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1
Linić, Ida, Dunja Šamec, Jiří Grúz, Valerija Vujčić Bok, Miroslav Strnad, and Branka Salopek-Sondi. "Involvement of Phenolic Acids in Short-Term Adaptation to Salinity Stress is Species-Specific among Brassicaceae." Plants 8, no. 6 (June 6, 2019): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8060155.
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Salinity is a major abiotic stress negatively affecting plant growth and consequently crop production. The effects of short-term salt stress were evaluated on seedlings of three globally important Brassica crops—Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis), white cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), and kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)—with particular focus on phenolic acids. The physiological and biochemical stress parameters in the seedlings and the levels of three main groups of metabolites (total glucosinolates, carotenoids, and phenolics) and individual phenolic acids were determined. The salt treatments caused a dose-dependent reduction in root growth and biomass and an increase in stress parameters (Na+/K+ ratio, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glutathione (GSH)) in all seedlings but most prominently in Chinese cabbage. Based on PCA, specific metabolites grouped close to the more tolerant species, white cabbage and kale. The highest levels of phenolic acids, particularly hydroxycinnamic acids, were determined in the more tolerant kale and white cabbage. A reduction in caffeic, salicylic, and 4-coumaric acid was found in Chinese cabbage and kale, and an increase in ferulic acid levels was found in kale upon salinity treatments. Phenolic acids are species-specific among Brassicaceae, and some may participate in stress tolerance. Salt-tolerant varieties have higher levels of some phenolic acids and suffer less from metabolic stress disorders under salinity stress.
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Zhao, Yunyun, Chong Xie, Pei Wang, Zhenxin Gu, and Runqiang Yang. "GABA Regulates Phenolics Accumulation in Soybean Sprouts under NaCl Stress." Antioxidants 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10060990.
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NaCl stress causes oxidative stress in plants; γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) could alleviate such abiotic stress by enhancing the synthesis of phenolics, but the underlying mechanism is not clear. We investigated the effects of GABA on phenolics accumulation in soybean sprouts under NaCl stress by measuring changes in the content of physiological biochemicals and phenolic substances, in the activity and gene expression of key enzymes, and in antioxidant capacity. GABA reduced the oxidative damage in soybean sprouts caused by NaCl stress and enhanced the content of total phenolics, phenolic acids, and isoflavones by 16.58%, 22.47%, and 3.75%, respectively. It also increased the activities and expression of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, and 4-coumarate coenzyme A ligase. Furthermore, GABA increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the antioxidant capacity. These events were inhibited by 3-mercaptopropionate (an inhibitor for GABA synthesis), indicating that GABA mediated phenolics accumulation and antioxidant system enhancement in soybean sprouts under NaCl stress.
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LUGO-CRUZ, Eleazar, Francisco ZAVALA-GARCÍA, Francisco Javier PICÓN-RUBIO, Vania URÍAS-ORONA, Humberto RODRÍGUEZ-FUENTES, Juan Antonio VIDALES-CONTRERAS, Roberto CARRANZA-DE LA ROSA, and Guillermo NIÑO-MEDINA. "Water Stress Effect on Cell Wall Components of Maize (Zea mays) Bran." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 8, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb819710.
