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1
Swartz, Rebecca. "Children In Between: Child Migrants from England to the Cape in the 1830s." History Workshop Journal 91, no. 1 (March 24, 2021): 71–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/dbaa034.
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Abstract Between 1833 and 1841 the Children’s Friend Society, a London-based philanthropic organization, sent some eight hundred children from England to the Cape, where they were apprenticed to local settlers. This article focuses on two of them: Alfred Brooks, aged thirteen or fourteen, and twelve-year-old Elizabeth Foulger. Both of these children appear in archival traces because they transgressed and were subsequently disciplined by their masters. The article argues that a series of binaries shaped these young migrants’ lives: between infant and adult, black and white, and colonizer and colonized. The in-between status of the CFS apprentices had the potential to disrupt increasingly rigid hierarchies at the colonial Cape, during a time of significant social and political turmoil. The context of slave emancipation, as well as concerns over juvenile delinquency in London, affected these children’s experiences. Concerns over their categorization illustrate the complicated range of positions that migrant workers in the British empire could hold beyond simply ‘free’ and ‘unfree’. Thinking through the position of these young white emigrant workers in the post-emancipation Cape sheds light on the fragility of classed, gendered, racialized, adult and free identities in that context.
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Casson, Catherine, and Mark Casson. "“To Dispose of Wealth in Works of Charity”: Entrepreneurship and Philanthropy in Medieval England." Business History Review 93, no. 3 (2019): 473–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519000874.
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While entrepreneurs are increasingly recognized as important participants in the medieval economy, their philanthropic activities have received less attention than those of the gentry and nobility. This article identifies the contribution that the study of medieval entrepreneurs can make to broader business history debates surrounding the identity of philanthropists and their beneficiaries, the types of causes they supported, and their impact on wider society. Philanthropic entrepreneurs used the profits of commerce to provide infrastructure, health care, and education to their local communities. Their patterns of philanthropy differed from those of gentry, lawyers, and administrators. Support for municipal infrastructure emerges as a distinctive feature of entrepreneurial philanthropy, reflecting a belief in the importance of trade networks and civic reputation.
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Reis, João. "O Projeto de divulgação da Ciência em Michael Faraday e as Lectures." História da Ciência e Ensino: construindo interfaces 27 (January 5, 2024): 282–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2178-2911.2023v23espp282-298.
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Resumo Nesse estudo, objetivou-se abordar as principais conexões ligadas aos mecanismos políticos e econômicos da Inglaterra do final do século XVIII, que haviam deixado de reestruturar em razão da intempestiva industrialização. Tais pressupostos levariam às principais consequências nos primeiros trinta anos do século XIX. Essas pressões eram tais que principalmente a sociedade londrina teve que se modernizar. Nos situamos neste período onde a popularização da ciência e as conexões da difusão dela no cotidiano do século XIX ocorreu em função da evolução social, política e científica. Basicamente, a ciência utilitarista e a filantropia científica, que sugeriam priorizar pontos cruciais, no contexto. A proposta de Michael Faraday (1791-1867) de divulgação da ciência, fundamentavam-se na argumentação contendo naturalmente pressupostos metafísicos, o próprio método experimental complexo, todavia, elucidativo e adequado aos aspectos inerentes ao estudo da matéria e suas forças. Assim como, a proposta de divulgação científica fundamentava-se em ensinar e tornar público o conhecimento científico. Os assuntos originados a partir das pesquisas formais, de Michael Faraday, ou melhor, das investigações vivenciadas no interior do laboratório, eram divulgadas em lições públicas com uma linguagem das alegorias, dos estudos direcionados ao sucesso da ciência e da tecnologia, tornando acessível o experimento ao entendimento do leigo, para demonstrar e recriar um ambiente envolvente, agradável o bastante, diferentemente do rigor “científico” dos laboratórios. Reproduzir experimentos, divulgá-los aos jovens entre 15 – 20 anos, reconstruir experimentos, com profundidade teórica para estimular, principalmente, para despertar nos jovens a vontade de aprender a “treinar a mente”, como um processo também educativo. Palavras-chave: Divulgação da Ciência, Educação para Jovens, Ciência utilitarista e a Filantropia científica. Abstract This study aimed the main connections linked to the political and Economic mechanisms of late eighteenth-century England had failed to restructure due to untimely industrialization. Such assumptions would lead to major consequences in the first thirty years of the nineteenth century. These pressures were such that London society in particular had to modernize. We are situated in this period where the popularization of science and connections of its diffusion in the daily life of the nineteenth century occurred due to social, political and scientific developments. Basically, utilitarian science and scientific philanthropy, which suggested prioritizing crucial point, in the context. Michael Faraday's (1791-1867) proposal for the dissemination of science was based on argumentation naturally containing metaphysical assumptions, complex experimental method itself, however, elucidative and adequate to the aspects inherent to the study of matter and its forces. The proposal of scientific dissemination was based on teaching and making scientific knowledge public. The subjects originated from Michael Faraday's formal research, or rather, from the investigations experienced inside the laboratory, were disseminated in public lessons with a language of allegories, of studies aimed at the success of science and technology, making the experiment accessible to the understanding of the layman, to demonstrate and recreate an engaging environment, pleasant enough, unlike the "scientific" rigor of the laboratories. Reproduce experiments, disseminate them to young people between 15 - 20 years, reconstructing experiences, with theoretical deepening to stimulate, mainly, to awaken in young people the will to learn to "train the mind", a process also educational. Keywords: Science Outreach, Youth Education, Utilitarian Science and Scientific Philanthropy.
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Mangion, Carmen M. "‘Tolerable Intolerance’: Protestantism, Sectarianism and Voluntary Hospitals in Late-nineteenth-century London." Medical History 62, no. 4 (September 7, 2018): 468–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2018.43.
