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Journal articles on the topic 'Phénomène de flexion relaxation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 20 April 2024

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1

Rose-Dulcina, K., S. Genevay, and S. Armand. "Comprendre le phénomène de flexion-relaxation chez les patients atteints de lombalgie chronique non spécifique grâce à la réalité virtuelle." Revue du Rhumatisme 89 (December 2022): A118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rhum.2022.10.169.

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2

Olson, Michael W., Li Li, and Moshe Solomonow. "Flexion-relaxation response to cyclic lumbar flexion." Clinical Biomechanics 19, no. 8 (October 2004): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.05.007.

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3

Dickey, James P., Sara McNorton, and James R. Potvin. "Repeated spinal flexion modulates the flexion–relaxation phenomenon." Clinical Biomechanics 18, no. 9 (November 2003): 783–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-0033(03)00166-9.

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4

Mak, Joseph N. F., Yong Hu, Aldous C. S. Cheng, H. Y. Kwok, Y. H. Chen, and Keith D. K. Luk. "Flexion-Relaxation Ratio in Sitting." Spine 35, no. 16 (July 2010): 1532–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181ba021e.

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5

Murphy, Bernadette A., Paul W. Marshall, and Heidi Haavik Taylor. "The Cervical Flexion-Relaxation Ratio." Spine 35, no. 24 (November 2010): 2103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/brs.0b013e3181cbc7d8.

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6

Neblett, Randy, Tom G. Mayer, Robert J. Gatchel, and Tim Proctor. "Quantifying lumbar flexion-relaxation phenomenon." Spine Journal 2, no. 5 (September 2002): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1529-9430(02)00253-x.

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7

Olson, Michael, Moshe Solomonow, and Li Li. "Flexion–relaxation response to gravity." Journal of Biomechanics 39, no. 14 (January 2006): 2545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.009.

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8

Athlani, Lionel, Romain Detammaecker, Amélie Touillet, Gilles Dautel, and Anne Foisneau. "Effect of different positions of splinting on flexor tendon relaxation: a cadaver study." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 44, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193419865123.

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We performed a cadaver study to evaluate how six different static heat-moulded splints affect flexor tendon relaxation. Each splint positioned the wrist and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints in different positions. We evaluated the tendon relaxation in 12 fresh adult cadaver forearms by measuring the flexor tendon displacement between two solid markers for each splint. The wrist position ranged from 30° flexion to 45° extension and the MCP joints from 30° to 60° flexion. For each splint, tendon relaxation was achieved relative to the neutral reference position. Tendon relaxation was greatest when the MCP joints were positioned in 60° flexion. We also noted the persistence of tendon relaxation when the wrist was positioned in extension (30° or 45°) as long as MCP joint flexion was maintained (30° or 60°). We conclude that the wrist extension with the MCP joints flexion may optimize tendon relaxation during immobilization after flexor tendon repairs.

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Paoletti, Michele, Alberto Belli, Lorenzo Palma, Massimo Vallasciani, and Paola Pierleoni. "A Wireless Body Sensor Network for Clinical Assessment of the Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon." Electronics 9, no. 6 (June 24, 2020): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9061044.

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An accurate clinical assessment of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon on back muscles requires objective tools for the analysis of surface electromyography signals correlated with the real movement performed by the subject during the flexion-relaxation test. This paper deepens the evaluation of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon using a wireless body sensor network consisting of sEMG sensors in association with a wearable device that integrates accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. The raw data collected from the sensors during the flexion relaxation test are processed by an algorithm able to identify the phases of which the test is composed, provide an evaluation of the myoelectric activity and automatically detect the phenomenon presence/absence. The developed algorithm was used to process the data collected in an acquisition campaign conducted to evaluate the flexion-relaxation phenomenon on back muscles of subjects with and without Low Back Pain. The results have shown that the proposed method is significant for myoelectric silence detection and for clinical assessment of electromyography activity patterns.

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10

Neblett, Randy, Tom G. Mayer, Robert J. Gatchel, Janice Keeley, Tim Proctor, and Christopher Anagnostis. "Quantifying the Lumbar Flexion–Relaxation Phenomenon." Spine 28, no. 13 (July 2003): 1435–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000067085.46840.5a.

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11

Solomonow, Moshe, Richard V. Baratta, Anthony Banks, Curt Freudenberger, and Bing He Zhou. "Flexion–relaxation response to static lumbar flexion in males and females." Clinical Biomechanics 18, no. 4 (May 2003): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0268-0033(03)00024-x.

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12

Steventon, Craig, and Gabriel Ng. "Effect of trunk flexion speed on flexion relaxation of erector spinae." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 41, no. 4 (1995): 241–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60432-3.

