Books on the topic 'Phenomenal Modifier'
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1
1966-, Fallon Padraic G., ed. Pathogen derived immunomodulatory molecules. Austin, Tex: Landes Bioscience, 2009.
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1966-, Fallon Padraic G., ed. Pathogen derived immunomodulatory molecules. Austin, Tex: Landes Bioscience, 2009.
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1966-, Fallon Padraic G., ed. Pathogen derived immunomodulatory molecules. Austin, Tex: Landes Bioscience, 2009.
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Pathogen-derived immunomodulatory molecules. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2009.
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5
P, Townsend Dennis, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Lubricant jet flow phenomena in spur and helical gears with modified addendums-- for radially directed individual jets. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1989.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on the Nutrient Requirements ofFood-Producing Animals., ed. Metabolic modifiers: Effects on the nutrient requirements offood-producing animals. Washington, D.C: NationalAcademy Press, 1994.
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National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals., ed. Metabolic modifiers: Effects on the nutrient requirements of food-producing animals. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1994.
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Kudinov, Igor', Anton Eremin, Konstantin Trubicyn, Vitaliy Zhukov, and Vasiliy Tkachev. Vibrations of solids, liquids and gases taking into account local disequilibrium. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1859642.
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The monograph presents the results of the development and research of new mathematical models of the processes of vibrations of solids, liquids and gases, taking into account local disequilibrium. To derive differential equations, the Navier—Stokes equations, Newton's second law and modified formulas of the classical empirical laws of Fourier, Hooke, Newton are used, which take into account the velocities and accelerations of the driving forces (gradients of the corresponding quantities) and their consequences (heat flow, normal and tangential stresses). The conditions for the occurrence of shock waves of stresses and displacements in dynamic thermoelasticity problems formulated taking into account relaxation phenomena in thermal and thermoelastic problems are investigated, new results are obtained in the study of longitudinal and transverse vibrations of rods, strings, liquids and gases, and the conditions for the excitation of gas self-oscillations arising from a time-constant heat source are determined.
It is intended for scientific and technical workers specializing in mathematics, thermophysics, thermoelasticity, as well as teachers and students of technical universities.
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Dubanov, Aleksandr. Computer simulation in pursuit problems. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02102-6.
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Currently, computer simulation in virtual reality systems has a special status. In order for a computer model to meet the requirements of the tasks it models, it is necessary that the mathematical apparatus correctly describe the simulated phenomena.
In this monograph, the simulation of pursuit problems is carried out. An adaptive modeling of the behavior of both pursuers and targets is carried out. An iterative calculation of the trajectories of the participants in the pursuit problem is carried out.
The main attention is paid to the methods of pursuit and parallel rendezvous. These methods are taken as the basis of the study and are modified in the future.
The scientific novelty of the study is the iterative calculation of the trajectories of the participants in the pursuit task when moving at a constant speed, while following the predicted trajectories.
The predicted trajectories form a one-parameter network of continuous lines of the first order of smoothness. The predicted trajectories are calculated taking into account the restrictions on the curvature of the participant in the pursuit problem.
The fact of restrictions on curvature can be interpreted as restrictions on the angular frequency of rotation of the object of the pursuit problem.
Also, the novelty is the calculation of the iterative process of group pursuit of multiple targets, when targets are hit simultaneously or at specified intervals. The calculation of the parameters of the network of predicted trajectories is carried out with a curvature variation in order to achieve the desired temporal effect.
The work also simulates the adaptive behavior of the pursuer and the target. The principle of behavior can be expressed on the example of a pursuer with a simple phrase: "You go to the left - I go to the left." This happens at each iteration step in terms of choosing the direction of rotation. For the purpose, the principle of adaptive behavior is expressed by the phrase: "You go to the left - I go to the right."
The studies, algorithms and models presented in the monograph can be in demand in the design of autonomously controlled unmanned aerial vehicles with elements of artificial intelligence.
The task models in the monograph are supplemented with many animated images, where you can see the research process.
Also, the tasks have an implementation in a computer mathematics system and can be transferred to virtual reality systems if necessary.