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This article interrogates the complicated understanding of sectarianism in institutional cultures in late-nineteenth-century England through an examination of the practice of religion in the daily life of hospital wards in voluntary hospitals. Voluntary hospitals prided themselves on their identity as philanthropic institutions free from sectarian practices. The public accusation of sectarianism against University College Hospital triggered a series of responses that suggests that hospital practices reflected and reinforced an acceptable degree of ‘tolerable intolerance’. The debates this incident prompted help us to interrogate the meaning of sectarianism in late nineteenth-century England. How was sectarianism understood? Why was it so important for voluntary institutions to appear free from sectarian influences? How did the responses to claims of sectarian attitudes influence the actions of the male governors, administrators and medical staff of voluntary hospitals? The contradictory meanings of sectarianism are examined in three interrelated themes: the patient, daily life on the wards and hospital funding. The broader debates that arose from the threat of ‘sectarianism in hospital’ uncovers the extent to which religious practices were ingrained in hospital spaces throughout England and remained so long afterwards. Despite the increasing medicalisation and secularisation of hospital spaces, religious practices and symbols were embedded in the daily life of voluntary hospitals.
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Milsom, John. "Songs and society in early Tudor London." Early Music History 16 (October 1997): 235–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026112790000173x.
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Looking back over the past half century of research into the music of early Tudor England, it is clear that interest has been focussed principally upon sites of wealth, privilege and power. Dominating the arena are courts and household chapels, cathedrals and colleges, and the men and women who headed them. Perhaps that focus has been inevitable, since by their very nature wealthy and powerful institutions have the means to leave behind them rich deposits of evidence: not only high-art music, itself often notated in fine books, but also detailed records of expenditure, of the contractual duties carried out by or expected of musicians, and of valuable assets such as books and musical instruments. Moreover, where magnificence is on show there will often be eyewitness accounts to report on what has been seen and heard. All of those forms of evidence survive in quantity from early Tudor England, and it is hard not to be drawn to them.
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Jacob, W. M. "‘The glory of the age we live in’: Christian Education and Philanthropy in Eighteenth-Century London Charity Schools." Studies in Church History 55 (June 2019): 241–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/stc.2018.30.
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This article discusses the Church of England's initiative in providing education for the children of the poor during the long eighteenth century with particular reference to London. Briefly it considers the religious, economic and social context and motives for this largely lay-led and lay-supported initiative in the 1690s and early 1700s to establish catechetical day elementary schools, which also taught reading and writing, for poor boys and girls. It focuses particularly on the extensive evidence available from schools in the growing suburbs of Westminster and Holborn and discusses the personnel involved with charity schools, as trustees, benefactors and teachers; how funds were raised and schools managed; and how children were managed, including the arrangement and oversight of apprenticeships. It demonstrates that the schools continued to be well supported, including financially, throughout the changing, economic, social, religious and political circumstances of the century, until most of them became associated with the National Society for the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Established Church, founded in 1811.
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Hay, Douglas. "Patronage, Paternalism, and Welfare: Masters, Workers, and Magistrates in Eighteenth-Century England." International Labor and Working-Class History 53 (1998): 27–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014754790001365x.
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Paternalism is a construct that continues to be used by historians of eighteenth-century English society. As an explanatory or exploratory term it does resonate with some of the inflections in the sources, particularly those dealing with the mediation of class relations by the prototypical country gentleman justice of the peace, that denizen of countless novels, and the subject of much historical research over the last thirty years. Paternalism, in the sense of a putative concern for the welfare of the working poor, provided they kept within bounds, was certainly the announced creed of many better- and lesser-known philanthropic gentlemen of the period, and we can find (apparent) plebeian celebrations of the belief:God bless Lord Dudley WardHe knows as times been hard.He called back the sodgermen,And we'll never riot again,Na boys, no boys, no the brave Dudley boys.
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MATTHEWS-JONES, LUCINDA. "OXFORD HOUSE HEADS AND THEIR PERFORMANCE OF RELIGIOUS FAITH IN EAST LONDON, 1884–1900." Historical Journal 60, no. 3 (September 13, 2016): 721–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x16000273.
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AbstractThis article considers how lecturing in Victoria Park in the East End of London allowed three early heads of the university settlement Oxford House to engage local communities in a discussion about the place of religion in the modern world. It demonstrates how park lecturing enabled James Adderley, Hebert Hensley Henson, and Arthur Winnington-Ingram, all of whom also held positions in the Church of England, to perform and test out their religious identities. Open-air lecturing was a performance of religious faith for these settlement leaders. It allowed them to move beyond the institutional spaces of the church and the settlement house in order to mediate their faith in the context of open discussion and debate about religion and modern life. The narratives they constructed in and about their park sermons reveal a good deal about how these early settlement leaders imagined themselves as well as their relationship with the working-class men they hoped to reach through settlement work. A vivid picture of Victorian religious and philanthropic life emerges in their accounts of lecturing in Victoria Park.
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Henry, C. John. "William Smith's London neighbourhood." Earth Sciences History 35, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/1944-6187-35.1.212.
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This note has developed from a poster shown at the William Smith conference organised by the History of Geology Group (HOGG) of the Geological Society of London, in London on 23–24 April 2015, to celebrate the bicentenary of William Smith's iconic map, A Delineation of the Strata of England and Wales with part of Scotland. The note describes the neighbourhood of Smith's home at 15 Buckingham Street including the addresses of nearby trades, professions and institutions which likely influenced his choice to settle at that location.
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Day, Peter. "‘Mr Secretary, Colonel, Admiral, Philosopher Thompson’: the European odyssey of Count Rumford." European Review 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279870000140x.
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Benjamin Thompson, better known as Count Rumford, discovered the mechanical equivalent of heat. He was also soldier, administrator, founder of the Royal Institution in London and the English Garden in Munich. Fellow of the Royal Society and Membre de l'Institut, his career embraced rural New England, London society, service to the Elector of Bavaria and an unhappy marriage in Paris to the widow of Antoine Lavoisier.
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ARJOMAND, SAÏD AMIR. "Coffeehouses, Guilds and Oriental Despotism. Government and Civil Society in Late 17th to Early 18th Century Istanbul and Isfahan, and as seen from Paris and London." European Journal of Sociology 45, no. 1 (April 2004): 23–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975604001377.