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13

Ang, Coco, Brian C. Nairn, Alison Schinkel-Ivy, and Janessa D. M. Drake. "Seated maximum flexion: An alternative to standing maximum flexion for determining presence of flexion-relaxation?" Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 29, no. 2 (April 27, 2016): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-150621.

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14

Aranda-Valera, I. Concepción, Juan Luis Garrido-Castro, Alfonso Martínez-Galisteo, José Peña-Amaro, Cristina González-Navas, Antonio Cuesta-Vargas, Luis Jiménez-Reina, Eduardo Collantes-Estévez, and Clementina López-Medina. "Patients with Axial Spondyloarthritis Show an Altered Flexion/Relaxation Phenomenon." Diagnostics 11, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050810.

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Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is a chronic rheumatic disease characterized by the presence of inflammatory back pain. In patients with chronic low back pain, the lumbar flexion relaxation phenomenon measured by surface electromyography (sEMG) differs from that in healthy individuals. However, sEMG activity in axSpA patients has not been studied. The purpose of this study was to analyze the flexion relaxation phenomenon in axSpA patients. A study evaluating 39 axSpA patients and 35 healthy controls was conducted. sEMG activity at the erector spinae muscles was measured during lumbar full flexion movements. sEMG activity was compared between axSpA patients and the controls, as well as between active (BASDAI ≥ 4) and non-active (BASDAI < 4) patients. The reliability (using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)), criterion validity and discriminant validity using the area Under the curve (AUC) for the inverse flexion/relaxation ratio (1/FRR) were evaluated. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed between axSpA patients and the control group in lumbar electric activity, especially during flexion, relaxation, and extension and in FRR and 1/FRR (0.66 ± 0.39 vs. 0.25 ± 0.19, respectively). In addition, significant differences were found between active and non-active but also between non-active and healthy subjects. The sEMG showed good reliability (ICC > 0.8 for 1/FRR) and criterion validity. ROC analysis showed good discriminant validity for axSpA patients (AUC = 0.835) vs. the control group using 1/FRR. An abnormal flexion/relaxation phenomenon exists in axSpA patients compared with controls. sEMG could be an additional objective tool in the evaluation of patient function and disease activity status.

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15

Shin, HyeonHui, and KyeongMi Kim. "Effects of Cervical Flexion on the Flexion-relaxation Ratio during Smartphone Use." Journal of Physical Therapy Science 26, no. 12 (2014): 1899–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1899.

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16

Shirado, Osamu, Toshikazu Ito, Kiyoshi Kaneda, and Thomas E. Strax. "FLEXION-RELAXATION PHENOMENON IN THE BACK MUSCLES." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 74, no. 2 (March 1995): 139???144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-199503000-00010.

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17

Shamsi, Hasan, Khosro Khademi-Kalantari, Alireza Akbarzadeh-Baghban, Neda Izadi, and Farshad Okhovatian. "Cervical flexion relaxation phenomenon in patients with and without non-specific chronic neck pain." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 34, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-200137.

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BACKGROUND: The cervical flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) is a myoelectric silence of neck extensor muscles which occurs after a certain degree of flexion. Impaired flexion relaxation can impose the vertebral structures to excessive loading resulting from the persistence of muscular contraction. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the incidence or absence of FRP in cervical erector spinae (CES) and upper trapezius muscles in patients with chronic neck pain (CNP). METHODS: Twenty-five patients with CNP and 25 healthy volunteers were recruited. They accomplished cervical flexion and extension from a neutral position in four phases in the sitting position. The surface electromyography activity of both CES and upper trapezius muscles was recorded in each phase. Cervical flexion and extension movements were simultaneously measured using an electrogoniometer. RESULTS: FRP in CES was observed in 84% and 36% of healthy subjects and CNP patients, respectively. Flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) in CES was lower in CNP patients than in healthy subjects (mean diff = 1.33; 95% CI: 0.75–1.91) (P< 0.001). Only in CNP patients, FRR in right erector spinea was significantly higher than that in the left erector spinea (P= 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: FRP incidence in CNP patients was less than in healthy subjects. Moreover, this phenomenon begins later in CNP patients than in healthy subjects indicating prolonged activity of CES muscles during flexion in the CNP group. The difference between FRR in the right and left sides of erector spinea muscles can result in CNP.

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18

KASAHARA, Satoshi, Mitsuhisa TODUKA, Mitsuhiko TAKAHASHI, and Kenji MIYAMOTO. "Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon during Trunk Asymmetric Forward Bending." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 25, no. 1 (2010): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.25.133.

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19

Mousavi-Khatir, Roghayeh, Saeed Talebian, Nader Maroufi, and Gholam Reza Olyaei. "Effect of static neck flexion in cervical flexion-relaxation phenomenon in healthy males and females." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 20, no. 2 (April 2016): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.07.039.