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Sawada, Osamu. Landscape of scalar meanings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 provides the landscape of scalar meanings and highlights the target phenomenon of this book—the phenomenon of the dual use of scalar modifiers. More specifically, four kinds of scalar meanings are introduced: at-issue scalar meaning, conversational scalar meaning, presuppositional scalar meaning, and conventional implicature (CI) scalar meaning. There follows an informal examination of the dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers where a scalar modifier can express an at-issue scalar meaning and a CI scalar meaning. The similarities and differences between a CI and a presupposition are also considered. It is claimed that a CI and a presupposition belong to a different class of meaning and should theoretically be treated differently.
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Sawada, Osamu. Pragmatic Aspects of Scalar Modifiers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.001.0001.
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This book investigates pragmatic aspects of scalar modifiers. Through a detailed analysis of the semantics and pragmatics of comparatives with indeterminate pronouns, positive polarity minimizers, intensifiers, and expectation-reversal adverbs in Japanese and other languages, the book shows that scalarity is utilized not just for measuring a thing/event in the semantic level, but also for expressing various kinds of pragmatic information, including politeness, priority of utterance, the speaker’s attitude, and unexpectedness, at the level of conventional implicature (CI). The similarities and differences between at-issue and CI scalar meanings are analyzed using a multidimensional composition system (Potts 2005; McCready 2010). Two types of pragmatic scalar modifiers are proposed: a higher-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which utilizes an implicit pragmatic scale, and a lower-level pragmatic scalar modifier, which recycles the scale of an at-issue gradable predicate. The book also investigates the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers that are embedded in the complement of an attitude predicate, and claims that there is a semantic shift from a CI to a secondary at-issue entailment in the case of non-speaker-oriented readings. It will also show that there is a phenomenon of “projection of not-at-issue meaning via modal support” in lower-level pragmatic scalar modifiers. Finally, the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers is also discussed. This book claims that although semantic scalar meanings and pragmatic (CI) scalar meanings are compositionally different, there is a relationship between the two, and it is important to look at both kinds of meaning in a uniform/flexible fashion.
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D, Gunstone F. Structured and Modified Lipids. CRC, 2001.
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Sawada, Osamu. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0001.
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Chapter 1 introduces the aim and the target phenomenon of this book, that is, the dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers and the meaning and use of pragmatic scalar modifiers. After a brief overview of the current views on the notion of conventional implicatures (CIs) and the semantics/pragmatics interface, and observation of data for the dual-use phenomenon of pragmatic scalar modifiers, this book raises questions concerning (i) the similarities and differences between at-issue scalar meanings and CI (not-at-issue) scalar meanings, (ii) variations in pragmatic scalar modifiers, (iii) the interpretations of embedded pragmatic scalar modifiers, and (iv) the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers. It then also briefly outlines the core ideas and analytical directions used for answering these questions.
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Sawada, Osamu. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714224.003.0010.
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Chapter 10 summarizes the book’s analyses and proposal regarding (i) similarities and differences between semantic scalar modifiers and pragmatic scalar modifiers, (ii) variations in pragmatic scalar modifiers, (iii) interpretations of embedded pragmatic scalar modifiers, and (iv) the historical development of pragmatic scalar modifiers, and considers theoretical implications. The dual-use phenomenon of scalar modifiers and the interpretations of pragmatic scalar modifiers suggest that although there is a difference between at-issue and not-at-issue meanings, they have a flexible relationship. The chapter argues that both types of meanings must be captured in a unified or flexible fashion. This multidimensional approach is compared to other alternative approaches: the relevance-theoretic approach and Bach’s approach, which does not assume the notion of a CI. Finally, possible future directions for studies of pragmatic scalar modifiers and not-at-issue content are briefly considered.
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Gray, Allison, and Ronald Hinch, eds. A Handbook of Food Crime. Bristol University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46692/9781447336020.
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Gray and Hinch explore the phenomenon of food crime. Through discussions of food safety, food fraud, food insecurity, agricultural labour, livestock welfare, genetically modified foods, food sustainability, food waste, food policy, and food democracy, they problematize current food systems and criticize their underlying ideologies.
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Meyer, P. Gene Silencing In Higher Plants And Related Phenomena In Other Eukaryotes (Current Topics in Microbiology & Immunology). Edited by P. Meyer. Springer, 1995.