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Montesquieu popularized the notion of Oriental Despotism as the type of government pertaining to a lawless society based on the equality of subjects in fear and powerlessness. It typified Europe's Other in the age of absolutism. This essay does not examine the idea of total despotic power directly but rather the assumption of the absence of law and its guarantee of a sphere of civil autonomy and agency which will anachronistically be called “civil society”. While substantiating the emergence of a public sphere around coffeehouses, the growth of guilds on the basis of customary law and the development of educational and philanthropic endowments on the basis of the law of waqf, we also take the opportunity to compare the civic and educational institutions of the Ottoman and Safavid empires in the 17th and early 18th centuries.
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WENDEHORST, STEPHAN. "LIBERALISM, NATIONALISM AND RACISM: AMBIVALENT SIGNATURES OF MODERNITY." Historical Journal 40, no. 2 (June 1997): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x96007133.
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Nazism and German society. 1933–1945. Edited by David F. Crew. (Rewriting Histories.) London/New York: Routledge, 1994. Pp. xi + 316. £11.99.The Holocaust and the liberal imagination. A social and cultural history. By Tony Kushner. (Jewish Society and Culture.) Oxford/Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. xx + 366. £14.99.The Zionist ideology. By Gideon Shimoni. (The Tauber Institute for the Study of European Jewry Series, 21.) Hanover/London: University Press of New England for Brandeis University Press, 1995. Pp. xvi + 506. £46.95.American Zionism from Herzl to the Holocaust. By Melvin I. Urofsky. Lincoln/London: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. Pp. xv + 538. $15.00.
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Metlitskaya, Z. Yu. "Plague as a means of religious controversy." Russian Journal of Church History 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/2686-973x-2020-4-44.
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Metlitskaya, Z. Yu. "Plague as a means of religious controversy." Russian Journal of Church History 1, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/2686-973x-2020-4-44.
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Boulton, Jeremy. "Residential mobility in seventeenth-century Southwark." Urban History 13 (May 1986): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926800007963.
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It is nearly two decades since Tony Wrigley first discussed the possible effects that the experience of London life may have had on changing the society of seventeenth-century England. Despite some excellent work on certain aspects of London's social history, however, his qualification still stands: ‘too little is known of the sociological differences between life in London and life in provincial England to afford a clear perception of the impact of London's growth upon the country as a whole’. Among the obstacles to this latter goal are that metropolitan and provincial society are often seen as qualitatively different and, perhaps in consequence, comparisons between the two have not been seriously attempted. What is needed is a model which might serve to embrace the experiences of both urban and rural inhabitants within a common framework.
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Li, Chien-Hui. "A Union of Christianity, Humanity, and Philanthropy: The Christian Tradition and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Nineteenth-Century England." Society & Animals 8, no. 3 (2000): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853000511122.
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AbstractThis paper offers an historical perspective to the discussion of the relationship between Christianity and nonhuman-human animal relationships by examining the animal protection movement in English society as it first took root in the nineteenth century. The paper argues that the Christian beliefs of many in the movement, especially the evangelical outlook of their faith, in a considerable way affected the character as well as the aims and scope of the emergent British animal welfare movement - although the church authorities did not take an active part in the discussion and betterment of the conditions of animals. An explicitly Christian discourse, important in creating and sustaining the important philanthropic tradition in Britain, mobilized the movement. The paper also traces the gradual decrease of the centrality of the movement's Christian elements later in the century when evolutionary ideas as well as other developments in society shed alternative light on the relationship between human and nonhuman animals and brought about different trends in the movement. This paper sees Christianity not as a static and defining source of influence but as a rich tradition containing diverse elements that people drew upon and used to create meanings for them. The paper implicitly suggests that both a religion's doctrines in theory and the outcome of a complex interaction with the changing society in which the religion is practiced determine its potential to influence animal-human relationships.
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Li, Chien-hui. "A Union of Christianity, Humanity, and Philanthropy: The Christian Tradition and the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in Nineteenth-Century England." Society & Animals 8, no. 1 (2000): 265–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853000x00174.
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AbstractThis paper offers an historical perspective to the discussion of the relationship between Christianity and nonhuman-human animal relationships by examining the animal protection movement in English society as it first took root in the nineteenth century. The paper argues that the Christian beliefs of many in the movement, especially the evangelical outlook of their faith, in a considerable way affected the character as well as the aims and scope of the emergent British animal welfare movement - although the church authorities did not take an active part in the discussion and betterment of the conditions of animals. An explicitly Christian discourse, important in creating and sustaining the important philanthropic tradition in Britain, mobilized the movement. The paper also traces the gradual decrease of the centrality of the movement's Christian elements later in the century when evolutionary ideas as well as other developments in society shed ahternative light on the relationship between human and nonhuman animals and brought about different trends in the movement. This paper sees Christianity not as a static and defining source of influence but as a rich tradition containing diverse elements that people drew upon and used to create meanings for them. The paper implicitly suggests that both a religion's doctrines in theory and the outcome of a complex interaction with the changing society in which the religion is practiced determine its potential to influence animal-human relationships.
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Thrower, N. J. W. "Samuel Pepys FRS (1633-1703) and The Royal Society." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 57, no. 1 (January 22, 2003): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2003.0193.
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Born in London during the reign of Charles I, whose execution he witnessed, Samuel Pepys lived through the Interregnum, the Restoration of the Monarchy and the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He is known to later generations through his secret Diary, first published in 1825, in which he reported such events as the Plague and the Great Fire of London, and on everyday life in seventeenth-century England. But to his contemporaries he was admired as an extremely able administrator in the Admirality Office. Pepys was elected FRS on 15 February 1665; and during his presidency of The Royal Society (1684-86) Newton's Principia was published.
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Weinstein, Benjamin. "Popular Constitutionalism and the London Corresponding Society." Albion 34, no. 1 (2002): 37–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053440.
