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Journal articles on the topic 'Philosophical science'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 30 May 2022

Last updated: 31 May 2022

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1

Harré, Rom. "Wittgenstein: Science and Religion." Philosophy 76, no. 2 (April 2001): 211–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819101000249.

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Extra-philosophical influences were very important in shaping Wittgenstein's philosophical ruminations. The Tractatus-Logico Philosophicus is misunderstood unless it is seen as deriving from the pre-Machian physics of the German tradition, adapted to the problems Russell confronted Wittgenstein with. In like manner, particularly in relation to the discussions of meanings and rules, the philosophy of the Philosophical Investigations is shaped by the role played by a powerful religious sensibility in Wittgenstein's extraordinary and tormented life.

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Schickore, Jutta. "Explication Work for Science and Philosophy." Journal of the Philosophy of History 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 191–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341387.

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Abstract This article disentangles the various assumptions and expectations tied to case studies, to testing philosophy through cases, and to historical adequacy. Several notions of historical adequacy are distinguished: 1) adequacy to the standards of professional history of science, 2) historical accuracy, i.e. capturing the historical record, 3) relevance of historical episodes to the epistemic interests of philosophers of science, and 4) withstanding tests by historical cases. I argue that philosophers’ preoccupation with historical adequacy is misplaced if we understand “historical adequacy” as adequacy to professional history of science, capturing the historical record, a path to philosophical discovery, or as a test. In the last part of the article, I identify two important roles for philosophically informed studies of science: case studies of current issues can do explication work for the sciences. Tracing the history of philosophical reflections in past science can do explication work in the service of philosophy. Both kinds of endeavors are worthwhile but have very different goals and should not be conflated.

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Michael Mueller, Thomas. "The Boussinesq Debate: Reversibility, Instability, and Free Will." Science in Context 28, no. 4 (November 11, 2015): 613–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889715000290.

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ArgumentIn 1877, a young mathematician named Joseph Boussinesq presented amémoireto theAcadémiedes sciences which demonstrated that some differential equations may have more than one solution. Boussinesq linked this fact to indeterminism and to a possible solution to the free will versus determinism debate. Boussinesq's main interest was to reconcile his philosophical and religious views with science by showing that matter and motion do not suffice to explain all there is in the world. His argument received mixed criticism that addressed both his philosophical views and the scientific content of his work, pointing to the physical “realisticness” of multiple solutions. While Boussinesq proved to be able to face the philosophical criticism, the scientific objections became a serious problem, thus slowly moving the focus of the debate from the philosophical plane to the scientific one. This change of perspective implied a wide discussion on topics such as instability, the sensitivity to initial conditions, and the conservation of energy. The Boussinesq debate is an example of a philosophically motivated debate that transforms into a scientific one, an example of the influence of philosophy on the development of science.

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Lazarevich, A. A. "Science and society: philosophical dimension." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Humanitarian Series 63, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 402–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/2524-2369-2018-63-4-402-408.

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Ellett Jr., Frederick S., and David P. Ericson. "Science and Epistemology: Philosophical Implications." Paideusis 5, no. 2 (November 12, 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1073346ar.

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6

Bamford, Rebecca. "Nietzsche, science, and philosophical nihilism." South African Journal of Philosophy 24, no. 4 (January 2005): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/sajpem.v24i4.31424.

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7

Over, D. E., A. I. Goldmam, and M. Johnson. "Philosophical Applications of Cognitive Science." Philosophical Quarterly 45, no. 178 (January 1995): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2219862.

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8

Lakoff, George. "Philosophical speculation and cognitive science." Philosophical Psychology 2, no. 1 (January 1989): 55–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09515088908572961.

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Meskin, Aaron, Jon Robson, Anna Ichino, Kris Goffin, and Annelies Monseré. "Philosophical aesthetics and cognitive science." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science 9, no. 1 (June 22, 2017): e1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1445.

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10

Reed, Pamela G. "Philosophical Issues and Nursing Science." Nursing Science Quarterly 31, no. 1 (December 13, 2017): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894318417741101.

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The author of this article introduces a new column that will explore philosophical issues of concern to nurse scientists. In this initial column, I review the general terrain of philosophy in nursing science and explore some philosophical issues relevant to theory development. One conclusion is that inquiry into philosophical issues may help expand our repertoire of conceptual tools useful in building scientific knowledge and facilitating theoretical progress.

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11

Hull, David. "Testing Philosophical Claims about Science." PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association 1992, no. 2 (January 1992): 468–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.2.192859.

