Journal articles: 'Philippine strain'

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Dardick, Christopher, Francisco Goes da Silva, Yuwei Shen, and Pamela Ronald. "Antagonistic Interactions Between Strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae." Phytopathology® 93, no. 6 (June 2003): 705–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2003.93.6.705.

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The ability of some phytopathogenic bacterial strains to inhibit the growth of others in mixed infections has been well documented. Here we report that such antagonistic interactions occur between several wild-type strains of the rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. In mixed inoculations, a wild-type Philippine strain was found to inhibit the growth of a wild-type Korean strain. Furthermore, a nonpathogenic mutant of the Philippine strain maintained these antagonistic properties. Growth curve analysis indicated that both the wild-type Philippine strain and its nonpathogenic mutant inhibited the growth of the Korean strain 2 days after infection and prior to the onset of disease symptoms. When mixed with the nonpathogenic mutant, 10 out of 18 diverse wild-type X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains did not cause disease. Conversely, three of the strains that were not affected by the nonpathogenic mutant were found to inhibit the growth of both the wild-type and mutant Philippine strains, indicating that antagonism is widespread and strain specific. The observed growth inhibition occurred only in planta and did not correlate with bacteriocin activity in vitro. Antagonistic interactions also were found to affect resistance (R) gene-mediated resistance. The R gene Xa21 was capable of protecting rice plants coinoculated with nonantagonistic virulent and avirulent strains; however, when avirulent strains were coinoculated with virulent antagonistic strains, disease ensued. Taken together, these results indicate that X. oryzae pv. oryzae has evolved strategies to compete with rival strains in a fashion that allows virulent strains to evade R gene-mediated protection even when avirulent strains are present in the inoculum.

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Odagiri, Takashi, Yoko Matsuzaki, Michiko Okamoto, Akira Suzuki, Mariko Saito, Raita Tamaki, Socorro P. Lupisan, Lydia T. Sombrero, Seiji Hongo, and Hitoshi Oshitani. "Isolation and Characterization of Influenza C Viruses in the Philippines and Japan." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02628-14.

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From November 2009 to December 2013 in the Philippines, 15 influenza C viruses were isolated, using MDCK cells, from specimens obtained from children with severe pneumonia and influenza-like illness (ILI). This is the first report of influenza C virus isolation in the Philippines. In addition, from January 2008 to December 2013, 7 influenza C viruses were isolated from specimens that were obtained from children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Sendai city, Japan. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein showed that 19 strains (12 from the Philippines and 7 from Japan) were similar to the influenza C virus reference strain C/Sao Paulo/378/82 (SP82). Phylogenetic analysis of the HE gene showed that the strains from the Philippines and Japan formed distinct clusters within an SP82-related lineage. The clusters that included the Philippine and Japanese strains were shown to have diverged from a common ancestor around 1993. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the internal genes showed that all strains isolated in the Philippines and Japan had emerged through reassortment events. The composition of the internal genes of the Philippine strains was different from that of the Japanese strains, although all strains were classified into an SP82-related lineage by HE gene sequence analysis. These observations suggest that the influenza C viruses analyzed here had emerged through different reassortment events; however, the time and place at which the reassortment events occurred were not determined.

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Dargantes, Alan P., April Hari Wardhana, Jose Alexander C. Abella, Milkesidick R. Sequito, Simon A. Reid, Douglas Bruce Copeman, and K. AT Dargantes. "Pathogenicity of Philippine and Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi Isolates in Mice and Their Responses to Trypanocides." Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 26, no. 1 (June 22, 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v26i1.2508.

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Pathogenicity of 10 isolates of T. evansi collected from Mindanao, Philippines, and one isolate from East Java, Indonesia was determined and compared. The susceptibility of these isolates against diminazene aceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride, suramin and quinapyramine sulphate/chloride was also tested. Twenty-five mice were infected intraperitoneally with each isolate and 20 were treated with the 4 drugs (5 mice/drug) while 5 infected and 7 uninfected mice served as infected-untreated and uninfected controls, respectively. Treatment was carried out 24 hours post-infection and parasitemia was monitored for 35 days. Mice infected with Philippine isolates significantly died earlier (5-11 days) than those infected with the Indonesian isolate (14-16 days). The prepatent period for Philippine isolates (3-8 days) was significantly shorter than the Indonesian strain (11-13 days). Trypanosomes were not observed in the blood of mice infected with any of the Philippine isolates when treated with quinapyramine sulphate/chloride, melarsomine dihydrochloride or suramin. Two of 10 mice infected with either C4 or A9 Philippine isolates and treated with diminazene aceturate had parasitemia on days 29 and 31, respectively. It is concluded that isolates of T. evansi from Mindanao, Philippines, are more pathogenic than the isolate from East Java, Indonesia. This study also indicated that quinapyramine sulphate/chloride, melarsomine dihydrochloride and suramin are effective against these T. evansi isolates from Mindanao, Philippines and East Java, Indonesia, while two of the Mindanao isolates are resistant to diminazene. This information is valuable in the enhancement of the control strategy against surra in the Philippines and Indonesia.

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DUMILAG, RICHARD V., ZAE-ZAE A. AGUINALDO, CYNTHIA B. MINTU, MYRNA P. QUINTO, EVELYN C. AME, ROLANDO C. ANDRES, WILBERTO D. MONOTILLA, and SANDRA L. YAP. "Morphological and molecular confirmation of the occurrence of Pyropia tanegashimensis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta) from Palaui Is., Sta. Ana, Cagayan, Philippines." Phytotaxa 255, no. 1 (April 5, 2016): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.255.1.8.

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The known morphological features in identifying common species of foliose Bangiales (e.g., members of Pyropia and Porphyra), which are very few and often overlapping, are recently resolved using comparative analysis of DNA sequences and statistics. Records of foliose Bangiales in the Philippines were historically identified based on morphology. Considering the recent radical changes in the taxonomy among these rhodophytes and problems posed by morphology-based identification, taxonomic re-appraisal of Philippine foliose Bangiales based on critical morphological and molecular studies is needed. This study used plastid rbcL and mitochondrial COI-5P gene sequences to investigate the identity of foliose Bangiales collected in Palaui Is., Sta. Ana, Cagayan, Philippines. Observation of key phenotypes revealed the identity of the collected materials as Py. tanegashimensis. Resulting phylogenetic trees showed placement of our collected specimens into a highly supported Py. tanegashimensis clade from Japan and Brazil. Our molecular analysis also suggested that the Philippine Py. tanegashimensis includes endemic populations distinct from the introduced strain originally reported from Brazil.

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dos Santos, Vander Bruno, Vinicius Vasconcelos Silva, Marcus Vinicius de Almeida, Edson Assunção Mareco, and Rondinelle A. S. Salomão. "Performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus strains in Brazil: a comparison with Philippine strain." Journal of Applied Animal Research 47, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2019.1571495.

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LI, Yan-Xing, Jing-Hua ZHANG, Jian-Kun HE, Zhi LI, Liang-Qian GUO, Zhong-Fu ZHANG, and Jun-Qing ZHANG. "Integral-Rotation Linear-Strain Model and Intraplate Deformation-Strain Field of the Philippine Sea Plate." Chinese Journal of Geophysics 49, no. 5 (September 2006): 1220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cjg2.947.

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Djedatin, Gustave, Marie-Noëlle Ndjiondjop, Thierry Mathieu, Casiana M. Vera Cruz, Ambaliou Sanni, Alain Ghesquière, and Valérie Verdier. "Evaluation of African Cultivated Rice Oryza glaberrima for Resistance to Bacterial Blight." Plant Disease 95, no. 4 (April 2011): 441–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-10-0558.