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In early November 1790, Edmund Burke noted the existence in England of “several petty cabals, who attempt to hide their total want of consequence in bustle and noise, and puffing, and mutual quotation of each other.” Burke's observation both informed and amused conservative opinion, but its condescension masked the seriousness of the situation that it described. Throughout Britain men were assembling into societies organized in celebration of French liberty and motivated by the prospect of parliamentary reform at home. While it was true that the leading members of these clubs sometimes indulged in “puffing” and “mutual quotation,” their commitment to reform was nevertheless deeply held. Joseph Priestley, for one, sacrificed his home, his laboratory, and nearly his life in defense of the cause; Maurice Margarot, Joseph Gerrald, and Thomas Muir sacrificed their freedom; sadly, Thomas Hardy sacrificed his wife and unborn child. For their equally obstinate devotion to reform, the Revolution Society, which took its name in commemoration of the Glorious Revolution rather than in envy of the French uprising, and the Society for Constitutional Information, a longtime reform leader reinvigorated after the fall of the ancien régime, became the objects of Burke's ridicule. But in his conviction that “contemptuous neglect” was the best method by which to defeat the “vanity, petulance, and spirit of intrigue” displayed by these societies, Burke exposed an embarrassing improvidence. For if, as he claimed, these associations were “inconsequential” in their own conduct, their agitation would eventually prompt the emergence of a new generation of populous and, therefore, menacing societies. By spring 1794, neither Burke nor Pitt would be able to ignore the reformers any longer. What were once “petty” had become “the mother of all mischief.”
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TITTLER, ROBERT. "Rural Society and the Painters’ Trade in Post-Reformation England." Rural History 28, no. 1 (February 28, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793316000121.
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Abstract:This article examines two opposing views on the role and presence of painters in post-Reformation rural England. The art historian William Gaunt concluded that painters simply ‘vanished’ from the local scene in their flight to London; the historical geographer John Patten saw non-agricultural workers in general flocking to the rural scene in the same era. Drawing on a database of over 2,600 working painters, the article explores the presence and role of the painters’ occupation in rural England between 1500 and 1640. It emphasises the painters’ accommodation to changing consumer demands; it offers a revised view of their geographic distribution over time; it shows that painters continued to serve the rural scene, albeit in somewhat different ways and from different locales than before.
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HAIGH, CHRISTOPHER. "CATHOLICISM IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND: BOSSY AND BEYOND." Historical Journal 45, no. 2 (June 2002): 481–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x02002479.
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The loyal opposition: Tudor traditionalist polemics, 1535–1558. By Ellen A. Macek. New York: Peter Lang, 1996. Pp. xvi+299. ISBN 0-8204-3059-5. £36.00.Rethinking Catholicism in Reformation England. By Lucy E. M. Wooding. Oxford: University Press, 2000. Pp. x+305. ISBN 0-19-820865-0. £40.00.Robert Parsons and English Catholicism, 1580–1610. By Michael L. Carrafiello. London: Associated University Presses, 1998. Pp. 186. ISBN 1-57591-012-8. £27.00.The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1541–1588: ‘our way of proceeding’. By Thomas M. McCoog SJ. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1996. Pp. xxii+316. ISBN 90-04-10482-8. £67.90.Newsletters from the archpresbyterate of George Birkhead. Edited by Michael C. Questier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, for the Royal Historical Society, Camden 5th ser., 12, 1998. Pp. xiv+307. ISBN 0-521-65260-X. £40.00.Conversion, politics and religion in England, 1580–1625. By Michael C. Questier. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xiv+240. ISBN 0-521-44214-1. £35.00.Catholicism, controversy and the English literary imagination, 1558–1660. By Alison Shell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xii+309. ISBN 0-521-58090-0. £37.50.Whores of Babylon: Catholicism, gender and seventeenth-century print culture. By Frances E. Dolan. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999. Pp. xiv+231. ISBN 0-8014-3629-X. £26.95.Catholicism in the English Protestant imagination: nationalism, religion, and literature, 1660–1745. By Raymond D. Tumbleson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. x+254. ISBN 0-521-62265-4. £35.00.
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Bronner, Edwin B. "Moderates in London Yearly Meeting, 1857–1873: Precursors of Quaker Liberals." Church History 59, no. 3 (September 1990): 356–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167744.
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The Religious Society of Friends, or Quakers, which originated in England in the middle of the seventeenth century, has gone through many changes. After the exuberant, expansive early years, most Friends entered a period of quietism, in which they waited patiently for divine direction and largely withdrew from the society around them. At the beginning of the nineteenth century the majority of Friends on both sides of the Atlantic embraced the evangelical movement which had taken hold in both the Anglican church and the newer Methodist denomination. While some Quakers were caught up in such ultra-evangelical activities as revivals and the holiness movement, others turned away and accepted the new liberalism which appeared in Protestantism.
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Moyrer, Christine. "London, England and Beyond: Social Transformations in Richard Brome's "The Sparagus Garden"." Studia Historyczne 60, no. 2 (238) (December 29, 2018): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.60.2017.02.03.
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Richard Brome’s The Sparagus Garden (1635) unfolds against the backdrop of the rapidly transforming urban and social landscapes of Caroline London. This paper argues that this play is deeply implicated in the discursive processes of appropriating and understanding London’s shifting urban and social topographies. Abounding with topical and topographical allusions, the play has long drawn critical interest mainly for its documentary qualities and its exploitation of the short-lived theatrical vogue for ‘place-realism’. Spatial mobility, changes in the city’s urban landscape and the play’s insistent questioning of fundamental categories of social status, belonging and identity have taken centre stage, as critics have acknowledged that the play addresses and negotiates pressing anxieties of a society in flux.
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Tresise, G., and J. D. Radley. "Triassic footprints: the first English finds." Geological Curator 7, no. 4 (November 2000): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc443.
