Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Phénotype comportemental'
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Boué, Florence. "Influence du contexte génétique sur le phénotype comportemental et cognitif de souris transgéniques PS1wt humaine ou PS1M146L humaine." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30199.
Full textCastex, Matthieu. "Sélénoprotéine T et Développement cérébral : Caractérisation du phénotype neuroanatomique et comportemental de la souris Nes-Cre/SelTfl/fl." Rouen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ROUES011.
Full textThe development of central nervous system (CNS) results from a combination of cellular processes occurring during embryogenesis and postnatal life. To generate the diverse cell populations of CNS, neural cells and their progeny undergo several processes including proliferation, migration, differentiation as well as programmed cell death, all these being under the control of numerous factors. The precise regulation of these mechanisms is essential for the establishment of cellular networks, and genetically- or environmentally-induced alterations of these pathways may have consequences on CNS organization and functions. Free radicals are second messengers involved in the regulation of many cellular processes; however, these molecules may turn out to be deleterious if their levels are poorly regulated. Thus, reactive species are maintained at physiological concentrations thanks to the activity of antioxidant systems, that include selenoproteins, which are proteins characterized by a strong reducing ability conferred by the presence of selenocysteine, the 21st amino acid, in their sequence. To date, the functions of many of these selenoproteins remain poorly characterized, and especially the most recently identified. One particular case is Selenoprotein T (SelT), a highly conserved enzyme in mammals which is strongly expressed during embryogenesis, especially in the developing brain, but whose role remains to be elucidated. In the first part of this work, we employed a mouse line model to show that the conditional invalidation of SelT in neural cells causes neurodevelopmental abnormalities that occur during the first postnatal week. The invalidated mice exhibit a transient reduction in brain volume, which appears during the first postnatal week, culminates at the seventh day but disappears at adulthood. This phenotype is associated with a reduction in cell density and is caused by increased programmed cell death in the organ. Analyses of the cell populations using NeuN, GFAP and Ng2 cell markers, showed that this apoptotic cell loss exclusively affects neuronal cells, evoking a lack of effect of SelT on glial populations. Our results also showed that caspase-3 positive cells were detected in the germinal neuroepithelia, transition layers and neuron differentiation layers, indicating that these cells die as a result of SelT absence during different phases of their maturation. This alteration of neuronal viability is associated with elevated endogenous free radical levels; an argument in favor of the antioxidant and neurotrophic role of SelT in neurons. At the end of the first postnatal week, while neurogenesis declines in wild-type animals, we observed a prolonged mitotic activity of neuronal progenitors in SelT deficient mice. This neurogenesis could constitute a physiological compensatory response mechanism to reduce the cell deficit previously observed. Surprisingly, viability and endogenous free radicals levels in astrocytes were unchanged in the absence of SelT, suggesting that the protein may exert a different function in these cells or that other factors act to compensate for its absence. At the stage when neuronal loss is significant, we observed a transient increase in glial cell density, whose vanishing coincides with the cell redensification measured at the tenth day. This finding suggests that the brain volume compensation is caused by glial transdifferentiation into neurons, along with prolonged neurogenesis. These compensatory mechanisms could be responsible for the apparent recovery of brain volume and cell density in the adult SelT-deficient mice. In the second part of our work, we demonstrated that despite the absence of a gross neuroanatomical phenotype in adulthood, invalidated mice exhibit behavioral deficits. Indeed, measurements of locomotor activity during one-hour sessions in an open-field showed that invalidated animals are hyperactive. This phenotype was confirmed by behavioral analyses performed during 48 h in actimetry cages, which showed that mutant animals display hyperactivity during both diurnal and nocturnal periods. Moreover, we also found that these mice exhibit an exacerbated trait anxiety, or neophobia. This behavioral characteristic, which tends to decrease if the animal is repeatedly submitted to the same task, remains high in our model although the animals successfully learns to execute the required exercise. Indeed, we showed that these animals perform well during spatial learning and memory task in Morris water-maze; however, SelT deficient mice are less efficient than their wild-type littermates, a deficit that could be attributed either to the increased neophobia or a potential dysfunction in spatial navigation strategy abilities. Finally, as SelT is weakly expressed in adult life, these functional deficits could be provoked by an altered establishment of neuronal networks during the first postnatal weeks. This hypothesis is supported by an impaired GABAergic neurotransmission in these mice. Moreover, it appears that the cerebral phenotype impacts the general physiology of the animal, as evidenced by the high plasma corticosterone levels found in the invalidated mice in basal conditions or following a stress. In sum, our results indicate that SelT is essential to the proper development of CNS and contribute to the various processes ensuring the establishment of neuronal populations. In addition, it may be considered that this selenoprotein exerts neurotrophic function through regulation of free radicals levels. Pursuing the functional study of molecular partners and the elucidation of the mechanisms involved in the effects of SelT will eventually allow to better understand the involvement of free radicals and SelT in healthy and pathological neurodevelopment and ultimately to propose new strategies to protect the brain in pathological situations related to disregulations of these pathways
Qiu, Jingyu. "Personality, life history and metabolism in the Bush Karoo rat (Otomys unisulcatus)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ076.
