Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phénotypiques'
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Vincent, Levy-Frebault Véronique. "Analyses phénotypiques et génotypiques dans le genre Mycobacterium." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077091.
Full textSutera, Vivien. "Francisella et antibio-resistance : aspects génétiques, phénotypiques et cliniques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV064/document.
Full textFrancisella tularensis is a gram-negative facultative intracellular bacterium, causing tularemia. This zoonosis is mainly related to two subspecies: F. tularensis subsp. tularensis (type A) and F. tularensis subsp. holarctica (type B) in North America and throughout the Northern Hemisphere, respectively. Infections with this second subspecies, less virulent than the first one, predominantly induce glandular clinical forms of mild to moderate severity. Their treatment is based on antibiotherapy using a fluoroquinolone or a tetracycline. The use of aminoglycosides is reserved for severe clinical forms. The lymph nodes infection, however, often become chronic (20 to 40% of cases), despite administration of an appropriate antibiotic treatment.The aim of this study was to verify the hypothesis of the emergence of bacterial resistance in Francisella, which could explain treatment failures. It is based on the development and study of an in vitro evolutionary experiment of the bacterium in the presence of ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone. Our work confirmed the bacterium's ability to evolve towards a high-level of resistance to fluoroquinolones, this evolution being correlated with the accumulation of mutations in the genes encoding for type II topoisomerases. In addition, we observed in all strains of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica resistant to fluoroquinolones at a clinically significant level, the presence of mutations altering the GyrA subunit of DNA gyrase at amino acids positions 83 and 87. The research of this marker in clinical samples from patients with treatment failure following appropriate antibiotic treatment was however unsuccessful.After checking the action of antibiotics on bacteria internalized in the intracellular compartment in fibroblast cells, we looked for other mutations induced during the evolution of Francisella to resistance to fluoroquinolones. This study unveiled the involvement of several transmembrane transport systems in antibiotic resistance. We also revealed the existence of a second major target involved in Francisella iron metabolism. The alteration of this target (FupA/B), in addition to being associated with an increase in fluoroquinolone resistance, is correlated with a sharp decrease in the ability of the bacteria to multiply in phagocytic cells
Delhaye, Myriam. "Marqueurs phénotypiques au cours de l'hépatocarcinogénèse expérimentale et humaine." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212869.
Full textVergori, Luisa. "Rôle de PPARα sur les modulations phénotypiques des progéniteurs." Angers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ANGE0045.
Full textFort, Patrice. "Rôle de la dystrophine Dp71 dans l'oeil : Impacts phénotypiques." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/FORT_Patrice_2005.pdf.
Full textThe first phenotype to be described among patients suffering from the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the progressive muscular degeneration related to the absence of the hole DMD gene product: the dystrophin. Various work undertaken thereafter led to the description of others troubles among these patients, affecting in particular their cognitive performances in a nonprogressive way. These works also made it possible to show that these affections were particularly related to the DMD gene short products and particularly Dp71. Dp71 is the mainly expressed product of this gene in many tissus among which the central nervous system including the retina. The discovery, in the middle of the 1990’s, that 80% of the DMD patients present a disturbance of the retinal neurotransmission led us to study the role of the dystrophins and in particular Dp71 in the retina using a transgenic mouse in which the expression of this protein was inactivated. This study enabled us to show that this DMD gene product is only expressed by the main glial cells of the retina, the Müller glial cells, where it is only accompanied by the utrophin, the product of an homologous gene of the dystrophin. We have also shown that Dp71 was responsible for the localization of two proteins essential for the homeostasis regulation of the retina: the potassic channel Kir4. 1 and the aqueous channel AQP4. Moreover the absence of Dp71 induce a significant increase in neuronal death following an ischaemic event putting forward the intervention of Dp71 in the regulation of retinal homeostasis. At the time of the clinical study of the defective mouse for the Dp71, we discovered another pathological phenomenon dependent on the absence of this protein: the development of a progressive congenital cataract. Since dystrophins had never been studied in the crystalline lens, we first characterized their expression in this structure and showed that Dp71 is also there the main DMD gene product and that it is mainly expressed in the membrane of the crystalline lens secondary fibers where it colocalize with the β-dystroglycane and the aquaporin channel AQP0. Although complementary studies are necessary, this seems to indicate that it takes part in a macromolecular complex responsible for the conservation of the integrity of the membrane of secondary fibres of the crystalline lens. The whole of this work puts forward the role of Dp71 in the vision, as well in one part of the central nervous system, the retina, as in a very specific epithelial tissue, the crystalline lens
Touch, Sothea. "Cellules immunitaires dans les maladies cardiométaboliques : altérations phénotypiques et fonctionnelles." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066084/document.
Full textA common feature between cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs) is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation. In obesity and type-2-diabetes (T2D) notably, insulin resistance has been linked to inflammation in several tissues. The objective of this project is to evaluate the interactions between immune cell alterations and metabolic perturbations in CMDs. In a first study, we investigated intestinal immunity and cytokine production of intestinal T cells in a cohort of lean and obese subjects and evaluated the functional relationship between T cells and enterocytes. We demonstrated that T cell density and cytokine production was increased in the jejunal mucosa of obese subjects and promoted insulin resistance in enterocytes in vitro. In a second study, we characterized mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a subset of T cells recognizing bacterial vitamin B derivatives, in 5 groups of patients with different forms CMDs (metabolic syndrome, obesity, T2D, coronary artery disease with or without heart failure) compared to healthy subjects. We demonstrated that MAIT cell decrease is correlated with HbA1c and is a common feature in all CMD groups. In an ex vivo study, we show that their depletion in the blood could be explained by a higher propensity to apoptosis under high glucose concentrations. Altogether, our findings suggest that the jejunal immune microenvironment could participate in local and systemic metabolic perturbations in human obesity. We also demonstrate that the abundance immune cells, such as circulating MAIT cells could serve as an early marker of cardiometabolic dysfunction
Silva, Nelly Da. "Dépigmentation et dolichomégalie chez une souris : analyses génétiques et phénotypiques." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077177.
Full textPinaudeau-Nasarre, Cécile. "Stades de spécification de différents aspects phénotypiques de neurones corticaux." Poitiers, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002POIT2295.
Full textDulac, Amélie. "Marqueurs phénotypiques de la diversité des ressources génétiques du genre Hydrangea." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00971779.
Full textMeffre, Geneviève. "Différences phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des sous-populations de lymphocytes B d'amygdales." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T276.
Full textFromont-Hankard, Gaëlle. "Marqueurs tissulaires phénotypiques et moléculaires associés à la progression du cancer prostatique." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077140.