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Fossil footprints were recognised in Scottish rocks over a decade before they were first discovered in England. Then, in 1838, footprints of the "hand animal" Chirotherium were found in the quarries at Storeton Hill in Cheshire. This discovery was reported, first to the British Association for the Advancement of Science, then to the Geological Society of London, by William Buckland. These Cheshire finds have been assumed to predate the discovery of Triassic footprints elsewhere in England. However, a footprintbearing slab figured by Murchison & Strickland (1840) had been presented to the Warwickshire Natural History & Archaeological Society (WNHAS) in 1837. These footprints, from Shrewley Common in Warwickshire, were thus the first to be recognised in England. Dr George Lloyd was Secretary of WNHAS and may have been unintentionally instrumental in helping to publicise the rival Cheshire discoveries. His scientific interests and the subsequent dispersal of his collections are outlined.
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Pagliuca, Antonio. "The importance of early intervention in the treatment of hepatic veno-occlusive disease." International Journal of Hematologic Oncology 8, no. 2 (August 2019): IJH15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ijh-2019-0003.
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Antonio Pagliuca is Professor of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation at King’s College London (UK) and medical director at King’s College Hospital where, until last year, he had been the transplant director for the past 24 years. He also has roles within NHS England as national clinical lead for regenerative medicine and is a trustee on both the Anthony Nolan trust (London, UK) and Leukemia UK (London, UK). Here he speaks to Commissioning Editor Jennifer Straiton and discusses the interim results of the DEFIFrance study, recently presented at the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplant (EBMT), which looked at the real-world use of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplant severity grading criteria. The study investigates the use of defibrotide as a treatment of patients with post-transplant hepatic veno-occlusive disease and demonstrates how it can benefit from early intervention.
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Garry, Mary Anne. "Sedan chairmen in eighteenth-century London." Journal of Transport History 37, no. 1 (April 19, 2016): 45–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526616634721.
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Most household account books of the eighteenth-century London elite contain entries for ‘Sedan chairmen’, albeit they were never servants per se. Little consulted as sources for transport history, these unpublished accounts in various public and private archives in England reveal that Sedan chairmen were independent and worked for themselves. Supplemented by contemporary material, court cases, diaries and correspondence, light is shed on when Sedan chairs first appeared in London, on how the public overcame initial repugnance at the idea of being carried, on the earnings of chairmen, the hours they worked and the diverse tasks asked of them. Examples are given of chairmen’s position in London society, their status and how they regarded themselves. The sources show how chairmen responded to market forces and for over a hundred years played a part in inner London mobility and transport.
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Arthur Montagne, Jacqueline. "The Comic Latin Grammar in Victorian England." Journal of Latin Cosmopolitanism and European Literatures, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 2–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/jolcel.vi4.8569.
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This paper presents the first scholarly analysis of The Comic Latin Grammar by Percival Leigh, a satirical textbook of Latin grammar published in London in 1840. Sections I and II analyze the role of Latin education and the rapid publication of Latin grammar books during the nineteenth century. Sections III and IV conduct close readings of the Comic Latin Grammar to assess its techniques of parody and allusion. I conclude that the textbook achieves its satire of Latin learning by embedding two tiers of humor in its lessons designed for two types of readers: those with and without a background in Classical education. In this way, Leigh uses parody as a mechanism for constructing and enforcing social boundaries, but also satirizes the use of Latin as a shibboleth for polite society.
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FIELD, JACOB F. "Charitable giving and its distribution to Londoners after the Great Fire, 1666–1676." Urban History 38, no. 1 (April 5, 2011): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926811000010.
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ABSTRACT:Major fires are essential case-studies of how urban society responds to crisis. How a city organizes its relief reflects its place in larger networks and reveals its charitable priorities. This article will use the example of the Great Fire of London (1666) to show how the city recovered from this catastrophe. It will examine the recovery using the records of a nationwide charitable collection taken for Londoners ‘distressed’ by the Fire, which shows both how and where money was collected in England and spent in London. It will show that London was extremely resilient to the Fire, and that there was significant continuity before and after the disaster.
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Trigg, Christopher. "Thomas Prince’s Travels and the Invention of Britain." Early American Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 21, no. 4 (September 2023): 507–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/eam.2023.a912120.
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ABSTRACT: From 1709 to 1711, Thomas Prince (1687–1758), recent Harvard graduate and future minister of Boston’s Old South Church, traveled between Boston, Barbados, and London. His travel journal (now in the collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society) excerpted passages from English poetry and popular song from the previous five decades. By transcribing the works of a politically and religiously diverse range of authors (Whig and Tory, Nonconformist and Anglican), Prince made the case for a tolerant, patriotic, and cosmopolitan Britishness. In late February and early March 1710, while Prince was in London, Anglican minister Henry Sacheverell was impeached by Parliament for preaching a sermon questioning Nonconformists’ loyalty. During his trial, anti-Dissenter rioting broke out in London and spread across England and Wales. As Prince transcribed poems for and against Sacheverell, he bemoaned the factional contention that was undermining British unity. In the middle of the nineteenth century, Chandler Robbins Gilman and Chandler Robbins, both great-grandnephews of Prince, incorporated brief excerpts from his travel journal in fictional tales and sketches. Gilman and Robbins used these fragments to symbolize the cultural continuity between England, New England, and the United States, overlooking the contingency and fragility of British identity in Prince’s account.
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Janick, Jules. "Fanny R. Wilkinson; The First Woman Member of ASHS." HortScience 23, no. 6 (December 1988): 958. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.6.958.
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Abstract The first volume of the Proceedings of the Society for Horticultural Science, which includes the Preliminary Meeting, Boston, Mass., 9–10 Sept. 1903; the First Meeting, St. Louis, 28–29 Dec. 1903; and the Second Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, 27–28 Dec. 1904; contains a list of Members for 1903–4 and 1905. Miss Fanny R. Wilkinson with the address Hor't College, Swanley, Kent, England, is one of five foreign Members listed in 1905—the other four being Ed Andre, Paris, France; Dr. Maxwell T. Masters, London, England (both honorary members); W.T. Macoun, Canada; and Dr. L. Wittmach, Berlin, Germany.
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Skouen, Tina. "Science versus Rhetoric? Sprat's History of the Royal Society Reconsidered." Rhetorica 29, no. 1 (2011): 23–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/rh.2011.29.1.23.