Full textIn the animal kingdom, behavior varies between individuals but remains consistent within them, a phenomenon known as "animal personality." Some individuals are consistently more active and explorative, raising key questions : Why do these differences exist, and how do they affect fitness? Personality has a genetic basis but is shaped by early-life experiences. Individuals in resource-rich environments may develop a proactive personality—being more active and explorative—which, despite its energy demands, offers advantages in resource acquisition and competition. Personality is linked to energy expenditure, as proactive individuals tend to have a higher resting metabolic rate (RMR). However, RMR varies across individuals and species, and personality may be a contributing factor. My thesis explores how personality, life history, and physiology interact in the bush Karoo rat (Otomys unisulcatus). I hypothesized that late-born individuals, facing higher population density and fewer resources, develop more proactive traits and exhibit higher RMR and a stronger metabolic response to stress, reflecting the energetic costs of their personality
Ochoa, Frias Melissa. "Etude des altérations périphériques et centrales induites par des régimes hyper-sucrés (glucose, fructose)." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSARB252.
Full textThe present studies explored behavioral, metabolic, and neurological alterations induced by prolonged exposure to high-fat diets differing in their source of carbohydrates: starch (S), glucose (G) or fructose (F) and fed at the same level of intake in adult Yucatan minipigs. The first study examined three-feed choice preferences, the eating microstructure of a single meal, and the feed motivation in a progressive ratio schedule for one of three diets containing S, G or F, before and after 8 weeks of dietary exposure. We described an initial preference and motivation for G in all animals and demonstrated that prolonged exposure to the fructose-containing diet induced a strong preference and motivation for F, whereas prolonged intake of starch- or glucose-containing diets did not induce or increase, the preference and motivation for these diets, respectively. In the second study we aimed at determining whether sugar-containing diets, especially F, could induce alterations on the metabolic phenotype (i. E. Plasma concentrations of insulin, metabolites and inflammation markers). We found substantial increases in body weight (BW), body adiposity, liver adiposity, liver volume, plasma insulin, triacylglycerol and non-esterified fatty acids after 8 weeks of dietary exposure regardless of the carbohydrate type. These data demonstrated that the metabolic changes observed following prolonged consumption of high-fat diets differing in their source of carbohydrate are not due to the carbohydrate type per se, but to the total excessive energy intake and increased body weight and adiposity. In our first study about the effects of chronic consumption of three carbohydrate-containing diets on eating behavior, we demonstrated the development of a strong fructose preference and motivation induced by prolonged consumption of fructose diet. We attributed this specific fructose-induced fructose preference to the sweeter taste of fructose compared to glucose and starch, to a fructose habituation leading to an increase of fructose palatability, as well as to effects on brain reward-related regions. In order to explore a possible association between modifications on eating behavior by sugars and and effects on brain reward-related regions we explored basal brain activity using positron emission tomography (PET) with 18- fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) following 7 months of dietary exposure. All animals had the same weight gain evolution throughout the experiment regardless of the carbohydrate ingested indicating that the observed differences in brain activity measured by PET-18FDG are not related to differences in body weight. F and G diets induced substantial changes in basal metabolic activity of several brain-reward related regions when compared to the starch-fed group, which might suggest that these sugars
Wu, Qiang. "Population stress under anthropogenic perturbations in Zootoca vivipara : a perspective from parasites and behavior." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30105.