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In México, around 82% of the total production of maize is grown under rainfed conditions leading to a water stress environment which affects physiologic and biochemical process of the plant. Maize bran is a composited plant material consisting mainly in aleurone layer, testa and pericarp; the cell walls of these tissues are composed of proteins, non-starch polysaccharides, phenolic acids and lignin which are potential bioactive substances for human nutrition. In this research it was investigated the effect of water stress on cell wall components in the bran of three genotypes of maize by applying irrigation and water stress treatments. The content of protein, lignin, arabinoxylans, total phenols and phenolic acids was performed in the bran of ʽCebúʼ, ʽDK2027ʼ and ʽDK2034ʼ genotypes. Water stress applied through grain development stage increased protein levels of ʽCebúʼ, ʽDK2027ʼ and ʽDK2034ʼ in 4.05, 16.13 and 0.40% respectively. Respecting to lignin content, water stress increased levels at 1.28, 2.26 and 4.24% for ʽCebúʼ, ʽDK2027ʼ and ʽDK2034ʼ, respectively. Arabinoxylans content also increased in water stress treatment at levels of 1.28, 2.26 and 3.66% in ʽCebúʼ, ʽDK2027ʼ and ʽDK2034ʼ. On the other hand, water stress treatment decreased the levels of total phenols and hydroxycinnamic acids in the three maize hybrids analysed. Reduction of total phenols was 35.34, 5.59 and 31.57% for ʽCebúʼ, ʽDK2027ʼ and ʽDK2034ʼ, respectively. In addition, the levels of t-ferulic, c-ferulic and p-coumaric acids decreased 17.74, 23.93, 29.83% in ʽCebúʼ, 8.92, 8.62, 24.03% in ʽDK2027ʼ and 13.66, 11.03, 10.38% in ʽDK2034ʼ respectively.
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Scalzo, Roberto, Massimo Morassut, and Paolo Rapisarda. "Oxygen radical scavenging capacity of phenolic and non-phenolic compounds in red and white wines." Open Life Sciences 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-011-0095-8.
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AbstractThe aim of the present study was the evaluation of the antioxidant content in phenolic and non-phenolic extracts of ten wine samples, trying to elucidate the potential role of unusual antioxidant compounds. Samples of wines processed from red and white grapes (Vitis vinifera L.), deprived of the volatile fraction at low temperature and buffered at physiological pH, were fractionated by C18 into two fractions: FR1 and FR2. Non-phenolics, such as tartaric, malic, lactic, and succinic acids; glucose; fructose; and glycerin were mainly found in FR1, while polyphenols were present exclusively in FR2. Peroxyl radical quenching was assayed by the ORAC method, while superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity were assayed by electron paramagnetic resonance. In the ORAC and superoxide assays, most of the activity was found in FR2, while in hydroxyl radical assay, the activity was found in FR1. Model solutions were used to attribute a role to the single compounds in the evaluation of wine’s ROS scavenging capacity: the ORAC and superoxide anion scavenging effects were mainly attributed to the polyphenols, averaging 94.8%, with some contribution from glycerin, particularly in white wines. Unexpectedly, the main chemical responsible for hydroxyl radical scavenging activity was glycerin (56.1%), with the polyphenols scavenging at 18.1%.
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Lan, Yu, Qi Chen, Ting Gou, Kaifeng Sun, Jin Zhang, Dong Sun, and Shunshan Duan. "Algicidal Activity of Cyperus rotundus Aqueous Extracts Reflected by Photosynthetic Efficiency and Cell Integrity of Harmful Algae Phaeocystis globosa." Water 12, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113256.
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Phaeocystis globosa is regarded as a notoriously harmful algal bloom species. Suppressing harmful algae using algicidal substances extracted from plants is considered an effective method. The physiological and biochemical processes of P. globosa were explored by exposure to different concentrations of aqueous extracts of Cyperus rotundus. All treatments indicated various inhibitory effects on the algal growth compared to the control samples without adding extracts. At 48 h, the 4, 8, and 16 mg/mL treatment groups showed a significant inhibitory effect, consistent with a decrease in the chlorophyll-a content and photosynthetic efficiency. The images of the transmission electron microscope (TEM) further confirmed that a subset of the cells in the treatment groups exhibited morphological anomalies. The algicidal active substances were mainly identified as phenolic acids containing maximal content of quinic acid in aqueous extracts according to the results of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-HRMS). The 50% anti-algal effect concentration of quinic acid was 22 mg/L at 96 h (EC50–96h). Thus, the phenolic acids might be considered as major inhibitors of the growth of P. globosa. These results demonstrated that the aqueous extracts of C. rotundus could potentially control the growth of P. globosa.
