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Journal articles on the topic 'Phillipines'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Espenilla, Jacqueline Joyce F. "Phillipines." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-00401008.

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2

Easton, Adam. "Cholera in Phillipines." Lancet 349, no. 9065 (May 1997): 1612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)61655-8.

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3

J.D.R. "Franciscans in the Phillipines." Americas 44, no. 2 (October 1987): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500073971.

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4

Thom, Allan R. "How Did We Get Here ?" APOS Trends in Orthodontics 8 (December 1, 2018): 182–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/apos.apos_100_18.

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This is the transcript of the inspirational address delivered by Dr. Allan Thom, President-World Federation of Orthodontists to the Presidents of the APOS Affiliate Societies at the 11th APOC in Boracay, Phillipines in March, 2018.
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&NA;. "Lomotil (Rm) safe and effective in the Phillipines." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 420 (September 1992): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-199204200-00003.

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6

Aragones, LV. "Observations on dugongs at Calauit Island, Busuanga, Palawan, Phillipines." Wildlife Research 21, no. 6 (1994): 709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940709.

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A simultaneous monitoring system that used a team of local observers to count dugongs around Calauit Island, Busuanga, Palawan, Philippines, from eight vantage points was employed from March 1989 to May 1990 to identify important dugong habitats around the island. On average, five dugongs were seen per survey day. More dugongs were observed during March and July 1989 than in other months. These periods coincided with the bimodal peaking of seagrass biomass in the region and the lull between monsoons for that year. The site where dugongs were most often sighted was about 1.5 m deep, had the largest area of seagrass on the island (approximately 50 ha) and supported a seagrass (above-ground) biomass averaging 1060 g m-2 (wet weight). The dugongs were shy, making observations difficult. They were observed to graze at the study sites once per day, usually starting in the late afternoon or at night. Animals usually stayed on the seaward side of the spur-and-groove sections of the reefs. Short seagrasses such as Halophila ovalis, Halodule uninervis, Cymodocea rotundata, C. serrulata, Syringodium isoetifolium and Thalassia hemprichii showed more evidence of being grazed than the taller Enhalus acoroides. By direct observations of the area grazed by a single dugong, an average consumption rate of 30.5 kg (wet weight) of seagrass (above ground only) per day was estimated. The methodology developed in this study may be used to identify reserve areas for the protection of dugong habitats in the Philippines. The dugong populations of Palawan require further attention and implementation of conservation measures.
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7

DeGraff, Deborah S., Richard E. Bilsborrow, and Alejandro N. Herrin. "Children's education in the Phillipines: Does high fertility matter?" Population Research and Policy Review 15, no. 3 (June 1996): 219–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00127050.

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8

Kim, Jung-Min, Hye-Yeon Lee, Dae-Jin Pakr, Chul-Ho Oak, Man-Joong Jeon, Byeng-Chul Yu, Kwang-Wook Koh, and Yong-Hwan Lee. "Development of Village Health Worker Training Program in Tuguegarao, Phillipines." Journal of agricultural medicine and community health 33, no. 3 (December 20, 2008): 324–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5393/jamch.2008.33.3.324.

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9

DA SILVA, ESTEVAM L. CRUZ. "Description of the male of Dendrolycosa cruciata (Roewer, 1955) (Araneae: Pisauridae: Pisaurinae)." Zootaxa 3626, no. 3 (March 14, 2013): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3626.3.8.

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The spider genus Dendrolycosa Doleschall, 1859 was recently revised by Jäger (2011), who described four new species and now comprises 15 known species found from Tanzania to Phillipines and south to New Caledonia (Platnick 2012). Ten of the 15 Dendrolycosa species are known only from females and two only from males. In the present paper, the male of Dendrolycosa cruciata (Roewer, 1955) is described and illustrated for the first time.
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10

Bautista, Dennis M., Charles S. Abanilla, Ariel E. Matillano, and Allan M. Abiera. "PINTAKASI: A UNIFYING FACTOR IN A LOCAL VILLAGE IN THE PHILLIPINES." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 5, no. 12 (June 29, 2020): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i12.2017.473.

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This is a case study conducted in one of the rural barangays of Leyte. Anchored on the theory of collective effervescence, this study delved into an understanding of a long ago practiced tradition that still thrives even in present times. In synergy, these rural folks enthusiastically come together to solve a problem of any member of the community. Thus, this study has two major concerns: first is to investigate how and why the “pintakasi or bayanihan” spirit of the past still evident today; and second, to rediscover which aspect of the “pintakasi or bayanihan” spirit and the ancient Filipino value hold true in contemporary times. Such queries were answered using a qualitative research approach specifically the ethnographic method in gathering data coupled with a face-to-face interview with ten (10) respondents who were the community officials and elders of this said barangay to discover their social activities and values. As revealed in this study, the rural folks continuously observed the practice because it is innate to them to help especially those in need.
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11

Supangco, Vivien T. "Exploring Organizational Determinants and Consequences of Contingent Employment in the Phillipines." International Corporate Responsibility Series 2 (2005): 235–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/icr2005210.

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12

Jiménez Lobo, Félix Manuel. "Why is Spanish not used as an interlanguage in the Phillipines?" Język. Komunikacja. Informacja, no. 12 (March 28, 2019): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/jki.2017.12.6.

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This article examines the reasons for the disappearance of Spanish as an interlanguage in the Philippines (both as an official language and as a means of communication between speakers of different languages) after the change of colonial power at the end of the 19th century. First, the author explains the geographic, ethno-linguistic and historical context of the country, summarizes the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines from the beginning of the Spanish colonial period until the present day with special attention being given to the appearance of the creole Chavacano, and presents the traditional explanations for the disappearance of the language. Later he compares the evolution of Spanish in the Philippines with other former Spanish colonies. He concludes that Spanish disappeared through a combination of unique historical circumstances which did not occur in other territories of the former Spanish Empire.
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13

DE ARAÚJO, MARCEL SANTOS, and REINALDO JOSÉ FAZZIO FERES. "Catalog of the mite (Acari) type specimens deposited at the “Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Campus de São José do Rio Preto”, São Paulo, Brazil (DZSJRP)." Zootaxa 4700, no. 4 (November 26, 2019): 557–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4700.4.11.

