist assembled a number of items from the Library for the New Frontiers in Science Soirées last year in an exhibition entitled ‘From Hooke to Houghton. Meteorology and The Royal Society’, which showed the continuing study by Fellows of weather and climate over three centuries. We reproduce some of the pictures here as a sample of those studies.

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Fyfe, Aileen. "Journals, learned societies and money: Philosophical Transactions , ca . 1750–1900." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 277–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0032.

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This paper investigates the finances of the Royal Society and its Philosophical Transactions , showing that in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries journal publishing was a drain on funds rather than a source of income. Even without any expectation of profit, the costs of producing Transactions nevertheless had to be covered, and the way in which this was done reflected the changing financial situation of the Society. An examination of the Society's financial accounts and minute books reveals the tensions between the Society's desire to promote the widespread communication of natural knowledge, and the ever-increasing cost of doing so, particularly by the late nineteenth century.

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PIETSCH, THEODORE W., and HANS AILI. "Sir John Hill (1714–1775) and “His” Classification of Fishes: An Example of Eighteenth-Century Plagiarism." Zootaxa 5231, no. 3 (January 31, 2023): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5231.3.4.

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John Hill (1714–1775), a brilliant man of many talents, was extremely productive, having produced more than a hundred books and pamphlets on a wide range of subjects, but despised by most contemporaries for his egotistical, argumentative, and provocative manner and for his slanderous writings that resulted in many heated disputes, among scientists and literati alike. Rejected in his attempts to join the Royal Society of London, he began a campaign of criticism and derision against the Society, its president, Martin Folkes (1690–1754), and the Philosophical Transactions, by publishing, under a pseudonym, satires on the Society that destroyed his chances of ever being elected to that body. Accusations of plagiarism followed much of his work. A previously unnoticed example of his wholesale lifting of the classification of fishes published in 1738 by Swedish naturalist Peter Artedi (1705–1735), is described. As for the Royal Society, Hill’s persistent satirization, which was mixed with sound critical advice, is said to have done more to improve the quality of the Philosophical Transactions than any other contemporary effort.

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Heesterbeek, J. A. P., and M. G. Roberts. "How mathematical epidemiology became a field of biology: a commentary on Anderson and May (1981) ‘The population dynamics of microparasites and their invertebrate hosts’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1666 (April 19, 2015): 20140307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0307.

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We discuss the context, content and importance of the paper ‘The population dynamics of microparasites and their invertebrate hosts’, by R. M. Anderson and R. M. May, published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society as a stand-alone issue in 1981. We do this from the broader perspective of the study of infectious disease dynamics, rather than the specific perspective of the dynamics of insect pathogens. We argue that their 1981 paper fits seamlessly in the systematic study of infectious disease dynamics that was initiated by the authors in 1978, combining effective use of simple mathematical models, firmly rooted in biology, with observable or empirically measurable ingredients and quantities, and promoting extensive capacity building. This systematic approach, taking ecology and biology rather than applied mathematics as the motivation for advance, proved essential for the maturation of the field, and culminated in their landmark textbook of 1991. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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Mariano, Paolo Maria. "Trends and challenges in the mechanics of complex materials: a view." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2066 (April 28, 2016): 20150341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0341.

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This article introduces the collection of papers in this issue of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A and offers a perspective view on the description of the mechanics of material characterized by a prominent influence of small-scale phenomena on the gross mechanical behaviour.

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Foster, Robert, Patrick Grant, Yang Hao, Alastair Hibbins, Thomas Philbin, and Roy Sambles. "Spatial transformations: from fundamentals to applications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2049 (August 28, 2015): 20140365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0365.

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This paper forms the introduction to this themed issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A on ‘Spatial transformations’, arising from the Royal Society Scientific Discussion Meeting held in January 2015. The paper begins with a review of the concepts and history of spatial transformations, followed by a discussion of the contributions from the papers in this themed issue. A summary of the advantages and current limitations of spatial transformations concludes the paper, with the key challenges identified at the Scientific Discussion Meeting also given.

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Moxham, N. "Fit for print: developing an institutional model of scientific periodical publishing in England, 1665– ca . 1714." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 241–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0035.

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This paper explores the contested afterlife of Philosophical Transactions following the death of its founder, Henry Oldenburg. It investigates the complex interrelation between the institution and the periodical at a time when the latter was supposedly independent, and outlines the competing proposals for institutional publishing in science contemplated in the Royal Society, linking some publications that were actually attempted to those proposals and to the Society's attempts to revitalize its experimental programme between 1677 and 1687. It argues that the Society was concerned to produce experimental natural knowledge over which it could claim ownership, and intended this work for publication in other venues than Transactions , whereas the periodical was seen as a more suitable site for work reported to the Society than for research that the institution had primarily produced. It was only from the early 1690s, after the collapse of the Society's experimental programme, that Transactions gradually became a more straightforward reflection of the mainstream of Royal Society activity, paving the way for its formal reinvention as the official publication of the Society in 1752.