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Pietrzyk, Nina, Małgorzata Zakłos-Szyda, Małgorzata Redzynia, and Anna Podsędek. "The Effect of Simulated In Vitro Digestion on Biological Activity of Viburnum opulus Fruit Juices." Molecules 26, no. 13 (July 4, 2021): 4086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26134086.
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In the present study, an in vitro digestion method has been used to assay the influence of the physiological conditions in the mouth, stomach, and intestine on the stability and activity in different cell models of the main phenolic compounds from Viburnum opulus fresh juice (FJ), phenolic-rich juice (PJ), and the bioavailable fractions (DFJ and DPJ). The data obtained indicate that the V. opulus samples achieved after in vitro digestion had an influence on cellular glucose and lipid metabolism. The bioavailable fraction of both digested juices stimulated glucose uptake and decreased lipid accumulation by L6 myoblasts and HepG2 hepatocytes. Both DFJ and DPJ reduced the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Simultaneously, DFJ and DPJ enhanced oxidative stress in MIN6 cells and decreased glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). UPLC–MS analysis revealed qualitative and quantitative changes in hydroxycinnamic acids. In particular, the content of chlorogenic acid decreased drastically; its content in the bioavailable fraction was almost 7 times and 30 times lower than in the FJ and PJ, respectively. Our results suggested that although the phenolic compounds of V. opulus juices undergo transformation during digestion, they are still potent antioxidant agents with biological activity.
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Efimov, L. A., K. R. Khasanova, A. A. Nazmieva, and T. Yu Gumerov. "Alcohol-free beverages for functional purposes." Tovaroved prodovolstvennykh tovarov (Commodity specialist of food products), no. 6 (May 20, 2021): 438–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/igt-01-2106-05.
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Functional drinks are intended for systematic consumption as part of food rations; they preserve and improve health, as well as reduce the risk of developing certain diseases. Functional drinks contain ingredients that have the ability to have a positive effect on physiological functions and metabolic processes in the human body. The functional ingredients of alcohol-free beverages are: vitamins, macro- and microelements, dietary fiber, organic acids, phenolic and other compounds. Functional drinks include non-alcoholic energy drinks, fortified juices and sports drinks, therapeutic and therapeutic-table mineral waters.
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Kravic, Natalija, Vojka Babic, Jelena Vukadinovic, Danijela Ristic, Vesna Dragicevic, Snezana Mladenovic Drinic, and Violeta Andjelkovic. "Alteration of Metabolites Accumulation in Maize Inbreds Leaf Tissue under Long-Term Water Deficit." Biology 10, no. 8 (July 21, 2021): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080694.
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Plants reconfigure their metabolic pathways to cope with water deficit. The aim of this study was to determine the status of the physiological parameters and the content of phenolic acids in the upper most ear leaf of maize inbred lines contrasting in drought tolerance in terms of improved plant productivity e.g., increased grain yield. The experiment was conducted under irrigation and rain-fed conditions. In drought-tolerant lines, the effect of water deficit was reflected through a chlorophyll and nitrogen balance index increase followed by a flavonols index decrease. The opposite trend was noticed in drought susceptible inbreds, with the exception of the anthocyanins index. Moreover, in comparison to irrigation treatment, opposite trends in the correlations between grain yield and physiological parameters found under water deficit conditions indicated the activation of different metabolic pathways in defense against water deficit stress. Concerning phenolic acid content, water deficit caused the reduction of protocatechuic, caffeic, and sinapic acid in all inbreds evaluated. However, the highly pronounced increase of ferulic and especially cinnamic acid content under water deficit conditions indicated possible crucial role of these secondary metabolites in preventing the harmful effects of water deficit stress, which, in turn, might be useful in maize breeding selection for drought tolerance.
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Zhang, Qiufang, Zhijie Yang, Tingting Chen, Xiaoying Gong, Decheng Xiong, Wangmin Ye, Yuehmin Chen, and Yusheng Yang. "Warming Alters Plant Chemical and Nutrient Compositions by Affecting Metabolites in Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook." Forests 10, no. 7 (July 2, 2019): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10070553.