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A catalog of the type specimens of mites deposited at the Mite Collection of the Zoology and Botany Department of São Paulo State University (São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo state, Brazil) is presented. The collection of type specimens includes 120 species of 64 genera and 16 families, most of which from Brazil, but also from Angola, Australia, Costa Rica, Phillipines, South Africa, Sultanate of Oman and Thailand. For each species the original publication, provenance data, specimens conditions are provided.
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14

Sumaryadi, Nurcahyaningtyas S. "PENGARUH LIBERALISASI TERHADAP PERDAGANGAN BILATERAL JEPANG DENGAN CINA DAN ASEAN-5." KINERJA 7, no. 2 (November 8, 2016): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v7i2.790.

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This study provides the possible effects of trade liberalization commitments (WTO and APEC) on the bilateral trade between Japan and the ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Thailand, Phillipines, Malaysia and Singapore) and China. The degree of the export rivalry or competition between these countries in the Japanese market is examined in two stages. First, using the GTAP (Global Trade Analysis Project Model) to simulate the liberalization impact on the export of these countries in the Japanese market, as well as the Japanese export to these countries. Second, by using the conventional shift-share methodology in order to sense the degree of competition. Findings from this empirical work show that in general China will benefit more than ASEAN-5 countries from the WTO and APEC trade liberalization, especially in its export of textile and resource based manufactures to the Japanese market. Contrarily, ASEAN-5 countries will somewhat suffer some disadvantage on its export to Japan. However, Indonesia and the Phillipines can still rely on its export of resource based manufactures, while Malaysia would still maintain its advantage on its high technology and capital intensive products, Singapore on its service sector, and Thailand on is agricultural manufactures. Japan would benefit most on its bilateral trade with China. Simulations show that there will be an increase of intra-trading, especially in the textile market with China, and agricultural manufactures market with Thailand.Keywords : Trade liberalization, export competitiveness, GTAP, specialization
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15

Wallace, Ben. "Reclaiming Ancestral Lands: A By-product of Agroforestry Research in the Phillipines." Practicing Anthropology 22, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.22.3.57032lt7h178p773.

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Those of us directly involved in applied research are all too familiar with the need to adjust our methods or objectives because of unanticipated cultural or political situations. On rare occasions, however, an unanticipated situation creates an opportunity for the project to go beyond its stated objectives and enhance its opportunities for success. Such a situation occurred in a long-term agroforesty research and development project in the Philippines, popularly known as "Good Roots: Ugat ng buhay." This case study is presented here in hope that it will prompt other researchers to explore the secondary benefits of their primary research.
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16

Tsai, W. S., S. L. Shih, S. K. Green, and F. J. Jan. "Occurrence and Molecular Characterization of Squash leaf curl Phillipines virus in Taiwan." Plant Disease 91, no. 7 (July 2007): 907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-91-7-0907a.

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Whitefly-transmitted, cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses (genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae) have been detected on cucurbit crops in Bangladesh, China, Egypt, Israel, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Thailand, United States, and Vietnam. Pumpkin plants showing leaf curling, blistering, and yellowing symptoms were observed in the AVRDC fields (Tainan, Taiwan) during 2001 and in nearby farmers' fields during 2005. Two samples from symptomatic plants were collected in 2001 and six collected in 2005. Viral DNAs were extracted (2), and the PCR, with previously described primers, was used to detect the presence of begomoviral DNA-A (4), DNA-B (3), and associated satellite DNA (1). Begomoviral DNA-A was detected in one of the 2001 samples and in all 2005 samples. The PCR-amplified 1.5 kb viral DNA-A from one positive sample each from the 2001 and 2005 collections was cloned and sequenced. On the basis of the 1.5-kb DNA-A sequences, specific primers were designed to completely sequence the DNA-A component. The overlap between fragments obtained using primer walking ranged from 43 to 119 bp with 100% nt identities. The complete DNA-A sequences were determined for the two isolates as 2,734 bp (2001) (GenBank Accession No. DQ866135) and 2,733 bp (2005) (GenBank Accession No. EF199774). Sequence comparisons and analyses were performed using the DNAMAN Sequence Analysis Software (Lynnon Corporation, Vaudreuil, Quebec, Canada). The DNA-A of the begomovirus isolates each contained the conserved nanosequence-TAATATTAC and six open reading frames, including two in the virus sense and four in the complementary sense. On the basis of a 99% shared nucleotide sequence identity, they are considered isolates of the same species. BLASTn analysis and a comparison of the sequence with others available in the GenBank database ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ) indicated that the Taiwan virus shared its highest nt identity (more than 95%) with the Squash leaf curl Philippines virus (GenBank Accession No. AB085793). Virus-associated satellite DNA was not found in any of the samples. DNA-B was found in both samples, providing further evidence that the virus was the same as the bipartite Squash leaf curl Philippines virus. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Squash leaf curl Philippines virus in Taiwan. References: (1) R. W. Briddon et al. Virology 312:106, 2003. (2) R. L. Gilbertson et al. J. Gen. Virol. 72:2843, 1991. (3) S. K. Green et al. Plant Dis. 85:1286, 2001. (4) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77:340, 1993.
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17

Unlinnuha, Yunita Astanti. "Interdependence among ASEAN 5 in Foreign Exchange Market." Jurnal Riset Ekonomi dan Manajemen 17, no. 1 (May 12, 2017): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17970/jrem.17.170105.id.