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Thomas Sprat's History of the Royal Society (London, 1667) is the most frequently cited work when it comes to describing the relationship between science and rhetoric in seventeenth-century England. Whereas previous discussions have mostly centered on whether or not Sprat rejects the rhetorical tradition, the present study investigates his manner of approaching past authorities. As a writer, Sprat demonstrates the same kind of utilitarian attitude towards the handed-down material in his field of knowledge as he says is characteristic of the Royal Society's natural philosophers. Making good use of Ciceronian ideas, Sprat emerges, not as a condemner, but as a rescuer of rhetoric.
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SAMPSON, MARGARET. "‘THE WOE THAT WAS IN MARRIAGE’: SOME RECENT WORKS ON THE HISTORY OF WOMEN, MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY IN EARLY MODERN ENGLAND AND EUROPE." Historical Journal 40, no. 3 (September 1997): 811–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x97007437.
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Marriage and the English Reformation. By Eric Josef Carlson. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. Pp. ix+276. ISBN 0-631-16864-8. £45.00Gender, sex and subordination in England, 1550–1800. By Anthony Fletcher. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. Pp. xxii+442. ISBN 0-300-06531-0. £19.95.Domestic dangers: women, words, and sex in early modern London. By Laura Gowing. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. Pp. 301. ISBN 0-19-820517-1. £35.00.The prospect before her: a history of women in western Europe, Volume one, 1500–1800. By Olwen Hufton. London: HarperCollins, 1995. Pp. xiv+654. ISBN 0-00255120-9. £25.00.Sex and subjection: attitudes to women in early modern society. By Margaret R. Sommerville. London: Edward Arnold, 1995. Pp. 287. ISBN 0-340-64574-1. £14.99.
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Walton, J. K. "Crime and Society in England 1750-1900. By Clive Emsley (London: Longman, 1987. vi + 257 pp.)." Journal of Social History 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/21.3.594.
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Podmore, Colin. "William Holland's Short Account of the Beginnings of Moravian Work in England (1745)." Journal of Moravian History 22, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 54–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmorahist.22.1.0054.
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ABSTRACT William Holland's Short Account describes church life in the City of London in the 1730s with special reference to the religious societies and their connections with Wesley's “Oxford Methodists.” He shows how the Moravian Peter Böhler's preaching cross-fertilized these networks' High-Church Anglicanism with the Lutheran doctrine of justification by faith alone and thereby sparked the English Evangelical Revival. Recounting the early life of the resulting Fetter Lane Society, which served as the Revival's London headquarters, Holland emphasizes the frequent visits to and from the Moravian congregations in Germany and the Netherlands. All of this was intended to support his argument that the English Anglican members of Zinzendorf's Brüdergemeine, while accepting the Lutheran doctrine of justification, were neither Dissenters nor “Old Lutherans” (the name Zinzendorf had invented for them in order to distance the Moravian tradition from them). Rather, they had joined the Moravian Church on the understanding that in doing so they were not separating themselves from England's established church but joining a “sister church” in a form of “double belonging.” This text thus illuminates not only the early history of the Moravian Church in England but also Anglican church life in 1730s London and the origins of Wesleyan Methodism.
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Kent, Joan. "The Rural ‘Middling Sort’ in Early Modern England, circa 1640–1740: Some Economic, Political and Socio-Cultural Characteristics." Rural History 10, no. 1 (April 1999): 19–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300001679.
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A middle class ‘did not begin to discover itself (except perhaps in London) until the last three decades of the [eighteenth] century’. So wrote E. P. Thompson in the 1970s in a now-famous analysis which divided English society into patricians and plebeians, and which, along with J. H. Hexter's ‘The Myth of the Middle Class in Tudor England’, largely eliminated ‘middle class’ from the vocabulary of early modern English historians. During the past decade, however, there has been renewed focus on the middle ranks in early modern England, now commonly labelled ‘the middling sort’, and such studies explicitly or implicitly call into question Thompson's polarized portrayal of English society. A number of earlier works analyzed the middling in the countryside, particularly in the period 1540 to 1640; but recent discussions focus largely on townsmen, and most are concerned with a later period, the second half of the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. Even in a volume such asThe Middling Sort of People: Culture, Society and Politics in England 1550–1800, a collection of essays presenting recent scholarship on the subject, the rural middling sort receive very little attention (a fact acknowledged by one of the editors). This essay will draw upon detailed evidence from several parishes to consider characteristics of the middling in the countryside during the later seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
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Kiyasov, Sergej. "At the Origins of the Masonic Phenomenon: Freemasons in the English State of 15th — 17th Centuries." ISTORIYA 13, no. 1 (111) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840018878-4.
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The author considers the crisis events of medieval craft structures in England. The focus of his attention is the modernization of guilds and liveried companies of masons-builders. The analysis was carried out using special sources and scientific literature. This allowed us to draw a number of important conclusions. It is noted that the crisis processes observed in the economy of England of the 15—17th Centuries had a decisive influence on the evolution of the guild institution. These structures, in particular, construction guilds received the status of liveried companies. Subsequently, the craft Masonry of England was transformed into an enlightenment community. The study showed that his ideology provided for the allegorical use of building craft symbols. In particular, members of the Royal Society in London are named the project’s inspirers. Its main goal is the “construction” of a new society, religion and the formation of a new man. The author also emphasizes that the phenomenon of new Masonry should not be associated with the activities of a secret organization. In his opinion, the initial stage in the history of the Masonry in England should be associated with the influence of the Freemasonry of Scotland. However, at the beginning of the 18th Century, the intellectual elite of England managed to seize the initiative. The intellectual elite was the first to establish the work of the transnational structures of the new Masonic movement.
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Raeburn, Sandy. "Piecing together the fragile-X: Fragile-X Workshop, Royal Society of Medicine, London, England, 1 July 1992." Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 37, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1993.tb00589.x.
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Kane, Angela. "Society for Dance Research (London, England; 10 February, 1 April, 12 May, 2 November, 1 December 1990)." Dance Research Journal 23, no. 1 (1991): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014976770000293x.