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López, Susana Gómez. "The Royal Society and post-Galilean Science in Italy." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 51, no. 1 (January 22, 1997): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1997.0004.

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When the Royal Society was established in London in 1660, one of the objectives of its founders was to set up a scientific communications network. During its first years of existence the Society tried to initiate a complex system of diffusion of information and ideas. Oldenburg's prolific international correspondence, the publication of Philosophical Transactions and repeated petitions for scientific correspondence from all over Europe are just a few examples of the latitudinarian spirit of the Royal Society's founders. However, this attempt to open intellectual frontiers was destined to be continuously hampered by the various political, religious and cultural situations that characterized European history at the time.

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Astengo, Gregorio. "The rediscovery of Palmyra and its dissemination in Philosophical Transactions." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 70, no. 3 (March 16, 2016): 209–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0059.

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This paper examines the first publicly documented western encounter with the ancient city of Palmyra as an archaeological site. This encounter was achieved in the late seventeenth century by a group of British merchants, who reached Palmyra and made drawings and reports of its ruins. The reports were then published in Philosophical Transactions in the mid 1690s. This paper points to the ways in which such accounts came into being, as well as how the city was described and publicly communicated for the first time in Philosophical Transactions . These articles had a great impact throughout the following centuries as a reference for the study of Palmyra. This paper therefore also stresses the pivotal role of Philosophical Transactions for the production and dissemination of Palmyra's archaeological legacy, as well as for the development of early modern archaeology within the early Royal Society.

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Seitz, Frederick. "Henry Cavendish: the catalyst for the chemical revolution." Notes and Records of the Royal Society 59, no. 2 (May 15, 2005): 175–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2005.0086.

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Editor's foreward Althouth it is not the usual practice to reprint articles from other journals in Notes and Records , we present here, with permission, a biography of Henry Cavendish that appeared recently in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1 . The article was originally dedicated to Glenn T. Seaborg (1912–1999) and concentrates particularly on Cavendish's work in chemistry. In this biography Frederick Seitz has managed to give a perfect little vignette of the life and work of Henry Cavendish that nevertheless brings out the importance of the man and his work. For this reason, I thought it worth bringing to the attention of the readers of Notes and Records . It is interesting to note that among the 52 Foreign Members of the American Philosophical Society elected in the period 1770–1810, listed in appendix A, no less than 37 were, or later became, Fellows of the Royal Society. At the end of this issue we reproduce a selection of plates from Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society illustrating some of Cavendish's work mentioned in this article. ( Terry Quinn , February 2005 ).

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Thompson, J. Michael T. "Ten years of science in Philosophical Transactions A : with the University Research Fellows." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 365, no. 1861 (September 13, 2007): 2779–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2007.0016.

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In this brief paper, I review my 10 years as the Editor of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A . I look at the content of the journal over the years, relating it to a full classification of the physical sciences based on the interests of fellows and research fellows of the Royal Society. I show that the journal has performed well in terms of downloads, citations and impact factors. Innovations such as the Millennium and Christmas Issues for young scientists have stimulated a close and enjoyable interaction with the Society's research fellows. In addition to authoring papers and organizing themes, they have always been keen to help with the refereeing processes. They provided exciting demonstrations for a Summer Science exhibit that I organized to highlight the work of the journal, and five of the research fellows now sit on the Editorial Board. Looking to the future, I describe the new subject clusters that are being introduced as the journal steps up its publication rate from one issue per month to two, starting in January 2008.

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Pérez-Acosta, Andrés M. "La importancia de la producción de una revista científica para un departamento o una facultad." Avances en Enfermería 37, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 137–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/av.enferm.v37n2.80723.

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La creación y el sostenimiento de una revista científica no deberíansustentarse con argumentos más allá de dar paso a conocimientos nuevos dentro de una disciplina. Probablemente, quienes fundaron la Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, en 1665, no estaban teniendo en cuenta razones de costo-efectividad para semejante proyecto de largo plazo, que va este año en el volumen 377(1).

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Atkinson, Dwight. "The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1675–1975: A sociohistorical discourse analysis." Language in Society 25, no. 3 (September 1996): 333–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404500019205.