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Bromley, Lesley. The physiology of acute pain. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199234721.003.0001.
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Acute pain as a result of tissue damage is self-limiting. Impulses are generated in primary sensory nerves by chemical mediators released from the damaged tissues. The spinal cord receives these impulses in the dorsal horn. At the level of the spinal cord, the impulses can be amplified or reduced in amplitude by descending inputs. At the level of the spinal cord, the representation of the painful area and the sensitivity of other, surrounding areas can be modified. At the level of the brainstem and thalamus, further modification can take place. The final perception of the pain can be modified by other central phenomena such as anxiety and fear. New imaging techniques have allowed a greater understanding of cortical representation of pain. The role of the glia in maintaining painful states is evolving.
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Animal Nutrition With Transgenic Plants. CABI Publishing, 2013.
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(US), National Research Council. Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals. National Academies Press, 1994.
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Hirschberg, Julia. Pragmatics and Prosody. Edited by Yan Huang. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199697960.013.28.
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Variation in prosody can influence the interpretation of linguistic phenomena in many languages. Type and location of prosodic prominence and prosodic phrase boundaries, differences in overall fundamental frequency (f0) contours, and changes in intensity, duration, and speaking rate can serve to inform hearers about syntactic attachment, disambiguate scope of modifiers and negation, signal information status, indicate type of speech act or propositional attitude, and contribute to the licensing of implicatures and to reference resolution. This chapter discusses aspects of prosodic variation and pragmatic meaning which have been explored in linguistics, computational linguistics, and psycholinguistics. It begins by describing some commonly used frameworks for representing prosody, including the ToBI framework, which is used to identify prosodic variation throughout. The pragmatic influence of prosody on the interpretation of syntactic, semantic, and discourse phenomena is then examined. It concludes by suggesting new avenues for research in the relationship between prosody and pragmatic interpretation.
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Allen, Michael P., and Dominic J. Tildesley. Mesoscale methods. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803195.003.0012.
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Coarse-graining is an increasingly commonplace approach to study, as economically as possible, large-scale, and long-time phenomena. This chapter covers the main methods. Brownian and Langevin dynamics are introduced, with practical details of the solution of the modified equations of motion. Several techniques which aim to bridge the gap to the hydrodynamic regime are described: these include dissipative particle dynamics, multiparticle collision dynamics, and the lattice Boltzmann method. Several examples of program code are provided. In the last part of the chapter, the derivation of a coarse-grained potential from an atomistic one is considered using force-matching and structure-matching, and the limitations of these approaches are discussed.
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Resnick, Danielle. Populism in Africa. Edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.4.
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The populist modifier has been applied frequently in Africa to refer to very distinct phenomena. At the same time, Africa represents an especially challenging case for delineating populism due to the predominance of personalistic leaders and the lack of policy ideology underlying many political parties. Therefore, this chapter argues that a cumulative conceptual approach provides the most analytical leverage in discerning African cases of populism. A cumulative approach aggregates attributes commonly associated with a concept, and the more attributes that exist, the closer an example fits the conceptual ideal. Consequently, the chapter suggests that populism is present only when it manifests as a political strategy bolstered by ideological discourse and socio-cultural performances. The chapter then reviews the utility of this cumulative conceptualism by comparing episodes of populism in Africa over time and delineating attributes that have persisted despite different country contexts and political regimes.
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Schutzer-Weissmann, John. Cytokines as central to peripheral sensitization and hyperalgesia. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0030.
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The landmark study discussed in this chapter, published in a letter to Nature in 1988 by Ferreira et al., marked the beginning of a new era of pain research. It demonstrated elegantly and for the first time that cytokines are central to peripheral sensitization and the phenomenon of hyperalgesia. The authors first injected various cytokines into rats’ paws and then tested for hyperalgesic activity using a modified Randall–Sellito rat-paw pressure test. They found that interleukin-1β evoked a dose-dependent hyperalgesic response in the injected paw. The investigators then tried to isolate the peptide domains that were responsible for interleukin-1βs hyperalgesic activity and identified two tripeptide sequences which had hyperalgesic activity. Since then, after almost three decades of inquiry into their role in the induction and maintenance of hyperalgesia and other phenomenon such as allodynia, the first human trials of interleukin-1β antagonists for the treatment of pain have begun.