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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial blight in rice, one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide. African X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains belong to a clear genetic group distinct from those of Asia. Three new races of the pathogen were characterized among strains from West Africa. We evaluated 107 Oryza glaberrima accessions for resistance to bacterial blight under greenhouse conditions. Six-week-old seedlings were inoculated with five different African X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains originating from the West African nations of Burkina and Mali and representing different races (A1, A2, and A3). Philippine X. oryzae pv. oryzae strain PXO86 (race 2) was also used. Most (48%) of the accessions of O. glaberrima were highly susceptible to X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains from Burkina, while 20 and 36 were resistant to X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains from Mali and the Philippines, respectively. CAPS markers and dot blot assays were used for detection of resistance genes xa5 and Xa21 from a selected set of O. glaberrima accessions. Our results suggest that the O. glaberrima germplasm contains a narrow genetic base for resistance to X. oryzae pv. oryzae. Sources of resistance identified among O. glaberrima are recommended for rice breeding programs to develop bacterial blight-resistant cultivars for West Africa.

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Zhao, Shuai, Lucie Poulin, Luis M. Rodriguez-R, Natalia Forero Serna, Shu-Yan Liu, Issa Wonni, Boris Szurek, et al. "Development of a Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Typing Scheme for the Bacterial Rice Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola." Phytopathology® 102, no. 10 (October 2012): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-04-12-0078-r.

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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola is an important bacterial pathogen responsible for outbreaks of bacterial leaf streak (BLS) on rice, mostly occurring in Asia and parts of Africa. To better monitor epidemics and assess population structures, efficient tools that allow the precise identification and diagnosis of pathogenic populations are needed. In this study, we explored variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR) as a fast, reliable, and cost-effective molecular typing tool. Screening of three X. oryzae pv. oryzicola genome sequences (Philippine strain BLS256, Chinese strain GX01, and Malian strain MAI10) predicted 28 candidate VNTR loci. Primer pairs for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of all 28 loci were designed and applied to a panel of 20 X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains originating from Asia and Africa. Sequencing of PCR amplicons revealed 25 robust and polymorphic VNTR loci that are shared among Asian and African X. oryzae pv. oryzicola strains. A dendrogram constructed from 25 VNTR loci indicated that most Asian strains are clearly discriminated from African strains. However, in agreement with previous reports, one strain from Mali is related to Asian strains, pointing to a possible introduction of Asian strains to the African continent. The new VNTR-based tool described here is useful for studies of population structures and epidemiological monitoring of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola.

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Dulay, Rich Milton R., and Erlyn Jane B. Garcia. "Optimization and enriched cultivation of Philippine (CLSU) strain of Lentinus strigosus (BIL1324)." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 12 (October 2017): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2017.10.023.

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Collado, Zaldy C., and Noella May-i. G. Orozco. "From displacement to resettlement: how current policies shape eviction narratives among urban poor in the Philippines." Housing, Care and Support 23, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hcs-01-2019-0001.

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Purpose This study aims to examine the experiences of urban poor relocatees in their resettlement communities, specifically those who were relocated from the Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas, Valenzuela and Quezon City areas to the province of Bulacan, Philippines. This study hopes to convey the importance of revisiting the law on socialized housing in the Philippines. Design/methodology/approach This study gathered qualitative data through 2 focus group discussions among 28 participants who came from 3 resettlement sites in San Jose del Monte City, Bulacan Province, Philippines. The resettlement areas are owned and managed by the National Housing Authority of the Philippine Government. Findings Results show that resettlement experiences are stories of survival under impoverished conditions. Lack of housing facilities or poorly built units characterize their relocation experience aside from having no immediate access to basic utilities such as electricity and water, despite a law that supposedly secures these rights to relocatees. The expensive cost of transportation and the lack of livelihood also heavily strain the lives of the relocated population. Originality/value This study illustrates that involuntary displacement predicts poor living conditions upon resettlement. This study is an inquiry not only of existing conditions of socialized housing in resettlement areas but also past realities of these housing communities at the onset of the displacees’ relocation.

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Dulay, Rich Milton R., and Arthur Grisha C. Rivera. "Mycelial growth and fruiting body production of Philippine (CLSU) strain of Polyporus grammocephalus (BIL7749)." Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology 11 (July 2017): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2017.07.001.

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Lee, Sou, and Raymund E. Narag. "Fanning the Flames: Understanding Gang Involvement Among Philippine Prisoners." International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 63, no. 3 (September 5, 2018): 424–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624x18798225.

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Utilizing intensive interview and observational data from inmates in one of the most overcrowded and underresourced jail in Metro Manila, Philippines, this study presents the first in-depth analysis of the factors associated with pangkat (prison gangs) and querna (nongang affiliation) membership. The results suggest that inmates join pangkats to ensure their safety and survival. In contrast, those who remain unaffiliated do so given their negative perceptions of the pangkat, sufficient access to social support, and desire to maintain their preprison identity. Furthermore, these major themes are situated within a modified general strain framework, which integrates traditional models of inmate adjustment, namely, deprivation, importation, and coping perspectives. In light of these findings, several implications for future research and policy are advanced, including the continued application of traditional criminological theories for understanding incarcerated populations and the formal integration of pangkats to jail administration given the lack of current reform strategies for addressing structural and institutional deficiencies.

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You, Jia, Zhenhua Xu, Qun Li, Robin Robertson, Peiwen Zhang, and Baoshu Yin. "Enhanced internal tidal mixing in the Philippine Sea mesoscale environment." Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics 28, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/npg-28-271-2021.

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Abstract. Turbulent mixing in the ocean interior is mainly attributed to internal wave breaking; however, the mixing properties and the modulation effects of mesoscale environmental factors are not well known. Here, the spatially inhomogeneous and seasonally variable diapycnal diffusivities in the upper Philippine Sea were estimated from Argo float data using a strain-based, fine-scale parameterization. Based on a coordinated analysis of multi-source data, we found that the driving processes for diapycnal diffusivities mainly included the near-inertial waves and internal tides. Mesoscale features were important in intensifying the mixing and modulating of its spatial pattern. An interesting finding was that, besides near-inertial waves, internal tides also contributed significant diapycnal mixing in the upper Philippine Sea. The seasonal cycles of diapycnal diffusivities and their contributors differed zonally. In the midlatitudes, wind mixing dominated and was strongest in winter and weakest in summer. In contrast, tidal mixing was more predominant in the lower latitudes and had no apparent seasonal variability. Furthermore, we provide evidence that the mesoscale environment in the Philippine Sea played a significant role in regulating the intensity and shaping the spatial inhomogeneity of the internal tidal mixing. The magnitudes of internal tidal mixing were greatly elevated in regions of energetic mesoscale processes. Anticyclonic mesoscale features were found to enhance diapycnal mixing more significantly than cyclonic ones.

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Magday Jr., JC. "Optimization of mycelial growth and cultivation of fruiting body of Philippine wild strain of Ganoderma lucidum." Current Research in Environmental & Applied Mycology 4, no. 2 (2014): 162–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/cream/4/2/4.

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Garcia, Ronald, Katja Gemperlein, and Rolf Müller. "Minicystis rosea gen. nov., sp. nov., a polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich and steroid-producing soil myxobacterium." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 64, Pt_11 (November 1, 2014): 3733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.068270-0.

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A bacterial strain designated SBNa008T was isolated from a Philippine soil sample. It exhibited the general characteristics associated with myxobacteria, such as swarming of Gram-negative vegetative rod cells, fruiting body and myxospore formation and predatory behaviour in lysing micro-organisms. The novel strain was characterized as mesophilic, chemoheterotrophic and aerobic. The major fatty acids were C20 : 4ω6,9,12,15 all cis (arachidonic acid), iso-C15 : 0, C17 : 1 2-OH and iso-C15 : 0 dimethylacetal. Interestingly, SBNa008T contained diverse fatty acids belonging to the commercially valuable polyunsaturated omega-6 and omega-3 families, and a highly conjugated dihydroxylated C28 steroid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 67.3 mol%. The 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed 95–96 % similarity to sequences derived from clones of uncultured bacteria and 94–95 % similarity to cultured members of the suborder Sorangiineae . Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain SBNa008T formed a novel lineage in the suborder Sorangiineae . Based on a polyphasic taxonomic characterization, we propose that strain SBNa008T represents a novel genus and species, Minicystis rosea gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Minicystis rosea is SBNa008T ( = DSM 24000T = NCCB 100349T).