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This paper examines the relationship between ASEAN-5 foreign exchange market and US Dollar in last 5 years. The data used is the currency of ASEAN-5 countries that are Indonesia, Malaysia, Vietnam, and Thailand. The data was analyzed using VAR (Vector Auto Regression). Among ASEAN 5, there are interdepence relationship in foreign exchange market. The strongest interdepence relationship are showed between Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia, while Phillipines and Thailand have less influence toward others. Foreign exchange market among ASEAN 5 shows positive response which has been proven by Granger Causality test.
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18

Watts, Peta, and Tim Byrom. "Experiences of two paramedics deployed to the Phillipines in response to Typhoon Haiyan." Journal of Paramedic Practice 6, no. 10 (October 2, 2014): 520–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jpar.2014.6.10.520.

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19

Watts, Peta, and Tim Byrom. "Experiences of two paramedics deployed to the Phillipines in response to Typhoon Haiyan." International Paramedic Practice 5, no. 1 (April 2, 2015): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ippr.2015.5.1.3.

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20

Chalk, Nigel Andrew. "The Potential Role for Securitizing Public Sector Revenue Flows: An Application to the Phillipines." IMF Working Papers 02, no. 106 (2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451852905.001.

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21

"Phillipines Permits Malaysia-Indonesia to Enter their Territorial Waters to Pursue Abu Sayyaf Group." Indonesian Journal of International Law 14, no. 2 (January 1, 2017): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.17304/ijil.vol14.2.693.

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22

Albertus, Redy Herinanto. "INFLUENCE OF THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGIONAL STOCK EXCHANGE ON THE INDONESIA STOCK EXCHANGE FOR THE PERIOD 2017-2018." Strategic Management Business Journal 1, no. 02 (December 31, 2021): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.55751/smbj.v1i02.17.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the South East Asia’s major stock exchanges on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2017 to 2018. The main stock exchanges used as independent variables are ^KLCI (Malaysia), ^STI (Singapore), ^SET (Thailand), and ^PSEI (Phillipines). The dependent variable used is ^JKSE (Jakarta Stock Exchange, Indonesia). There are 478 data sets that can be processed, which have been synchronized. By using multiple regression analysis, the results obtained: ^KLCI has a negative and insignificant effect on ^JKSE, ^STI has a negative and insignificant effect on ^JKSE, ^SET has a positive and significant effect on ^JKSE, and ^KLCI, ^STI, ^SET, ^PSEI simultaneously has a significant effect on ^JKSE in the period 2017 to 2018.
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23

Jara Murillo, Carla Victoria. "Sistema de tiempo-modo-aspecto en criollos de base española." Revista de Filología y Lingüística de la Universidad de Costa Rica 22, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rfl.v22i2.20381.

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En este trabajo se comparan los sistemas de tiempo, modo y aspecto de tres criollos de base española. La tesis de Derek Bickerton, de que las lenguas criollas comparten de manera universal un sistema particular de TMA, se evalúa con los criollos incluidos en este estudio, el Palenquero (Colombia), Papiamento (Antillas Neerlandesas) y los criollos de base española desarrollados en Filipinas. In this paper three Spanish-based creoles are compared in regard to their tense-mood-aspect (TMA) systems. The thesis set forth by Derek Bickerton, that a particular TMA system is a universally shared feature of creole languages, is assessed with respect to the creoles included in this study, i.e. Palenquero (Colombia), Papiamento (Netherlands Antilles) and the Spanish-based creoles developed in the Phillipines.
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24

Lapar, M. L., G. Holloway, and S. Ehui. "Policy options promoting market participation among smallholder livestock producers: a case study from the Phillipines." Food Policy 28, no. 3 (June 2003): 187–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0306-9192(03)00017-4.

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25

Forster, PI. "Taxonomic Relationships and Status of the Genus Dorystephania (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae) from the Phillipines and Borneo." Australian Systematic Botany 6, no. 4 (1993): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9930351.

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The taxonomic history and relationships of the genus Dorystephania Warb. (Asclepiadaceae) with two species from Bomeo and the Philippines respectively, are reviewed. It is concluded that Dorystephania belongs in the Marsdenieae and is congeneric with Sarcolobus R. Br. The new combinations Sarcolobus luzonensis (D. luzonensis Warb.) and S. borneensis (D. borneensis Steen.) are made. Both species are described in detail and S. borneensis is lectotypified. Regional keys to Sarcolobus in the Philippines and Borneo are provided.
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26

Jain, Prerna, and Pragati Jain. "South –East Asian Crisis- An Important Lesson for the Global Economy." Journal of Global Economy 5, no. 1 (March 31, 2009): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v5i1.95.

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Crises are an intrinsic feature of the market–oriented credit and financial system. Business cycles showing periods of boom and bust will continue to occur, only the intensity shall matter. An unprecedented crisis that erupted in five Asian economies: Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phillipines, the Republic of Korea and Thailand, in mid 1997-1998 raised concern about the stability of the “Global Financial Architecture.” The clear evidence emerged of a rapid and unsustainable buildup of investment in fixed assets financed by excessive borrowing. This investment-spending spree resulted in poor profitability, reflected in low and declining returns on equity and on capital employed. The severity of the crisis in the Asian region was so great that some other countries in the world – Brazil and Russia, in particular also got affected by the contagion.
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27

Sahat, Siska Fibriliani, Nunung Nuryartono, and Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol. "ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN EKSPOR KOPI DI INDONESIA." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 5, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.5.1.2016.63-89.

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This study aims to analyze recommendations that Indonesia could undergo to increase it’s coffee export performance through factors influencing it’s coffee export growth driver. The analysis using export decomposition showed that since 1994-2013, Indonesian coffee export has been dominated by commodity (grean bean). Export in the form of commodity is fragile regarding it’s volatile price in the international market. This lead to recommend higher processed coffee incorporated in Indonesian coffee export structure. At the same time, regarding the characteristics of the product, the diversification of Indonesian coffee product from green bean to coffee extract is in parallel with the destination country. Gravity model on top three destination countries for Indonesian coffee extract, namely Phillipines, China and Lebanon suggest that supply side, trade agreement and currency are the most influencing factors to trade, and that distance plays insignificant role.
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28

Sahat, Siska Fibriliani, Nunung Nuryartono, and Manuntun Parulian Hutagaol. "ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN EKSPOR KOPI DI INDONESIA." JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN 5, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jekp.5.1.63-89.