Full textA better knowledge of both the mechanisms underlying prostate cancer progression and the factors predictive of evolution is a key issue for the management of patients follow-up and treatment. We first tried to improve the analysis of commonly used histopronostic factors. We evaluated the impact of the positive surgical margin size after prostatectomy, and showed that the margin size is predictive of the incidence of residual tumor, therefore representing an additional phenotypic marker for the risk of progression. We then analyzed potentiel prognostic factors among the genomic alterations and gene expression dysregulations associated with prostate cancer progression. The incidence of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 6 chromosomal regions of interest was determined in relation with histoprognostic factors and evolution. We observed that l)the overall rate of LOH increased with cancer progression, 2)LOH at 8p22 is specifiquely associated with perineural invasion, suggesting the presence on this region of a gene involved in epithelium/nerve interaction. At the end, 3)LOH at 16q23. 2 is associated with favorable histopronostic factors, and constitute an independant marker of good prognosis, suggesting that this chromosomal region may contain a gene involved in tumor progression. The expression of 300 genes was analyzed by quantitative RTPCR. We observed a differential gene expression between normal prostate tissue, prostate cancer, and benign proliferative disorders. A specific gene expression profile was also identified in advanced hormone-refractory cancers whe compared to localized tumors, which prompt to study the predictive and therapeutic value of these dysregulated gene
Baldoceda, Baldeon Luis Manuel. "Analyses génomiques et phénotypiques contrastant les embryons bovins des races Holstein et Jersey." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25437.
Full textFor the past decades, milk production has been increasing due to several factors such as the use of high genetic merit individuals. In this regard, Jersey cows have been of interest for the producers because of high protein and fat indexes in their milk compared to others breeds. However, there are some challenges associated with Jersey particularly poor results using embryo cryopreservation which could help to massively commercialize the genetic material of this breed. It was observed that the Jersey breed have low pregnancy rates following embryo transfer of cryopreserved Jersey embryos compared to the Holstein breed. Here, we hypothesised that those differences between these two breeds in embryo cryopreservation are due to specific phenotypic and genotypic characteristics at the embryo level. Initially, the results of this study showed differences on the phenotype, lipid profile and genomic differences of Jersey embryo characterized by the higher lipid droplets content associated with low mitochondrial function which will determine the low success with cryopreservation. Subsequently, we assessed the phenotype and genotype of embryos using L-carnitine supplementation in the in vitro embryo culture medium in order to compensate those characteristics in Jersey embryos. The results of this study revealed moderate beneficial effects of L-carnitine supplementation in Jersey embryos through low effect of L-carnitine on mitochondrial activity. To define the impact of mitochondrial function on the embryo viability during our study, we developed a method to compensate the mitochondrial dysfunction during early embryo development in bovine model. To do that, Vitamin K2 supplementation in the in vitro embryo culture medium was applied which showed a positive effect on the mitochondrial function leading to satisfactory phenotypic and genotypic changes in the embryos. In conclusion, this study resulted in identification and characterization of the cattle breeds effects as a critical factor on cryopreservation performance and embryonic metabolism of the mitochondria. Our results emphasized that mitochondrial function is an important feature of embryonic development in cattle, which can provide opportunities to improve embryonic viability.
Cuccuini, Wendy. "Etude du facteur tissulaire par les progéniteurs endothéliaux : conséquences phénotypiques en condition inflammatoire." Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMM202/document.
Full textEndothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) can be obtained from human bone marrowCD34+ cells. In spite of the essential role of the tissue factor (TF) in coagulation triggeringand angiogenesis, its expression during endothelial differentiation is not established. We showthat CD34+ cells express TF, but not TF splicing forms. ECFCs express a small amount of TFat baseline level. In contrast, ECFCs express TF high levels of TF on response to TNF-α andcan generated highly pro-coagulant microparticles. We have examined the functionalproperties induced by TNF-α stimulation. TF expression confers to ECFCs a strong thrombingeneration capacity without influencing their non-coagulant properties. We have examinedthe co-expression of the tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) and the ability of ECFCs togenerate microparticles producing metalloproteins (MMP-2, MMP-9).We have performed an evaluation of cb-ECFCs chromosomal stability during theirexpansion. We found quantitative but no structural chromosomal abnormalities. Theconsequences of our observations in the use of cell therapy in cardiovascular diseases arediscussed. We conclude that TF expression may be considered as cell differentiation marker
Clément-Duchene, Christelle. "Cancer bronchique et facteurs de risque : Existe-t-il des marqueurs phénotypiques spécifiques ?" Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10112/document.
Full textLung cancer is the leading cause of death in the world. Most lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage (IIIB and IV), with a poor prognosis. The main risk factors are well known like active smoking, and occupational exposure (asbestos), but 10 à 20% occur in never smokers. In this population, various studies have been conducted in order to identify possible risk factors, and although many have been identified, none seem to explain more than a small percentage of the cases. According to the histological types, adenocarcinoma is now the more frequent type, and its association with the main risk factors (tobacco exposure, asbestos exposure) is still studied. The tumoral location is associated with the exposure to the risk factors. Finally, the survival seems to be different between gender, and between smokers, and never smokers. All these characteristics are perhaps associated with different pathways of carcinogenesis. In this context, we have analyzed a cohort of 1493 patients with lung cancer in order to identify phenotypic markers, and to understand the mechanisms of the lung carcinogenesis
Boyer, Thomas. "Rôle du CD81 dans les leucémies aigües myéloïdes : implications phénotypiques et clinico-biologiques." Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S027/document.
Full textCD81 is a cell surface protein which belongs to the tetraspanin family. While in multiple myeloma its expression on plasma cells is associated with worse prognosis, this has not yet been explored in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We measured membrane expression of CD81 on AML cells at diagnosis, evaluated its association with AML characteristics and its influence on patient outcome after intensive chemotherapy in a cohort of 134 patients. CD81 was detected in 92/134 (69%) patients. Patients with AML expressing CD81 had elevated leukocyte count (p=0.02) and were more likely classified as intermediate or adverse-risk by cytogenetics (p<0.001). CD81 expression had a negative impact on survival (event-free [EFS], overall [OS] and relapse-free survival [RFS]) in univariate (p<0.001) and in multivariate analyses (p=0.003, 0.002 and <0.001, respectively). CD81 has a negative impact on OS in patients with NPM1 mutation (p=0.01) and in favorable risk patients by European Leukemia Net (ELN) classification (p=0.002).Since aberrations in cell cycle signaling can cause drug resistance, tumor growth and aggressiveness we measured Ki67 on primary blast cells from AML patients. We considered 10 bone marrow samples from AML patients with either weak CD81 expression (less than 20% of blast cells) or 10 bone marrow samples with strong CD81 expression on blasts. We found a significant lower ki67 expression on blast cells from CD81 positive patients compared with those from CD81 negative patients (p<0.001), indicating a potential role of CD81 in cell cycle control. Furthermore, we investigated the role of CD81 in chemotherapy resistance and investigated potentially implicated signaling pathways by gene expression profiling.In conclusion, the cell surface marker CD81 may be a new prognostic marker for diagnostic risk classification and a new potential therapeutic target for drug development in AML
Mcheik, Jiad. "Études phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des capacités régénératives des kératinocytes humains - Application à l'autogreffe." Thesis, Poitiers, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013POIT1308/document.