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Tingle, Jacob K., Callum Squires, and Randall Griffiths. "London Calling: A Semester in the World’s Sporting Capital." Case Studies in Sport Management 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2019-0004.
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This case follows four American college students from a small, Liberal Arts institution during a semester-long, faculty-led study abroad trip to London, England. The case presents the experiences of these students as they integrate into London society. Mainly viewed through the lens of sport, the students encounter many differences to their preconceived notion of how sports work, providing an obvious platform for discussion and comparison of how sport is organized in different parts of the world. Specifically, the case offers students the opportunity to learn about new sports they may not have encountered before, evaluate the U.S. system of sport management, and suggest ways to improve sports both at home and abroad. The international aspect of this case also provides an added cultural element by focusing on specific events in the United Kingdom sporting calendar that can be used to teach students about another country’s sporting identity.
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Calder, Dale R. "The Reverend Thomas Hincks FRS (1818–1899): taxonomist of Bryozoa and Hydrozoa." Archives of Natural History 36, no. 2 (October 2009): 189–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954109000941.
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Thomas Hincks was born 15 July 1818 in Exeter, England. He attended Manchester New College, York, from 1833 to 1839, and received a B.A. from the University of London in 1840. In 1839 he commenced a 30-year career as a cleric, and served with distinction at Unitarian chapels in Ireland and England. Meanwhile, he enthusiastically pursued interests in natural history. A breakdown in his health and permanent voice impairment during 1867–68 while at Mill Hill Chapel, Leeds, forced him reluctantly to resign from active ministry in 1869. He moved to Taunton and later to Clifton, and devoted much of the rest of his life to natural history. Hincks was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1872 for noteworthy contributions to natural history. Foremost among his publications in science were A history of the British hydroid zoophytes (1868) and A history of the British marine Polyzoa (1880). Hincks named 24 families, 52 genera and 360 species and subspecies of invertebrates, mostly Bryozoa and Hydrozoa. Hincks died 25 January 1899 in Clifton, and was buried in Leeds. His important bryozoan and hydroid collections are in the Natural History Museum, London. At least six genera and 13 species of invertebrates are named in his honour.
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James, D. Geraint. "John Coakley Lettsom's American Friends." Journal of Medical Biography 13, no. 1 (February 2005): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096777200501300105.
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John Coakley Lettsom (1744–1815) regarded his West Indies birthplace and the New England states as integral parts of the colonial Empire, and described himself as Americanus. He had numerous friends in the American medical profession and was generous to them with books, plants and financial support. They travelled to Europe with letters of introduction to him and some of them became corresponding members of the Medical Society of London. This work is a brief profile of some of these academic friends.
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Merenkova, Olga N., and Igor Yu Kotin. "Problems of British Bangladeshis’ Adaptations." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Asian and African Studies 13, no. 3 (2021): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu13.2021.302.
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The novel Brick Lane by British writer Monica Ali provides a vivid sketch of the life of Bangladeshis both at home and in London, where the largest community of people from Bangladesh lives outside South Asia, primarily natives of Sylhet County. The book got its name due to the street, which has become a distinctive center of concentration for Bengalis in the capital of Great Britain. Ali’s novel Brick Lane can be regarded as a source on the recent history and ethnography of Great Britain and Bangladesh. The novel examines the peculiarities of the acculturation of Bengalis in England, identifies the points of conflicts between the host society and migrants, the growth of domestic racism in the place of concentration of migrants perceived as outsiders and the threat to traditional British values. The main characters of the novel — spouses Chanu and Nazneen, as well as their daughters — found themselves at the junction of two worlds: the European metropolis and the Asian rural hinterland. The work also depicts the conflict between representatives of different generations: between labor migrants, who arrived in England twenty or thirty years ago, recently arrived migrants and between descendants of migrants born in London who consider England as their homeland and Bangladesh as a distant country. Ali in her novel describes options for a way out of the conflict of civilizations in which the main characters were involved. Shanu, unable to achieve career growth and improve his social status, decided to leave London, while Nazneen and their daughters preferred to remain in the city.
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HIGGITT, REBEKAH. "‘Greenwich near London’: the Royal Observatory and its London networks in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." British Journal for the History of Science 52, no. 2 (May 14, 2019): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087419000244.
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AbstractBuilt in Greenwich in 1675–1676, the Royal Observatory was situated outside the capital but was deeply enmeshed within its knowledge networks and communities of practice. Scholars have tended to focus on the links cultivated by the Astronomers Royal within scholarly communities in England and Europe but the observatory was also deeply reliant on and engaged with London's institutions and practical mathematical community. It was a royal foundation, situated within one government board, taking a leading role on another, and overseen by Visitors selected by the Royal Society of London. These links helped develop institutional continuity, while instrument-makers, assistants and other collaborators, who were often active in the city as mathematical authors and teachers, formed an extended community with interest in the observatory's continued existence. After outlining the often highly contingent institutional and personal connections that shaped and supported the observatory, this article considers the role of two early assistants, James Hodgson and Thomas Weston. By championing John Flamsteed's legacy and sharing observatory knowledge and practice beyond its walls, they ensured awareness of and potential users for its outputs. They and their successors helped to develop a particular, and ultimately influential, approach to astronomical and mathematical practice and teaching.
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NELSON, E. CHARLES. "John White A.M., M.D., F.LS. (c. 1756–1832), Surgeon-General of New South Wales: a new biography of the messenger of the echidna and waratah." Archives of Natural History 25, no. 2 (June 1998): 149–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1998.25.2.149.
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John White, Surgeon-General of New South Wales, is best remembered for his handsome book Journal of a voyage to new South Wales published in London during 1790. He was a native of County Fermanagh in northwestern Ireland. He became a naval surgeon and in this capacity was appointed to serve as surgeon on the First Fleet which left England for New South Wales (Australia) in 1787. While living in New South Wales, White adopted Nanberree, an aboriginal boy, and fathered a son by Rachel Turner, a convict, who later married Thomas Moore. John White returned to England in 1795, became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London and was granted the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Master of Arts by the University of St Andrews. White was married twice, and was survived by his second wife and his four children, including his illegitimate, Australian-born son, Captain Andrew Douglas White. Dr John White died in 1832 aged 75 and is buried in Worthing, Sussex, England.While serving as Surgeon-General at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, between 1788 and 1794 John White collected natural history specimens and assembled a series of paintings of plants and animals. After returning to England, White lent these paintings to botanists and zoologists, and permitted copies to be made. Thus, he contributed substantially to European knowledge of the indigenous flora and fauna of Australia.