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This study aims to analyze recommendations that Indonesia could undergo to increase it’s coffee export performance through factors influencing it’s coffee export growth driver. The analysis using export decomposition showed that since 1994-2013, Indonesian coffee export has been dominated by commodity (grean bean). Export in the form of commodity is fragile regarding it’s volatile price in the international market. This lead to recommend higher processed coffee incorporated in Indonesian coffee export structure. At the same time, regarding the characteristics of the product, the diversification of Indonesian coffee product from green bean to coffee extract is in parallel with the destination country. Gravity model on top three destination countries for Indonesian coffee extract, namely Phillipines, China and Lebanon suggest that supply side, trade agreement and currency are the most influencing factors to trade, and that distance plays insignificant role.
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29

Andrianantenaina, Hajanirina. "ASEAN-5 Countries Stock Returns in Light with the Three-Fama and French Factor Model in Global Perspective." JAAF (Journal of Applied Accounting and Finance) 2, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.33021/jaaf.v2i2.549.

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This paper attempts to investigate the three factor model proposed by Fama and French (1993) upon the five country members within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations or simply ASEAN-5. Most of the studies on these countries deal with the cointegration or co-movement of market stock returns. In overall, these markets are found cointegrated and break the boundaries amongst the cross-border. Besides, global interraction is also studied. Specific factors are not yet considered. Thus, global interaction is studied using the global three factor model. The samplesconsist of five countries global daily stock market index including Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand from 2013 to2018. The result of this research shows a positive significant small minus law (SML) factors towards the global index for the case of Phillipines. Yet, other factors do not. Surprisingly, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand are found insignificant towards the global factors.
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30

Hoffmann, V., and K. Th Fehr. "Micromagnetic, rockmagnetic and mineralogical studies on Dacitic Pumice from the Pinatubo Eruption (1991, Phillipines) Showing self-reversed TRM." Geophysical Research Letters 23, no. 20 (October 1, 1996): 2835–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96gl01317.

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31

May, R. J. "The religious factor in three minority movements: the moro of the Phillipines, the Malays of Thailand and Indonesia's West Papuans." Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal 12, no. 2 (July 1991): 307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666959108716208.

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32

Abidin, Zaenal. "THE CASE OF INDONESIAN HAJJ PILGRIMS DEPARTING FROM THE PHILIPPINES." Dialog 40, no. 2 (December 31, 2017): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47655/dialog.v40i2.184.

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This paper explores the challenges and issues of Hajj handling through the Philippines, the treatment to Indonesian 177 detained pilgrims and the government efforts to resolve the issues. The limited Indonesian hajj quota has caused long waiting lists for enthusiastic pilgrims to perform the fifth pillar of Islam. In some regions, such as South Sulawesi, this waiting list can take up to 40 years. The high enthusiasm of South Sulawesi people has been sought as an opportunity by travel agents to embark the pilgrims through the neighboring country whose quota has not yet fulfilled, e.g. the Philippines. As many as 177 Indonesian pilgrims during the hajj season 1438H/2016 have been processed through the Philippines agency by forging documents. This action resulted in the cancellation of hajj departure and the detention of the pilgrims by the Philippines authority. These pilgrims are detained in the Special Intensive Care Area (SICA) with minimum facilities. Through diplomatic discussion among the Indonesian Embassy in Manila, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Religious Affairs and Indonesian Police Agency, these 177 pilgrims have been released and sent home. KEY WORDS: Hajj Through the Phillipines, Waiting List, Illegal Documents
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33

Soares, Judith. "Negotiating Citizenship: Migrant Women in Canada and the Global System." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 3 (September 2006): 702–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906299979.

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Negotiating Citizenship: Migrant Women in Canada and the Global System, Daiva K. Stasiulis and Abigail B. Bakan, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005, pp. 233.Negotiating Citizenship is a thoughtful, well-researched and insightful book concerned with the topical issue of citizenship and contesting citizenship rights within the context of global capitalism. It is a timely and comprehensive piece that interrogates and dissects traditional theories of citizenship, and offers an alternative theoretical perspective on the basis of examining the status and condition of foreign domestic workers and nurses who migrate to Canada from two similar but different regions of the world: the Caribbean and the Phillipines. In creating the context for discussion, the work takes the reader on the journey of these migrant women workers from their home countries in the “Third World” where national labour markets are becoming increasingly unable to absorb surplus labour and where they have been adversely affected by the anti-social structural adjustment policies of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), to the more economically developed Canada where the state encourages them to work without providing them with citizenship rights. By so doing, as the text points out, the Canadian state, which still has primacy under globalization, reinforces the vulnerability of an already vulnerable social group for which migration is a survival strategy.
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34

Oña, I., C. M. Vera Cruz, Rebecca J. Nelson, Jan E. Leach, and T. W. Mew. "Epidemic Development of Bacterial Blight on Rice Carrying Resistance Genes Xa-4, Xa-7, and Xa-10." Plant Disease 82, no. 12 (December 1998): 1337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.12.1337.