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Nicolae, Alexandru. Word Order and Parameter Change in Romanian. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807360.001.0001.
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The book provides a comprehensive description and in-depth analysis of the major word order changes affecting the clausal and the nominal domains in the transition from old to modern Romanian. The Romanian data are set in a comparative Romance perspective, and the impact of the Balkan Sprachbund and the influence of Old Church Slavonic on the word order changes taking place in the transition from old to modern Romanian are also analysed. The book examines a large number of phenomena: some of them are found across Romance (e.g. scrambling, interpolation, discontinuous constituents, variation in the position and linearization of DP-internal adjectival modifiers), others are rare in Romance (e.g. a low pronominal cliticization site), and still others are specific to old or modern Romanian (e.g. the double, proclitic and enclitic, realization of the same pronominal clitic, the low definite article, the adjectival article construction).
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Givón, Tom. Is Polysynthesis a Valid Theoretical Notion? Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.22.
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While Ute (Numic, Uto-Aztecan) currently has “free” word-order, most of its morphology conforms to a historical OV syntax, with postpositions pronouns, pre-nominal genitive modifiers, and predominantly suffixal verbal morphology,with most exceptions to the latter easily attributed to pre-verbal incorporation of object, instrument, adjective, or adverb stems. Ute also displays an extensive array of complex verbal stems, most commonly two-verb combinations. Of the two combined verbal stems, the second usually loses its original valence, exhibits semantic bleaching, and otherwise bears the traditional marks of grammaticalization. While the process of complex-verb creation is extensive, long-standing, and still ongoing, its diachrony is far from clear. This chapter describes Ute complex verbs, then reviews the potential candidates for the diachronic source-constructions that gave rise to these complex lexemes. While an unambiguous identification of “the” source-construction is not yet possible, the phenomenon as a whole represents a clear trend from syntax to lexis.
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Costandi, Moheb. Body Am I. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/10500.001.0001.
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How the way we perceive our bodies plays a critical role in the way we perceive ourselves: stories of phantom limbs, rubber hands, anorexia, and other phenomena. The body is central to our sense of identity. It can be a canvas for self-expression, decorated with clothing, jewelry, cosmetics, tattoos, and piercings. But the body is more than that. Bodily awareness, says scientist-writer Moheb Costandi, is key to self-consciousness. In Body Am I, Costandi examines how the brain perceives the body, how that perception translates into our conscious experience of the body, and how that experience contributes to our sense of self. Along the way, he explores what can happen when the mechanisms of bodily awareness are disturbed, leading to such phenomena as phantom limbs, alien hands, and amputee fetishes. Costandi explains that the brain generates maps and models of the body that guide how we perceive and use it, and that these maps and models are repeatedly modified and reconstructed. Drawing on recent bodily awareness research, the new science of self-consciousness, and historical milestones in neurology, he describes a range of psychiatric and neurological disorders that result when body and brain are out of sync, including not only the well-known phantom limb syndrome but also phantom breast and phantom penis syndromes; body integrity identity disorder, which compels a person to disown and then amputate a healthy arm or leg; and such eating disorders as anorexia. Wide-ranging and meticulously researched, Body Am I (the title comes from Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra) offers new insight into self-consciousness by describing it in terms of bodily awareness.
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Launay, Jean-Pierre, and Michel Verdaguer. Electrons in Molecules. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814597.001.0001.
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The book treats in a unified way electronic properties of molecules (magnetic, electrical, photophysical), culminating with the mastering of electrons, i.e. molecular electronics and spintronics and molecular machines. Chapter 1 recalls basic concepts. Chapter 2 describes the magnetic properties due to localized electrons. This includes phenomena such as spin cross-over, exchange interaction from dihydrogen to extended molecular magnetic systems, and magnetic anisotropy with single-molecule magnets. Chapter 3 is devoted to the electrical properties due to moving electrons. One considers first electron transfer in discrete molecular systems, in particular in mixed valence compounds. Then, extended molecular solids, in particular molecular conductors, are described by band theory. Special attention is paid to structural distortions (Peierls instability) and interelectronic repulsions in narrow-band systems. Chapter 4 treats photophysical properties, mainly electron transfer in the excited state and its applications to photodiodes, organic light emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells and water photolysis. Energy transfer is also treated. Photomagnetism (how a photonic excitation modifies magnetic properties) is introduced. Finally, Chapter 5 combines the previous knowledge for three advanced subjects: first molecular electronics in its hybrid form (molecules connected to electrodes acting as wires, diodes, memory elements, field-effect transistors) or in the quantum computation approach. Then, molecular spintronics, using, besides the charge, the spin of the electron. Finally the theme of molecular machines is presented, with the problem of the directionality control of their motion.