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20

Paoletti, Michele, Alberto Belli, Lorenzo Palma, and Paola Pierleoni. "Electromyography Pattern Likelihood Analysis for Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon Evaluation." Electronics 9, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 2046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9122046.

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The myoelectric activity of the back muscles can be studied to evaluate the flexion-relaxation phenomenon and find differences between electromyography patterns on different subjects. In this paper, we propose an algorithm able to provide a myoelectric silence evaluation based on the data acquired from a wireless body sensor network consisting of surface electromyography sensors in association with a wearable inertial measurement unit. From the study group was chosen a gold standard subject, a healthy control with the best regular patterns, as a reference to find a first validity range. Through the subsequent iterations, the range was modified to include the other healthy subjects who showed muscle relaxation according to the previous ranges. Through this likelihood analysis, we want to compare patterns on different channels, identified by the electromyography root mean squared values, to study and find with iterations a validity range for the myoelectric activity silence identification and classification. The proposed algorithm was tested by processing the data collected in an acquisition campaign conducted to evaluate the flexion-relaxation phenomenon on the back muscles of subjects with and without lower back pain. The results show that the submitted method is significant for the clinical assessment of electromyography activity patterns to evaluate which are the subjects that have patterns near or far from the gold standard. This analysis is useful both for prevention and for assessing the progress of subjects with low back pain undergoing physiotherapy.

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21

Ng, Gabriel, and Kerrie Walter. "Ageing does not affect flexion relaxation of erector spinae." Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 41, no. 2 (1995): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(14)60422-0.

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22

Granata, Kevin P., Ellen Rogers, and Kevin Moorhouse. "Effects of static flexion–relaxation on paraspinal reflex behavior." Clinical Biomechanics 20, no. 1 (January 2005): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2004.09.001.

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23

Rogers, Ellen L., and Kevin P. Granata. "Disturbed Paraspinal Reflex Following Prolonged Flexion-Relaxation and Recovery." Spine 31, no. 7 (April 2006): 839–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000206361.53451.c7.

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24

Shan, Xinhai, Yanbing Zhang, Tailai Zhang, Zhentao Chen, and Yugang Wei. "Flexion relaxation of erector spinae response to spinal shrinkage." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 22, no. 3 (June 2012): 370–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.12.011.

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25

Bloch, Laurence, Pierre-Yves Hénin, Olivier Marchand, F. Meunier, and Claude Thélot. "Analyse macro-économique des taux d’activité et flexion conjoncturelle." Économie appliquée 39, no. 4 (1986): 665–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ecoap.1986.4098.

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A partir de séries de taux d’activité annuels par sexe et tranche d’âge ou trimestriels globaux, constitués spécialement pour la circonstance de 1967 à 1983, on estime des équations d’offre de travail où figurent comme variables explicatives des variables structurelles (temporelles, démographiques), des variables conjoncturelles reflétant la situation du moment (opinion des ménages sur la situation de l’emploi ou le climat général, «taux de chômage» des hommes adultes), enfin des variables institutionnelles (représentant les mesures politiques prises en direction des main-d’œuvre juvénile et âgée). D’autres éléments (salaires moyens réels, rapports de salaire, allocations de chômage rapportées au salaire moyen, tension sur le marché des biens...) sont testés mais ne sont pas retenus car non significatifs. La mesure de l’effet de flexion, c’est-à-dire de la sensibilité des taux d’activité à la situation conjoncturelle, est certes assez imprécise. Cependant, on peut avancer que l’effet du travailleur découragé l’emporte sur l’effet du travailleur additionnel et que l’ampleur du phénomène, sans être énorme, n’est pas négligeable : au maximum 150.000 personnes lors des mouvements les plus forts des taux d’activité, ceci pour la seule flexion conjoncturelle (c’est-à-dire en

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26

KUMAMOTO, Tsuneo, Toshiaki SEKO, Masashi TANAKA, Masahiro SHIDA, and Toshikazu ITO. "Difference in the Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon between Sitting and Standing." Rigakuryoho Kagaku 29, no. 4 (2014): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1589/rika.29.621.

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27

MITAKI, Hideki. "Relation between chronic low back pain and flexion relaxation phenomenon." Journal of Japanese Society of Lumbar Spine Disorders 13, no. 1 (2007): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3753/yotsu.13.136.

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28

Sihvonen, Teuvo. "Flexion relaxation of the hamstring muscles during lumbar-pelvic rhythm." Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 78, no. 5 (May 1997): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90161-1.

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Marshall, Paul, and Bernadette Murphy. "Changes in the Flexion Relaxation Response Following an Exercise Intervention." Spine 31, no. 23 (November 2006): E877—E883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000244557.56735.05.