Full textIn vivo, the skin regenerates continuously through the proliferation of basal stem cells. That can be obtained from a skin biopsy and may be grafted to regenerate skin. In vitro, we studied the regenerative keratinocyte capacities according to site donors, and we noted that keratinocytes from foreskin have the greatest proliferative and regenerative capacities, combined with expression of progenitor cell markers (p63 and keratin 19) and low expression of epidermal differentiation markers (involucrin and filaggrin). These results led us to use these preputial keratinocytes in suspension for graft in burned children. Apply directly cells with a suspension device, eliminates the use of a transfer membrane and a potential source of inefficiency. In our study, boys grafted with autologous keratinocytes isolated from foreskin leads to epithelialization with a high quality of scar. This technique is easily applicable to a large number of pediatric surgery teams. Our clinical success and the safety of the procedure in the operating room enable us to propose the kératinocyataire autologous transplantation as a standard procedure, which can be added to the therapeutic armamentarium in burns
Lavigne, Jérémy. "Changements phénotypiques des cellules endothéliales irradiées au cours du développement des lésions radiques pulmonaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066308/document.
Full textRadiation-induced endothelial dysfunction is known to participate to the development of normal tissue damage. PAI- is implicated in the phenotypic changes of irradiated endothelial cells and KOendo mice are protected from radiation damage to the gut. Whole thorax of PAI-1 KOendo and floxed mice were exposed to 17 Gy. Histological analyzes showed that PAI-1 KOendo induces a worsening of injuries at 2 and 13 weeks. Consequently, contrary to the gut no protection from radiation-induced lung damage is observed in PAI-1 KOendo mice. Our second aim was to study the effects of a single high dose stereotactic irradiation on pulmonary tissues. Histological analyzes and scanner imaging show important injuries on the targeted volume. An ipsilateral edema can also be observed 2 weeks after irradiation. Ipsilateral lung is moreover importantly damaged. A thickening of alveolar septa is notably observable. A transcriptomic analysis show important similarities between tissues from the ipsilateral lung and the focal lesion. As really highly damages have been observed in both scanner and histological analyzes, we decided to perform forced physical activity test on treadmill. A drastic decrease of maximal distance traveled has been observed from two weeks. These experiments highlighted a deficiency in respiratory function and all of these results show the importance of non-targeted irradiated pulmonary volume in the development of radiation-induced fibrosis. Effect of an endothelium-specific deletion of HIF-1α has been investigated in this model of stereotactic irradiation. Only few differences have been observed between KOendo and control mice. Experiments are still ongoing
Milgram, Sarah. "Effets cytoxiques et phénotypiques de l'uranium et du plomb sur des modèles cellulaires ostéoblastiques." Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STET004T.
Full textKrahn, Martin. "Analyses mutationnelles dans les calpainopathies et dysferlinopathies primaires : extension des spectres génotypiques et phénotypiques." Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20702.
Full textChevin, Luis-Miguel. "Génétique de l'adaptation : de l'évolution des caractères phénotypiques aux signatures moléculaires de la sélection." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112260.
Full textAdaptation is the increase in reproductive success of living organisms that results from their growing match to their environment. Its underlying mechanism, natural selection, acts on phenotypes, but is transmitted to the genes. The search for the genes involved in adaptation, and of putative agronomical or medical interest, has been a matter of intense research recently. However, most methods to detect molecular signatures of selection overlook the phenotype, and do not consider the consequences of a possible polygenic response to selection. During this PhD, I developed several population genetic models that allow taking those aspects into account. I first studied the consequence of positive selection at two close loci on neutral polymorphism. This situation can paradoxically hinder our ability to detect selection, but can also be exploited to obtain additional information about the chronology of beneficial substitutions, or the interaction between genes. Since most adaptive traits vary quantitatively, I studied how the molecular signature left by a locus under positive selection is affected by selection at many other loci that affect the same trait. I also designed a preliminary method to estimate the distribution of the selection coefficients of beneficial mutations from genome scans for selection. Finally, I used a model of pleiotropic mutation to understand how the phenotypic heterogeneity of mutation across loci influences the probability that each locus is used during adaptation
Lemaitre, Léa. "Caractérisations phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des cellules stromales mésenchymateuses au cours du traitement du myélome multiple." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30279.
Full textMultiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells (PC) within the bone marrow (BM). MM patients often experience multiple relapses due to the presence of chemo-resistant residual MM clones. Therefore, there is a critical need to understand the mechanisms that regulate MM chemo-resistance and relapse. The interactions between microenvironment BM cells and malignant PCs play an essential role In MM growth and survival. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are multipotent BM stromal cells, able to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes which support malignant PC growth through the release of different factors. A better understanding of the role of these cells in MM relapse is critically required. My work consisted in comparing different samples of MSC to understand their role at different stage of the disease and find a therapeutic target. To address this question, I created a homogeneous cohort of samples: 10 BM of healthy donors (HD BM-MSC), 12 from newly diagnosis MM patients (D BM-MSC), 10 from MM remission patients (CR BM-MSC) and 9 from MM patients with early relapse (ER BM-MSC). Then I isolated MSC from BM of these different groups and performed a transcriptomic analysis. My results reveal significant differences in expression of 845 genes between HD and MM BM-MSC. Wnt signaling, blood coagulation and angiogenesis appear to be involved in this pathological process. Surprisingly, the transcriptomic profile of MSC was very similar after treatment in relapse or remission patient. These data indicate that the alteration in MSC gene expression associated with MM development can persist even in the absence of clinical sign of the disease. This suggests that a deep imprinting of MSC cellular program occurs by the contact with MM PCs. Futhermore, I compare the functional capacity of HD and MM-MSC to differentiate, improve the MM cell growth and immunomodulation. MM-MSC differentiate preferentially into adipocytes than osteoblasts compared to HD BM-MSC. They both support MM tumor growth by secreted factors. Interestingly, CR BM-MSC decreased their capacity to immunosuppress T cells compared to ER BM-MSC. Finally, we observed an increase of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) gene expression by MM BM-MSC compared to HD BM-MSC. TLR4 is a Pattern Recognition Receptor widely describe in innate immunology but not in MM. In vitro analysis performed by the laboratory suggest an important role of TLR4 to support tumor growth and TLR4 inhibitor, C34, inhibit MM cell lines growth. I performed this treatment on most relevant MM mouse model, VkMyC, and treatment delayed MM growth. These results suggest a clinical application of our data
Martinez, Gilles. "Continuum autisme-schizophrénie : apport de l’étude de la cognition sociale et de marqueurs phénotypiques développementaux." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB065/document.