Full textGlobal change and anthropogenic disturbances are intensely affecting the earth ecosystem. Despite large-scale studies focusing on biodiversity, how anthropogenic disturbances could influence various aspects of population ecology and evolution has also drawn tremendous attention. This thesis explores the stress of global change imposed on the animal population, by using the model system of the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) and its ectoparasites (one mite in the genus Ophionyssus and one tick Ixodes ricinus). The first study addresses the hypothesis in competition induced by co-infections. Environmental mediation is suggested to explain the co-occurrence between these two species of parasites. The second study uses a spatial and a long-term data to examine climate warming effects on parasite infection, host fitness, and how distinct host phenotypes differ in their responses to these stresses (intraspecific differences). Alternative strategies to cope with parasite infection and climate warming are validated, and a phenotype-dependent trade-off between defense against parasitism and survival is detected. This study also confirms a phenotype-by-environment interaction, indicating even within the same population, certain phenotype could be more vulnerable than others under the anthropogenic perturbation. The third study focuses on changes of behavior and behavioral syndromes under effects of parasitism and host states. Repeatable traits with sex bias are identified, so along with a boldness-escape behavioral syndrome. Individual state (gravidity) seems to affect the stability of the behavioral syndrome. However, the causal effects of parasitism still remain vague and need to be further testified with control experiments
Martinez, Julien. "Expression et évolution du phénotype étendu dans une association parasitoïde-virus." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00751985.
Full textLescroël, Amélie. "Stratégies d'exploitation des ressources marines par des prédateurs plongeurs : Approche comparée entre colonies et implications évolutives." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/LESCROEL_Amelie_2005.pdf.
Full textAn individual’s foraging strategy is a key trait of his life-history. We studied the variations of foraging behaviour, morphology and reproductive traits in coastal seabird populations facing the spatial variation of their food resources at a microgeographical scale. Using the gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Kerguelen shag (Phalacrocorax verrucosus) as study models, we showed that the prey distribution, abundance and type could lead to the emergence of specific foraging strategies. In both species, the variation of foraging strategies is closely linked to large body size and body mass variations. Our results suggest that trophic factors may lead to selection pressures strong enough to drive the morphological differentiation of populations at a very small spatial scale (20 to 55 km)
Béliveau, Lapointe Mariline. "Caractérisation d'un modèle murin déplété en la protéine FANCI : phénotypes méiotiques et comportementaux, et résistance aux aldéhydes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27874.
Full textFanconi anemia (FA) is a rare recessive disease associated with a defect in the pathway of DNA double strand breaks repair (FA pathway). These double stranded breaks are caused by crosslinking agents by creating a covalent bond between the two opposite strands and blocking polymerases during DNA replication or transcription. My project’s principal interest is a major protein it this pathway : the FANCI protein. It is described as acting together with FANCD2 protein to recruit DNA repair machinery. We hypothesised that FANCI has an important role in development, in meiosis and that it is implicated in cells’ aldehydes resistance. After the creation of a mouse model depleted in FANCI, with did anxiety and memory behavior tests to deeply characterize our mouse model. Also, results of gonad histologic cuts confirmed mouse sterility. More specifically, we did a meiotic spread and immunofluorescence to see FANCI on meiotic chromosomes. We also treated embryonic fibroblasts with mitomycin C, an exogenous crosslinking agent, and then wanted to check with an endogenous source, like aldehydes, on FANCI depleted human cells. We also observed 53BP1 and γ-H2AX foci formation to check for double strand break accumulation. Behavior tests do not show any significative tendancy. We observe a colocalization between FANCI and the resection marker RPA. Moreover, FANCI depletion gives an aldehyde resistance to cells. 53BP1 and γ-H2AX foci show a population of cells with a very high level of foci and others that have the same amount of foci as the control cells.
Bourgeois, Alexandre. "Implication du fragment C99 dans l’avènement des phénotypes pathologiques de la maladie d’Alzheimer." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR6003.