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12

Chistyakova, Anastasiya. "The philosophical analysis of science." Журнал философских исследований 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2016): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18952.

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13

SHAPIRO, LISA. "Revisiting the Early Modern Philosophical Canon." Journal of the American Philosophical Association 2, no. 3 (2016): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/apa.2016.27.

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ABSTRACT:I reflect critically on the early modern philosophical canon in light of the entrenchment and homogeneity of the lineup of seven core figures: Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz, Locke, Berkeley, Hume, and Kant. After distinguishing three elements of a philosophical canon—a causal story, a set of core philosophical questions, and a set of distinctively philosophical works—I argue that recent efforts contextualizing the history of philosophy within the history of science subtly shift the central philosophical questions and allow for a greater range of figures to be philosophically central. However, the history of science is but one context in which to situate philosophical works. Looking at the historical context of seventeenth-century philosophy of mind, one that weaves together questions of consciousness, rationality, and education, does more than shift the central questions—it brings new ones to light. It also shows that a range of genres can be properly philosophical and seamlessly diversifies the central philosophers of the period.

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Benton, Ted, and Roget Trigg. "Understanding Social Science: A philosophical Introduction to the Social Sciences." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 1 (January 1987): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2071237.

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15

Robinson, Brian, Chad Gonnerman, and Michael O’Rourke. "Experimental Philosophy of Science and Philosophical Differences across the Sciences." Philosophy of Science 86, no. 3 (July 2019): 551–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/703553.

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16

Mullins, Dail W. "The science literacy crisis, philosophical issues, and the origin sciences." Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere 25, no. 5 (October 1995): 495–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01581997.

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17

Burian, Richard M., and J. D. Trout. "Ontological Progress in Science." Canadian Journal of Philosophy 25, no. 2 (June 1995): 177–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.1995.10717412.

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In the grand tradition, philosophical ontology was considered logically and epistemologically prior to scientific ontology. Like many contemporary philosophers of science, we consider this to be a mistake. There is two-way traffic between philosophical and scientific ontologies; the more we learn about what there actually is, the more we learn about what can be and what must be, and vice versa. But that is not the present topic; here we focus on the ontology or ontologies of science, not traditional philosophical ontologies or the traffic between scientific and philosophical ontologies.

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18

Webster, Anjuli. "South African Social Science and the Azanian Philosophical Tradition." Theoria 68, no. 168 (September 1, 2021): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/th.2021.6816806.

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This article discusses the contemporary history of South African social science in relation to the Azanian Philosophical Tradition. It is addressed directly to white scholars, urging introspection with regard to the ethical question of epistemic justice in relation to the evolution of the social sciences in conqueror South Africa. I consider the establishment of the professional social sciences at South African universities in the early twentieth century as a central part of the epistemic project of conqueror South Africa. In contrast, the Azanian Philosophical Tradition is rooted in African philosophy and articulated in resistance against the injustice of conquest and colonialism in southern Africa since the seventeenth century. It understands conquest as the fundamental historical antagonism shaping the philosophical, political, and material problem of ‘South Africa’. The tradition is silenced by and exceeds the political and epistemic strictures of the settler colonial nation state and social science.

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Nasution, Marlian Arif. "Philosophy of Science in Islamic Thought Perspective." al-Lubb: Journal of Islamic Thought and Muslim Culture (JITMC) 2, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51900/lubb.v2i1.8585.

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<span class="fontstyle0">Tracing a starting point that is very important from the traditional Islamic sciences, modern Western science was developed such that it adopts a philosophical footing. Unlike modern Islamic science, the philosophical footing is to be distinguished from the philosophical foundation of Islamic science. Indeed, Islamic science main concern is closely related to the basic philosophy of science issues is growing and is recognized today, including science paradigms and methodologies developed in the modern world that is more influenced by the thinking paradigm of the modern secular Western philosophy. This implies bias in epistemology and axiology between science and moral paradigm developed in Islam. In the practical level of science that was developed to be dried from a religious touch, these conditions afflict various disciplines of knowledge that Muslims studied. Therefore, Muslims increasingly need to differentiate between Islam and science that is not Islamic. Today, not many intellectual issues are more important to the contemporary Islamic world beyond the relationship between Islam and modern science.</span> <br /><br />

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20

Zub, A. A., and O. B. Petinova. "PROBLEM SITUATIONS IN SCIENCE: PHILOSOPHICAL CONTEXT." Scientific Knowledge: Methodology and Technology, no. 1 (2020): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/sk1561-1264/2020-1-15.