Full textAutism and schizophrenia are both neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders. Research on early-onset schizophrenia, commonly associated to autism spectrum disorders (ASD), suggested a possible developmental continuum between both of these disorders. Clinical and epidemiological evidence, and research from molecular genetics or brain imaging, come to support this hypothesis. In this context, social cognition is a matter of special interest. Impairments are reported both in the two disorders, but with inconsistent results, revealing common features as well as differences. Otherwise, links between social cognition impairments and neurodevelopmental burden have been until now poorly explored. Through the contribution of our three studies, we confirmed the importance of social cognition impairment in autism and schizophrenia. The MASC test (Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition), an original tool which was by our findings validated in a French version, revealed higher overall impairment of mentalizing capabilities in ASD than in schizophrenia. Animated Shapes (non verbal test of attribution of intentions) revealed qualitative differences: whereas hypomentalizing is common both to ASD and schizophrenia, overmentalizing seemed to be more important in schizophrenia. Furthermore, along a continuum between autism and schizophrenia, social cognition impairment was linked to thought and language disorganization, and to neurological soft signs (a marker for neurodevelopmental load). In addition, in subjects with schizophrenia, overmentalizing was correlated to the precocity of onset of the disease. Altogether, our results highlight the need to screen developmental feature in adulthood. In that way, we presented preliminary results in order to validate a developmental disorders screening self-rated questionnaire. As a conclusion, our results bring evidence in favour of a hypothesis of a continuum between autism and schizophrenia, showing a social cognition impairment in both disorders, correlated to the neurodevelopmental load existing in both of them in a transnosographic way. We contributed to emphasize the sub-group of subjects with schizophrenia with early-onset of disease, characterized by a tendency to overmentalizing and presenting a marked disorganization. Our work provides avenue to further studies, integrating neuroimaging and genetic data, that will help to advance in a deeper comprehension of the pathophysiology of autism and schizophrenia. Furthermore, we used and validated in this work promising tools to improve finely psychopathological evaluation and differential diagnosis in adults suffering from autism and from schizophrenia
Lamoureux, Fabien. "Étude protéomique des modifications phénotypiques des cellules rénales exposées aux immunosuppresseurs inhibiteurs de la calcineurine." Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/bd77cbbf-a082-45ad-9923-960a5b24bd69/blobholder:0/2011LIMO310F.pdf.
Full textCyclosporine (CsA) and tacrolimus (TAC) are calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) that have been widely used for more than 30 years to prevent allograft rejection and to treat immune disorders. Although the use of these immunosuppressive drugs has greatly improved short-term graft survival in transplant allograft recipients, long-term treatment can result in major and limiting side effects, including nephrotoxicity that contributes to chronic allograft nephropathy and rejection. CNIs-induced nephrotoxicity has been studied for years but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying such toxicity are complex and remain poorly understood. The aim of this work was to investigate CNIsinduced proteomic perturbations in renal cell using SILAC, a quantitative proteomic strategy based on mass spectrometry. SILAC (or Stable Isotope Labelling by Amino acids in Cell culture) consists in the metabolic labeling of the whole cell proteome by substitution of essential amino acids by their “heavy” variants containing isotopic carbon-13, which has been successfully applied to reveal drugrelated quantitative proteomic perturbations. Our results revealed perturbed expression level for numerous intracellular and secreted proteins following cell exposure with CsA. Moreover, using SILAC TAC toxicity profile appeared different from that of CsA, suggesting different molecular mechanisms leading to renal toxicity of both immunosuppressants. These results provide a new insight and are consistent with recent data regarding the molecular mechanisms of CNIs-induced nephrotoxicity. Our findings also offer new directions for future research aiming to identify specific biomarkers of CsA nephrotoxicity. Some of the proteins identified here are going to be tested as potential biomarkers of CNIs nephrotoxicity in subsequent clinical studies
Désert, Romain. "Effets phénotypiques de deux mécanismes d’activation de la voie Wnt/beta caténine dans le carcinome hépatocellulaire." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B044/document.
Full textHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Half of them show activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway, caused by activating CTNNB1 exon 3 mutation of by stimulation of FRZD receptor. Transcriptomic based HCC classifications showed that this two types of activation were associated with distinct tumor subtypes. We tried to better understand the molecular phenotypes and the clinical features associated with these subtypes. In a first part, we linked extracellular Wnt activation with a stem/progenitor phenotype and with fibrous hotspot in HCC. Fibrous hotspot, which were called “fibrous nest”, can be detected by routine anatomic pathology analyses. We also showed that HAPLN1, an extracellular matrix protein induced by Wnt3a in progenitor HepaRG cells, was a new marker of stemness and bad outcome in HCC. Those results shows the associations between extracellular Wnt activation, extracellular matrix remodeling and tumor aggressiveness. In a second part, a transcriptome meta-analysis of 1133 HCCs highlighted 4 robust subclasses. CTNNB1 mutation, predicted by a 5-genes score based method, was associated with one of these subclasses and with good clinical features. We also highlighted a new subclass of CTNNB1 wild type HCCs associated with tumor differentiation, signatures of periportal metabolism and good outcome. This subclass was probably a confounding factor in survival studies comparing HCCs carrying mutant versus those carrying wild-type CTNNB1. Finally, we highlighted strong negative associations between CTNNB1 mutation and inflammation as well as tumor fibrosis in three independent cohorts. Preliminary results of in vitro HepaRG cells mutated for CTNNB1 in T41 and stimulated by LPS suggest an inhibitory effect of β-caténine on NF-κB. In conclusion, our results show that the two types of Wnt activation in HCC are associated with very distinct molecular phenotypes and clinical features
Di, Filippo Mathilde. "Aspects génotypiques et phénotypiques des dyslipidémies primitives rares affectant le métabolisme des lipoprotéines riches en triglycérides." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10244/document.
Full textAbnormal metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (LRTG), chylomicrons and VLDL, can result in hypocholesterolemia in case of impaired secretion, or severe hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and increased risk of atheroma and acute pancreatitis if clearance is affected. We explored patients suffering from genetic defect in the LRTG secretion (chylomicron retention disease, abetalipoproteinemia and homozygous hypobetalipoproteinemia) and identified mutations on respectively SAR1B, and MTTP and APOB gene. Then, we analysed the phenotype of 158 previously published patients with deleterious mutation (i.e. reported cases added to our cohort) and were able to highlight some specific differences like hepatic steatosis, insulin resistance and obesity. Furthermore we developed an assay to evaluate the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) functionality by measuring the triglyceride-VLDL lipolysis in vitro, and provide a reliable phenotypic exploration for patients with past history of severe hypertriglyceridemia. We found an increased LPL activity in some patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia but conversely showed deficits in other patients free from mutation on LPL gene. These results lead to hypothesize that additional factors might contribute to modulate the expression or the activity of LPL. Finally multiple genes of triglycerides metabolism interact together to additionally modulate phenotype. Of high interest is therefore the simultaneous exploration of the key genes involved in dyslipidemia, as provided by the new generation sequencing (NGS), for better understanding of all pathophysiological mechanisms
Marquis, Olivier. "Variations phénotypiques et adaptations locales en réponse aux stress environnementaux chez la Grenouille rousse (Rana temporaria)." Chambéry, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006CHAMS008.