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ABSTRACTThis study traces the evolution of scientific research writing in English from 1675 to 1975. Two separate methods of discourse analysis – rhetorical analysis focusing on broad genre characteristics, and sociolinguistic register analysis – are applied to a large corpus of articles from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. The two sets of results are then interpreted vis-à-vis the Royal Society's social history to yield an integrated description. Findings indicate that: (a) research writing in the 17th – 18th centuries was substantially influenced by communicative norms of author-centered genteel conduct; (b) greater attention to methodology and precision in the interest of scientific specialization brought about pronounced textual changes in the 19th century, although gentlemanly norms were still in evidence; and (c) by the late 20th century, expanded theoretical description/discussions appear to have replaced experiments and methods as the rhetorical centerpiece of the research article. (Discourse analysis, rhetorical analysis, register, social studies of science, scientific writing, corpus linguistics)

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Domingues, Ângela. "Notícias do Brasil colonial: a imprensa científica e política a serviço das elites (Portugal, Brasil e Inglaterra)." Varia Historia 22, no. 35 (June 2006): 150–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0104-87752006000100009.

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Este artigo analisa o minucioso processo de recolha de informa ção sobre a colónia brasileira através das notícias divulgadas por um jornal científico, as Philosophical Transactions, órgão oficial da Royal Society (Londres), bem como o papel desempenhado por diplomatas, cientistas, académicos e comerciantes residentes em Inglaterra na constru ção da imagem do Brasil antes desse marco cronológico tradicionalmente apontado pela historiografia oficial como .o início de todas as mudanças.: 1808.

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Tyrer, Peter. "A journal describing present undertakings, studies and labours of the ingenious." British Journal of Psychiatry 192, no. 1 (January 2008): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048066.

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SummaryA rationale for maintaining the existence of learned journals is put forward on the 343rd anniversary of the first such journal, the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and it is argued that the main aim of such journals has hardly changed since this time. The new-look British Journal of Psychiatry is intended to educate and instruct, and even entice readers from the functional and far less romantic online version.

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Moura, Breno Arsioli, and Sergio Luiz Bragatto Boss. "Thomas Young e o resgate da teoria ondulatória da luz: Uma tradução comentada de sua Teoria Sobre Luz e Cores." Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física 37, no. 4 (December 2015): 4203–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1806-11173731818.

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Este artigo contém uma tradução comentada do texto On the theory of light and colours de Thomas Young, publicado nas Philosophical Transactions da Royal Society de Londres em 1802. Com esta tradução, pretendemos, por um lado, discutir a contribuição de Young para o desenvolvimento da teoria ondulatória da luz e, por outro, oferecer subsídios para promover discussões sobre a natureza do conhecimento científico em ambientes de ensino e aprendizagem de ciências.

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Firlej-Buzon, Aneta. "„Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society” Henry’ego Oldenburga z lat 1665–1677 i naukowe doniesienia z Rzeczypospolitej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem prac Jana Heweliusza." Roczniki Biblioteczne 62 (June 10, 2019): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.62.3.

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HENRY OLDENBURG’S PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY 1665–1677 AND SCIENTIFIC REPORTS FROM THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE WORKS OF JAN HEWELIUSZThe purpose of this paper is to reveal the presence in the pages of the fi rst scientifi c English journal The Philosophical Transactions of the scholars associated with the Republic of Poland or conducting scientifi c research or experimental observations on the Polish territory. The subject of articles edited and published by Henry Oldenburg during the years 1665–1677 will be outlined, as well as the dynamics of research in the Republic of Poland. Analized were original scientifi c texts sent from Poland to the editor of the journal during the years 1665–1677, as well as the citations of these works or studies from the area of Republic of Poland. Studies have shown that the most active author was Jan Heweliusz — astronomer from the Free Royal City Gdańsk. Unfortunately, other important works of Polish scientists were not published in the journal. The reasons for this lack should be sought in many sorts of factors in the history of Poland in the 17th century.

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Olson, Roberta J. M., and Jay M. Pasachoff. "The Comets of Caroline Herschel (1750-1848): Sleuth of the Skies at Slough." Culture and Cosmos 16, no. 1 and 2 (October 2012): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.46472/cc.01216.0213.

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In this paper, we discuss the work on comets of Caroline Herschel, the first female comet-hunter. After leaving Bath for the environs of Windsor Castle and eventually Slough, she discovered at least eight comets, five of which were reported in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. We consider her public image, astronomers' perceptions of her contributions, and the style of her astronomical drawings that changed with the technological developments in astronomical illustration

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Woodruff, D. P. "How does your crystal grow? A commentary on Burton, Cabrera and Frank (1951) ‘The growth of crystals and the equilibrium structure of their surfaces’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2039 (April 13, 2015): 20140230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0230.

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The key ideas presented in the classic paper ‘The growth of crystals and the equilibrium structure of their surfaces’ by W. K. Burton, N. Cabrera and F. C. Frank, published in Philosophical Transactions A in 1951, are summarized and put in the context of both the state of knowledge at the time of publication and the considerable amount of work since that time that has built on and developed these ideas. Many of these developments exploit the huge increase in the capabilities of computer modelling that complement the original analytic approach of the paper. The dearth of relevant experimental data at the time of the original publication has been transformed by the application of increasingly sophisticated modern methods of surface science. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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Thompson, J. Michael T. "A Bracing Nonlinear Walk in Applied Mechanics: Memoirs and Reflections." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 31, no. 12 (September 25, 2021): 2130035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127421300354.