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21

Choi, Yun Ja. "Existential Philosophical Approach to Nursing Science." Journal of Nurses Academic Society 26, no. 4 (1996): 759. http://dx.doi.org/10.4040/jnas.1996.26.4.759.

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Eigenbrode, Sanford D., Michael O'rourke, J. D. Wulfhorst, David M. Althoff, Caren S. Goldberg, Kaylani Merrill, Wayde Morse, et al. "Employing Philosophical Dialogue in Collaborative Science." BioScience 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2007): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/b570109.

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23

Horne, James. "Philosophical Theology as 'Science of Religion'." Toronto Journal of Theology 5, no. 1 (March 1989): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/tjt.5.1.37.

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24

Eden, Amnon H. "Some Philosophical Issues in Computer Science." Minds and Machines 21, no. 2 (April 20, 2011): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11023-011-9248-9.

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25

Churchman, G. J. "The philosophical status of soil science." Geoderma 157, no. 3-4 (July 2010): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.04.018.

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26

Dzurec, D. J., and L. C. Dzurec. "Philosophical paradigms framing food science research." Trends in Food Science & Technology 3 (January 1992): 78–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(92)90141-i.

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27

Park, Seungbae. "Philosophical Responses to Underdetermination in Science." Journal for General Philosophy of Science 40, no. 1 (July 2009): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10838-009-9080-6.

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28

Efendiyev, F. M., and G. Ya Abbasova. "GENERALIZATION PROCESSES IN SCIENCE: PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS." Scientific Knowledge: Methodology and Technology, no. 2 (2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/sk1561-1264/2021-2-10.

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29

Mensia, Mokdad Arfa. "AL-FĀRĀBĪ ET LA SCIENCE DESUṢŪL AL-FIQH." Arabic Sciences and Philosophy 27, no. 1 (February 9, 2017): 139–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0957423916000126.

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AbstractIt is known that Fārābī, in his political program, assumes philosophically some Islamic sciences likekalāmandfiqh. Focusing here on the case of thefiqhand in the limits of hisK. al-Milla, we try to establish correspondences between his theory of legislation and references to historically attested sciences. Our purpose is to show that he was able to articulatefiqhto the political science through an undeclared use ofʿilm uṣūl al-fiqh(science of principles of juridical science). He empties this science of its own material and preserves its form in order to fill it with philosophical material. This contributes to clear up his conception in this book of the shift from the voluntary universal to the particular. This shift is governed by a set of formal rules. These guidelines, which are rather deliberative, take place as a subject matter of the political science, alongside with universals, its classical subject matter. We think that these formal rules are borrowed from this typical Islamic science whose subject matter is the study of principles and rules governing the inference, from their sources, of particular legal status, the subject matter offiqh. If, from the strict philosophical point of view, political science provides the sources or foundations from which are inferred the original and primary legislation initiated by the founder of the religion (al-milla), as well as the derived and secondary one elaborated by his successors, the methodological part of this Islamic science would be the equivalent to the general prescriptions necessary for the application of universals so that concrete cases can be determined. For this purpose, Fārābī borrows willingly from the famous Shāfiʿī’sRisāla, the prototype of the treatises inuṣūl al-fiqh.

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30

Zolotuhina-Abolina, E. V. "IN SEARCH OF KNOWLEDGE IN PHILOSOPHY (Reflections on the book A. M. Starostin “Research Philosophy”. Rostov-on-Don: Rostov State University of Economics, 2019)." Economics of Contemporary Russia 86, no. 3 (October 2, 2019): 152–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-3(86)-152-157.

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In the monograph of Professor A. M. Starostin the notions “philosophical novations” and “research philosophy” was introduced and approved. The author divides the whole array of philosophic research into fundamental and applied – the sphere of philosophical novations. Fundamental and philosophic investigations are directed to the study of the problems of objective reality, thinking, cognition, the truth, freedom and other basic categories. The sphere of fundamental research is slowly changing and it’s development is marked by the outstanding names (Platon, Descartes, Kant, Schopenhauer, Heidegger etc.). As to the sphere of the philosophic innovations, its emergence and development are connected with application of methods of philosophical reflection to the realization of interdisciplinary problems of science, development of political, religious, artistic, ethical trends, which can't be researched only with the help of their own methods. The sphere of philosophic novations develops dynamically and according to its own scales and is twice larger than the sphere of fundamental philosophy.In his monography the author, from the viewpoint of his treating of fundamental and innovative projection of the philosophic knowledge and philosophic methods, analyses contemporary problems of politics, education, culture, science.