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30

Howarth, Samuel J., Drazen Glisic, Joyce G. B. Lee, and Tyson A. C. Beach. "Does prolonged seated deskwork alter the lumbar flexion relaxation phenomenon?" Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.01.004.

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31

Larcher, Pierre. "Parlers arabes nomades et sédentaires et diglossie chez Ibn Ǧinnī (IV^e/X^e siècle). Sociolinguistique et histoire de la langue vs discours épilinguistique." Al-Qanṭara 39, no. 2 (May 21, 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/alqantara.2018.012.

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[fr] Dans les Ḫaṣā’iṣ, Ibn Ǧinnī (m. 392/1002) fait état, incidemment, d’une différenciation entre parlers arabes nomades et sédentaires, ces derniers étant caractérisés par une perte partielle de la flexion désinentielle (’i‘rāb). Dans la mesure où Ibn Ǧinnī se réfère sur ce point à une source antérieure de près de deux siècles d’une part, indique qu’il n’y a presque plus, à son époque, de bédouin au parler « châtié » (faṣīḥ, c’est-à-dire fléchi mu‘rab) d’autre part, on peut voir dans ses remarques une reconnaissance implicite d’une situation de diglossie, les parlers nomades étant à l’origine de la variété haute (al-luġa al-‘arabiyya al-faṣīḥa). Cette situation est d’ailleurs révélée par une anecdote, où l’on voit un même usager, d’origine bédouine, alterner ce qu’Ibn Ǧinnī appelle « les deux manières de parler » (ǧihatā al-kalām), avec et sans flexion désinentielle. Malgré les apparences, il ne s’agit pas de sociolinguistique et d’histoire de la langue. Il s’agit de théorie du langage, avec l’hypothèse d’un phénomène d’entropie, liée à l’utilisation de la langue, l’utilisateur se passant, par d’autres moyens, de la flexion désinentielle, source de difficulté et d’erreurs. Il s’agit aussi et surtout d’un discours épilinguistique, conforme à l’idéologie linguistique (thèse de la faṣāḥa bédouine) et à la théologie (thèse de la « langue du Ḥiǧāz » comme al-luġa alfuṣḥā), deux thèses difficilement conciliables.

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Hendershot, Brad D., and Maury A. Nussbaum. "Altered flexion-relaxation responses exist during asymmetric trunk flexion movements among persons with unilateral lower-limb amputation." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 24, no. 1 (February 2014): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2013.11.005.

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33

Toosizadeh, N., and M. A. Nussbaum. "PROLONGED TRUNK FLEXION CAN INCREASE SPINE LOADS DURING A SUBSEQUENT LIFTING TASK: AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TRUNK FLEXION DURATION AND ANGLE USING A SAGITTALLY SYMMETRIC, VISCOELASTIC SPINE MODEL." Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 16, no. 04 (December 2013): 1350022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021895771350022x.

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Load-relaxation of the human trunk following prolonged flexion has been observed earlier, yet the adverse effects of such viscoelastic behaviors on performing demanding tasks (e.g. lifting) remain poorly understood. Theoretically, trunk stiffness reduces following flexion exposures and requires a compensatory increase in paraspinal muscle activation and spine loads. Here, a multi-segment model with nonlinear viscoelastic properties was developed. After evaluating the model, it was used to predict changes, due to a range of trunk flexion exposures, in several outcome measures (i.e. peak spine load, peak axial stiffness and absorbed energy) at L5/S1 during simulated lifting. All three measures increased during lifting following flexion exposures, including a ~ 9% (~ 284 N) increase in spine loads, and these changes were magnified by increasing flexion duration and angle. These results support prior epidemiological evidence that occupational low back injury risk is elevated when prolonged trunk flexion along with lifting are required. Further, the dependency of spine loads on loading conditions was determined in response to several flexion angles and loading durations. The current modeling approach is considered as an initial step toward implementing Kelvin-solid models in future viscoelastic spine models.

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Horn, Maggie E., and Mark D. Bishop. "Flexion Relaxation Ratio Not Responsive to Acutely Induced Low Back Pain from a Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness Protocol." ISRN Pain 2013 (February 25, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/617698.

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Background. The flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) has been suggested as a measure of muscular performance in patients with low back pain (LBP). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the FRR was responsive to acute LBP produced from a delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) protocol. Methods. Fifty-one pain-free volunteers performed DOMS to induce LBP. Current pain intensity, trunk flexion range of motion (ROM), and passive straight leg raise (SLR) were measured at baseline, 24 and 48 hours after DOMS. Participants were categorized into pain groups based on reported current pain intensity. Changes in FRR, trunk flexion ROM, and SLR ROM were examined using two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Results. Pain group was not found to have a significant effect on FRR ( = 0.054, ), nor were there any two-way interactions for changes in FRR. The pain group had decreased trunk flexion ROM compared to the minimal pain group ( = 7.21, ), but no decreases in SLR ROM ( = 3.51, ) over time. Interpretation. There were no differences in FRR based on reported pain intensity of LBP from a DOMS protocol. The responsiveness of FRR might be limited in patients with acute onset LBP of muscular origin.