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This article is an informal auto-biographical memoir by Mike Thompson, reflecting in retirement on his scientific researches in nonlinear phenomena, wandering pictorially from shell buckling, through bifurcations and chaos to climate tipping points. Some ideas and advice to young researchers are offered whenever it seems appropriate. Two research groups at University College London, and their two IUTAM Symposia are given some prominence, as are the ten years editing the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.

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Weiss, Robin A., and José Esparza. "The prevention and eradication of smallpox: a commentary on Sloane (1755) ‘An account of inoculation’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1666 (April 19, 2015): 20140378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0378.

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Sir Hans Sloane's account of inoculation as a means to protect against smallpox followed several earlier articles published in Philosophical Transactions on this procedure. Inoculation (also called ‘variolation’) involved the introduction of small amounts of infectious material from smallpox vesicles into the skin of healthy subjects, with the goal of inducing mild symptoms that would result in protection against the more severe naturally acquired disease. It began to be practised in England in 1721 thanks to the efforts of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu who influenced Sloane to promote its use, including the inoculation of the royal family's children. When Edward Jenner's inoculation with the cow pox (‘vaccination’) followed 75 years later as a safer yet equally effective procedure, the scene was set for the eventual control of smallpox epidemics culminating in the worldwide eradication of smallpox in 1977, officially proclaimed by WHO in 1980. Here, we discuss the significance of variolation and vaccination with respect to scientific, public health and ethical controversies concerning these ‘weapons of mass protection’. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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Home, R. W. "Ferdinand Mueller and the Royal Society of Victoria." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no. 1 (2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15012.

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During the 1850s the botanist Ferdinand Mueller (later von Mueller) played a leading role in the affairs of the predecessor societies of the Royal Society of Victoria. He was president of the last of these, the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, when in January 1860 it was granted permission to style itself the Royal Society of Victoria. The formation of these societies also advanced Mueller’s own career at a crucial stage of its development. In particular, their commitment to publishing volumes of Transactions provided Mueller with a vehicle for publishing descriptions of the many new species he was identifying in the Australian flora, thus freeing him from his former dependence on colleagues in Europe to see his work into print. Following the launching of a series of his own, Fragmenta phytographiae australiae, in 1858, Mueller no longer had to depend on the local society, either, in order to see his botanical work published. When his experience and advice were ignored in the planning of the Burke and Wills Expedition and he became thoroughly disillusioned with fellow members of the Royal Society who were responsible for the debacle, he gradually distanced himself from the organisation and had little to do with it for many years thereafter.

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HUNTER, MICHAEL. "Robert Boyle and the early Royal Society: a reciprocal exchange in the making of Baconian science." British Journal for the History of Science 40, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087406009083.

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This paper documents an important development in Robert Boyle's natural-philosophical method – his use from the 1660s onwards of ‘heads’ and ‘inquiries’ as a means of organizing his data, setting himself an agenda when studying a subject and soliciting information from others. Boyle acknowledged that he derived this approach from Francis Bacon, but he had not previously used it in his work, and the reason why it came to the fore when it did is not apparent from his printed and manuscript corpus. It is necessary to look beyond Boyle to his milieu for the cause, in this case to the influence on him of the Royal Society. Whereas the Royal Society in its early years is often seen as putting into practice a programme pioneered by Boyle, this crucial methodological change on his part seems rather to have been stimulated by the society's early concern for systematic data-collecting. In this connection, it is here shown that a key text, Boyle's influential ‘General Heads for a Natural History of a Country, Great or small’, published in Philosophical Transactions in 1666, represents more of a shared initiative between him and the society than has hitherto been appreciated.

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Bennett, Jim. "Adventures with instruments: science and seafaring in the precarious career of Christopher Middleton." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 73, no. 3 (December 19, 2018): 303–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2018.0046.

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Christopher Middleton (d. 1770) was a sea captain, first with the Hudson's Bay Company, then in the Royal Navy, who was awarded the Royal Society's Copley Medal in 1742. His early work on magnetic variation in northern latitudes was encouraged by Edmond Halley, as he published a series of tables of variation in the Philosophical Transactions . These tables illustrate Middleton's transition from the priorities characteristic of the seaman's interest in variation to the wider, natural philosophical agenda of the Society. They illustrate also his enthusiasm for novel instrumentation, in particular altitude instruments for use at sea, such as Hadley's quadrant. Middleton was persuaded by Arthur Dobbs to resign from the Hudson's Bay Company and accept a commission in the Royal Navy so as to command an expedition to search for a Northwest Passage to the East Indies from Hudson's Bay. It was his report on this voyage that won him the Copley Medal but which also led to a bitter and, for Middleton, ruinous public dispute with Dobbs. Middleton emerges as an outstanding seaman and a worthy, if relatively unknown, medallist.