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Epidemic development of bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae on three near-isogenic lines (IRBB lines) carrying bacterial blight resistance genes Xa-4 (IRBB4), Xa-7 (IRBB7), and Xa-10 (IRBB10) was studied in two farmers' fields located in Calauan and Mabi-tac, Phillipines, during 1993, 1994, and 1995. The plots were planted continuously during dry and wet seasons, with disease assessments done during the wet seasons, when weather was conducive to bacterial blight development. Disease incidence (number of hills infected) and severity (diseased leaf area) were assessed and area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) values were computed. Mean disease incidence and severity in Calauan (AUDPC = 3,241.5 and 716.7, respectively) were significantly higher than in Mabitac (AUDPC = 2,431.2 and 558.0, respectively). In Calauan, AUDPC values for disease incidence and severity on IRBB4, IRBB10, and IR24 did not differ significantly during the three years of testing. In Mabitac, the AUDPC values for disease incidence and severity were not significantly different among IRBB4, IRBB10, and IR24 in 1993 and in 1995. However, in 1994, disease incidence (AUDPC = 3,037.7) and severity (AUDPC = 891.0) on IRBB4 were significantly lower than on IRBB10 and IR24. Bacterial blight was lowest on IRBB7 at both sites and throughout 1993 to 1995, indicating that this genotype is effective in suppressing the disease even with the presence of an indigenous virulent population of X. oryzae pv. oryzae.
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Aulia, Sarah, and Akhmad Syakir Kurnia. "ANALYSIS GLOBAL BUSINESS CYCLE AND FISCAL RISKS : An Empirical Study of ASEAN-5." JURNAL DINAMIKA EKONOMI PEMBANGUNAN 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jdep.1.1.33-46.

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This thesis aims to analyze global business cycle and fiscal risk in ASEAN-5 which is expected to be explained by several explanatory variables including primary balance/GDP, oil price, economic growth, output gap, and LIBOR interest rate. More spesifically, this thesis focus on the effect of oil price with Debt/GDP is a benchmark of fiscal risk. This research used panel data of ASEAN-5 period 2000-2014. Prior to conducting the analysis, this study looked at the correlation coefficients between the cycle components (output gap) and the primary balance per GDP to identify the fiscal policy character in each country. The cycle component is calculated by using the difference between original series and trend components using Hodrick Prescott Filter. The fiscal policy characteristics of Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, and Thailand apply procyclical policies while singapore implements countercyclical fiscal policy. The results of the analysis conducted using the fixed effect method show the global business cycle and world oil price fluctuations affect the fiscal risks. The results of this study indicate when the business cycle in a state of booming domestic governments tend to increase government spending and create fiscal risks. Meanwhile, the LIBOR and Primary Balance rate per GDP which is a variable derivative of the fiscal suistanability concept has an effect on fiscal risk. However, economic growth has no effect because the current debt is the tax burden in the future.
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Indrawan, Jerry. "ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) in Conflict Prevention: The Role of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)." JAS (Journal of ASEAN Studies) 4, no. 2 (April 25, 2017): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/jas.v4i2.1787.

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In the end of 2015, ASEAN Community will be fully implemented in Southeast Asia. The community will bring ASEAN countries to the next stage of cooperation in order to bring prosperity to the region. However, several obstacles still have to be faced by ASEAN. Territorial dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia, Thailand and Cambodia concerning Preah Temple, Malaysia with The Phillipines over Sabah, etc are some of the problems. Other problems related to South China Sea, even involving five ASEAN members on dispute. Although it is clear that member of ASEAN countries agree to settle their problems according to ASEAN mechanism as the most respective organization in the region, on several occasions they prefer to take it bilaterally or bring it to the Hague. The assumption of non-interference principle as the organization conflict solving mechanism does not apply accordingly. As such, we have to find other ways. Peace can only be achieved through closer relations between ASEAN countries. Closer relation creates better understanding between people within those countries. If “high level” (G to G) conflict resolution does not work, we have to turn to the people. Closer relations among its people will be a “grass root’ power to force the government to end their dispute. This paper will examine how ASEAN Socio-Culture Community (ASCC), alongside CSO’s within them, will work in creating closer relations among ASEAN countries, in order to solve disputes in the region.Key words: ASEAN Community, ASEAN Socio-Culture Community, Dispute, Civil Society Organizations (CSO).
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Thapa, Krishna Bahadur, Namrata KC, T. Koirala, and A. Bhatttarai. "The Incidence of Bleeding and the Factors That Influence Its Development among Patients Admitted With Dengue Fever." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2017): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v9i2.17862.

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Background: Dengue virus is now classified as a major global health threat by the World Health Organization. Bleeding is a common complication and is one of the most feared. There is an increase incidence in the adult population, hence, the focus of this study.Objectives: To determine the incidence of bleeding and the factors that influence its development among patients admitted with dengue fever at Fatima Medical Center, Phillipines from January 2009 to December 2011.Methods: This is a case control study using chart review. The incidence of bleeding is calculated using risk ratio. Factors affecting bleeding are determined using chi square for qualitative variables and T-test or ANOVA for quantitative variables. Simultaneous determination of factors association with bleeding will be analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Level of significance will be set at alpha = 0.05.Results: The female sex is significantly more prone to develop bleeding (p=0.044). There is no significant increase in bleeding in patients who have co-morbidities (p=0.447). In every one unit increase in WBC (1 x 109) the odds of bleeding decrease by 15%. For every one unit increase in hematocrit the odds of bleeding decreases by 6.8%. For every one unit increase in platelet count the odds of bleeding decreases by 3% that is every 10 unit increase in platelet count the odds of bleeding decrease by 22.9%.Conclusions: Female sex, a low initial WBC and platelet count will increase a patient’s propensity to develop bleeding.Journal of Gandaki Medical College Volume, 09, Number 2, July December 2016, page: 23-28
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Dyer, Karen, Nathaniel Dickey, Sarah Smith, and Hannah Helmy. "Human Trafficking in Florida: The Role of Applied Anthropology in Addressing the Problem and Response." Practicing Anthropology 34, no. 4 (September 1, 2012): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.34.4.g632r1j2m4w60413.