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Muslih, Mohammad. "Toward Theology of Science: Philosophical Reflection On The Development Of Religion-Based Science." KALAM 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/klm.v13i1.3953.

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The relationship between science and religion is one of the issues that has not been resolved completely until now. Although some universities in Indonesia and even Malaysia have developed academic traditions with the paradigm of integration of science, they still leave a fundamental problem related to aspects of scientific science developed with religion. To meet scientific and objective criteria, science must avoid the element of subjectivity of scientists, and eliminate the intersubjectivity of tradition and culture. This paper will analyze, especially to emphasize the position of philosophy in the development of religion-based science, as well as reflection for the development of philosophical sciences. This paper will discuss two main problems, the investigation of the religious dimension for science, and the role of religion-based science development for the development of philosophical sciences. The study found that in addition to the theoretical framework and scientific paradigm, there is one more thing that cannot be left behind in the process of developing science, namely the theological assumptions or theological dimensions of science. So that the basis of the development of science not only consists of theories and paradigms, but also theological assumptions. This article concludes that the theological dimension allows for the development of religion-based science.

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Porus, Vladimir N. "The Philosophical Status of “Metaphilosophy of Science”." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56, no. 2 (2019): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201956234.

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Interdisciplinary studies of science form a “living” organism, in which every part performs its function and is connected with other parts. Philosophy of science plays a role of the “think-tank” of that organism. It is a generator of the sense that connects the functions of its separate parts into a systematic unity. It can be called the consciousness of science. Metaphilosophy of science is related to philosophy of science in the same way as philosophy of science itself is related to science. Within metaphilosophy of science the propensity of philosophy of science to self-reflection is implemented. Metaphilosophy of science makes relevant the issues that relate to the philosophical significance of the processes taking place in the so-called “trading zone” (in the sense of P. Galison). These trading zone is a place where scientists, science-of-science theorists and philosophers exchange their ideas. The interaction between philosophy and metaphilosophy of science takes place in the course of a competition among various philosophical interpretations of the results received within the studies of these “trading” processes. Institutional, methodological, historical and culturological studies get a philosophical interpretation and become the source of metaphilosophical ideas. Metaphorically, one may say, that metaphilosophy of science is the self-consciousness of philosophy of science. The very idea that metaphilosophy of science is a participant of the process occurring in the “trading zone” puts an end to a meaningless pile of “metalevels” that very often characterize philosophical discussions of science.

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Graham, Gordon. "Aesthetics as a Normative Science." Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 75 (October 2014): 249–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1358246114000216.

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It is well known that we owe the term ‘aesthetics’ in its philosophical sense to the 18th century German philosopher Alexander Baumgarten. The eighteenth century's interest in aesthetics, however, pre-dated the invention of the term. In 1725, Francis Hutcheson published an Inquiry into the Original of Our Idea of Beauty and Virtue. This may be said to be the first sustained and significant work in philosophical aesthetics as we now know it. Hutcheson's volume preceded Baumgarten's by 10 years, and within Scotland it inaugurated a series of philosophical writings on taste and beauty that continued for almost a century. Contributors included major philosophical figures like David Hume, Thomas Reid and Adam Smith, as well as influential figures less well known today such as Alexander Gerard, George Turnbull and Lord Kames.

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Фролова, Ирина Алексеевна. "LIFE AS PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUE IN LEIBNIZ’S PHILOSOPHICAL DOCTRINE." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Философия, no. 1(55) (April 23, 2021): 158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtphilos/2021.1.158.

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Лейбниц - автор интересной философской концепции, в основе которой - идея предустановленной Богом гармонии мира и учение о монадах. Цель статьи - показать, как состояние науки того времени повлияло на осмысление феномена жизни, предложенное немецким философом. Leibniz is the author of interesting philosophical concept in the base of which are the idea of harmony preset by God and the doctrine of monads. The purpose of the article is to show, how the state of science of that time influenced the understanding of the phenomenon of life, proposed by the German philosopher.

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Scholl, Raphael. "Scenes from a Marriage: On the Confrontation Model of History and Philosophy of Science." Journal of the Philosophy of History 12, no. 2 (August 8, 2018): 212–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18722636-12341400.