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Quinn, Terry, and Keith Burnett. "Introduction: The fundamental constants of physics, precision measurements and the base units of the SI." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1834 (July 28, 2005): 2101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1645.

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This is a short introductory note to the texts of lectures presented at a Royal Society Discussion meeting held on 14–15 Febrary 2005 and now published in this issue of Philosophical Transactions A . It contains a brief resumé of the papers in the order they were presented at the meeting. This issue contains the texts of all of the presentations except those of Christophe Salomon, on cold atom clocks and tests of fundamental theory, and Francis Everitt, on Gravity Probe B, which were, unfortunately, not available.

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Dibb, Katharine, Andrew Trafford, Henggui Zhang, and David Eisner. "A model model: a commentary on DiFrancesco and Noble (1985) ‘A model of cardiac electrical activity incorporating ionic pumps and concentration changes’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1666 (April 19, 2015): 20140316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0316.

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This paper summarizes the advances made by the DiFrancesco and Noble (DFN) model of cardiac cellular electrophysiology, which was published in Philosophical Transactions B in 1985. This model was developed at a time when the introduction of new techniques and provision of experimental data had resulted in an explosion of knowledge about the cellular and biophysical properties of the heart. It advanced the cardiac modelling field from a period when computer models considered only the voltage-dependent channels in the surface membrane. In particular, it included a consideration of changes of both intra- and extracellular ionic concentrations. In this paper, we summarize the most important contributions of the DiFrancesco and Noble paper. We also describe how computer modelling has developed subsequently with the extension from the single cell to the whole heart as well as its use in understanding disease and predicting the effects of pharmaceutical interventions. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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Lock, Stephen. "Quality assurance in medical publication." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 101 (1993): 359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005844.

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‘The object of science is publication’. Thus John Ziman (1968), a distinguished commentator on the history of science, echoing Michael Faraday's equally terse ‘Work, finish, publish’ over a century earlier. Few will disagree: research findings are incomplete until they have been disseminated widely and discussed by peers – to be rejected, modified, or accepted as a contribution to the particular discipline. Publication was one of the major considerations that in 1665 led two important scientific societies – the Academie Francaise and the Royal Society to create the first true scientific journals: the Journal de Sçavans and the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (Zuckerman & Merton 1971). Nevertheless, right from the outset, neither journal was based on publishing everything that was submitted: instead, both relied on assessment of the articles by experts on the subject, chosen initially by the editor from within the council of the society and later from among scientists outside it.

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Conte, Jaimir. "Carta de Berkeley sobre as erupções do monte Vesúvio." Khronos, no. 9 (July 11, 2020): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/khronos.v0i9.171311.

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Tradução de uma carta do filósofo George Berkeley, publicada originalmente no Philosophical Transactions, boletim oficial da Royal Society, de Londres, em outubro de 1717. No extrato da carta aqui traduzida sobre as erupções do Vesúvio Berkeley revela-se um observador curioso e preciso. É notável, acima de tudo, a qualidade literária do seu texto, uma característica que seus trabalhos anteriores, especialmente os Três diálogos entre Hylas e Philonous, de 1713, já haviam revelado. Essa talvez seja uma das principais razões que fazem da carta um documento histórico-científico de permanente interesse.

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Riggs, Christina. "An autopsic art: drawings of ‘Dr Granville's mummy’ in the Royal Society archives." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 70, no. 2 (March 7, 2016): 107–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0050.

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In 1821 Augustus Bozzi Granville FRS unwrapped and dissected an ancient Egyptian mummy, presenting the results of his examination to the Royal Society in 1825. He commissioned artist Henry Perry to draw the process in stages; these drawings were subsequently engraved by James Basire for publication in Philosophical Transactions . This article presents the original drawings for the first time, allowing comparison with their engravings. Taken together with Granville's accounts of the unwrapping of the mummy, the drawings demonstrate the significant role of illustration and other visual practices in anatomical argumentation in the early nineteenth century, as well as the prestige that commissioned illustrations lent to the performance and dissemination of scientific expertise. Moreover, the drawings include one of the key visual tropes of race science—a skull in left-facing profile, mapped with a facial angle—and thus indicate the early incorporation of Egyptian mummies into typologies of race.

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Rosenthal, Peter B. "From high symmetry to high resolution in biological electron microscopy: a commentary on Crowther (1971) ‘Procedures for three-dimensional reconstruction of spherical viruses by Fourier synthesis from electron micrographs’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1666 (April 19, 2015): 20140345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0345.