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Dulay, RMR. "Optimal growth conditions for basidiospore germination and morphogenesis of Philippine wild strain of Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr." Mycosphere 3, no. 6 (2012): 926–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/3/6/6.

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Cochrane, A. H., R. W. Gwadz, and K. K. Kamboj. "Isolation of three distinct parasite populations expressing different circumsporozoite proteins from the Philippine strain of Plasmodium knowlesi." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26, no. 2 (1988): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.26.2.178-181.1988.

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Launio, Cheryll C., Kacy O. Labon, Alladin A. Bañez, and Ruth S. Batani. "Adoption and economic analysis of using biological control in Philippine highland farms: Case of Trichoderma koningii strain KA." Crop Protection 136 (October 2020): 105177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2020.105177.

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CASTRO, Arizaldo E., and Cristina C. SALIBAY. "Anti-Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Activity of Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra Isolated from Marine Waters of Batangas, Philippines." Walailak Journal of Science and Technology (WJST) 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 570–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/wjst.2020.4789.

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The ocean boasts untapped novel producers of antibiotic substances in the form of unicellular organisms. One of the newest bioproducers of pharmacologically-significant substances studied for its potential against clinically-significant pathogens is the genus Pseudoalteromonas, a gammaproteobacterial group. This study is a preliminary report detailing the isolation of a Pseudoalteromonas flavipulchra species from Philippine marine waters. The isolate coded as PAM-003 was identified as 100 % similar to P. flavipulchra strain NCIMB2033 through 16s rRNA gene amplification and sequencing. PAM-003 was allowed to produce bioactives for 12 days. Afterwards, non-polar products were isolated from the base medium through membrane filtration, organic solvent extraction and rotary evaporation. The crude solution of bioactives injected in sterile discs was used for disc-diffusion assay against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Results indicate that PAM-003 demonstrated visually-appreciable zones of inhibition with a mean value of 8 mm. To further describe the antibacterial activity of the isolate, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the bacterial extract was determined through broth microdilution technique. Results indicate that PAM-003 demonstrated a MIC of 1000 µg/mL against MRSA. Additional investigation on the bioactivity of Philippine isolates from the genus Pseudoalteromonas isolated from highly diverse regions of the country is a considerable initiative for increasing the pipeline of new molecular entities for drug discovery.

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Sabido, Edna M., Chuckcris P. Tenebro, Angelica Faith L. Suarez, Sarah Diane C. Ong, Dana Joanne Von L. Trono, Diana S. Amago, Jose E. Evangelista, et al. "Marine Sediment-Derived Streptomyces Strain Produces Angucycline Antibiotics against Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Harboring SCCmec Type 1 Gene." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8100734.

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The Philippine archipelago is geographically positioned in the tropics with rich areas of marine biodiversity. Its marine sediments harbor actinomycetes that exhibit antibacterial activity. Screening of actinomycetes isolated from marine sediments collected near the coast of Islas de Gigantes, Iloilo showed one isolate that exhibited high activity against the multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain carrying the Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) type 1 gene, a biomarker for drug resistance. The isolate was identified as Streptomyces sp. strain DSD011 based on its 16s rRNA and protein-coding genes (atpD, recA, rpoB, and trpB) sequences, and was found to be a new species of salt-tolerant marine Streptomyces. Further, the strain harbors both non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and type II polyketide synthase (PKS) in its genome. The targeted chromatographic isolation and chemical investigations by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry-Time of Flight (LCMS-TOF), tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and Global Natural Product Social molecular networking (GNPS) of the antibiotics produced by the strain afforded the two polycyclic aromatic polyketide angucycline glycosides, fridamycin A (1) and fridamycin D (2), which are products of type II PKS biosynthesis. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed antibacterial activity against MRSA with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 500 μg/mL and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that the underexplored marine sediments near the coast of Islas de Gigantes, Iloilo offer access to undiscovered Streptomyces species that are invaluable sources of antibiotic leads.

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Burdman, Saul, Yuwei Shen, Sang-Won Lee, Qinzhong Xue, and Pamela Ronald. "RaxH/RaxR: A Two-Component Regulatory System in Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Required for AvrXa21 Activity." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 17, no. 6 (June 2004): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.6.602.

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Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight, one of the most serious diseases in rice. X. oryzae pv. oryzae Philippine race 6 (PR6) strains are unable to establish infection in rice lines expressing the resistance gene Xa21. Although the pathogen-associated molecule that triggers the Xa21-mediated defense response (AvrXa21) is unknown, six rax (required for AvrXa21 activity) genes encoding proteins involved in sulfur metabolism and Type I secretion were recently identified. Here, we report on the identification of two additional rax genes, raxR and raxH, which encode a response regulator and a histidine protein kinase of two-component regulatory systems, respectively. Null mutants of PR6 strain PXO99 that are impaired in either raxR, raxH, or both cause lesions significantly longer and grow to significantly higher levels than does the wild-type strain in Xa21-rice leaves. Both raxR and raxH mutants are complemented to wild-type levels of AvrXa21 activity by introduction of expression vectors carrying raxR and raxH, respectively. These null mutants do not affect AvrXa7 and AvrXa10 activities, as observed in inoculation experiments with Xa7- and Xa10-rice lines. Western blot and raxR/gfp promoter-reporter analyses confirmed RaxR expression in X. oryzae pv. oryzae. The results of promoter-reporter studies also suggest that the previously identified raxSTAB operon is a target for RaxH/RaxR regulation. Characterization of the RaxH/RaxR system provides new opportunities for understanding the specificity of the X. oryzae pv. oryzae-Xa21 interaction and may contribute to the identification of AvrXa21.

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Deng, X., J. Chen, Z. Feng, Z. Shan, H. Guo, J. Zhu, H. Li, and E. L. Civerolo. "Identification and Characterization of the Huanglongbing Bacterium in Pummelo from Multiple Locations in Guangdong, P. R. China." Plant Disease 92, no. 4 (April 2008): 513–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-92-4-0513.

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Huanglongbing (HLB, yellow shoot disease, ex. citrus greening disease), caused by Candidatus Liberibacter spp., is highly destructive to citrus production in Asia, Africa, and South America. Although primarily affecting sweet orange and mandarin, HLB has long been observed in pummelo in Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; however, the disease in pummelo has received little research attention. Accordingly, it remains unclear how closely related the strains of Ca. Liberibacter in pummelo are to those in other citrus species. In this study, the loci of 16S rDNA, rplAJ (β-operon of ribosomal protein), and an outer membrane protein (omp) gene were analyzed and characterized among strains of Ca. Liberibacter in pummelo samples from six different locations in Guangdong. Sequence comparisons indicated that ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, but not ‘Ca. Liberibacter africanus’ or ‘Ca. Liberibacter americanus’, was exclusively associated with HLB symptoms in pummelo. The pummelo strains of ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ from Guangdong were highly homogeneous. Analyses of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the omp locus showed that the Guangdong pummelo strains grouped with ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ strains from Thailand, Nepal, and an unspecified location in China but differed from the Philippine and China-Behai strains. Based on the sequence homogeneity at the omp locus, the history of pummelo culture and the means by which HLB is known to be spread, we believe that, likely, the pummelo strain of ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’ recently was spread to pummelo in the study areas from infected sweet orange or mandarin trees by insect vectors or by propagation of pummelo infected elsewhere.