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Human trafficking is a pervasive issue in the United States (Florida State 2003:16). While an estimated 18,000-20,000 persons are trafficked across the nation's borders each year, this may be a dramatic underestimation of actual occurrence due to the hidden nature of human trafficking crimes and the fact that this number does not include domestic trafficking incidents (Florida State 2003:16). Federal anti-trafficking legislation defines "trafficking in persons" to mean those compelled into commercial sex acts (sex trafficking) or labor and services (labor trafficking) through force, fraud or coercion (United States Congress 2000). Although exact data regarding the incidence of human trafficking in Florida are currently unavailable, it is considered a lucrative trafficking hub—often being cited as one of the top three states in which the crime occurs. This is principally because of its agriculture- and tourism-based economy, two industries in which trafficking can thrive with relatively little resistance (Florida State 2003:27). Indeed, Miami International Airport has ranked among the "top points of entry for trafficking" since as early as 1999 (Florida State 2003:28). The lack of comprehensive data also precludes a clear picture of the demographics and nationalities of all trafficked persons in Florida, but figures from the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops provide a snapshot of certified victims of trafficking who are receiving federal benefits. In a four-year period ending August 2010, 274 trafficked persons received federal benefits; of these individuals, 127 were female, 147 were male, and the top five nationalities were those from Haiti (81), the Phillipines (65), Mexico (42), Guatemala (13), and Honduras (12) (Florida State 2010:39-40).
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Purwiyanti, Yeyen, Sarwiji Suwandi, and NFN Andayani. "Strategi Komunikasi Pemelajar Bahasa Indonesia bagi Penutur Asing Asal Filipina." Ranah: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa 6, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/rnh.v6i2.448.

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This research aims to describe and explain the communication strategy used by BIPA students from Philippines during BIPA learning. This research is a study case using natural background. The researcher will describe and explain both verbal and non-verbal communication strategy used by BIPA students of UPT Bahasa UNS who come from Philippines. Data of this research are result of observation and interview note from BIPA students from Phillipines as well as BIPA teachers. The result of this research is communication strategy used by BIPA students from Philippines, which are equivallance, borrowing, dictionary, self-correction, prefix, role play, phrase, preposition, similar pronounciation and diction. Communication strategy that is dominantly used by BIPA students is borrowing English in the communication of targeted language. Targeted language in this research is Indonesian. Verbal and non-verbal communication strategy has benefit toward BIPA students to understand the on-going event. Moreover, it could bridge the gap between the students and the teachers, as well as among the students. Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan strategi komunikasi yang digunakan oleh pemelajar BIPA asal Filipina dalam pembelajaran BIPA. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian studi kasus dengan menggunakan latar natural. Peneliti akan mendeskripsikan dan menjelaskan strategi komunikasi verbal dan nonverbal yang digunakan oleh pemelajar BIPA UPT Bahasa UNS yang berasal dari negara Filipina. Data penelitian ini berupa catatatan lapangan hasil observasi dan catatan lapangan hasil wawancara pemelajar BIPA yang berasal dari Filipina dan pengajar BIPA. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah strategi komunikasi yang digunakan oleh pemelajar BIPA asal Filipina, yaitu ekuivalensi, peminjaman, kamus, koreksi diri, imbuhan, peragaan, frasa, preposisi, kemiripan lafal, dan diksi. Strategi komunikasi yang dominan digunakan adalah peminjaman bahasa Inggris dalam menggunakan komunikasi bahasa target dalam penelitian ini adalah bahasa Indonesia.
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Mutalib, Hussain. "Second Annual Conference of the “ASEAN Muslim Social Scientists’ Forum”." American Journal of Islam and Society 5, no. 2 (December 1, 1988): 305–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v5i2.2725.

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The Muslim Social Science Scholars’ Forum of ASEAN (Associationof Southeast Asian Nations) held its Second Meeting in Bangkok, Thailandfrom Mubrram 20-23, 1409lSeptember 1-4, 1988, under the auspices of theFoundation for Democracy and Development Studies. The theme for themeeting was “Muslim Scholars and Social Science Research,” aimed atdocumenting, discussing and analyzing the types of scholarship or researchthat have been done about Muslims in the Southeast Asian region, particularlywithin the ASEAN countries.A select group of Muslim social science scholars (together with someMuslim politicians) from the countries within ASEAN, except Brunei, wereinvited to the “Forum.” They included: Drs. Dawan Raharjo and NurcholisMajid, and Professor Moeslim (Indonesia), Drs. Surin Pitsuwan, SeneeMadmarn and Chaiwat (Thailand), Drs. Yusof Talib and Hussain Mutalib(Singapore), Professors Taib Osman and Wan Hashim and Umar Farouq(Malaysia), and Drs. Carmen Abubakar, Madale and Mastura (Philippines).All participants were either presenters of papers or discussants.Throughout the four-day deliberations, participants discussed the typesof studies and research that have been the focus of scholars studying Muslimcommunities in the ASEAN region. Some titles of papers included: “MuslimStudies in the Phillipines;” “Social Science Research in Thailand;” and “SocialScience Research in Malaysia: the Case of Islamic Resurgence.”Given the “closed-door” ‘nature of the meeting (participation was byinvitation only), there was adequate time for a more intensive, frank andthorough discussions of the papers. Problems and issues were aired and posed,and alternative options offered by participants. For every paper, there wasa discussant; hence, the issues that came out of the papers managed to beseen, discussed and appreciated from a more complete and balancedperspective.By and large, the Bangkok meeting was a successful one. Theapproximately twenty participants were generally pleased with the high qualityof papers presented and the sense of brotherhood that prevailed. The warmhospitality of the hosts from Thailand was also appreciated ...
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Fatiwetunusa, Any, Syamsurijal Syamsurijal, and Sa’adah Yuliana. "The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (September 20, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v1i1.51-76.