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Research Highlights: Warming alters the chemical composition of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook, resulting in increased production of macromolecular compounds that protect against heat stress. Background and Objectives: Low latitude forests are experiencing obvious climatic warming; however, the plant physiological responses to warming are not well understood. As warming induces moisture stress, we hypothesized that warming activates metabolites (i.e., lipids, phenolic compounds, amino acids) and causes damage to the leaves, exemplified by the increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species. Materials and Methods: We conducted a warming experiment in a C. lanceolata plantation. Plant physiological traits associated with nutrient status, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes species, and metabolites were measured. Results: Warming altered the chemical composition of C. lanceolata as it increased C:N ratios of leaves and roots. In particular, the concentrations of N and P in leaves and roots were significantly decreased under the warming condition, which might be related to the biomass production, namely, a dilution effect. Under the warming condition, most of the phospholipid compounds and proteins significantly increased. Leaf C, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds were identified to have significantly lower concentrations under the warming treatment than those under the control treatment. These results suggested that moisture stress under the warming treatment may drive C deficiency and metabolic restriction in plants. Conclusions: Under the warming condition, C. lanceolata changed its energy utilization strategy and invested more resources to produce macromolecular compounds for protecting against heat stress. Warming in sub-tropical forests alters plant chemical properties, and thus may have an important consequence for nutrient cycling and soil C sequestration.
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Ashmawy, Nader A., Said I. Behiry, Asma A. Al-Huqail, Hayssam M. Ali, and Mohamed Z. M. Salem. "Bioactivity of Selected Phenolic Acids and Hexane Extracts from Bougainvilla spectabilis and Citharexylum spinosum on the Growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum and Dickeya solani Bacteria: An Opportunity to Save the Environment." Processes 8, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8040482.
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Phenolic acids and natural extracts, as ecofriendly environmental agents, can be used as bio bactericides against the growth of plant pathogenic bacteria. In this study, isolation trails from infected potato tubers and stems that showed soft rot symptoms in fields revealed two soft rot bacterial isolates and were initially identified through morphological, physiological, and pathogenicity tests. The molecular characterization of these isolates via PCR, based on the 16S rRNA region, was carried out by an analysis of the DNA sequence via BLAST and Genbank, and showed that the soft rot bacterial isolates belong to Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (PCC1) and Dickeya solani (Ds1). The in vitro results of the tested phenolic acids against the cultured bacterial isolates proved that concentrations of 800, 1600, and 3200 μg/mL were the most effective. Ferulic acid was the potent suppressive phenolic acid tested against the Ds1 isolate, with an inhibition zone ranging from 6.00 to 25.75 mm at different concentrations (25–3200 μg/mL), but had no effect until reaching a concentration of 100 μg/mL in the PCC1 isolate, followed by tannic acid, which ranged from 7.00 to 25.50 mm. On the other hand, tannic acid resulted in a significant decrease in the growth rate of the PCC1 isolate with a mean of 9.11 mm. Chlorogenic acid was not as effective as the rest of the phenolic acids compared with the control. The n-hexane oily extract (HeOE) from Bougainvillea spectabilis bark showed the highest activity against PCC1 and Ds1, with inhibition zone values of 12 and 12.33 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 4000 μg/mL; while the HeOE from Citharexylum spinosum wood showed less activity. In the GC/MS analysis, nonanal, an oily liquid compound, was found ata percentage of 38.28%, followed by cis-2-nonenal (9.75%), which are the main compounds in B. spectabilis bark HeOE, and 2-undecenal (22.39%), trans-2-decenal (18.74%), and oleic acid (10.85%) were found, which are the main compounds in C. spinosum wood HeOE. In conclusion, the phenolic acids and plant HeOEs seem to raise the resistance of potato plants, improving their defense mechanisms against soft rot bacterial pathogens.