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Mohamad, M. S., W. A. W. Aris, N. J. Jaffar, and R. Othman. "SEISMIC STRAIN MAP IN MALAYSIA DERIVED FROM LONG-TERM GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM DATA." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W16 (October 1, 2019): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w16-399-2019.

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Abstract. Series of major earthquakes struck the Sundaland plate as a result of convergence with neighboring plates such as Indian, Australian and Philippine plates. Since then, the Sundaland is experiencing significant crustal deformation that implicate reactivation of local fault and embark question on the status of geohazard and seismic risk. In Malaysia, crustal deformation study by using Global Positioning System (GPS) has been conducted for many years. However, the information of crustal deformation was reported separately and difficult to be archived. In addition, continuous estimation of crustal deformation derived from GPS has to be carried out in order to provide present day seismic status. This study aims at generating a seismic catalog map in Malaysia derived from approximately nine (9) years of GPS data. In this study, derived long-term crustal deformation in the form of coordinate time series (CTS) were converted into yearly strain map. The changes of strain with respect to location of old and active fault line in Malaysia were properly analysed. From the result, the highest changes of strain rate for Peninsular Malaysia happened in 2004 until 2005 and 2012 until 2013 prior to 2004 Acheh earthquake event with the moment magnitude (Mw) and 2012 two strike-slip events in Northern Sumatera with the magnitude of 8.2Mw and 8.6Mw. In North Borneo region, the most significant changes of strain rate happened from 2007 to 2009 and 2011 to 2013. It can be expected that the results will be beneficial in augmenting geohazard mitigation in Malaysia.

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Tokuyama, Akira. "Geologist Views of the Predicted Tokai Earthquake." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 3 (June 1, 2009): 282–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0282.

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1. The hypothesis of the Tokai earthquake is based on assumption of elastic and robust slab of crust (wider than 9,000 km2and 15 km thick) for the overriding mass of the underthrust, to which the Philippine Sea Plate is subducting. In seismology the crust is assumed elastic, homogeneous and strong enough to sustain strain energy of the gigantic earthquake, M>8. Geology of the region suggests the crust is neither elastic nor strong enough. It consists of compound slabs of folded strata of accretionary sediments. It is uncommon to consider such robust slab in this area. 2. The Fossa Magna is a large strike slip fault running from Suruga Bay to Itoigawa to the north. It follows a wide drag zone in the west, in which the focal area of the predicted Tokai earthquake is situated. The drag zone has been produced by slow creeping over 6 Ma. The creeping of the left-lateral fault is still active. Part of strain energy by subducting plates may be released by the creeping. 3. The Nankai trench is considered to extends into the Suruga Bay. In geology the bay is a canyon, seaward extension of the Fossa Magna, by which the trench is displaced and dragged to north to the south of Izu peninsula.

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Sahin, F., R. Kotan, E. Gergon, and S. A. Miller. "First Observation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Race T2P7 Isolated from Pepper in the Philippines." Plant Disease 83, no. 6 (June 1999): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.6.590b.

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Thirteen strains of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, causal agent of bacterial spot of pepper (Capsicum spp.) and tomato (Lycopersicum spp.), were isolated from six different pepper fields in the vicinity of Bongabon, Luzon, the Philippines. The strains were characterized based on sensitivity to copper and streptomycin, physiological tests, analysis of whole cell fatty acids (fatty acid methyl ester; FAME), serology, amplification of the 16S–23S rDNA spacer region, pathogenicity, and virulence on pepper and tomato differential genotypes as previously described (1,2). All of the Philippine strains were copper resistant (50 μg/ml), and streptomycin sensitive (20 μg /ml). None of the strains were pectolytic or amylolytic. FAME analysis showed that all strains had similar fatty acid profiles, and matched the strains to X. campestris (similarity indices [S.I.] = 0.186–0.455). With the universal primers 4F/7R, a DNA fragment (680 bp) was amplified from 16S–23S rDNA spacer regions of all Philippine strains. Serological fingerprints of the strains with a set of eight monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that all Philippine strains were serovar A1. Existence of the avrRxv gene in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T1 strains was also confirmed for all Philippine strains by amplifying a DNA fragment (approximately 0.7 kb) with the primer set RST 27/28. This is genetic evidence for race identity of the Philippine strains with T1. However, hypersensitive test results on pepper and tomato differential lines identified the Philippine strains as T2P7. These results showed that X. campestris pv. vesicatoria strains may contain the avrRxv gene, but it may not be functional. This is the first report of the observation of X. campestris pv. vesicatoria race T2P7 on pepper. References: (1) H. Bouzar et al. Phytopathology 84:664, 1994; (2) F. Sahin and S. A. Miller. Plant Dis. 82:794, 1998.

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Scott, J. C., and D. P. McManus. "Molecular cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding the major endoplasmic reticulum-associated calcium-binding protein, calreticulin, from Philippine strain Schistosoma japonicum." Parasitology International 48, no. 1 (March 1999): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5769(98)00039-7.

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Lee, Jian-Cheng, Jacques Angelier, Hao-Tsu Chu, Shui-Beih Yu, and Jyr-Ching Hu. "Plate-boundary strain partitioning along the sinistral collision suture of the Philippine and Eurasian plates: Analysis of geodetic data and geological observation in southeastern Taiwan." Tectonics 17, no. 6 (December 1998): 859–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/98tc02205.

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Larena, Maximilian, Federico Sanchez-Quinto, Per Sjödin, James McKenna, Carlo Ebeo, Rebecca Reyes, Ophelia Casel, et al. "Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 13 (March 22, 2021): e2026132118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026132118.

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Island Southeast Asia has recently produced several surprises regarding human history, but the region’s complex demography remains poorly understood. Here, we report ∼2.3 million genotypes from 1,028 individuals representing 115 indigenous Philippine populations and genome-sequence data from two ∼8,000-y-old individuals from Liangdao in the Taiwan Strait. We show that the Philippine islands were populated by at least five waves of human migration: initially by Northern and Southern Negritos (distantly related to Australian and Papuan groups), followed by Manobo, Sama, Papuan, and Cordilleran-related populations. The ancestors of Cordillerans diverged from indigenous peoples of Taiwan at least ∼8,000 y ago, prior to the arrival of paddy field rice agriculture in the Philippines ∼2,500 y ago, where some of their descendants remain to be the least admixed East Asian groups carrying an ancestry shared by all Austronesian-speaking populations. These observations contradict an exclusive “out-of-Taiwan” model of farming–language–people dispersal within the last four millennia for the Philippines and Island Southeast Asia. Sama-related ethnic groups of southwestern Philippines additionally experienced some minimal South Asian gene flow starting ∼1,000 y ago. Lastly, only a few lowlanders, accounting for <1% of all individuals, presented a low level of West Eurasian admixture, indicating a limited genetic legacy of Spanish colonization in the Philippines. Altogether, our findings reveal a multilayered history of the Philippines, which served as a crucial gateway for the movement of people that ultimately changed the genetic landscape of the Asia-Pacific region.

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Nishimura, Takuya, Yusuke Yokota, Keiichi Tadokoro, and Tadafumi Ochi. "Strain partitioning and interplate coupling along the northern margin of the Philippine Sea plate, estimated from Global Navigation Satellite System and Global Positioning System-Acoustic data." Geosphere 14, no. 2 (February 16, 2018): 535–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges01529.1.

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Subandiyah, Siti, Toru Iwanami, Shinji Tsuyumu, and Hiroyuki Ieki. "Comparison of 16S rDNA and 16S/23S Intergenic Region Sequences Among Citrus Greening Organisms in Asia." Plant Disease 84, no. 1 (January 2000): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.1.15.