Full textThe populations of a species with a wide range of distribution can be exposed to various environmental conditions exercising different natura! selection pressures. They can then display genetically based phenotypic particularities giving them an adaptation to the local constraints of their environment. Ln the scope of understanding the mechanisms of species evolution, we set up experimental protocols to assess the variations of sensitivity in the Common frog (Rana temporaria), among populations submitted to two gradients of environmental stressors: the UVb (280-320 nm) gradient and a gradient of contamination by Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). The hypothesis is that the populations submitted to a high level of environmental stressor in the field should show adaptations giving them a lower sensitivity to those environmental stressor. According to a common garden protocol,. The sensitivity of embryos or/and larvae of R. Temporaria collected in different populations experimenting in the field various levels of stress, was assessed in controlled conditions in the laboratory. We were able to show a local adaptation to UVb in high altitude populations at the embryonic stage as weIl as at the larval stage. Yet, we haven't pointed out any variation of sensitivity to PAHs among larvae coming from populations in more or less polluted areas. Besides we have shown that the larvae from high altitude populations, even if virgin of any PAHs contamination show less DNA damages due to genotoxicity of PAHs. We propose the hypothesis of a co-tolerance between UVb and PHAs. Using tools from ecotoxicology and population biology, we propose explicative hypothesis entering the field of evolutionary biology
Pauwels, Maxime. "Origine et évolution de la tolérance au zinc chez Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicaceae) : approches phénotypiques et génétiques." Lille 1, 2006. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9b6c5045-08c0-4791-8001-8cd18f01b97b.
Full textL'analyse de la distribution géographique d'une généalogie d'haplotypes identifiés par PCR-RFLP révèle des origines multiples et mutuellement indépendantes des populations M géographiquement distantes. L'analyse combinée de la structure des haplotypes chloroplastiques et de six microsatellites nucléaires montre clairement deux ensembles génétiques isolés par les Alpes et aux histoires phylogéographiques distinctes. Dans le groupe génétique au Nord des Alpes, les populations M forment un groupe hétérogène et ne se différencient des populations NM qu'à travers la distance géographique. L'origine d'une tolérance constitutive ne peut pas être déterminée par une étude intraspécifique. Des hypothèses sont néanmoins émises. L'observation d'un polymorphisme quantitatif atteste d'un potentiel génétique pour l'évolution du caractère au sein de l'espèce. La tolérance supérieure des populations M confirment une adaptation de ces populations aux sols pollués, en dépit de la tolérance constitutive. Les origines indépendantes des populations M géographiquement distantes interrogent la nature des mécanismes localement sélectionnées. Enfin, la similitude des génomes nucléaires aux locus neutres entre populations M et NM géographiquement proches posent la question des mécanismes microévolutifs du maintien des différences adaptatives et présente un contexte favorable à des approches de scan génomique
Gueguen, Gwénaelle. "Les communautés endosymbiotiques des insectes vecteurs de virus : diversité bactérienne, effets phénotypiques, conséquences écologiques et épidémiologiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10135.
Full textFacultative endosymbiotic bacteria that are vertically transmitted from mother to offsprings, have important effects on their host reproduction (cytoplasmic incompatibilities and sex-ratio biais), on host adaptation to situation of stress (specialization, resistance against pathogens or high temperature) and also on the evolution of mtDNA, by inducing selective sweeps. Bemisia tabaci is a species complex divided into numerous, mainly differentiated based on molecular markers (essentially mtDNA markers). This insect is infected by 7 bacterial symbionts, one nutritionnal symbiont that is obligatory and 6 facultative symbionts. Our results show an extreme diversity of symbionts in this insect and a very high prevalence in B. tabaci populations. Moreover their rapid dynamic has strongly influenced mtDNA evolution by inducing recurrent selective sweeps. The colocalization of the whole symbiotic community in the same cells, with the nutritional symbiont, might certainly explain the very high frequency of multiple infections in B. tabaci. Finally, coexistence of very different cytotypes in sympatry allows to study the interactions that take place between different symbiotic communities and how these systems will evolve
Caro, Riaño Harling. "Changements phénotypiques du milieue sylvestre au milieu domestique chez les vecteurs de la maladie de Chagas." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20243.
Full textTransmission to humans of the parasite inducing Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is due mainly to a few species of hematophagous bugs of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Although not numerous, these species are widespread and efficient vectors because of their close association with humans. However, it is relatively common to report also sylvatic, poorly known species invading human dwellings or peridomestic structures. Most of them seem to fail establishing domestic colonies, but, as far, neither genetic nor environmental criteria exist able to predict the final outcome. We studied the species which is considered as a potential threat in my country, Colombia. In this region, the species seems confined to palm trees, sporadically intruding human dwellings but failing to establish durable intradomiciliary colonies. Is it unable to accomplish domestication ? We examined some aspects of phenotypic plasticity already described in the literature for well known Chagas vectors: mainly their size reduction in domestic conditions of life. To consider not only the mean size but also its variance, we developed a specialized software based on non-parametric tests. In R. Pallescens, we confirmed that size reduction was typical of the transition from a stressing, poor and unstable environment to a stable and nutritive one, and that this size reduction was a systematic change, found for different species, different genera (Panstrongylus, Rhodnius). We highlighted the importance of the interaction between population density and feeding frequency: it is this interaction which drives the main changes in size, and not any of the factors separately. Experiences on isofemale lines indicate the influence of the genotype on plastic response, suggesting that ability to domesticate could be not a species but a genotype specific trait. Thus, domestication would be actually a matter of chance, an encounter between one or a few genotypes, a given environment and favorable conditions. The latter is linked to the cost represented by the plastic response. The genotypes able to be domesticated would be the ones enjoying the best balance between adaptive value and cost of their plastic response to environmental changes. Our laboratory observations suggest that in Colombia, hen houses would be the backdoor for R. Pallescens durable access to the domestic environment. In colombian villages, to avoid undetected but true domestication process, not only human dwellings but also hen houses are prioritary targets to be investigated for the presence of triatomine bugs. Based on the data obtained in our thesis, it is the recommandation we feel authorized to address to the Health Ministry of Colombia
Cortijo, Sandra. "Etude des variations épigénétiques liées aux séquences répétées comme source de changements phénotypiques héritables chez Arabidopsis thaliana." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00742834.
Full textBouzigon, Emmanuelle. "Interrelations phénotypiques et génétiques entre des caractéristiques physiologiques associées à l'asthme dans les familles de l'étude EGEA." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA11T094.
Full textKolbas, Aliaksandr. "Traits phénotypiques et développement de plantes exposées aux éléments traces; utilisation pour la phytoremédiation et l biosurveillance." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14590.
Full textThis work aimed at assessing sustainable phytoremediation options for trace element-contaminated soils. It includes both the assessment of initial and residual risks (biomonitoring) and long-term sustainable decontamination options using plants and associated microbes, especially aided phytoextraction with the secondary purposes of producing plant-based feedstock and restoring ecosystem services. Copper phytotoxicity, the improving role of soil conditioners, and plant tolerance were tested using a bioassay as well as a fading technique. The usefulness of a mutant line of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and a motherline of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) for the biomonitoring of Cu-contaminated soils was investigated. Biochemical parameters in relation to antioxidant status of plants and molecular responses to Cu excess generally showed a greater sensitivity than morphologic ones. Tobacco has a higher Cu tolerance than sunflower. Endophytic bacteria from various sources, notably from the seeds of metallicolous populations of grasses (Agrostis capillaris) can promote the growth of sunflower and tobacco exposed to Cu excess. For annual Cu-secondary accumulator plants with an excluder phenotype, increase in shoot Cu removal occurred primarily through increase in shoot biomass, rather than in shoot Cu concentration. Therefore, attention in field trials was paid to agricultural practices. Various improving options were tested in situ: application of soil amendments, the use of mutant lines and somaclonal variation, cultivars and crop rotation, bioaugmentation, fertilization, irrigation, etc. Two mutant lines and some commercial cultivars of sunflower as well as the motherline of tobacco showed a high potential for Cu phytoextraction as well as for plant-based feedstock. Ecological restoration options for Cu-contaminated soils based on phytoextraction using annual Cu-secondary accumulator plants with a high shoot biomass would (1) result in the progressive decontamination of Cu-contaminated soils during crop rotations, (2) provide a financial return through biomass valorization, and (3) promote ecosystem services
Boutellis, Amina. "Etudes des variations phénotypiques et génotypiques des poux de tête et des poux de corps de l'homme." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5036.