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Elucidation of the structure of biological macromolecules and larger assemblies has been essential to understanding the roles they play in living processes. Methods for three-dimensional structure determination of biological assemblies from images recorded in the electron microscope were therefore a key development. In his paper published in Philosophical Transactions B in 1971, Crowther described new computational procedures applied to the first three-dimensional reconstruction of an icosahedral virus from images of virus particles preserved in negative stain. The method for determining the relative orientation of randomly oriented particles and combining their images for reconstruction exploited the high symmetry of the virus particle. Computational methods for image analysis have since been extended to include biological assemblies without symmetry. Further experimental advances, combined with image analysis, have led to the method of cryomicroscopy, which is now used by structural biologists to study the structure and dynamics of biological machines and assemblies in atomic detail. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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Spetea, Cornelia, Eevi Rintamäki, and Benoît Schoefs. "Changing the light environment: chloroplast signalling and response mechanisms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1640 (April 19, 2014): 20130220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0220.

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Light is an essential environmental factor required for photosynthesis, but it also mediates signals to control plant development and growth and induces stress tolerance. The photosynthetic organelle (chloroplast) is a key component in the signalling and response network in plants. This theme issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biology provides updates, highlights and summaries of the most recent findings on chloroplast-initiated signalling cascades and responses to environmental changes, including light and biotic stress. Besides plant molecular cell biology and physiology, the theme issue includes aspects from the cross-disciplinary fields of environmental adaptation, ecology and agronomy.

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Martin, Thierry. "L'ombre démesurée de Halley. Les recherches démographiques dans les Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Cem Behar." Revue de philosophie économique 14, no. 1 (2013): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rpec.141.0129.

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Allen, Bryce, Jian Qin, and F. W. Lancaster. "Persuasive Communities: A Longitudinal Analysis of References in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 1665-1990." Social Studies of Science 24, no. 2 (May 1994): 279–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030631279402400204.

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MOXHAM, NOAH, and AILEEN FYFE. "THE ROYAL SOCIETY AND THE PREHISTORY OF PEER REVIEW, 1665–1965." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (November 16, 2017): 863–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000334.

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AbstractDespite being coined only in the early 1970s, ‘peer review’ has become a powerful rhetorical concept in modern academic discourse, tasked with ensuring the reliability and reputation of scholarly research. Its origins have commonly been dated to the foundation of the Philosophical Transactions in 1665, or to early learned societies more generally, with little consideration of the intervening historical development. It is clear from our analysis of the Royal Society's editorial practices from the seventeenth to the twentieth centuries that the function of refereeing, and the social and intellectual meaning associated with scholarly publication, has historically been quite different from the function and meaning now associated with peer review. Refereeing emerged as part of the social practices associated with arranging the meetings and publications of gentlemanly learned societies in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Such societies had particular needs for processes that, at various times, could create collective editorial responsibility, protect institutional finances, and guard the award of prestige. The mismatch between that context and the world of modern, professional, international science, helps to explain some of the accusations now being levelled against peer review as not being ‘fit for purpose’.

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Thompson, Richard C., Shanna H. Swan, Charles J. Moore, and Frederick S. vom Saal. "Our plastic age." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1526 (July 27, 2009): 1973–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0054.

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Within the last few decades, plastics have revolutionized our daily lives. Globally we use in excess of 260 million tonnes of plastic per annum, accounting for approximately 8 per cent of world oil production. In this Theme Issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , we describe current and future trends in usage, together with the many benefits that plastics bring to society. At the same time, we examine the environmental consequences resulting from the accumulation of waste plastic, the effects of plastic debris on wildlife and concerns for human health that arise from the production, usage and disposal of plastics. Finally, we consider some possible solutions to these problems together with the research and policy priorities necessary for their implementation.

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Greenwood, Brian, David Salisbury, and Adrian V. S. Hill. "Vaccines and global health." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 366, no. 1579 (October 12, 2011): 2733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0076.

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Vaccines have made a major contribution to global health in recent decades but they could do much more. In November 2011, a Royal Society discussion meeting, ‘New vaccines for global health’, was held in London to discuss the past contribution of vaccines to global health and to consider what more could be expected in the future. Papers presented at the meeting reviewed recent successes in the deployment of vaccines against major infections of childhood and the challenges faced in developing vaccines against some of the world's remaining major infectious diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malaria and tuberculosis. The important contribution that development of more effective veterinary vaccines could make to global health was also addressed. Some of the social and financial challenges to the development and deployment of new vaccines were reviewed. The latter issues were also discussed at a subsequent satellite meeting, ‘Accelerating vaccine development’, held at the Kavli Royal Society International Centre. Delegates at this meeting considered challenges to the more rapid development and deployment of both human and veterinary vaccines and how these might be addressed. Papers based on presentations at the discussion meeting and a summary of the main conclusions of the satellite meeting are included in this issue of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.

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Cotsakis, Spiros, and Alexander P. Yefremov. "ON THE 100TH ANNIVERSARY OF MATHEMATICAL COSMOLOGY." Metaphysics, no. 1 (April 4, 2022): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2224-7580-2022-1-59-65.