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Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify and sequence the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) and 16S/23S intergenic region of several isolates of citrus greening organism (GO) from Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand. The sequences of 16S rDNA were identical among all the isolates studied, very similar to the published sequences of Thai (99.4 to 100% identity), Nepalese (100% identity), and Indian (98.8% identity) strains, and less similar to an African strain (97.5% identity). The sequences of the intergenic region between 16S and 23S rDNA were also identical among the isolates examined as well as the reported Nepalese and Thai isolates. They were close to the sequences of reported strains of India and China (99.2%) and apart from those of the African strain (85.5%). These results suggested that some isolates of GO from Japan, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, and Nepal constitute one strain, which is similar to Indian and Chinese strains and distinct from the African strain.

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Kalaw, SP. "Functional activities of Philippine wild strain of Coprinus comatus (O. F. Müll. : Fr.) Pers and Pleurotus cystidiosus O. K. Miller grown on rice straw based substrate formulation." Mycosphere 5, no. 5 (2014): 646–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5943/mycosphere/5/5/5.

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Ast, Jennifer C., Henryk Urbanczyk, and Paul V. Dunlap. "Natural Merodiploidy of the lux-rib Operon of Photobacterium leiognathi from Coastal Waters of Honshu, Japan." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 17 (June 22, 2007): 6148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00672-07.

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ABSTRACT Sequence analysis of the bacterial luminescence (lux) genes has proven effective in helping resolve evolutionary relationships among luminous bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis using lux genes, however, is based on the assumptions that the lux genes are present as single copies on the bacterial chromosome and are vertically inherited. We report here that certain strains of Photobacterium leiognathi carry multiple phylogenetically distinct copies of the entire operon that codes for luminescence and riboflavin synthesis genes, luxCDABEG-ribEBHA. Merodiploid lux-rib strains of P. leiognathi were detected during sequence analysis of luxA. To define the gene content, organization, and sequence of each lux-rib operon, we constructed a fosmid library of genomic DNA from a representative merodiploid strain, lnuch.13.1. Sequence analysis of fosmid clones and genomic analysis of lnuch.13.1 defined two complete, physically separate, and apparently functional operons, designated lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2. P. leiognathi strains lelon.2.1 and lnuch.21.1 were also found to carry lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2, whereas ATCC 25521T apparently carries only lux-rib 1. In lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, lnuch.21.1, and ATCC 25521T, lux-rib 1 is flanked upstream by lumQ and putA and downstream by a gene for a hypothetical multidrug efflux pump. In contrast, transposase genes flank lux-rib 2 of lnuch.13.1, and the chromosomal location of lux-rib 2 apparently differs in lnuch.13.1, lelon.2.1, and lnuch.21.1. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that lux-rib 1 and lux-rib 2 are more closely related to each other than either one is to the lux and rib genes of other bacterial species, which rules out interspecies lateral gene transfer as the origin of lux-rib 2 in P. leiognathi; lux-rib 2 apparently arose within a previously unsampled or extinct P. leiognathi lineage. Analysis of 170 additional strains of P. leiognathi, for a total of 174 strains examined from coastal waters of Japan, Taiwan, the Philippine Islands, and Thailand, identified 106 strains that carry only a single lux-rib operon and 68 that carry multiple lux-rib operons. Strains bearing a single lux-rib operon were obtained throughout the geographic sampling range, whereas lux-rib merodiploid strains were found only in coastal waters of central Honshu. This is the first report of merodiploidy of lux or rib genes in a luminous bacterium and the first indication that a natural merodiploid state in bacteria can correlate with geography.

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Davis, Earl, Keir Becker, Kelin Wang, and Masa Kinoshita. "Co-seismic and post-seismic pore-fluid pressure changes in the Philippine Sea plate and Nankai decollement in response to a seismogenic strain event off Kii Peninsula, Japan." Earth, Planets and Space 61, no. 6 (June 2009): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/bf03353174.

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Kozlova, A. A., A. M. Butenko, V. F. Larichev, V. V. Vashkova, M. A. Saifullin, R. A. Azarian, A. P. Grishanova, et al. "RESULTS OF VIROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CLINICAL MATERIALS COLLECTED FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE FEBRILE INFECTIONS UNKNOWN ORIGIN." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2018-23-6-286-293.

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In 2012-2018, 243 samples of blood, serum, urine and saliva of patients with acute febrile diseases hospitalized in medical institutions of Astrakhan, Astrakhan Region and Infectious Diseases Hospital №1 of Moscow were examined in experiments on intracerebral inoculation of newborn white mice. As a result, 8 strains of dengue 1 virus were isolated from patients infected in Thailand (7 strains) and Vietnam (1 strain); eight strains of dengue 2 virus from patients infected in Thailand (5 strains), Indonesia (2 strains) and the Maldives (1 strain); one strain of dengue 3 and one strain of Chikungunya virus (Asian genotype) from patients hospitalized after returning to Moscow from trips to the Philippines; 2 strains of Zika virus (Asian genotype) from patients visiting the Dominican Republic; 6 strains of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genotype Europe 1 and one West Nile virus strain of genotype 1a from patients of the Astrakhan region.

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Kozlova, A. A., A. M. Butenko, V. F. Larichev, V. V. Vashkova, M. A. Saifullin, R. A. Azarian, A. P. Grishanova, et al. "RESULTS OF VIROLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF THE CLINICAL MATERIALS COLLECTED FROM PATIENTS WITH ACUTE FEBRILE INFECTIONS UNKNOWN ORIGIN." Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases (Russian Journal) 23, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1560-9529-2019-23-6-286-293.

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In 2012-2018, 243 samples of blood, serum, urine and saliva of patients with acute febrile diseases hospitalized in medical institutions of Astrakhan, Astrakhan Region and Infectious Diseases Hospital №1 of Moscow were examined in experiments on intracerebral inoculation of newborn white mice. As a result, 8 strains of dengue 1 virus were isolated from patients infected in Thailand (7 strains) and Vietnam (1 strain); eight strains of dengue 2 virus from patients infected in Thailand (5 strains), Indonesia (2 strains) and the Maldives (1 strain); one strain of dengue 3 and one strain of Chikungunya virus (Asian genotype) from patients hospitalized after returning to Moscow from trips to the Philippines; 2 strains of Zika virus (Asian genotype) from patients visiting the Dominican Republic; 6 strains of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus genotype Europe 1 and one West Nile virus strain of genotype 1a from patients of the Astrakhan region.

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Khan, Ashraf A., Elizabeth Ponce, M. S. Nawaz, Chorng-Ming Cheng, Junaid A. Khan, and Christine S. West. "Identification and Characterization of Class 1 Integron Resistance Gene Cassettes among Salmonella Strains Isolated from Imported Seafood." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 4 (December 12, 2008): 1192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02054-08.

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ABSTRACT A total of 210 Salmonella isolates, representing 64 different serovars, were isolated from imported seafood samples, and 55/210 isolates were found to be resistant to at least one antibiotic. Class 1 integrons from three multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica strains (Salmonella enterica serovars Newport [strain 62], Typhimurium var. Copenhagen [strain 629], and Lansing [strain 803], originating from Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Taiwan, respectively) were characterized. Southern hybridization of plasmids isolated from these strains, using a class 1 integron probe, showed that trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and streptomycin resistance genes were located on a megaplasmid in strain 629. Our study indicates that imported seafood could be a reservoir for Salmonella isolates resistant to multiple antibiotics.

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Fu, Ching-Chou, Lou-Chuang Lee, Tsanyao Frank Yang, Cheng-Horng Lin, Cheng-Hong Chen, Vivek Walia, Tsung-Kwei Liu, et al. "Gamma Ray and Radon Anomalies in Northern Taiwan as a Possible Preearthquake Indicator around the Plate Boundary." Geofluids 2019 (September 4, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4734513.