Full textLice are effective markers for studying human evolution because they have been parasitizing humans since the emergence of our hominid ancestors and have been dispersed throughout the world by early human migrations. Human head and body lice have been studied morphologically for a long time. Head lice live and lay their eggs in human hair. Body lice live and lay their eggs in clothes, are associated with poor hygiene in clothing and are responsible for the transmission of epidemic typhus, trench fever and relapsing fever. One aim of my thesis was to increase the knowledge of human head lice and body lice for a better control. It is critical to determine if head lice and body lice are allopatric, with distinct epidemiology, or if they might exist in sympatry. Then, mitochondrial DNA studies have shown that there are three clearly divergent clades of head lice (A, B and C) and that only one clade of body lice is shared with head lice (clade A). Each clade has a unique geographic distribution. During the thesis work, extensive literature survey was done to write a review. Then we aimed to establish a molecular tool in order to distinguish between head and body lice. We found that only one gene (Phum_PHUM540560 gene) was able to differentiate the two ecotypes of Pediculus humanus. Moreover, we aimed to estimate the correlation between phenotypes and genotypes among human lice, and we found that the lice phylogeny (based on intergenic spacers) was correlated to the geographic origin of lice, but no correlation between the color and the phylogeny
Fneich, Sara. "Les contributions épigénétiques et génétiques dans l’expression des variants phénotypiques essentiels pour l’interaction : Schistosoma mansoni / Biomphalaria glabrata." Thesis, Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1213.
Full textPhenotypic variability is defined by the capacity of a given species to produce phenotypic variants from one genotype under the influence of the environment. There is several thinking about the origin of phenotypic variability. It was generally assumed that the genetic variations are the sole source of phenotypic variants. However, recent studies show that epigenetic variations can provide alternative source for phenotypic variants without change in DNA sequence. Epigenetic is one of the two components of the « Dual inheritance system », theory that evokes the existence of two inheritance system: genetics and epigenetics. In host / parasite interactions, parasites exert selective pressures on their hosts and vice versa, leading to a genuine arms race between both partners. Such interaction requires rapid adaptation where each partner has to evolve the capacity to express new phenotypic variants. We propose that epigenetic variations play an important role in the genesis of phenotypic variability. Schistosoma mansoni is a human parasite that causes intestinal schistosomiasis. Thisdisease is ranking second in the world according to the WHO. Schistosome is characterized by a life cycle that is complex requiring passage by two hosts: the intermediate host Biomphalaria glabrata and the definitive host that could be humansor rodents. During the PhD project, we are interested to the interaction of B. glabrata with S. mansoni. This PhD project aimed to show the involvement of epigenetic changes in the production of phenotypic variants in the context of coevolution of the interaction between S. mansoni and B. glabrata. The two main goals were: (i) To determine the relative weight epigenetic / genetic in the expression of phenotypic variants in the parasite. (ii) To initiate the investigation of epigenetic mechanisms in the host. The results have shown that histone modifications are indeed a source of phenotypic variants in S. mansoni. These phenotypic variants are the basis for better fitness and / or virulence of the parasite. Finally, studying the heritability of epigenetic changes showed a non-mendelian transmission. For B. glabrata, we were the first to highlight the DNA methylation in the snail. 2% of total cytosines are methylated in his genome
Soler, Alexandra. "Caractérisations phénotypiques et moléculaires de lignées cellulaires issues de cellules tumorales circulantes dans le cancer du colon." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT035.
Full textCirculating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that have been shed from the primary tumor and/or metastases into the bloodstream. The most aggressive ones can invade distant organs to form metastases. Their low number among the multitude of blood cells makes difficult their detection and study. This is why the current challenge in this field of expertise is to be able to culture them ex vivo.In the national COLOSPOT clinical study, our team was able to collect samples of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. From blood samples of only one patient, 9 cancer cell lines derived from CTCs could be established: CTC-MCC-41, CTC-MCC-41.4, CTC-MCC-41.5A-G.In this project, the 9 CTC-MCC lines have been characterized at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, secretome and functional levels, and compared with primary and metastatic commercial colon cancer cell lines, as previously done on the CTC-MCC-41 line (Cayrefourcq et al., Cancer Res. 2015)These analyses have shown that despite their very different genetic profiles, all CTCs have the characteristics of an epithelial/mesenchymal intermediate phenotype, stemcell like characteristics, with BRAFV600E mutation, and the ability to avoid biological processes such as the resistance to anoïkis and the escape to the immune system. Moreover, functional studies have shown that all CTC-MCC lines can rapidly induce tubes formation with endothelial cells in vitro, a sign of an angiogenic potential.The second part of this thesis work was to study the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro. This phenomenon is a key step in the metastatic process and involves several cell transformations at various levels: morphological, proteomic and transcriptomic. Three different methods have been tested to induce EMT within these CTC-MCC lines involving two different induction and culture modes. These changes could be observed in the control lines, validating the experiments carried out. However, EMT has not been clearly observed yet on the CTC-MCC lines.In conclusion, this longitudinal study suggest that colorectal CTCs cultured from sequential liquid biopsies, performed during treatment of the same patient, have common characteristics. However, our results strongly suggest that no clonal selection, with a distinct phenotype, resistant to treatment, has occurred. Further studies with these CTC-MCC lineages are in process, evaluating their ability to induce in vivo drug-resistant tumors or to analyze the epigenetic contribution. These data may provide guidance for the discovery of new biomarkers to identify the most aggressive CTC subpopulations and for the development of novel drugs to inhibit metastases-competent CTCs in colon cancer
Labidi-Galy, Sana Intidhar. "Altérations fonctionnelles et phénotypiques des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes et des lymphocytes T régulateurs dans le cancer de l'ovaire." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00861852.
Full textLabidi-Galy, Sana Intidhar. "Altérations fonctionnelles et phénotypiques des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes et des lymphocytes T régulateurs dans le cancer de l’ovaire." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10183/document.