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Blackmore, Howard L. "The Boxted Bombard." Antiquaries Journal 67, no. 1 (March 1987): 86–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500026299.
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In 1792 the Society published in Archaeologia an engraving of ‘An antient Mortar at Eridge Green’, with the claim that it was the first gun made in England. Subsequent writers on the history of artillery, while noting the gun's importance as one of the first examples of a wrought-iron cannon or bombard (to give it its correct name), believed that it had been destroyed. In fact, by the date of its publication, the bombard had been removed to Boxted Hall, Suffolk, where it remained unrecognized until its transfer to the Royal Armouries, H. M. Tower of London, in 1979. This article traces the history of the bombard, the method of its construction and concludes that it was probably made in England, in the Weald, during the fifteenth century.
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Hotz, Mary Elizabeth. "DOWN AMONG THE DEAD: EDWIN CHADWICK’S BURIAL REFORM DISCOURSE IN MID-NINETEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 1 (March 2001): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301291025.
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IN 1839, G. A. WALKER, a London surgeon, published Gatherings from Graveyards, Particularly Those in London. Three years later Parliament appointed a House of Commons select committee to investigate “the evils arising from the interment of bodies” in large towns and to consider legislation to resolve the problem.1 Walker’s study opens with a comprehensive history of the modes of interment among all nations, showing the wisdom of ancient practices that removed the dead from the confines of the living. The second portion of the book describes the pathological state of forty-three metropolitan graveyards in an effort to convince the public of the need for legislative interference by the government to prohibit burials in the vicinity of the living.2 Walker’s important work attracted the attention of Parliament and social reformers because of his comprehensive representation of the problem of graveyards, especially among the poor districts of London; his rudimentary statistics that, in effect, isolated them from the rest of the society; and his unbending insistence that national legislators solve the problem. These three impulses influenced the way Edwin Chadwick, secretary to the New Poor Law Commission from 1834 to 1842 and commissioner for the Board of Health from 1848 to 1852, identified and represented the problem of corpses and graveyards in his A Supplementary Report on the Results of a Special Inquiry into the Practice of Interment in Towns (1843).
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Clark, Elaine. "Catholics and the Campaign for Women's Suffrage in England." Church History 73, no. 3 (September 2004): 635–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009640700098322.
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Narratives about women and religion in Victorian and Edwardian society seldom addressed the world of the Catholic laity, leaving the impression that Catholics were unimportant in English history. Pushed into anonymity, they were easily misunderstood because of their religious sensibilities and loyalty to a church governed not from London but Rome. This was a church long subject to various forms of disability in England and with a membership of roughly 5 percent of the population around 1900. By then, objections to the Catholic Church as a foreign institution had lessened, but critics still labeled Catholics “a people apart,” viewing them as too disinterested in their neighbors' welfare to play a vital part in public life. So commonplace was this particular point of view that it obscured Catholic participation in social causes such as the hard fought campaign for women's suffrage. As often as journalists, suffragists, and members of Parliament debated enfranchisement in the years before and after the First World War, very little is known today about the role Catholics played in the struggle for women's rights.
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Crick, Julia. "Record of the fifteenth conference of the International Society of Anglo-Saxonists, at the University of Wisconsin–Madison (Madison, Wisconsin), 1–5 August 2011." Anglo-Saxon England 41 (July 10, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026367511200004x.
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I The general theme of the conference was ‘Anglo-Saxon England and the Visual Imagination’.Three keynote addresses were delivered.Michelle P. Brown, University of London, ‘Imagining the Exotic: Insular Attitudes to the Cultures of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East’.Anna Gannon, University of Cambridge, ‘A Debt and an Honour: New Approaches to Coin Studies’.Leslie Webster, British Museum, ‘Image, Identity, and the Staff ordshire Hoard’.The following thirty-seven papers were delivered.
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Zubairov, D. M., I. I. Kamalov, and A. S. Galyavich. "XVIII European Congress of Cardiology." Kazan medical journal 77, no. 6 (December 15, 1996): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj104813.
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The European Society of Cardiology, which now unites about 20,000 specialists from 40 countries, was founded in 1950 in Paris and met for the first time in London in 1952. The authors of the report first attended the XVIII Congress of the society, which was held this time in the center of England, in Birmingham, the National Exhibition Center, one of the world's largest facilities designed for conferences. The Congress was attended by 12,000 people and some 5,000 scientific presentations were made. Up to 10,000 delegates could be accommodated at the same time in 24 different conference rooms at this center and the adjoining Metropole Hotel. In addition, 5 gigantic halls were used for deployed exhibitions of modern cardiology equipment and medicines.
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Davidson, Michael W. "Pioneers in Optics: Robert Hooke." Microscopy Today 21, no. 4 (July 2013): 48–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929513000564.
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Robert Hooke was a brilliant British experimental and theoretical scientist who lived and worked in London during the seventeenth century. As a child, Hooke suffered from a devastating case of smallpox that left him physically and emotionally scarred for the rest of his life. He was born the son of a minister on July 18, 1635, at Freshwater, on the Isle of Wight. Hooke's father, John Hooke, took an active role in Robert's early education until he entered the Westminster School at the age of thirteen following his father's suicide. After graduating Westminster in 1648, Hooke first conducted an apprenticeship with artist Sir Peter Lely and then entered Oxford University where he met and studied under some of the greatest scientists in England. Hooke eventually became a paid assistant for Robert Boyle and helped develop a working air pump. He remained in Boyle's laboratory until 1662 when he was made curator of experiments for the Royal Society of London, a job that entailed demonstration of scientific equipment and experimental procedures during weekly meetings of the entire society.