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Taiwan is tectonically situated in an oblique collision zone between the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) and the Eurasian Plate (EP). Continuous observations of gamma rays at the Yangmingshan (YMSG) station and soil radon at the Tapingti (TPT) station were recorded in the volcanic area and around a major fault zone, respectively, in Taiwan for seismic studies. A number of anomalous high gamma ray counts and radon concentrations at certain times were found. It is noted that significant increases of soil radon concentrations were observed and followed by the increase in gamma rays a few days to a few weeks before earthquakes that occurred in northeastern Taiwan. Earthquakes such as these are usually related to the subduction of the PSP beneath the EP to the north along the subduction zone in northern Taiwan (e.g., ML=6.4, April 20, 2015). It is suggested that the preseismic activity may be associated with slow geodynamic processes at the subduction interface, leading to the PSP movement triggering radon enhancements at the TPT station. Furthermore, the further movement of the PSP might be blocked by the EP, with the accumulated elastic stress resulting in the increase of gamma rays due to the increase in porosity and fractures below the YMSG station. The continuous monitoring of the multiple parameters can improve the understanding of the relationship between the observed radon and gamma ray variations and the regional crustal stress/strain in north and northeastern Taiwan.

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Ballester, Victoria, Francisco Granero, Bruce E. Tabashnik, Thomas Malvar, and Juan Ferré. "Integrative Model for Binding of Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins in Susceptible and Resistant Larvae of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella)." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 1413–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.4.1413-1419.1999.

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ABSTRACT Insecticidal crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis in sprays and transgenic crops are extremely useful for environmentally sound pest management, but their long-term efficacy is threatened by evolution of resistance by target pests. The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is the first insect to evolve resistance to B. thuringiensis in open-field populations. The only known mechanism of resistance to B. thuringiensis in the diamondback moth is reduced binding of toxin to midgut binding sites. In the present work we analyzed competitive binding of B. thuringiensis toxins Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F to brush border membrane vesicles from larval midguts in a susceptible strain and in resistant strains from the Philippines, Hawaii, and Pennsylvania. Based on the results, we propose a model for binding of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins in susceptible larvae with two binding sites for Cry1Aa, one of which is shared with Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F. Our results show that the common binding site is altered in each of the three resistant strains. In the strain from the Philippines, the alteration reduced binding of Cry1Ab but did not affect binding of the other crystal proteins. In the resistant strains from Hawaii and Pennsylvania, the alteration affected binding of Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F. Previously reported evidence that a single mutation can confer resistance to Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1F corresponds to expectations based on the binding model. However, the following two other observations do not: the mutation in the Philippines strain affected binding of only Cry1Ab, and one mutation was sufficient for resistance to Cry1Aa. The imperfect correspondence between the model and observations suggests that reduced binding is not the only mechanism of resistance in the diamondback moth and that some, but not all, patterns of resistance and cross-resistance can be predicted correctly from the results of competitive binding analyses of susceptible strains.

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Villa, Joselito, Kenichi Tsuchiya, Mitsuo Horita, Marina Natural, Nenita Opina, and Mitsuro Hyakumachi. "DNA Analysis of Ralstonia solanacearum and Related Bacteria Based on 282-bp PCR-Amplified Fragment." Plant Disease 87, no. 11 (November 2003): 1337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.11.1337.

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Strains of Ralstonia solanacearum, Pseudomonas syzygii, and the blood disease bacterium (BDB) from different countries were tested for polymerase chain reaction amplification of the 282-bp fragment using the primer pair 759 and 760. These 282-bp fragments from 49 strains of R. solanacearum, six strains of P. syzygii, and two strains of BDB were sequenced. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the sequence alignment. The R. solanacearum strains were divided into three groups. Group I was composed of strains belonging to biovars 3, 4, 5, and biovar N2 from Japan. Most of the strains from this group were of Asian origin except for two strains from Australia and Guyana (GMI 1000), the type strain. Group II was composed of strains belonging to biovars 1 and 2 and biovar N2 from Brazil. Group III was composed of strains belonging to biovar N2 from Japan and the Philippines. All strains of P. syzygii and BDB clustered in group III. Based on nucleotide differences of the 282-bp fragments, restriction enzyme NlaIII was capable of differentiating R. solanacearum strains into the three groups. Restriction analysis of 165 R. solanacearum isolates from the Philippines using NlaIII showed that all biovar 3 and 4 (group 1) strains had restriction fragments of 116 and 166 bp, strains belonging to biovars 1 and 2 (group 2) showed no restriction, and one strain belonging to biovar 2 (group 3) showed restriction fragments of 54 and 228 bp in size. Thus, NlaIII could be used for rapid differentiation of R. solanacearum strains. Additionally, other restriction enzymes, such as McrI, BsiEI, and MnlI could be used to differentiate R. solanacearum strains from P. syzygii strains.

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Sueno, W. S. K., G. Marrero, A. S. de Silva, D. M. Sether, and A. M. Alvarez. "Diversity of Dickeya Strains Collected from Pineapple Plants and Irrigation Water in Hawaii." Plant Disease 98, no. 6 (June 2014): 817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-13-0219-re.

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Bacterial heart rot caused by a yet undetermined species of Dickeya was first observed in December 2003 in Oahu, HI, on a pineapple cultivar (Ananas comosus ‘PRI 73-114’) recently imported from Central America. Identical symptoms were later seen in the same plantation in fields that had been planted with propagules from the Philippines. Dickeya strains isolated from symptomatic plants and irrigation water collected over subsequent years were identified using bacteriological tests and partial 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and characterized using repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) with the BOXA1R primer (BOX-PCR), pathogenicity on pineapple leaves, and reactivity with two monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Strains exhibited variability in pathogenicity and in reactivity with MAbs. BOX-PCR separated the plant-isolated Dickeya strains into seven haplotypes that were placed into four fingerprint groups (A to D). Strains from the A and B groups were isolated from the Central American stocks, whereas strains in the D group were identified from Philippine material. Strains from the C group were isolated from both planting materials. Most strains from water sources were placed into three haplotypes that loosely formed group E. BOX-PCR polymorphisms between the Dickeya strains isolated from foreign pineapple plants, a local collection of Dickeya strains, and strains from the plantation's water sources support the possibility that at least two separate introductions of genetically distinct strains occurred via imported planting stocks.

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Villanueva, Sharon Y. A. M., Mitsumasa Saito, Yutaka Tsutsumi, Takaya Segawa, Rubelia A. Baterna, Antara Chakraborty, Tatsuma Asoh, et al. "High virulence in hamsters of four dominant Leptospira serovars isolated from rats in the Philippines." Microbiology 160, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 418–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.072439-0.

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Leptospirosis is caused by pathogenic species of Leptospira. The aim of this study was to determine and characterize the pathogenicity of four dominant Leptospira isolates prevailing among rats in the Philippines. The isolates were Leptospira interrogans serovar Manilae strain K64, L. interrogans serovar Losbanos strain K37, L. interrogans serovar Ratnapura strain K5 and Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Javanica strain K6. Pathogenicities were studied using hamsters, which reproduce severe human leptospirosis. The minimum lethal doses were 100 ( = 1) leptospires for K64, K37 and K5, and 101 leptospires for K6. Weight loss amongst the Leptospira-infected hamsters was observed from 1 day before death (K64-, K37- and K5-infected hamsters) to as much as 1 week before death for K6-infected hamsters. Similar and varied gross and microscopic lesions were observed amongst infected hamsters, even for strains belonging to the same species (i.e. L. interrogans). The most significant and common histopathological findings were congestion of the glomerulus, disarrangement of hepatic cords and erythrophagocytosis. Other findings were foamy splenic macrophages for K6, severe petechial pulmonary haemorrhage for K64, and hematuria and severe pulmonary congestion for K37. Immunostaining and culture revealed the presence of leptospires in different organs of the infected hamsters. Based on these results, Leptospira isolates from rats in the Philippines were shown to be highly virulent, causing pulmonary haemorrhage, severe hepato-renal damage and death in hamsters even at lower doses. The present findings on experimental leptospirosis support clinical data showing that patients with severe manifestations of leptospirosis, such as pulmonary haemorrhage, are increasing in the Philippines. These findings may serve as a basis to strengthen the early diagnosis and treatment of human leptospirosis.