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Mathematical cosmology is that branch of theoretical physics where some of the most intricate, complex, and deeply unresolved issues lie. Beginning with the Einstein static universe in 1917, in this brief paper we freely float above all major developments that shaped the field until today. We discuss highlights that are further documented in the authors’ recent survey ‘100 years of mathematical cosmology’ scheduled to appear in the Theme Issue ‘The Future of Mathematical Cosmology’. This Theme Issue is to be published in two parts by the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, and contain a number of important contributions by key researchers in the field.

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Leeuwen, Johan L. "Neuromuscular control: introduction and overview." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 354, no. 1385 (May 29, 1999): 841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1999.0436.

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This paper introduces some basic concepts of the interdisciplinary field of neuromuscular control, without the intention to be complete. The complexity and multifaceted nature of neuromuscular control systems is briefly addressed. Principles of stability and planning of motion trajectories are discussed. Closed–loop and open–loop control are considered, together with the inherent stability properties of muscles and the geometrical design of animal bodies. Various modelling approaches such as inverse and forward dynamics are outlined, as used by several authors in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, series B, May 1999 issue. An introductory overview is presented of the other contributions in that issue.

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Costa, Jean Batista Apolinário, and Breno Arsioli Moura. "Os estudos de Thomas Young sobre a acomodação ocular: análise do episódio e tradução comentada do texto “Observations on vision” (1793)." Ensino & Multidisciplinaridade 7, no. 1 (December 28, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2447-5777v7n1.2021.1.

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Neste artigo, apresentamos uma tradução comentada para o português do texto “Observations on vision” (1793), de Thomas Young (1773-1829), seu primeiro trabalho publicado nas Philosophical Transactions da Royal Society. Nesse texto, Young discutiu algumas teorias e ideias sobre a acomodação visual existentes até sua época. Após apontar diversas falhas nessas teorias, ele propôs a sua, baseada na existência de uma musculatura no cristalino responsável especificamente por esse mecanismo. A tradução é precedida por três seções, em que aspectos da história da anatomia ocular e das teorias anteriores para a acomodação visual são abordados, a fim de contextualizar a leitura do material traduzido.Thomas Young’s studies on visual accommodation: an analysis of the episode and a commented Portuguese translation of his “Observations on vision”(1793)AbstractIn this paper, we present a commented Portuguese translation of Thomas Young’s (1773-1829) “Observations on vision” (1793), his first published paper in Royal Society’s Philosophical Transactions. In this article, Young discussed some previous theories and ideas on visual accommodation up to his days. After pointing out the flaws of these theories, he proposed his own: muscles in the crystalline lens were responsible for this mechanism. The translation is preceded by three sections in which we comment on aspects of the history of eye anatomy and of the previous theories for visual accommodation, in order to contextualize the reading of the translated material.Keywords: Visual accommodation; Optics; Vision; Thomas Young; Light.

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Pink, Ryan Charles, Areeg A. Elmusrati, Daniel Lambert, and David Raul Francisco Carter. "Royal Society Scientific Meeting: Extracellular vesicles in the tumour microenvironment." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1737 (November 20, 2017): 20170066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0066.

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Cancer cells do not grow as an isolated homogeneous mass; tumours are, in fact, complex and heterogeneous collections of cancer and surrounding stromal cells, collectively termed the tumour microenvironment. The interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment has emerged as a key concept in the regulation of cancer progression. Understanding the intercellular dialogue in the tumour microenvironment is therefore an important goal. One aspect of this dialogue that has not been appreciated until recently is the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are small vesicles released by cells under both normal and pathological conditions; they can transfer biological molecules between cells leading to changes in phenotype. EVs have emerged as important regulators of biological processes and can be dysregulated in diseases such as cancer; rapidly growing interest in their biology and therapeutic potential led to the Royal Society hosting a Scientific Meeting to explore the roles of EVs in the tumour microenvironment. This cross-disciplinary meeting explored examples of how aberrant crosstalk between tumour and stromal cells can promote cancer progression, and how such signalling can be targeted for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic benefit. In this review, and the special edition of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B that follows, we will provide an overview of the content and outcomes of this exciting meeting. This article is part of the discussion meeting issue ‘Extracellular vesicles and the tumour microenvironment’.

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Blankert, Jennie Marie. "Book Review: Scientific Discourse in Sociohistorical Context: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1675-1975." Journal of Business and Technical Communication 16, no. 4 (October 2002): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/105065102236527.

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Gross, Alan. "Scientific Discourse in Sociohistorical Context: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 1675-1975. Dwight Atkinson." Isis 92, no. 3 (September 2001): 576–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/385283.

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Simpson, Elizabeth. "Medawar's legacy to cellular immunology and clinical transplantation: a commentary on Billingham, Brent and Medawar (1956) ‘Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370, no. 1666 (April 19, 2015): 20140382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2014.0382.