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Swigonska, Sylwia, Ryszard Amarowicz, Angelika Król, Agnieszka Mostek, Anna Badowiec, and Stanisław Weidner. "Influence of abiotic stress during soybean germination followed by recovery on the phenolic compounds of radicles and their antioxidant capacity." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 83, no. 3 (2014): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.2014.026.
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Abiotic stress factors are among the major causes of lower crop yields. It is known, that in response to cold and/or osmotic stress, crops activate various defense mechanisms, including morphological, physiological and metabolic adaptations. Secondary metabolism, especially phenolic compounds, seem to be an important factor of stress-induced metabolic re-engineering as their levels are alternated by abiotic stress in plants. Despite the fact, that the nature and function of phenolic compounds was already studied in various plant species, it is important to define tissue-specific changes induced by two most potent abiotic stressors – low temperature and decreased water potential. Moreover, in fields, the appearance of single stress is rather rare. Usually two or more factors are acting in parallel, which may potentially result in different effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze selected elements of secondary metabolism in roots of germinating soybean seeds under cold stress, osmotic stress and both stresses combined. In addition the effects of constant and persistent stress were compared to those induced by sudden and brief stress appearance, as well as after the post-stress recovery process. In the presented study standard methods for identification and quantification of phenolic acids and isoflavones were used and the antioxidant capacity of the radicle extracts was measured. The phenolic metabolism in plants was greatly intensified in response to cold and osmotic stress and remained at high level during the post-stress recovery. The amount and composition of both phenolic acids and identified isoflavones also changed in stress- and duration-dependent manner. This proves an important role of phenolic compounds in abiotic stress response of germinating soybean seeds and opens up new perspectives for further investigations.
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Angelino, Donato, Diogo Carregosa, Cristina Domenech-Coca, Monia Savi, Inês Figueira, Nicoletta Brindani, Saebyeol Jang, et al. "5-(Hydroxyphenyl)-γ-Valerolactone-Sulfate, a Key Microbial Metabolite of Flavan-3-ols, Is Able to Reach the Brain: Evidence from Different in Silico, In Vitro and In Vivo Experimental Models." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112678.
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Phenolic compounds have been recognized as promising compounds for the prevention of chronic diseases, including neurodegenerative ones. However, phenolics like flavan-3-ols (F3O) are poorly absorbed along the gastrointestinal tract and structurally rearranged by gut microbiota, yielding smaller and more polar metabolites like phenyl-γ-valerolactones, phenylvaleric acids and their conjugates. The present work investigated the ability of F3O-derived metabolites to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), by linking five experimental models with increasing realism. First, an in silico study examined the physical-chemical characteristics of F3O metabolites to predict those most likely to cross the BBB. Some of these metabolites were then tested at physiological concentrations to cross the luminal and abluminal membranes of brain microvascular endothelial cells, cultured in vitro. Finally, three different in vivo studies in rats injected with pure 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone, and rats and pigs fed grapes or a F3O-rich cocoa extract, respectively, confirmed the presence of 5-(hydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone-sulfate (3′,4′ isomer) in the brain. This work highlighted, with different experimental models, the BBB permeability of one of the main F3O-derived metabolites. It may support the neuroprotective effects of phenolic-rich foods in the frame of the “gut-brain axis”.
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Vamanu, Emanuel, Diana Pelinescu, Ionela Avram, and Sultana Nita. "AnIn VitroEvaluation of Antioxidant and Colonic Microbial Profile Levels following Mushroom Consumption." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/289821.
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The biological activity of mushroom consumption is achieved by the antioxidant effect of constituent biomolecules released during digestion. In the following study, the consumption of mushroom fungi was determined to increase the number ofLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumstrains within the colon. The main phenolic antioxidant compounds identified were both gentisic and homogentisic acids. Moreover, the flavonoid catechin as well as a significant amount ofδ- andγ-tocopherols was determined. The amount ofLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumstrains from different sections of the human colon was significantly correlated with levels of antioxidative biomolecules. The experimental data clearly demonstrate a significant impact of mushroom consumption on the fermentative function of microorganisms in the human colon, resulting in the homeostasis of normal physiological colonic functions.