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ROBERT, ROLANDO, DEXTER JIUNN HERNG LEE, KENNETH FRANCIS RODRIGUES, MUHAMMAD ALI SYED HUSSEIN, ZARINAH WAHEED, and S. VIJAY KUMAR. "Consolidated Checklist of Hard Corals of the Genus Acropora Oken, 1815 (Scleractinia: Acroporidae) in North Borneo, East Malaysia." Zootaxa 4200, no. 2 (November 29, 2016): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4200.2.2.

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Acropora is the most biologically diverse group of reef-building coral, and its richness peaks at the Indo-Malay-Philippine Archipelago, the centre of global coral reef biodiversity. In this paper, we describe the species richness of Acropora fauna of North Borneo, East Malaysia, based on review of literature and as corroborated by voucher specimens. Eighty-three species of Acropora are reported here; four species are literature based and 79 are supported by voucher specimens that were subsequently photographed. New records for North Borneo were recorded for 12 species, including Acropora suharsonoi Wallace 1994 that was previously thought to be confined to a few islands along Lombok Strait, Indonesia. The diversity of Acropora in North Borneo is comparable to that of Indonesia and the Philippines, despite the area’s smaller reef areas. This further reinforces its inclusion as part the global hotspot of coral biodiversity.

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Shin, Yoo-Chul, Hyejon Lee, Hyeyoung Lee, Gerald P. Walsh, Joo-Deuk Kim, and Sang-Nae Cho. "Variable Numbers of TTC Repeats inMycobacterium leprae DNA from Leprosy Patients and Use in Strain Differentiation." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, no. 12 (2000): 4535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.12.4535-4538.2000.

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Strain differentiation of Mycobacterium leprae would be of great value for epidemiological investigation to identify the infectious sources of leprosy, to understand transmission patterns, and to distinguish between relapse and reinfection. From the M. leprae genome sequence database, TTC DNA repeats were identified. Primer sets designed to amplify the region flanking TTC repeats revealed PCR products of different sizes, indicating that the number of repeats at each locus may be variable among M. lepraestrains. The TTC repeats were not found in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium,Mycobacterium marinum, or human tissues, which indicated their specificity to M. leprae. Sequence analysis of the TTC repeat region in each of the M. leprae strains showed a variation of 10 to 37 repeats. In the M. leprae strains of 34 multibacillary patients at Cebu, Philippines, M. lepraewith 24 and 25 TTC repeats was most common, and this was followed by strains with 14, 15, 20, 21, and 28 repeats. This study thus indicates that there are variable numbers of TTC repeats in a noncoding region ofM. leprae strains and that the TTC region may be useful for strain differentiation for epidemiological investigations of leprosy.

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Yamauchi, Yuto, Hiroaki Minegishi, Akinobu Echigo, Yasuhiro Shimane, Hirokazu Shimoshige, Masahiro Kamekura, Takashi Itoh, Noriyuki Doukyu, Akira Inoue, and Ron Usami. "Halarchaeum salinum sp. nov., a moderately acidophilic haloarchaeon isolated from commercial sea salt." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_3 (March 1, 2013): 1138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.044693-0.

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Three halophilic archaeal strains, MH1-34-1T, MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were isolated from commercial salt samples produced from seawater in Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan, respectively. Cells of the three strains were pleomorphic and stained Gram-negative. Strain MH1-34-1T was orange–red pigmented, while MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were pink-pigmented. Strain MH1-34-1T was able to grow at 12–30 % (w/v) NaCl (with optimum at 18 % NaCl, w/v) at pH 4.5–7.2 (optimum, pH 5.2–5.5) and at 15–45 °C (optimum, 42 °C). Strains MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 grew in slightly different ranges. These strains required at least 1 mM Mg2+ for growth. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains MH1-34-1T, MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were almost identical (99.8–99.9 % similarities), and the closest relative was Halarchaeum acidiphilum MH-1-52-1T with 98.4 % similarities. The DNA G+C contents of MH1-34-1T, MH1-16-1 and MH1-224-5 were 59.3, 60.8 and 61.0 mol%, respectively. The level of DNA–DNA relatedness amongst the three strains was 90–91 %, while that between each of the three strains and Halarchaeum acidiphilum MH1-52-1T was 51–55 %. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the isolates should represent a novel species of the genus Halarchaeum , for which the name Halarchaeum salinum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MH1-34-1T ( = JCM 16330T = CECT 7574T).

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Yender, Ruth, Katharina Stanzel, and Anthony Lloyd. "IMPACTS AND RESPONSE CHALLENGES OF THE TANKER SOLAR 1OIL SPILL, GUIMARAS, PHILIPPINES: OBSERVATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL ADVISORS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2008, no. 1 (May 1, 2008): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2008-1-77.

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ABSTRACT The tanker SOLAR 1 sank in the Guimaras Strait in the central Philippines on August 11, 2006, spilling a significant part of her 2,100 tonne cargo of IFO 217. The Philippine Coast Guard led the challenging response to this spill, which impacted sensitive tropical habitats, disrupted fisheries, and affected coastal communities. The spill oiled shorelines along the southern coasts of Guimaras Island and several smaller islands in the Guimaras Strait. This area is rich in mangroves, coral reefs, and seagrass beds, which makes it very important for fisheries and aquaculture. Extensive areas of mangroves were oiled, including stands in the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve. Oil also stranded along sand, pebble, and cobble beaches, often seeping into the substrate or becoming buried. The remoteness and rugged terrain of the affected area made shoreside access for cleanup difficult and oversight of cleanup operations complicated. Political demands and press attention frequently made it more difficult for response managers to direct response operations. Shoreline cleanup, organized under the auspices of the national oil company Petron, was conducted manually by hired local residents. The removal of heavy contamination was completed in most areas within three weeks but more detailed cleaning and clearing recovered oily waste continued for approximately three months. As recommended by mangrove experts, little cleanup was conducted in oiled mangroves. Monitoring a year after the spill indicates that impacted mangroves are recovering naturally and suffered only minor mortality. Perceptions that seafood might be contaminated affected fisheries far beyond the areas actually contaminated by oil. Misunderstanding of the health risks associated with the spilled oil led to prolonged evacuation of a number of villages and hardship for coastal subsistence communities. Several international oil spill experts provided guidance to Philippine responders. A U.S. advisory team, including representatives of the U.S. Coast Guard Pacific Strike Team and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'S Emergency Response Division, spent three weeks on-scene in the spill area, working with Philippine responders and natural resource managers. Representatives of the International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation provided technical guidance and advice on-scene for several months. Based on the observations of external advisors, this paper summarizes the impacts and challenges responders confronted in cleaning up the SOLAR 1 oil spill.

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Yamauchi, Yuto, Hiroaki Minegishi, Akinobu Echigo, Yasuhiro Shimane, Masahiro Kamekura, Takashi Itoh, Moriya Ohkuma, Noriyuki Doukyu, Akira Inoue, and Ron Usami. "Halarchaeum rubridurum sp. nov., a moderately acidophilic haloarchaeon isolated from commercial sea salt samples." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, Pt_9 (September 1, 2013): 3143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.049262-0.