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‘Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance’, published in Philosophical Transactions B in 1956 by Peter Medawar and his colleagues, PhD graduate Leslie Brent and postdoctoral fellow Rupert Billingham, is a full description of the concept of acquired transplantation tolerance. Their 1953 Nature paper (Billingham RE et al . 1953 Nature 172 , 603–606. ( doi:10.1038/172603a0 )) had provided initial evidence with experimental results from a small number of neonatal mice, with mention of similar findings in chicks. The Philosophical Transactions B 1956 paper is clothed with an astonishing amount of further experimental detail. It is written in Peter Medawar's landmark style: witty, perceptive and full of images that can be recalled even when details of the supporting information have faded. Those images are provided not just by a series of 20 colour plates showing skin graft recipient mice, rats, rabbits, chickens and duck, bearing fur or plumage of donor origin, but by his choice of metaphor, simile and analogy to express the questions being addressed and the interpretation of their results, along with those of relevant published data and his prescient ideas of what the results might portend. This work influenced both immunology researchers and clinicians and helped to lay the foundations for successful transplantation programmes. It led to the award of a Nobel prize in 1960 to Medawar, and subsequently to several scientists who advanced these areas. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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le Roux, Elizabeth. "Publishing South African scholarship in the global academic community." Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science 69, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2015.0033.

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South Africa's academic publishing history has been profoundly influenced by its colonial heritage. This is reflected in the publication of Transactions of the South African Philosophical Society (later, the Royal Society of South Africa) from 1878. Although the Society and journal sought to promote original research about South Africa, it was modelled after the Royal Society in London and formed part of an imperial scientific community. As the local higher education institutions grew more independent and research-focused, local scholarly publishing developed as well, with university presses playing an increasingly important role. The University of South Africa (Unisa) Press started publishing departmental journals in the 1950s, with a focus on journals that ‘speak to the student’, and it is today the only South African university press with an active journals publishing programme. As external funding declined and the country became intellectually isolated in the high apartheid period, the Press managed to attract journals that could no longer be subsidized by learned societies and other universities. More recently, new co-publishing arrangements have brought South African journals back into an international intellectual community. Although some argue that this constitutes a re-colonization of South African knowledge production, it is also an innovative strategy for positioning local research in a global context.

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Thomas, John Meurig. "Sir Humphry Davy and the coal miners of the world: a commentary on Davy (1816) ‘An account of an invention for giving light in explosive mixtures of fire-damp in coal mines’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2039 (April 13, 2015): 20140288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0288.

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In the period between 1815 and 1818, Sir Humphry Davy read four papers to the Royal Society and published a monograph dealing with a safety lamp for coal miners, all of which record in detail the experimental work that he carried out, with his assistant Michael Faraday, so as to determine how to prevent catastrophic accidents in coal mines by the explosion of fire-damp (methane) in the presence of a naked flame. This article describes the key experiments that he performed at the Royal Institution and some of the subsequent trials made in the coal mines of the north of England. It begins, however, with an account of Davy's prior achievements in science before he was approached for help by the clergymen and doctors in the Gateshead and Newcastle upon Tyne areas. There is little doubt that the Davy lamp, from the 1820s onwards, transformed the coal industry worldwide. It also profoundly influenced the science of combustion, and in the words of a pioneer in that field, W. A. Bone, FRS, ‘There is no better model of logical experimental procedure, accurate reasoning, philosophical outlook and fine literary expression.’ It is a remarkable fact that it took Davy essentially only two weeks from the time he was given samples of fire-damp to solve the problem and to devise his renowned miner's safety lamp. A brief account is also given of the contemporaneous invention of a safety lamp by George Stephenson, and of some of Davy's subsequent accomplishments. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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PROUT, WILLIAM. "PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON. FOR THE YEAR MDCCCXXVII. PART I. Volume CXVII:355-388, 1827." Nutrition Reviews 33, no. 4 (April 27, 2009): 112–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1975.tb07431.x.

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Gordon, M. J. C. "Tactics for mechanized reasoning: a commentary on Milner (1984) ‘The use of machines to assist in rigorous proof’." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2039 (April 13, 2015): 20140234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0234.

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Robin Milner's paper, ‘The use of machines to assist in rigorous proof’, introduces methods for automating mathematical reasoning that are a milestone in the development of computer-assisted theorem proving. His ideas, particularly his theory of tactics, revolutionized the architecture of proof assistants. His methodology for automating rigorous proof soundly, particularly his theory of type polymorphism in programing, led to major contributions to the theory and design of programing languages. His citation for the 1991 ACM A.M. Turing award, the most prestigious award in computer science, credits him with, among other achievements, ‘probably the first theoretically based yet practical tool for machine assisted proof construction’. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

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Journal articles on the topic 'Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society'

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