Full textAlzheimer’s disease (AD), the most frequent form of dementia, is a neurodegenerative disease associated with memory loss but also psychological symptoms such as depression and apathy. AD is histologically characterized by both the extracellular aggregation of the amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide in senile plaques, and the increased phosphorylation of the Tau protein leading to intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neurodegeneration. In the amyloid hypothesis, the Abeta accumulation is responsible for the emergence of AD phenotypes. This peptide originates from the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP), first cleaved by the beta-secretase producing the carboxy-terminal fragment C99, which then is processed by the gamma-secretase leading to Abeta accumulation. Thanks to different approaches, I’m showing in this work that the C99 fragment is able to induce AD phenotypes independently of Abeta toxicity.1- Generated by Dr Laferla’s team, the 3xTgAD mice (APPswe, TauP301L, PS1M146V) develop early cognitive deficits and synaptic dysfunctions associated with intracellular Abeta deposition, followed with the emergence of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles at late age. We produced a new transgenic line (2xTgAD: APPswe, TauP301L) which show the same C99 accumulation as 3xTg mice, but no detectable Abeta. I demonstrated, in my 1st author article, that 2xTgAD mice develop behavior and synaptic alterations similarly to 3xTgAD mice, suggesting that those deficits are induced by C99, and not Abeta accumulation.2- We developed another AD mouse model based on intracerebroventricular injection of an adeno-associated virus allowing neuronal overexpression of the C99 fragment all lifelong. In my PhD, I caracterised the anatomical, biochemical and behavior phenotypes of this AAV-C99 model. Abeta production is detected from gamma-secretase cleavage of the overexpressed C99. As such, we used a gamma-secretase inhibitor (ELND006) to discriminate between Abeta and C99 toxicity. Thanks to this model and treatment, I helped to demonstrate in Lauritzen and al., 2016, that C99 contributes to lysosomal and autophagic dysfonctions in AD.3- Lastly, I generated other tools to focus on biochemical mechanisms of C99 pathological effects. I produced plasmidic constructions inducing overexpression of mutated forms of C99 (C99G33L et C99G29L/G33L) enhancing its dimerization. Those put forward, in a recently submitted article, the presence of C99 in exosomes in both monomeric and oligomeric forms in vitro and in vivo.The above results suggest that C99 is involved in the early emergence of some important AD phenotypes. These data could be extremely meaningful for the current developing of an AD treatment
Lidgard, Damian Charles. "Variation intraspécifique du système d'accouplement du mâle chez le phoque gris : relation entre le phénotype, le comportement et le succès reproducteur." La Rochelle, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LAROS099.
Full textThis study has measured the extent and success of behavioural variation in the mating system of the grey seal. The study was conducted on Sable Island, Canada during 6 breeding seasons. The study revealed much greater variation in behaviour than previously recognised. The success of two mating tactics was measured. Although the principal tactic (i. E. Consort) revealed low success it was higher than that of an alternative tactic. Some young males exhibited both primary and alternative tactics. Consort males were larger and arrived with absolutely more energy reserves and sustained breeding for longer suggesting that state was more important than age in determining performance. Alternative mating tactics may have important implications for the pattern of gene flow and for sexual selection
Felgerolle, Chloé. "Anomalies sensorielle visuelle du Syndrome de l'X fragile, contribution rétinienne au phénotype de dys-sensibilité." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE2012.
Full textFragile X syndrome (FXS) is the leading cause of X-linked hereditary monogenic intellectual disability (1/3000 boys). In addition to mental retardation, patients present autism spectrum disorders and sensory disturbances, including impaired visual functions. The molecular origin of the FXS is the silencing of the FMR1 gene, which can no longer express the FMRP protein. At the molecular and cellular levels, the loss of FMRP results in structural and functional abnormalities of the synapses, at the brain as well as at the retinal level. This PhD thesis project aims to deepen knowledge of retinal and visual phenotypes in the absence of FMRP protein, as well as the study of the involvement of this retinal phenotype in the visual and global phenotypes of fragile X syndrome.We have revealed the precocity and stability of retinal abnormalities in the absence of the FMRP protein, which confirms the strength of the retinal phenotype under FXS conditions, and raises the question of its influence on other structures. In parallel, we have shown that the absence of FMRP protein causes significant disturbances of several visual traits in a behavioral standpoint. Finally, a strategy was developed to create an animal model "FXS-retina-specific", the study of which would provide information on the consequences of the absence of the FMRP protein only in the retina.This PhD thesis project highlights the importance of visual and retinal phenotypes of FXS, and provides new insights supporting the centrality of sensory disturbances in this pathology
Pennel, Lucie. "Intoxications médicamenteuses volontaires répétées : une conduite addictive plutôt que suicidaire. Phénotypage clinique et modélisation comportementale par une approche dimensionnelle." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV025.