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Shokouh, Arefeh Rahimi, Ali Mehrafarin, Vahid Abdossi, and Hassanali Naghdi Badi. "Morpho-physiological and biochemical responses of bladder cherry (Physalis alkekengi L.) induced by multienzymatic biostimulant, IBA, and citric acid." Folia Horticulturae 30, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fhort-2018-0009.
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Abstract Plant enzymes, growth regulators and organic acids are the main groups of plant biostimulants (PBs), and their combined use in the final formulation may be important for increasing the quantitative and qualitative composition of plant products. This study aimed to determine the effects of a multienzymatic biostimulant (MB), indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and citric acid (CA) on the morphological and phytochemical traits of bladder cherry (Physalis alkekengi L.). The treatments included different concentrations of MB (0, 0.5 and 1.0%), IBA (0, 25, and 50 ppm), and CA (0, and 500 mg dm−3), which were sprayed four times during the vegetative stage, at 12-day intervals, 35 days after planting. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on plant height, stem number, diameter and weight, leaf number and weight, fruit number, diameter and weight, the amounts of total phenols, alkaloids and flavonoids, and on the radical scavenging activity. The most effective formulation for improving the fruit yield of bladder cherry was 1% MB with 50 ppm IBA and 500 ppm CA. However, the best treatment for increasing the total phenolic and alkaloid contents, and radical scavenging activity was 0.5% MB. In general, the maximum values of most traits were obtained by spraying the plants with 0.5 and 1% MB combined with IBA and CA. The concentration of alkaloids, the main pharmaceutical metabolites of bladder cherry, increased as a result of the application of the multienzymatic biostimulant.
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Jurendić, Tomislav, and Mario Ščetar. "Aronia melanocarpa Products and By-Products for Health and Nutrition: A Review." Antioxidants 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10071052.
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Due to factors such as cultivar, fertilization, maturation or climate conditions, as well as the date of their harvest, chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) differ in their content of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, fats, aroma compounds and especially polyphenols, substances exerting a beneficial impact on health. The total content of the most important ingredients, polyphenolic compounds, influence many proven chokeberry activities like antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, antiviral, anticancer, antiplatelet, antidiabetic and antiatherosclerotic, respectively. Polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, procyanidins and phenolic acids in different rates and amounts are responsible for all mentioned activities. In the human body, they undergo different biotransformative processes strengthening their bioactivity inside and outside cells. The popularity of chokeberry has been significant lately because of its effects on human health and not just because of its nutritional value. The main interest in this review has been refocused on the chokeberry benefits to human health, nutritional contribution of its components, particularly polyphenolic compounds, and its physiological effects.
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Peiser, Galen, Gloria López-Gálvez, Marita Cantwell, and Mikal E. Saltveit. "Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Inhibitors Do Not Prevent Russet Spotting Lesion Development in Lettuce Midribs." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 123, no. 4 (July 1998): 687–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.123.4.687.
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Russet spotting is a physiological disorder of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) caused by exposure to hormonal levels (<1 μL·L-1) of ethylene in air at ≈5 °C. Enhanced phenolic metabolism and the accumulation of phenolic compounds accompany the appearance of brown, oval lesions on the leaf midrib. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is the first committed enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway. Three inhibitors of PAL activity [2-aminoindan-2-phosphonic acid (AIP), α-aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), and α-aminooxi-β-phenylpropionic acid (AOPP)] greatly reduced the accumulation of phenolic compounds and browning of lesions. At a concentration of 50 μm, AIP inhibited the formation of chlorogenic and dicaffeoyl tartaric acids in cut midribs of iceberg lettuce by 92% and 98%, respectively. AIP competitively inhibited PAL activity from a lettuce midrib homogenate with an apparent Ki of 22 nm. While the formation of phenolic compounds was strongly inhibited by AIP, the number of lesions associated with russet spotting was not affected. Only the color of the lesions was affected by AIP. In control midribs the russet spotting lesions were brown while those in the AIP-treated midribs were initially olive green and after 3 to 7 days these lesions turned the characteristic brown color. No tyrosine ammonia-lyase activity was detected in a homogenate of lettuce midrib tissue. These results indicate that the early development of russet spotting lesions is independent of the increase in PAL activity and phenolic compounds rather than an effect of these increases as previously suggested. However, accumulation of phenolic compounds does contribute to the subsequent browning symptoms indicative of russet spotting.