Full textOvarian cancer (OC) is an immunogenic disease and represents a good model for studying antitumoral immunity. We performed a systematic comparison between plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and regulatory T cells (Treg) in blood, ascites, and tumors in term of frequencies, phenotypes, functions, and impact on outcome of OC patients. We found that pDC accumulate in ascites and are present in some tumors whereas they are profoundly depleted in patients’ blood. Their presence within tumors (but not ascites) is deleterious because associated with early relapse of OC patients. Moreover, Tumor associated pDC (TApDC) but not ascite pDC were altered in their innate function, i.e. the production of IFN-α in response to TLR ligands in vitro, and they induce the development of IL-10+ CD4+T cells. All these results suggest that TApDC but not ascite pDC induce immune tolerance allowing cancer progression. Treg accumulate in ascites and tumors but their levels in patients’ blood were not increased. Their accumulation in tumors, but not ascites, was an independent prognostic factor associated with delayed relapse. TATreg showed an activated phenotype and inhibit IL-10 production by CD4+conventional TAT cells. Interestingly, patients whose tumor infiltration by Foxp3+ Treg is increased after neoadjuvant chemotherapy showed delayed relapse suggesting that chemotherapy, in addition to its direct antitumoral effect, induces an immune response
Guedj, Fayçal. "Etude des altérations phénotypiques induites par la modification du dosage génique de DYRK1A et développement de stragégies thérapeutiques." Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077222.
Full textDown syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder affecting 1/800 newborns. It is characterized by several phenotypic signs with a variable penetrance including alteration of the brain morphogenesis, morphology of the face and members, brachycephaly, congenital heart diseases, digestive tract malformations, an early onset of Alzheimer disease histopathological signs and a constant mental retardation with variable severity (IQ = 20-55). Construction of genotype/phenotype correlation maps in patients with partial trisomy 21 enabled the identification of DCR-1, a region of 2. 5 Mb between CBR1 and ERG associated with the apparition of 13 clinical signs of DS among which mental retardation suggesting an important role of the genes contained in this region for the DS phenotype. DYRK1A gene, localized in this region, is a good candidate gene for mental retardation associated with DS. It encodes a dual-specificity serine/threonine kinase activated via autophosphorylation on the tyrosine 321 residu and phosphorylates a myriad of protein substrates including transcription and splicing factors, proteins playing important roles in synaptic plasticity and others proteins implicated in a variety of biological functions and pathological conditions. To understand DYRK1A role in the normal development and analyze the effects of its gene dosage alteration on the brain morphogenesis and synaptic plasticity, two mouse models bearing three copies (hYac-TgDYRKl A, mBac-TgDyrkl A) and an haploinsufficient model with only one copy of this gene (Dyrkl A+/-) have been used in this study. In the first part of this work, a new transgenic mouse line containing three copies of the mouse DyrklA gene with its endogenous promoter (mBac-TgDyrklA model) has been constructed in our laboratory. DyrklA transcript and protein expression analysis in the different brain parts of adult mBac-TgDyrklA, hYac-TgDYRKIA and DyrklA+A mice revealed a gene-dosage dependent expression of DyrklA validating the use of these models in the studies of mental retardation associated with free or partial trisomy and monosomy of the chromosome 21. The seconds part of our study focused on the DyrklA gene dosage alteration impact on brain morphogenesis and neuronal and glial cell density in the somatosensory cortex (SSC) and the ventrobasal (VPL/VPM) thalamic nucleus by combining in vivo imaging, seterology and western blotting techniques. Results obtained showed that DyrklA gène dosage modification induces heterogeneous alterations of the brain morphogenesis (increased brain volume in hYac-TgDYRKIA and mBac-TgDyrklA with a more pronounced action on the thalamus/hypothalamus region) and neuronal densities (a decreased neuronal density in the SSC and an increased density in the VPL/VPM) in the different investigated régions. These morphological changes are associated with MBP (neuronal morphology marker) overproduction, FKHR (important for the cell cycle regulation) hyperphosphorylation and MAPKs signaling pathway dysregulation suggesting an important role of DyrklA in the apoptosis/proliferation balance regulation but also in the axonal growth and myelinization. Behavioral studies performed in the third part of our work highlighted an impairment of the hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, the long-term memory and the motor function in the three studied mouse lines. These behavioral phenotypes are linked to a decreased activation of CamKII observed in the hippocampus of hYac-TgDYRKIA mice, but also to an increased AKT phosphorylation in this region at postnatal day P21. Taken together, these results indicate clearly that DyrklA plays a major role in synaptogenesis and synaptic transmission regulation. Finally, a corrective strategy of the phenotypes observed in hYac-TgDYRKIA and Ts65Dn (Partial MM 16 trisomy with 104 triplicated genes including DyrklA) mice has been developed ,using two EGCG (identified as spécifie DyrklA inhibitor in vitro) based diets. Morphometric, behavioral and molecular analysis showed that EGCG is able to strongly correct the phenotypic alterations observed in hYac-TgDYRKIA and Ts6Dn mice allowing us to propose the DyrklA gene as a potential target for a therapeutic approach of the DS associated mental retardation
Ogier, Nicolas. "Rôle de la protéine de transfert des phospholipides (PLTP) dans l'athérogénèse : modifications phénotypiques des lymphocytes et des macrophages." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOMU02.
Full textThe plasma phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) was initially described as the factor responsible for the transfer of phospholipids between lipoproteins. Further studies have shown that PLTP is able to transfer other amphipatic compounds including -tocopherol, between lipoproteins as well as between lipoproteins and cells. Available data tend to indicate that systemic PLTP is a pro-atherogenic factor via its action in the modulation of lipoprotein metabolism. Although PLTP is produced and secreted by macrophages, the hallmark cells of atherosclerotic lesions, consequences in cholesterol metabolism of these cells were still to determine. Our first aim was to characterize macrophage phenotype of PLTP-KO and WT mice. Our study shows that PLTP increases -tocopherol levels in peritoneal macrophages, decreases oxidative stress in these cells and consequently their ability to oxidize LDL. Besides, this process is associated with a decrease in cholesterol accumulation in macrophages. Our works underline the anti-atherogenic effect of macrophage-derived PLTP. We assessed the impact of PLTP in an other cellular type involved in atherosclerosis progression: lymphocytes. Our study shows that unlike macrophages, PLTP0 lymphocytes contain more vitamin E than WT lymphocytes. This increase in vitamin E levels is associated with a change in Th1/Th2 balance, facing this one towards a Th2 profile in vitro as well in vivo. The action of vitamin E seems to occur independently of its antioxidant properties. In conclusion, this work indicates that in addition to its pro-atherogenicity, PLTP seems to be pro-inflammatory in vivo, and to participate to atherosclerosis development
De, Vriendt Laurent. "Effets de l'isolement des tourbières sur les variations génétiques et phénotypiques entre les populations de l'orchidée "Platanthera blephariglottis"." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27544.
Full textThe aim of this study was to characterize the connectivity of peatlands in southern Quebec using phenotypic and genetic variability among populations of the orchid Platanthera blephariglottis. Fifteen phenotypic traits were measured on 24 individuals in 20 populations and germination trials were conducted. Genetic analyses were realised through a Genotyping-By-Sequencing protocol. Isolation of populations was evaluated by the distance to the nearest population and by the number of populations occurring within different buffers around studied sites. Differences were found between populations for all phenotypic traits and several of these differences were correlated with isolation. A diminished germination was also correlated to increased isolation. The genetic structure of populations followed a pattern of Isolation-By-Distance (IBD), meaning that exchanges of propagules occur between close populations. We can thus consider peatlands as a dynamic network of interconnected patches for P. blephariglottis.