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van Schaaik, Gerjan. The Oxford Turkish Grammar. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851509.001.0001.
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The point of departure of this book is the fundamental observation that actual conversations tend to consist of loosely connected, compact, and meaningful chunks built on a noun phrase, rather than fully fledged sentences. Therefore, after the treatment of elementary matters such as the Turkish alphabet and pronunciation in part I, the main points of part II are the structure of noun phrases and their function in nominal, existential, and verbal sentences, while part III presents their adjuncts and modifiers. The verbal system is extensively discussed in part IV, and in part V on sentence structure the grammatical phenomena presented so far are wrapped up. The first five parts of the book, taken together, provide for all-round operational knowledge of Turkish on a basic level. Part VI deals with the ways in which complex words are constructed, and constitutes a bridge to the advanced matter treated in parts VII and VIII. These latter parts deal with advanced topics such as relative clauses, subordination, embedded clauses, clausal complements, and the finer points of the verbal system. An important advantage of this book is its revealing new content: the section on syllable structure explains how loanwords adapt to Turkish; other topics include: the use of pronouns in invectives; verbal objects classified in terms of case marking; extensive treatment of the optative (highly relevant in day-to-day conversation); recursion and lexicalization in compounds; stacking of passives; the Başı-Bozuk and Focus-Locus constructions; relativization on possessive, dative, locative, and ablative objects, instrumentals and adverbial adjuncts; pseudo-relative clauses; typology of clausal complements; periphrastic constructions and double negation.
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Wang, Bin. Intraseasonal Modulation of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.616.
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The strongest Indian summer monsoon (ISM) on the planet features prolonged clustered spells of wet and dry conditions often lasting for two to three weeks, known as active and break monsoons. The active and break monsoons are attributed to a quasi-periodic intraseasonal oscillation (ISO), which is an extremely important form of the ISM variability bridging weather and climate variation. The ISO over India is part of the ISO in global tropics. The latter is one of the most important meteorological phenomena discovered during the 20th century (Madden & Julian, 1971, 1972). The extreme dry and wet events are regulated by the boreal summer ISO (BSISO). The BSISO over Indian monsoon region consists of northward propagating 30–60 day and westward propagating 10–20 day modes. The “clustering” of synoptic activity was separately modulated by both the 30–60 day and 10–20 day BSISO modes in approximately equal amounts. The clustering is particularly strong when the enhancement effect from both modes acts in concert. The northward propagation of BSISO is primarily originated from the easterly vertical shear (increasing easterly winds with height) of the monsoon flows, which by interacting with the BSISO convective system can generate boundary layer convergence to the north of the convective system that promotes its northward movement. The BSISO-ocean interaction through wind-evaporation feedback and cloud-radiation feedback can also contribute to the northward propagation of BSISO from the equator. The 10–20 day oscillation is primarily produced by convectively coupled Rossby waves modified by the monsoon mean flows. Using coupled general circulation models (GCMs) for ISO prediction is an important advance in subseasonal forecasts. The major modes of ISO over Indian monsoon region are potentially predictable up to 40–45 days as estimated by multiple GCM ensemble hindcast experiments. The current dynamical models’ prediction skills for the large initial amplitude cases are approximately 20–25 days, but the prediction of developing BSISO disturbance is much more difficult than the prediction of the mature BSISO disturbances. This article provides a synthesis of our current knowledge on the observed spatial and temporal structure of the ISO over India and the important physical processes through which the BSISO regulates the ISM active-break cycles and severe weather events. Our present capability and shortcomings in simulating and predicting the monsoon ISO and outstanding issues are also discussed.
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Akoh, Casimir C., and Oi-Ming Lai. Healthful Lipids. AOCS Publishing, 2005.
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