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Thomas, C. K., R. S. Johansson, G. Westling, and B. Bigland-Ritchie. "Twitch properties of human thenar motor units measured in response to intraneural motor-axon stimulation." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 1339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.4.1339.

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1. The twitch properties of human thenar motor units were examined in response to intraneural motor-axon stimulation. Force components of thumb abduction and flexion were measured before and after tetanic stimulation. The magnitude, direction, and time derivatives of resultant forces, together with axon conduction velocities, were calculated for each unit. 2. Various indexes of contraction and relaxation rate were measured including contraction time (time from force onset to peak), one-half relaxation time (time from peak force to one-half that value), normalized maximum contraction and normalized maximum relaxation rates (peak positive and negative time derivatives of the force signal normalized to twitch force), and the times at which these maximum rates occurred. 3. For different units, the directions of resultant forces were approximately evenly distributed between thumb abduction and flexion. At the onset of the experiment, initial twitch forces ranged from 3 to 34 mN, contraction times from 35 to 80 ms, and one-half relaxation times from 25 to 108 ms. 4. Resultant twitch forces were positively correlated to normalized maximum relaxation rates, but not to other rate indexes or to conduction velocity. The various contraction rate measures were correlated to each other, but generally not to relaxation rates. 5. After the first test involving tetanic stimulation, the twitches of most units were potentiated and slowed, especially their relaxation phase. However, the extent of these changes varied considerably between units. In general, units with weak initial forces potentiated most, some up to three-fold. These changes in twitch properties were denoted posttetanic twitch potentiation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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36

Ilbeigi, Saeed, Mohammad Yousefi, and Hadi Moazzeni. "Assessing the Sensitivity of the Ratio Method in Identifying the Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon in People With Non-specific Low Back Pain and Healthy People." Scientific Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 12, no. 05 (November 1, 2023): 896–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/sjrm.12.5.6.

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Background and Aims There are different methods for quantifying the flexion-relaxation phenomenon (FRP). However, there is little standardization for them. This study aimes to evaluate the sensitivity of the ratio method in identifying the FRP in people with non-specific low back pain (LBP) and healthy people. Methods In this study,10 patients with nonspecific LBP and 10 healthy people participated voluntarily. They performed a trunk flexion with a straight knee. Each trunk flexion was done in four modes: (1) standing in the starting position, (2) trunk flexion at a fixed speed (using a metronome), (3) full flexion, and (4) trunk extension to the standing position. Each mode took 5 seconds and was performed 3 times. Then, the FRP was investigated using the ratio method as well as the visual inspection method. Results The sensitivity of all ratios in identifying the FRP in healthy people was 100%, except for the third ratio (the root mean square of EMG activity in a standing position divided by the root mean square in flexion mode), which was 60%. In the LBP group, the sensitivity of the first ratio was 70%; for the second ratio, it was 80%; for the third ratio, 40%; for the fourth ratio, 50%; for the fifth mode (the root mean square in extension mode divided by the root mean square in full flexion mode), 40%; and for the sixth mode, 50%. Conclusion All ratios (except for the second ratio) are valid for identifying the FRP in healthy people, but caution should be taken in using the ratio method for people with LBP; only the second ratio (maximum EMG activity in the extension mode divided by the average EMG activity in the full flexion mode) should be used for these individuals.

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Choi, Kyeong-Hee, Min-Uk Cho, Chae-Won Park, Seoung-Yeon Kim, Min-Jung Kim, Boram Hong, and Yong-Ku Kong. "A Comparison Study of Posture and Fatigue of Neck According to Monitor Types (Moving and Fixed Monitor) by Using Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon (FRP) and Craniovertebral Angle (CVA)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 17 (August 31, 2020): 6345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176345.

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This study quantified the neck posture and fatigue using the flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP) and craniovertebral angle (CVA); further, it compared the difference between the level of fatigue and neck posture induced by two types of monitors (regular fixed monitor and moving monitor). Twenty-three male participants were classified into two groups—the low-flexion relaxation ratio (FRR) group and the normal-FRR group, depending on the FRR value. All participants performed a document task for 50 min using both types of monitors. It was found that the FRR values significantly decreased after the documentation task. The CVA analysis showed that the moving monitor’s frequency of forward head posture (FHP) was lower than that for the fixed monitor. Overall, the moving monitor worked better than the fixed monitor; this can be interpreted as proof that such monitors can reduce neck fatigue.