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Abstract According to the “confrontation model,” integrated history and philosophy of science operates like an empirical science. It tests philosophical accounts of science against historical case studies much like other sciences test theory against data. However, the confrontation model’s critics object that historical facts can neither support generalizations nor genuinely test philosophical theories. Here I argue that most of the model’s defects trace to its usual framing in terms of two problematic accounts of empirical inference: the hypothetico-deductive method and enumerative induction. This framing can be taken to suggest an unprofitable one-off confrontation between particular historical facts and general philosophical theories. I outline more recent accounts of empirical inquiry, which describe an iterative back-and-forth movement between concrete (rather than particular) empirical exemplars to their abstract (rather than general) descriptions. Reframed along similar lines, the confrontation model continues to offer both conceptual insight and practical guidance for a naturalized philosophy of science.

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Baškarada, Saša, and Andy Koronios. "A philosophical discussion of qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research in social science." Qualitative Research Journal 18, no. 1 (February 5, 2018): 2–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qrj-d-17-00042.

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Purpose Much of the contemporary methodological literature tends to be self-referential and frequently ignorant of the breadth and depth of philosophical assumptions underpinning various methodological positions. Without a clear understanding of the philosophical underpinnings, logically deriving applicable validity criteria becomes very difficult (if not impossible). As a result, the purpose of this paper is to present a critical review of historical and more recent philosophical arguments for qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research in social science. Design/methodology/approach A targeted review of seminal philosophy of science papers dealing with ontological and epistemological assumptions of, and relation between, natural and social science. Findings The paper highlights the link between ontological/epistemological assumptions and methodological choices in social science. Key differences between the natural and social science are discussed and situated within the main paradigms. Originality/value The paper draws attention to a range of difficulties associated with the adoption of the natural sciences and the related positivist approaches as a role model for work in the social sciences. Unique contributions of interpretive and critical approaches are highlighted. The paper may be of value to scholars who are interested in the historical context of the still-ongoing qualitative-quantitative debate.

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Venukapalli, Sudhakar. "The Problematics of Scientific Discovery." European Journal of Theology and Philosophy 1, no. 3 (June 16, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/theology.2021.1.3.15.

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Historically, the problem of discovery or the problem of the genesis of scientific ideas has been taken seriously by the historians, psychologists, sociologists and philosophers who analyzed the creative thinking and formation of ideas and attempted to provide a meaningful account of them. In fact, the philosophical concern with scientific discovery is as old as science and philosophy of science themselves. However, almost throughout the first half of 20th century, philosophical reflection on the phenomenon of scientific discovery remained in a state of suspended animation. This is because the dominant trend in philosophy of science in this period outlawed it. The dominant view in philosophy of science maintained that the phenomenon of scientific discovery is philosophically irrelevant, and an adequate philosophical understanding of science should confine itself to the way in which scientific theories are justified; it was assumed that the process of justification is a neat, spick-and-span phenomenon eminently suited to be described in terms which are, logically speaking, cut and dry. The process of justification or evaluation according to this orthodox view constitutes the essence of science. Obviously, justification was demarcated from discovery. Justification, because of its supposed epistemic transparency, became the exclusive focus of philosophical attention to the detriment of discovery. The invidious distinction between discovery of scientific ideas and justification of finished ideas of science remained the catchword for a long time. This paper is an attempt to critically examine the nihilistic attitude of the dominant philosophies of science and to arrive at a philosophical theory of scientific discovery.

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Midtgarden, Torjus. "Peirce’s Classification of the Sciences." KNOWLEDGE ORGANIZATION 47, no. 3 (2020): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0943-7444-2020-3-267.

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Charles Peirce’s classification of the sciences was designed shortly after the turn of the twentieth century. The classification has two main sources of inspiration: Comte’s science classification and Kant’s theoretical philosophy. Peirce’s classification, like that of Comte, is hierarchically organised in that the more general and abstract sciences provide principles for the less general and more concrete sciences. However, Peirce includes and assigns a superordinate role to philosophical disciplines which analyse and provide logical, methodological and ontological principles for the specialised sciences, and which are based on everyday life experience. Moreover, Peirce recognises two main branches of specialised empirical science: the natural sciences, on the one hand, and the social sciences, the humanities and psychology on the other. While both branches share logical and methodological principles, they are based on different ontological principles in studying physical nature and the human mind and its products, respectively. Peirce’s most basic philosophical discipline, phenomenology, transforms his early engagement with Kant. Peirce’s classification of aesthetics, ethics and logic as normative sub-disciplines of philosophy relate to his philosophical pragmatism. Yet his more overarching division between theoretical (philosophical and specialised) sciences and practical sciences may be seen as problematic. Taking Peirce’s historical account of scientific developments into consideration, however, I argue that his science classification and its emphasis on the interdependencies between the sciences could be seen as sustaining and supporting interdisciplinarity and interaction across fields of research, even across the divide between theoretical and practical sciences.