Full textRepeated Self-poisoning (RSP) constitute an under evaluated but growing public health problem, treated as a suicidal rather than an addictive behavior. Our work brings arguments by showing that suicides involving alcohol are mainly by self-poisoning and correspond to deliberate self-harm syndrome; repeat suicide attempters are identified by a neuroticism and anxious attachment typically found in addicts; even suicidal RSP shows addictive behavior involving medicines; the best predictor of self-poisoning is having thought about it. Conceptualized through a translational approach and supported by pharmacological arguments, we propose a multidimensional model of suicidal behaviors, that could integrate the continuum of addictive behaviors. This confirms the initial hypothesis and the viability of a transnosographic concept for diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses
Dupont, Sophie. "Influence des conditions de développement sur le phénotype des oiseaux, de l’éclosion à l’âge adulte." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS019.
Full textPost-natal development is a crucial step for the rest of life. Indeed, individual physiological and behavioral functions are set-up and matured during that life-stage and final morphology is acquired at that time. Any stress or constraint perceived by the offspring during this period can have significant morphological, physiological and/or behavioral consequences in the short but also in the long term. In fine, an individual’s fitness can be affected by the quality of its developmental conditions. This PhD aims to improve our understanding of the impact of abiotic developmental conditions (climate, human disturbance and exposure to a pesticide) and parental care on the quality of the produced chicks. Firstly, through the study of markers of stress and allostasis (stress response and telomere length) in Black-browed albatross and Snow petrel’s chicks, we demonstrated that in the short term, the quality of parental care - approximated by the age of the breeding individuals - was a major factor determining a chick’s phenotype. Secondly, the manipulation of corticosterone levels during development in House sparrow chicks (mimicking a developmental constraint) seems to have long-term impacts on individual performance. More precisely, in adulthood, I found that this experimental manipulation of developmental conditions was associated with a reduced metabolism, a reduced sexual attractiveness, and an increased parental investment during adulthood. Using the results obtained during this PhD, I discuss the influence of developmental conditions on individual fitness in an evolutionary context
Humbert, Olivier. "Imagerie TEP au 18F-FDG du cancer du sein : étude du comportement métabolique des différents phénotypes tumoraux et prédiction de la réponse tumorale à la chimiothérapie néoadjuvante." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS024/document.
Full textPositron Emission Tomography (PET) with 18Fluoro-deoxyglucose (18F-FDG) is the reference imaging examination for in-vivo quantification of the glucidic metabolism of tumour cells. It allows for the monitoring of tumour metabolic changes during chemotherapy. Breast cancer comprises several distinct genomic entities with different biological characteristics and clinical behaviours, leading to different tailored treatments. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to evaluate the relationship between the different biological entities of breast cancer and the tumour metabolic behaviour during neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We have also retrieved, among the various metabolic parameters on PET images, the most reliable ones to predict, as early as after the first neoadjuvant cycle, the final tumour histologic response and patient’s outcome. We have also evaluated early changes in tumour blood flow, using a tumour first-pass model derived from an dynamic 18F-FDG-PET acquisition.The first article presented in this thesis has underlined the strong correlation between breast cancer subtypes, and the tumour metabolic behaviour during chemotherapy. The following three articles have demonstrated that tumour metabolic changes after the first neoadjuvant cycle can predict the final histologic complete response at the end of the treatment, both in triple-negative and HER2 positive tumours. Concerning the luminal/HER2 subtype, the early metabolic response mainly predicts patient’s outcome.These results should lead, in the near future, to PET-guided neoadjuvant strategies, in order to adapt the neoadjuvant treatment in poor-responding women. Such a strategy should lead to enhanced personalized medicine
Dufresne, Murielle. "Comportements cellulaires en culture d'explants arteriels : caracterisation phenotypique et influence de l'heparine sur la proliferation." Compiègne, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998COMP1120.
Full textCellier, Marjorie. "Caractérisation phénotypique du comportement alimentaire chez la chèvre laitière." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB019.