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McGill, Stuart M., and Vaughan Kippers. "Transfer of Loads Between Lumbar Tissues During the Flexion-Relaxation Phenomenon." Spine 19, no. 19 (October 1994): 2190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199410000-00013.

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Alschuler, Kevin N., Randy Neblett, Elizabeth Wiggert, Andrew J. Haig, and Michael E. Geisser. "Flexion-relaxation and Clinical Features Associated With Chronic Low Back Pain." Clinical Journal of Pain 25, no. 9 (November 2009): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181b56db6.

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Jackson, McLean, Moshe Solomonow, Bing Zhou, Richard V. Baratta, and Mitchel Harris. "Multifidus EMG and Tension–Relaxation Recovery After Prolonged Static Lumbar Flexion." Spine 26, no. 7 (April 2001): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200104010-00003.

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Chen, Yi-Lang, Wei-Cheng Lin, Yi Chen, You-Wei Wen, Shao-Qian Yan, and Tsung-Lun Tsai. "Effect of wearing jeans on the back muscle flexion-relaxation phenomenon." International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 76 (March 2020): 102938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ergon.2020.102938.

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Descarreaux, Martin, Charles Tétreau, Jean-Daniel Dubois, and Vincent Cantin. "Changes in the flexion-relaxation response induced by abdominal muscle fatigue." Clinical Chiropractic 14, no. 4 (December 2011): 149–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clch.2011.09.010.

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Hashemirad, Fahime, Saeed Talebian, Gholam R. Olyaei, and Boshra Hatef. "Compensatory behavior of the postural control system to flexion–relaxation phenomena." Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 14, no. 4 (October 2010): 418–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.04.008.

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Schultz, Albert B., Karol Haderspeck-Grib, Glenda Sinkora, and David N. Warwick. "Quantitative studies of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon in the back muscles." Journal of Orthopaedic Research 3, no. 2 (1985): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jor.1100030208.

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Alessa, Faisal M., and Xiaopeng Ning. "Lumbar Range of Motion and Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon Onset During Static Trunk Bending Postures." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 62, no. 1 (September 2018): 915–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931218621210.

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The purpose of the current study was to assess the changes in lumbar tissue load sharing mechanism and lumbar range of motion at different trunk flexion postures. Eight participants performed the tasks of changing lumbar posture from extended to flexed posture while maintaining fixed trunk postures (30°, 60°, or 90°). Results of the present study showed that FRP onset was observed in almost all the trials at two conditions of trunk posture (i.e. 60° and 90°). The results also showed that lumbar range of motion changed significantly between the different levels of trunk posture. Findings of the current study could help for better understanding of the dynamics of lumbar active and passive tissue loading during static trunk flexion.

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Chen, Yi-Lang, Wei-Cheng Lin, Ying-Hua Liao, Yi Chen, and Pei-Yu Kang. "Changing the pattern of the back-muscle flexion–relaxation phenomenon through flexibility training in relatively inflexible young men." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): e0259619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259619.

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Although several studies have investigated the back-muscle flexion–relaxation phenomenon (FRP), the effect of individual flexibility on the FRP has been discussed infrequently, with very limited data on the influence of flexibility training on the FRP. This study thus examined the effect of flexibility training on the change of back-muscle FRP pattern in relatively inflexible young men. We collected and analyzed the valid data from 20 male participants (10 each with high and low flexibility included in the control and trained groups, respectively) when flexing their trunks at seven trunk flexion positions (0°–90°, in increments of 15°); their erector spinae and hamstring activation, pelvic tilt, and lumbosacral angle were then recorded. After 7 weeks of flexibility training for the low-flexibility group, no difference in flexibility was discovered between this group and the control (originally high-flexibility) group. The trunk flexion experiment was then repeated. The results showed that before the training stage, the low-flexibility group had lower erector spinae and higher hamstring activation, a larger pelvic tilt, and a smaller lumbosacral angle. By contrast, after training, the erector spinae and hamstring activation, pelvic tilt, and lumbosacral angle were significantly changed, and no intergroup differences were observed in FRP patterns. The study results suggest that flexibility training changes lumbopelvic movement and thereby reduces the degree of the back-muscle FRP when trunk flexion is performed.

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R, Sathyaraja, Prabhuraja R, Mohan Kumar G, Jibi Paul, Sarala R, and Dhanabakiyam l. "EFFECTIVENESS OF POST ISOMETRIC RELAXATION TECHNIQUE OVER POST FACILITATION STRETCHING TECHNIQUE FOR PATIENT WITH TRAPEZITIS." International Journal of Medical and Exercise Science 08, no. 03 (2022): 1351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36678/ijmaes.2022.v08i03.005.