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The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio are analyzed in conditional convergence model. According to the Solow model, the economies of the countries will converge in which the growth of income per capita of developing countries will be higher than those of developed countries. The economies will be convergent if the countries tend to move to a similar steady state resulting in smaller gap between the countries. Based on the results of absolute convergence and conditional convergence models, APT countries is converging with the rate of 2% and 2.2%. This is consistent with the results of sigma convergence model that shows a declining trend in the dispersion of real GDP per capita in APT regions. The growth of real GDP per capita is influenced by initial GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio. Developed countries such as Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and South Korea experience the impact of high real GDP per capita growth. On the contrary, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and The Phillipines undergo the impact of low GDP per capita growth.
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Fatiwetunusa, Any, Syamsurijal Syamsurijal, and Sa’adah Yuliana. "The Analysis of Income per Capita Convergence on ASEAN Plus Three (APT) Countries." SRIWIJAYA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS 1, no. 1 (September 20, 2017): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.29259/sijdeb.v1i1.9.

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The main objective of this study is to test the convergence of income per capita in APT countries through three models: absolute convergence, conditional convergence and sigma convergence. Regression analysis of panel data from 13 APT countries during the period of 2001-2014 is used to analysed to study problem. In absolute convergence model, the growth of real GDP per capita and initial real GDP are used as the variables, meanwhile, 8 variables such as the growth of real GPD per capita, initial real GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio are analyzed in conditional convergence model. According to the Solow model, the economies of the countries will converge in which the growth of income per capita of developing countries will be higher than those of developed countries. The economies will be convergent if the countries tend to move to a similar steady state resulting in smaller gap between the countries. Based on the results of absolute convergence and conditional convergence models, APT countries is converging with the rate of 2% and 2.2%. This is consistent with the results of sigma convergence model that shows a declining trend in the dispersion of real GDP per capita in APT regions. The growth of real GDP per capita is influenced by initial GDP per capita, labor force ratio, value added in agricultural sector, value added in industrial sector, terms of trade, foreign direct investment and internet users ratio. Developed countries such as Singapore, Brunei Darussalam and South Korea experience the impact of high real GDP per capita growth. On the contrary, Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam and The Phillipines undergo the impact of low GDP per capita growth.
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Ali, A., J. So, F. Khani, M. Kvetoslava, H. Miyamoto, A. Osunkoya, M. Rodriguez Pena, et al. "Discontinuous Involvement of Spermatic Cord Soft Tissue in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: A Multi-Institution Experience." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S155—S156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa161.339.

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Abstract Introduction/Objective In the 8th Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, discontinuous involvement of spermatic cord soft tissue (DISC) by testicular germ cell tumors (GCT) is regarded as metastatic deposit (pM1), placing the patient in clinical prognostic stage group (CPSG) III. We conducted a multi-institution study to corroborate or refute the current recommendations. Methods: Thirty-eight cases of GCT with spermatic cord involvement were collected from 13 institutions in Europe, Phillipines and America. Clinical and pathologic data was obtained. Results Tumors included 28 (73%) non-seminomatous and 10 (26%) seminomatous GCTs. Mean testicular tumor size was 6.6 cm (range 1.3-18). After review by an uropathologist, cases were classified as cord LVI [T2] (n=3), continuous cord involvement (CCI) [T3] (n=13), and DISC (n=22). Mean cord tumor size for DISC was 0.9 cm (range 0.1-4.5). CPSG was available for 33 and follow-up (FU) for22 patients with a mean length of FU of 38 months (range 2-144). Seven (39%) DISC patients were CPSG II (regional LN metastases), and 11 (61%) CPSG III (distant metastases). On FU, 5 (45%) DISC patients had no evidence of disease (NED); 6 (55%) were alive with disease (AWD). Three (25%) CCI patients were CPSG I (local disease), 6 (50%) CPSG II, and 3 (25%) CPSG III. On FU, 6 (60%) CCI patients were NED, 4 (40%) AWD. Cord LVI patients were one in each CPSG. One cord LVI patient was NED, the others were lost at FU. All DISC (100%) patients with available CPSG had advanced disease (CPSG II or III), compared to 75% of CCI, and 67% of cord LVI patients. Conclusion Although it did not reach statistical significance (p=0.054; Fisher’s exact test), DISC patients were more likely to have CPSG II and III compared to CCI patients. Our findings suggest a worse behavior in patients with DISC, supporting a higher pathologic stage than CCI.
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Nara Indra, Putu Agung. "Maute Group dan Jaringan Keluarga dalam Kelompok Islam Radikal di Filipina Selatan." Jurnal Ilmiah Hubungan Internasional 13, no. 2 (October 22, 2017): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.26593/jihi.v13i2.2719.187-200.

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<p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Perjalanan konflik antara pemerintah Filipina dengan kelompok-kelompok separatis di Filipina Selatan memunculkan beragam kelompok militan Islam seperti MILF, Abu Sayyaf, dan yang paling mutakhir, Kelompok Maute. .Banyaknya kelompok militan yang muncul berawal dari perpecahan-perpecahan di dalam kelompok-kelompok militan tradisional di Filipina Selatan khususnya MNLF dan MILF. Fenomena perpecahan ini akhirnya memunculkan kelompok-kelompok sempalan yang kerap terlibat pertempuran di antara mereka sendiri. Di sisi lain, kelompok-kelompok tersebut justru memiliki latar belakang ikatan keluarga yang sangat erat. Tulisan ini menyoroti tentang peranan jaringan keluarga di dalam keberadaan kelompok-kelompok militan di Filipina Selatan khususnya Kelompok Maute. Kelompok Maute dapat berkembang pesat karena pendiri dan sebagian besar anggotanya memiliki hubungan keluarga dengan kelompok Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Ikatan keluarga ini akhirnya menjadi pelindung sekaligus faktor penting bagi berkembangnya radikalisme Kelompok Maute.</p><p>Kata kunci: <em>Filipina Selatan, kelompok radikal Islam, MILF, Kelompok Maute, ikatan keluarga.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The history of conflict between Philippines government and separatist group in Southern Phillipines area has formed many radical Islamic groups such as, MILF, Abu Sayyaf, and Maute group. The emergence of these groups was caused by the schism in the older militant groups such as MNLF and MILF. However, the disunity of the older militant groups and the emergence of the so called “splinter groups” finally created conflicts among them. On the other hand, those groups bear resemblance in their family origins. This article highlighted the family networking inside the radical Islamic groups especially the Maute group. This group can grow rapidly because of the family bond between their founders and members with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). The family bond became their protector and also vital point for the rise of radicalism in the Maute group.</p>Keyword: <em>Southern Philippines, radical Islamic groups, MMILF, Maute group, family bond. </em>
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Derevianko, A. P., Yu A. Azarenko, and S. A. Komissarov. "Changbin culture on Taiwan: history of investigations and basic characteristics." Archaeology and Ethnography 17, no. 5 (2018): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2018-17-5-21-29.