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Six halo-acidophilic archaeal strains were isolated from four commercial salt samples obtained from seawater in the Philippines, Indonesia (Bali) and Japan (Okinawa) on agar plates at pH 4.5. Cells of the six strains were pleomorphic, and stained Gram-negative. Two strains were pink–red pigmented, while four other strains were orange–pink pigmented. Strain MH1-16-3T was able to grow at 9–30 % (w/v) NaCl [with optimum at 18 % (w/v) NaCl], at pH 4.5–6.8 (optimum, pH 5.5) and at 20–50 °C (optimum, 42 °C). The five other strains grew at slightly different ranges. The six strains required at least 1 mM Mg2+ for growth. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the six strains were almost identical, sharing 99.9 (1–2 nt differences) to 100 % similarity. The closest relatives were Halarchaeum acidiphilum MH1-52-1T and Halarchaeum salinum MH1-34-1T with 97.7 % similarity. The DNA G+C contents of the six strains were 63.2–63.7 mol%. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness amongst the six strains were 79–86 %, while those between MH1-16-3T and H. acidiphilum MH1-52-1T and H. salinum MH1-34-1T were both 43 and 45 % (reciprocally), respectively. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, it is proposed that the six isolates represent a novel species of the genus Halarchaeum , for which the name Halarchaeum rubridurum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MH1-16-3T ( = JCM 16108T = CECT 7535T).

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Chongtrakool, Piriyaporn, Teruyo Ito, Xiao Xue Ma, Yoko Kondo, Suwanna Trakulsomboon, Chuntima Tiensasitorn, Mantana Jamklang, Tavinun Chavalit, Jae-Hoon Song, and Keiichi Hiramatsu. "Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) Typing of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated in 11 Asian Countries: a Proposal for a New Nomenclature for SCCmec Elements." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50, no. 3 (March 2006): 1001–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.50.3.1001-1012.2006.

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ABSTRACT A description of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements carried by 615 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains isolated in 11 Asian countries is reported, and a novel nomenclatural system based on their structures is proposed. The 615 strains were classified as type 3A (370 strains), type 2A (207 strains), type 2B (32 strains), type 1B (1 strain), and nontypeable (5 strains). The previously reported type III SCCmec (DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank accession no. AB037671) carried by the MRSA strain 85/2082 was ascertained to be composed of two SCC elements, type 3A SCCmec and SCCmercury. PCR analysis indicated that 310 of 370 type 3A SCCmec strains carried both SCC elements. These strains were prevalent in eight countries: Thailand, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Vietnam, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, India, and Singapore. The remaining 60 type 3A SCCmec strains differed with respect to the left extremity polymorphism or to the presence of ccrC. Among these, two were identified as carrying only type 3A SCCmec elements, but their left extremities differed. Type 2A SCCmec strains predominated in Korea and Japan, although the frequency of the presence of ant(4′)-1 gene downstream of mecA varied (53% for Korean strains; 93% for Japanese strains). Various SCCmec elements were identified in the tested strains, and limited numbers were identified by their multilocus sequence typing genotypes. These data suggest that numerous MRSA clones are disseminated in Asian hospitals, and these consist of minor clones that are presumed to have arisen locally and major clones that are presumed to have been introduced from other countries.

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Touze, Antoine, Slimane El Mehdaoui, Pierre-Yves Sizaret, Christine Mougin, Nubia Muñoz, and Pierre Coursaget. "The L1 Major Capsid Protein of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Variants Affects Yield of Virus-Like Particles Produced in an Insect Cell Expression System." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 36, no. 7 (1998): 2046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.36.7.2046-2051.1998.

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The L1 major capsid proteins of six human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) strains were expressed in insect cells by using recombinant baculoviruses. Virus-like particles (VLPs) which appeared similar to empty virions were identified by electron microscopy for all HPV strains investigated. However, the yield of VLPs produced varied in a range from 1 to 79 depending on the HPV-16 strain. The L1 proteins of these strains differed by up to 15 amino acids from the L1 protein of the prototype HPV-16 strain. Mutations in the amino acid region from residues 83 to 97 seemed to affect the level of expression of the L1 protein. These results are important when considering the development of HPV vaccines and serological tests. They indicate that strains inducing high levels of VLP production must be selected for the development of vaccines. Moreover, the L1 proteins of all strains investigated were able to bind with DNA. We also investigated the seroreactivities of VLPs derived from three different HPV-16 strains from Algeria, Senegal, and the Philippines by testing sera from women from 11 countries in immunoglobulin G-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. We observed a strong correlation between the reactivities of the three different VLP variants, independent of the geographical origin of the sera investigated. These results indicate that the three strains investigated are serologically cross-reactive despite the fact that their L1 proteins differ in 14 amino acids and suggest that VLPs derived from only one HPV-16 strain could be sufficient for the development of an HPV-16 vaccine and anti-HPV-16 tests.

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Sato, Yoshinori, Hirofumi Nishihara, Masao Yoshida, Makiko Watanabe, Jose D. Rondal, Rogelio N. Concepcion, and Hiroyuki Ohta. "Cupriavidus pinatubonensis sp. nov. and Cupriavidus laharis sp. nov., novel hydrogen-oxidizing, facultatively chemolithotrophic bacteria isolated from volcanic mudflow deposits from Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 56, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63922-0.

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Taxonomic studies were performed on ten hydrogen-oxidizing, facultatively chemolithotrophic bacteria that were isolated from volcanic mudflow deposits derived from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that these isolates belonged to the genus Cupriavidus of the Betaproteobacteria; sequence similarity values with their nearest phylogenetic neighbour, Cupriavidus basilensis, were 97.1–98.3 %. In addition to phylogenetic analysis, results of whole-cell protein profiles and biochemical tests revealed that these strains were members of two distinct species. DNA–DNA hybridizations and whole-cell protein profiles enabled these isolates to be differentiated from related Cupriavidus species with validly published names. The isolates were aerobic, Gram-negative, non-sporulating, peritrichously flagellated rods. Their G+C contents ranged from 65.2 to 65.9 mol% and their major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. On the basis of these results, two novel species are proposed, Cupriavidus pinatubonensis sp. nov. [nine strains, with 1245T (=CIP 108725T=PNCM 10346T) as the type strain] and Cupriavidus laharis sp. nov. [one strain, the type strain 1263aT (=CIP 108726T=PNCM 10347T)]. It is also suggested that Ralstonia sp. LMG 1197 (=JMP 134) should be included in the species C. pinatubonensis.

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Sabido, Edna M., Chuckcris P. Tenebro, Dana Joanne Von L. Trono, Carmela Vannette B. Vicera, Sheeny Fane L. Leonida, Jose Jeffrey Wayne B. Maybay, Rikka Reyes-Salarda, et al. "Insights into the Variation in Bioactivities of Closely Related Streptomyces Strains from Marine Sediments of the Visayan Sea against ESKAPE and Ovarian Cancer." Marine Drugs 19, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19080441.

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Marine sediments host diverse actinomycetes that serve as a source of new natural products to combat infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we report the biodiversity, bioactivities against ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) and ovarian cancer, and metabolites variation among culturable actinomycetes isolated from the marine sediments of Visayan Sea, Philippines. We identified 15 Streptomyces species based on a 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The crude extracts of 10 Streptomyces species have inhibited the growth of ESKAPE pathogens with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.312 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL depending on the strain and pathogens targeted. Additionally, ten crude extracts have antiproliferative activity against A2780 human ovarian carcinoma at 2 mg/mL. To highlight, we observed that four phylogenetically identical Streptomyces albogriseolus strains demonstrated variation in antibiotic and anticancer activities. These strains harbored type I and II polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal synthetase (NRPS) genes in their genomes, implying that their bioactivity is independent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-detected bio-synthetic gene clusters (BGCs) in this study. Metabolite profiling revealed that the taxonomically identical strains produced core and strain-specific metabolites. Thus, the chemical diversity among these strains influences the variation observed in their biological activities. This study expanded our knowledge on the potential of marine-derived Streptomyces residing from the unexplored regions of the Visayan Sea as a source of small molecules against ESKAPE pathogens and cancer. It also highlights that Streptomyces species strains produce unique strain-specific secondary metabolites; thus, offering new chemical space for natural product discovery.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Philippine strain'

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