Full textAgricultural systems are changing rapidly and are subject to increasing societal and economic pressures. A key element in their adaptation is to find an optimal combination between the ability of animals to adapt to changing environments, the maintenance of production performance and husbandry methods that would best support individual variability. The development of precision livestock farming, with the increasing ability to automatically record behavioural and production parameters, makes it possible to obtain accurate information on-farm in real time. It is therefore crucial that the biological relevance of the variables measured be known.However, due to the lack of studies on this subject, we know little about feeding behaviour of individual ruminants, and in particular goats, and what factors contribute to the individual variation.Using goats, work presented in thesis showed that 1) goats have preferences in terms of feeding posture and types of feed offered, 2) important inter-individual variability of feeding behaviour exists among goats housed in groups, while the individual feeding behaviour pattern is relatively stable over time, 3) when goats are subjected to feeding challenges such as changes in the frequency of feed delivery, they adapt their feeding behaviour to these changes, but keep a stable pattern of feeding behaviour
Degroote, Stéphanie. "Trois expositions environnementales, un trouble : perturbations endocrine, du métabolisme monocarboné, et du microbiote intestinal maternel pendant la gestation déclenchent des phénotypes de type autistique chez le rat de type sauvage." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9604.
Full textCarlin, Gabrielle. "Exposition périnatale à un régime maternel de quantité et de qualité variables en protéines chez le rat : préférences alimentaires et phénotype de la descendance du sevrage à l’âge adulte." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLA007.
Full textAbstract : Perinatal exposure to maternal diet induces programming processes of later individual phenotype and health. Additionally, food orientations like for protein, change in terms of quantity and quality. These observations enhance scientific community to evaluate consequences of protein consumption changes on future generations.This thesis project aims to determine the consequences of modifying protein quantity and quality in maternal diets on food preferences and metabolic risks in female rat offspring.Two studies were conducted in rats. The first study evaluated the impact of protein excess in the maternal diet during gestation, through a high-protein (HP) diet composed with cow milk protein. The second study evaluated effects of (i) a HP diet composed with different protein sources (cow milk, pea, or turkey) during gestation and (ii) these different protein sources (cow milk, pea, or turkey-derived) during lactation. From weaning to adulthood (study 1: 15 weeks after birth; study 2; 10 weeks after birth), female pups were subjected to “dietary self-selection” (DSS), which allowed them to choose their own macronutrient compositions, level of food intake and protein sources (second study only).Regardless of the maternal diet, these two studies showed that when DSS was composed with separate macronutrients, rats exhibited overfeeding and increased lipid intake coupled with a decreased carbohydrate intake. Moreover, the results of the second study indicated that rats did not orient their protein intake towards the maternal protein source to which they were exposed during perinatal period. Nevertheless, the two studies showed that the maternal HP diet during gestation caused an increased adiposity in female adult offspring, regardless of the maternal protein source. This increase was stronger when offspring were subjected to DSS condition, which allowed them to increase lipid intake and decrease carbohydrate intake.In conclusion, perinatal exposure to a HP diet varying in protein quantity and quality increases the risk of becoming overweight in female rat adult offspring. We assess the relationship between these data and the the sensitivity of central pathways of food intake and reward control, the sensitivity of energetic and peripheral metabolic pathways, and the gut microbiota composition and activity.This work provides new data indicating that a balanced diet in protein quantity and quality during gestation, through a protein/carbohydrate ratio and amino acid profile, could play a key role on offspring phenotypic parameters, especially when submitted to increased dietary options
Mirat, Olivier. "Analyse haut-débit du comportement spontané d'un organisme modèle " simple "." Phd thesis, Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00881755.
Full textCornet, Cindy. "Les capacités d'adaptations des oiseaux marins face aux changements environnementaux : le rôle de l'hétérogénéité au sein des populations." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAJ047/document.
Full textPopulation dynamics is driven by several life history traits shaped by the evolutionary history of the population. The alteration of one of these traits by environmental constraints may thus have effects on the population persistence. Individual adjustments of some phenotypic traits could then enable this population to rapidly respond to these constraints without the immediate necessity of genetic adaptations. During this PhD project, we identified variability in some of these traits in 3 sentinel species of polar ecosystems. These results allowed us to better understand the associations between these traits and the evolutionary pressures underlying these associations, as well as the importance of traits such as personality in the amount of variability in individuals’ fitness that remains unexplained. In the long term, we should then be able to better gauge the adaptive capacity of populations to face global changes