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Purpose. The paper describes the most ancient archaeological culture of Taiwan and its significance for the reconstruction of the early stage of the human society’s development in the region. Results. Changbin, the culture of the Late Paleolithic Age, named after Changbin Township in Taidong County on the eastern coast of the island and its southern extremities where it was discovered. Excavations of the primary site, Baxiandong (Baxian caves; or Pahsientung), started in 1968, with new findings being made nowadays. The Baxian sea-cave samples were tested with radiocarbon measurement to have been dated from 15 to 5 thousand years ago, making earlier dates (around 50,000 years ago) debatable. The bulk of artifacts found includes chipped stone and bone tools, mainly of them are flint scrapers, sharp-edged flake tools, pebble chopping tools, shell scrapers and also tools made of bone, such as wedges, stitching awls and fish hooks. The ancient people, who lived in the caves, hunted, fished and gathered seafood on the coast. Typlogically, the Changbin tools are similar to the Hoabinhian industry. It is possible that Changbinhians came to Taiwan from the Southeast China, but also probably from the Phillipines. At its late stage, the Changbin culture overlaps with the Neolithic Dabenkeng culture (about 5000–2500 years BC), but there is no evidence to any contacts between them. Conclusion. Changbin Culture is extremely important for the understanding of the origin of the first settlements in prehistorical Taiwan. Farther research can bring new results in revealing the features of anthropogenesis on the territory of the Eastern Asia. Detailed reconstruction of the stages of development of this territory, with special attention to the initial settlement of Taiwan, is necessary to understand the basic characteristics of the cultural evolution of the early cultures in the region and can help solve the problem of the spread of a modern anthropological type in ecumene, make possible the identifying the ways of ancient migrations in the Asia-Pacific region. The initial period of studies of Baxian caves made possible to formulate the tasks for the new search, the answers to which will be received within the next stage of the archaeological works, having begun about 10 years ago.
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Molloy, Ivan, and Gregg R. Jones. "Red Revolution: Inside the Phillipine Guerrilla Movement." Pacific Affairs 63, no. 3 (1990): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759555.

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Kirshenblatt-Gimblett, Barbara, and Doreen G. Fernandez. "Culture Ingested: On the Indigenization of Phillipine Food." Gastronomica 3, no. 1 (2003): 58–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2003.3.1.58.

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Shacillo, Vyacheslav. "Russian Diplomacy and the USA’s Seizure of the Phillipine Islands." ISTORIYA 13, no. 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021545-8.

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The article examines the main aspects of the foreign policy of the Russian Empire concerning the seizure of the Philippine Islands by the United States during the Spanish-American War of 1898. This event did not affect the vital interests of the Russian Empire and Russia during this war avoided taking any steps that could damage the friendly relations with the United States. On the other hand, while pursuing an active foreign policy in the Pacific region in those years, St. Petersburg feared the strengthening of the positions of the British and German Empires in the Far East. That is why the seizure of the Philippine Archipelago by the United States Russian diplomacy met with understanding and this step did not cause any objections in Saint Petersburg.
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Smith, O. F. "Quantification of the Ovarian follicles of water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 30, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v30i1.1923.

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Ovarian samples were collected either through ovariectomy or slaughtering of Phillipine water buffaloes at the Phillipine Carabao Research and development Centre (now Phillipine Carabao Centre), Central Luzon State University, Philippines. From the young buffalo (6-7months, 2 pairs of ovaries); pubertal (2 year; n=1 pair); adults (7-8 year; n=3 Pairs) and old (12-14 years; n=3 pairs) were used for the study. The ovaries were fixed, dehydrated and embedded in the paraffin wax and were serially sectioned at 10 microns. The sectioned ovaries were then stained with periodic acid/schiff's-Hematoxylin (PAS-H). Ovarian follicles of the following categories (primary, growing, secondary, tertiary, and atretic) were quantified in the young, puberial, adults and old water buffaloes. In the young and pubertal buffaloes, the average follicular population of 75,604 and 85, 358 primary follicles were counted, respectively. The number of primary follicles decreased as age of the animal increased, meaning the follicles are either ovulated or became atretic during the course of the estrous cycle. The growing follicles were highest in the pubertal animals with an average follicle of 7, 317 which is 8. 75 percent of the primordial follicles. The young and adult buffaloes had an average count of 71 and 18 growing follicles respectively. The tremendous increase in the number of the growing follicles during the pubertal stage may indicate that follicle are continually being recruited and they grow from stage to stage and end life by becoming atritic or ovulated. The number of secondary follicles found in the pubertal revealed that there was a transition of the growing follicles to the secondary stage. Further decline in the number of tertiary follicles occurred, while the average number for the tertiary follicles in the young, adult and old were 3, 9, 7, respectively which is quite low. Data showed that there was a high incidence of atresia occurring in the ovarian follicles of buffaloes ranging from 127 in the young to 142 in the pubertal.
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Sprague, Jason E. "Four new species of Terebridae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Phillipine Islands." Beagle : Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 20 (December 2004): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.320164.

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