Vigan, Finlin Ines Nadège. "Caractéristiques phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des lymphocytes T intra-hépatiques et périphériques au cours de l'hépatite virale chronique C." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10117.
Full textMonteil, Vanessa. "Analyses phénotypiques et génotypiques de différentes souches de dengue : applications en épidémiologie et recherche de facteurs de virulence." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5038.
Full textFrom 50 to 100 million cases of dengue illness occurred every year in the world. Today, dengue virus is a public health problem with its emergence in Europe, particularly in France. DENV infection can be asymptomatic or be responsible for three distinct pathologies: one with flu-like symptoms (DF), another with moderate hemorrhage (DHF) and the last one with severe bleeding leading to shock syndrome (DSS). Host factors have an important role in the development of severe forms but implicated viral virulence factors stay not well described. The aim of this research work was to better understand these viral factors through study of dengue serotype 3 genotype III dynamics of circulation in Africa and through the characterization of three dengue serotype 1 strains in Cambodia. This work highlighted the circulation of variants during epidemics, allowing us to suppose that the presence of variants permits a better dissemination, as well as specific phenotypic and genotypic characteristics in vitro of strains associated with hemorrhagic forms or forms with shock syndrome in humans. These works were completed by the development of an original system of detection of dengue virus and other viruses of genus Flavivirus. This research work allowed identifying potential virulence factor specific to virus, opening the way for research on the role of certain viral proteins in pathogenicity
Desbourdes, Laura. "Evaluation des modifications transcriptionnelles, phénotypiques et fonctionnelles des cellules souches mésenchymateuses dans les leucémies aiguës myéloblastiques de novo." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR3301/document.
Full textThe contribution of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) to the development of Acute Myeloid Leukemias (AMLs) remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated potential functional and phenotypic modifications of Bone Marrow (BM)-derived MSCs from patients with AML de novo at diagnosis. We showed that BM-derived MSCs from most of AML patients display proliferative defect, had increased apoptosis levels and demonstrated defective expression of several niche-related factors (Ang-1, SCF, TPO and VCAM-1). Interestingly, this proliferative defect was independently associated with disease progression. Nevertheless, these abnormalities in AML MSCs did not affect their in vitro capacity to support physiological but also leukemic hematopoiesis. Indeed, as normal MSCs do, they protect blast cells from apoptosis, induce their quiescence (mainly by direct contact), and decreased yields of DNA double-strand breaks. Consequently, in AML de novo these stromal cell alterations, probably a consequence of the deleterious effect of the tumor cell growth on BM MSCs, do not appear to have a specific role in the development of the leukemic process
Fraipont, Florence de. "Caractérisation et utilisation des déterminants phénotypiques et moléculaires de la neurovirulence et de l'atténuation des souches de poliovirus." Strasbourg 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR15085.
Full textMarcorelles, Pascale. "Expressions phénotypiques au cours du développement humain de deux pathologies : la mucoviscidose et les anomalies de migration neuronale." Brest, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BRES2302.
Full textThe morphological analysis and the expression of several proteins have been performed in two different genetic disorders, the former without malformation the later with malformation. The pattern of expression of the CFTR protein has been analysed in the respiratory tract and in the male genital excretory tract. The CFTR expression appeared with a 3- week delay in the respiratory tract; had a different pattern of spatial expression according to the tissue differentiation. In the genital tract, the expression of die protein remained diffuse without any gradient of intensity conversely to the adult pattern. The early and diffuse localisation of the CFTR protein raises the question of its role during development. Neuronal migration anomalies form a large group in which type 1 lissencephaly group of disorders belongs. We studied the calcium binding proteins to analyse the GABAergic interneurons in three agyric/pachygyric syndromes dues to defects in the LISJ, DCX, ARX genes. GABAergic neurons migration was disturbed in a particular pattern in each case. These data argue for impairment in both the radial telencephalic migration and the tangential telencephalic migration in these different disorders
Champetier, Tiphaine. "Deep Learning pour l’identification de différences phénotypiques visuelles subtiles entre lignées neuronales, modèles de la maladie de Parkinson." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLE037.
Full textHigh-content screening has experienced a significant growth since the mid-2000s. This technology is of primary interest to the pharmaceutical industry as it allows in principle the discovery of therapeutic molecules for diseases whose molecular pathways are poorly identified. Until now, a measurable cell phenotype must first be identified in order to evaluate the effect of a compound library on it. From an image analysis point of view, treated cells are automatically detected in hundreds of thousands of images and measurements of descriptors allow to finely differentiate effective treatments from a negative control. In collaboration with the companies Ksilink and Sanofi, we have been confronted with a new type of high-content screen to identify compounds effective against Parkinson's disease. This one, presenting images of neurons, made analysis dependent on robust cell segmentation obsolete. In addition, using cell differentiation and genome editing techniques, the controls of the cell model are two neuron cultures, isogenic but for one mutation: the GS2019 mutation that induces the disease. Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of these complex cells and the fine differences between the two isogenic lines do not allow the human eye to identify two distinct phenotypes. In order to allow the automatic detection of differences between phenotypes, we have proposed to use deep learning approaches. This work was mainly divided into two steps. The first step consisted in identifying a network architecture capable of classifying neural images. We learned that neuron cultures show phenotype differences in a very heterogeneous and therefore not systematic way. The second step consisted in proposing methods to explain and interpret subtle differences in phenotype, to ensure that the screening is performed on the basis of a proven difference between phenotypes and not on the basis of a technical bias. Based on the premise that differences between neuronal phenotypes are difficult to visually apprehend between two different images due to the high natural variability of neurons, we propose the idea that transforming the same image from one phenotype to another may represent an interesting approach. Indeed, we show that it is possible to train antagonistic networks to transform an image of a neuron that does not carry the mutation into a neuron that carries it and vice versa. In this way, we have been able to highlight potential assay biases but also what we believe to be true morphological differences related to the pathological mutation that were previously invisible
Lienhardt-Roussie, Anne. "Mutations activatrices du récepteur sensible au calcium : aspects moléculaires, phénotypiques et implications thérapeutiques à travers une large étude collaborative." Limoges, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LIMO112L.
Full textRabouam, Corinne. "Variation géographique et structure des populations chez le Puffin cendré (Aves, Procellariiformes) : apports respectifs des marqueurs génétiques et phénotypiques." Tours, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOUR4004.
Full textSéguin, David Lalonde. "Caractéristiques phénotypiques et génotypiques des isolats de Staphylococcus Aureus colonisant les voies respiratoires des patients atteints de la fibrose kystique." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2011. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4912.
Full textGarnier, Jeanne-Luce. "Lymphomes en transplantation d'organes : modifications phénotypiques induites par le virus d'Epstein-Barr : étude du modèle de la souris SCID/HU." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T160.
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