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Introduction: Trapezitis is an inflammation caused in the Trapezius Muscle which further leads to pain and spasm in the neck. It increases commonly among people who are work at desk and computers, drivers, tailors, painters who uses their neck muscles a lot. MET is an active muscle based treatment approach that involves the voluntary contraction of a muscle in a controlled direction against the counterforce provided by the therapist. Methodology: This is a comparative experimental study conducted at physiotherapy OPD, ACS Medical College and Hospital. Study duration was 2 weeks with 4 session .Patient aged between 20-45 years. The sampling was chosen on purposive sampling. The pre and posttest were Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Neck Disability Index (NDI) and cervical lateral flexion ROM. In this study, 30 subjects are characterised into 2 groups of 15 subject each .Group A received post isometric relaxation technique and Group B received post facilitation stretching technique. Both pre and post test were measured using VAS,NDI and cervical lateral flexion ROM. Inclusion criteria are age of patient 20-45 years, pain, muscle spasm and tenderness. Exclusion criteria are patient age below 20 years, any cervical injury, recent surgery over cervical region. Result: On comparing pre and post test for both group on VAS,NDI and cervical lateral flexion ROM, post facilitation streching technique show better result than post isometric relaxation technique in reducing pain, neck disability and improve neck ROM. Conclusion: The study concluded that post facilitation stretching technique was more effective than post isometric relaxation technique for patient with Trapezitis.

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Loh, Ping Yeap, Hiroki Nakashima, and Satoshi Muraki. "Effects of grip force on median nerve deformation at different wrist angles." PeerJ 4 (September 22, 2016): e2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2510.

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The present study investigated the effects of grip on changes in the median nerve cross-sectional area (MNCSA) and median nerve diameter in the radial-ulnar direction (D1) and dorsal-palmar direction (D2) at three wrist angles. Twenty-nine healthy participants (19 men [mean age, 24.2 ± 1.6 years]; 10 women [mean age, 24.0 ± 1.6 years]) were recruited. The median nerve was examined at the proximal carpal tunnel region in three grip conditions, namely finger relaxation, unclenched fist, and clenched fist. Ultrasound examinations were performed in the neutral wrist position (0°), at 30°wrist flexion, and at 30°wrist extension for both wrists. The grip condition and wrist angle showed significant main effects (p< 0.01) on the changes in the MNCSA, D1, and D2. Furthermore, significant interactions (p< 0.01) were found between the grip condition and wrist angle for the MNCSA, D1, and D2. In the neutral wrist position (0°), significant reductions in the MNCSA, D1, and D2 were observed when finger relaxation changed to unclenched fist and clenched fist conditions. Clenched fist condition caused the highest deformations in the median nerve measurements (MNCSA, approximately −25%; D1, −13%; D2, −12%). The MNCSA was significantly lower at 30°wrist flexion and 30°wrist extension than in the neutral wrist position (0°) at unclenched fist and clenched fist conditions. Notably, clenched fist condition at 30°wrist flexion showed the highest reduction of the MNCSA (−29%). In addition, 30°wrist flexion resulted in a lower D1 at clenched fist condition. In contrast, 30°wrist extension resulted in a lower D2 at both unclenched fist and clenched fist conditions. Our results suggest that unclenched fist and clenched fist conditions cause reductions in the MNCSA, D1, and D2. More importantly, unclenched fist and clenched fist conditions at 30°wrist flexion and 30°wrist extension can lead to further deformation of the median nerve.

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Alcaraz-Clariana, S., L. García-Luque, I. C. Aranda-Valera, M. L. Ladehesa Pineda, C. López-Medina, C. Gonzalez-Navas, F. Alburquerque Sendin, et al. "POS1272 DIFFERENCES IN RANGE OF MOTION AND MECHANICAL MUSCLE CHARACTERISTICS AMONG INFLAMMATORY AND MECHANICAL SPINAL PAIN: A CASE-CONTROL STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 920.2–921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.1036.