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39

Steiris, Georgios. "Science at the Service of Philosophical Dispute." Philotheos 12 (2012): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philotheos2012129.

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40

Carrese, Paul O. "Constitutionalist Political Science: Rediscovering Storing’s Philosophical Moderation." American Political Thought 4, no. 2 (March 2015): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/680391.

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Rolin, Kristina. "Gender Equality in Science: A Philosophical Perspective." Higher Education in Europe 25, no. 2 (July 2000): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713669248.

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42

NÄREAHO, LEO. "The cognitive science of religion: philosophical observations." Religious Studies 44, no. 1 (January 11, 2008): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412507009328.

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AbstractThe cognitive science of religion seeks to find genuine causal explanations for the origin and transmission of religious ideas. In the cognitive approach to religion, so-called intuitive and counter-intuitive concepts figure importantly. In this article it is argued that cognitive scientists of religion should clarify their views about the explanatory and semantic role they give to counter-intuitive concepts and beliefs in their theory. Since the cognitive science of religion is a naturalistic research programme, it is doubtful that its proponents can remain neutral on important ontological questions.

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43

Ryall, Emily. "Introduction to Philosophical Issues in Sport Science." Philosophies 4, no. 4 (November 8, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4040057.

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The role and value of science within sport increases with ever greater professionalization and commercialization. Scientific and technological innovations are devised to increase performance, ensure greater accuracy of measurement and officiating, reduce risks of harm, enhance spectatorship and raise revenues. However, such innovations inevitably come up against epistemological and metaphysical problems related to the nature of sport and physical competition. This special issue identifies and explores key and contemporary philosophical issues in relation to the science of sport and exercise. The opening four chapters focus on the nature of scientific evidence, and causation in sport; the middle four chapters on the influence of science and technology and its relationship to sport officiating; whilst the final three chapters consider the way in which science affects the construction of sport. It brings together scholars working on philosophical problems in sport to examine issues related to the values and assumptions behind sport and exercise science, key problems that result, and provide recommendations for improving its practice.

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Luna, Francisco Parra, and Mario Bunge. "Social Science under Debate a Philosophical Perspective." Reis, no. 91 (2000): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40039190.

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Beaumont, Ralph H. "A Contemporary Philosophical Encounter with Freud’s Science." Psychoanalytic Quarterly 81, no. 2 (April 2012): 457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2167-4086.2012.tb00503.x.

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Jarvie, I. C. "Media representations and philosophical representations of science." Critical Studies in Mass Communication 7, no. 1 (March 1990): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15295039009360164.

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Kingsbury, Justine, and Tim Dare. "The Philosophical Use and Misuse of Science." Metaphilosophy 48, no. 4 (July 2017): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/meta.12256.

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Terry, W. Scott, Hayne W. Reese, and Linda J. Parrott. "Behavior Science: Philosophical, Methodological, and Empirical Advances." American Journal of Psychology 102, no. 3 (1989): 430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1423063.

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van Fraassen, Bas. "A philosophical approach to foundations of science." Foundations of Science 1, no. 1 (March 1995): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00208722.

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Saidikramovna, Umarova Farida. "Modernization: Etymological, Scientific And Social Philosophical Interpretations." American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-18.

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In this article analyzed modernization etymological, scientific and social philosophical interpretations. As we know scientific research, by its epistemological basis, requires the identification of concepts and categories that are specific to the object of knowledge, which serve to reveal its ontological nature, and to have a clear idea about them. As science undergoes a process of deep integration, it is natural for concepts and categories to shift from one discipline to another, especially in the field of philosophy. Philosophy's tendency to be universal, comprehensive, and prone to extensive approaches give rise to concepts and categories related to specific sciences (physics, medicine, biology, mathematics, etc.). This sometimes leads not only to general notions of concepts and categories, but also to different notions from the original etymological interpretation. As a result, a single word is interpreted differently, resulting in assumptions that do not correspond to the ontological features of the object of study. In order for such “word games” not to occur, in order to have a clear idea of the object of research, scientific research begins with defining the concepts and categories that express the object and purpose of research, and defining their essence and functional functions. Such a fundamental concept, category, is "modernization" for our scientific research.

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