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Background:The spinal range of motion (ROM) and the mechanical muscle properties (MMPs) at rest are defined as relevant clinical factors in inflammatory (i.e. axial Spondyloarthritis -axSpA) and mechanical spinal pain (i.e. Mechanical Neck pain -NP- or Mechanical Low Back pain -LBP-). Nevertheless, there is not enough evidence regarding if ROM and MMPs are different in both types of spinal pain.Objectives:To identify differences between axSpA patients and NP or LBP subjects, in cervical and lumbar ROMs and MMPs at rest.Methods:Subjects with axSpA and with NP or LBP composed the Inflammatory pain Group (IG) and the Mechanical pain Group (MG), respectively. For the analysis of the spinal mobility, two Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) were used. For both spinal regions (cervical and lumbar - Figure 1A,B) 3 repetitions of flexion-extension, lateral-flexion, and rotation were executed separately[1]. A record of the MMPs using a hand myotonometer was made in both lumbar (muscular belly of the erector spinal – Figure 1D) and cervical (the semispinalis capitis muscles at C4 - Figure 1C) spine in prone position with both arms along the body. The MMPs recorded in this study included: frequency (tone), stiffness, decrement (elasticity), relaxation and creep (viscosity). The order of assessments (right/left) was randomized. Since no side-to-side differences in either group were observed, the mean of both sides was considered. Student-t tests were used to compare the groups, and Cohen-d effect size index was estimated as a measure of the size of difference. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:61 subjects in IG (42% women, age 41±12 years, BMI 25±3) and 66 in MG (51% women, age 38±13 years, BMI 25±3) participated in this study. No significant differences were identified in sociodemographic data between both groups. Table 1 shows ROM and MMPs between groups. All lumbar ROMs were significantly lower in the IG, with the different between means achieving the minimum clinical important difference (>8°) for flexion-extension and lateroflexion. On the contrary, the cervical ROMs were not different between groups, and showed the highest variability, probably related to compensatory mechanisms due to lumbar ROMs restrictions. The IG showed greater Lumbar stiffness than the MG with large effect size (d=0.94). No other difference in MMPs was identified in this region (p>0.05). Regarding the cervical region, all MMPs showed differences between groups. Thus, tone, stiffness and elasticity were higher in the IG, while relaxation and viscosity were lower. In all cases, except for decrement, the effect size was from moderate to large (0.6<d<0.8).Table 1.IG (n=61)MG (n=66)p-valueCohen-dLumbar flexion- extension (°)62.7 ± 20.270.8 ± 17.90.019 *0.42Lumbar rotation (°)25.6 ± 8.330.1 ± 10.10.007 *0.48Lumbar lateral-flexion (°)46.6 ± 12.354.8 ± 10.8<0.001 *0.70Cervical flexion- extension (°)96.5 ± 21.696.2 ± 18.80.9410.01Cervical rotation (°)130.9 ± 27.3131.9 ± 25.60.8170.01Cervical lateral-flexion (°)66.4 ± 21.571.6 ± 15.60.1220.27Lumbar tone (Hz)15.32 ± 3.4014.52 ± 1.930.1290.29Lumbar stiffness (N/m)330.85 ± 56.93272.48 ± 65.590.001 *0.94Lumbar decrement1.33 ± 0.411.29 ± 0.320.4800.10)Lumbar relaxation (ms)19.11 ± 7.5820.23 ± 4.290.3120.18Lumbar creep1.16 ± 0.431.21 ± 0.220.5190.14Cervical tone (Hz)17.27 ± 1.9316.17 ± 1.840.001 *0.58Cervical stiffness (N/m)313.93 ± 54.17282.61 ± 50.070.001 *0.59Cervical decrement1.34 ± 0.231.42 ± 0.180.020 *0.39Cervical relaxation (ms)16.66 ± 2.5218.49 ± 2.74<0.001 *0.69Cervical creep1.02 ± 0.141.13 ± 0.14<0.001 *0.80Conclusion:AxSpA patients present lower lumbar ROMs than NP and LBP subjects. Further, posterior cervical MMPs of axSpA are more rigid and less viscoelastic than those of NP and LBP subjects. ROMs and MMPs show a different behavior pattern in cervical and lumbar regions when spinal pain from different origin is assessed.References:[1]Measuring Spinal Mobility Using an Inertial Measurement Unit System: A Validation Study in Axial Spondyloarthritis. Diagnostics 10(6):426Disclosure of Interests:None declared

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Čupriks, Leonīds, Uģis Ciematnieks, Gundega Knipše, Aleksandra Čuprika, Māris Lesčinskis, and Sergejs Saulīte. "Muscle functional characteristics of Latvian weightlifters in lightweight categories." SOCIETY, INTEGRATION, EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 2 (May 30, 2015): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2013vol2.609.

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To predict the potential physical abilities of weightlifters, it is recommended to follow the complex methodology for assessing the weightlifter in certain weightlifting competition exercise. Our aim of the study was to investigate the muscle contraction and relaxation process of Latvian weightlifters of lightweight categories (-56kg, -62kg) in the competition-like situation. Tests were conducted on a dynamometer system REV9000 using leg flexion and extension in knee joint. Establishing the contraction and relaxation processes of weightlifters nerve muscle apparatus in electromiograhical curves allowed us to clear out five main muscle contraction and relaxation interactional patterns: athletes straining muscles very quickly with very fast relaxation, athletes strain and relax their muscles relatively fast; athletes straining muscles fast with slow relaxation , slowly straining the muscles with quick relaxation, slowly contracting the muscles and slowly relax them. Latvian weight lifters training process requires further attention in improvement of muscle relaxation and tightening processes with selection of appropriate training resources and means.

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