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Grzegorczyk-Karolak, Izabela, Katarzyna Hnatuszko-Konka, Mariola Zarzycka, and Łukasz Kuźma. "The Stimulatory Effect of Purine-Type Cytokinins on Proliferation and Polyphenolic Compound Accumulation in Shoot Culture of Salvia viridis." Biomolecules 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2020): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10020178.
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The present study demonstrates hormonal control of Salvia viridis growth and development using four different purine-type cytokinins at different concentrations. The addition of cytokinins significantly increased biomass of cultures, proliferation rate, and, interestingly, secondary metabolite production. The best response in terms of multiplication ratio was recorded on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BPA (N-benzylotetrahydropyranyl adenine), while the greatest biomass accumulation was achieved when supplemented with 1 mg/L m-T (meta-topoline). Quantitative UPLC-DAD analysis of the hydromethanolic extract from S. viridis culture revealed the presence of 12 polyphenols: seven phenolic acids and five phenylethanoids. The highest total content of polyphenolic compounds was found in shoots cultivated on medium with 2 mg/L BPA (18.66 mg/g DW): almost twice that of control shoots. The medium was also the most optimal for the biosynthesis of rosmarinic acid, the predominant phenolic acid. However, the greater phenylethanoid accumulation was stimulated by 1 mg/L m-T: the metabolite content was above three times higher than that found in shoots grown on the control medium (8.03 mg/g DW vs. 2.37 mg/g DW). Hence, it was demonstrated that phytohormones are capable of influencing not only vital physiological processes, but therapeutic potential of plants as well. Therefore, the cytokinin-based sage cultures may be also considered as the alternative sources of bioactive compounds.
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Petreska, Jasmina, Gjose Stefkov, Svetlana Kulevanova, Kalina Alipieva, Vassya Bankova, and Marina Stefova. "Phenolic Compounds of Mountain Tea from the Balkans: LC/DAD/ESI/MSn Profile and Content." Natural Product Communications 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 1934578X1100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1100600107.
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Twenty-one samples of Sideritis species ( S. scardica, S. raeseri, S. taurica, S. syriaca and S. perfoliata) from various locations on the Balkan Peninsula were evaluated for their chemical constituents. Chemical analyses were focused on secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds, which have several roles in the plant physiological processes and have demonstrated significant health beneficial effects. The occurrence of hydroxycinnamic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoids has been investigated in taxonomically related taxa of the genus Sideritis. A systematic method for phenolic compounds identification was developed using tandem mass spectrometry coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. Scanning for precursor ions of commonly found phenolics in Sideritis species using LC/MSn with an ion trap instrument permitted the specific determination of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, and phenylethanoid and flavonoid glycosides. Further characterization of each phenolic compound was performed using MS/MS production analysis and common–neutral-loss analysis. This online technique allowed identification of three hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, eight phenylethanoid glycosides, and twenty-four flavonoid glycosides. All the taxa analysed produced very similar phenolic patterns characterized by the presence of 5-caffeoylquinic acid, lavandulifolioside, verbascoside, hypolaetin 7- O-[6′”- O-acetyl]-allosyl(1→2)glucoside, apigenin 7-(4″- p-coumaroylglucoside), 4′- O-methylisoscutellarein 7- O-[6′”- O-acetyl]-allosyl(1→2)glucoside, and minor amounts of isoverbascoside, apigenin 7- O-allosyl(1→2)glucoside, isoscutellarein 7- O-allosyl-(1→2)-[6′- O-acetyl]-glucoside, hypolaetin 7- O-allosyl-(1→2)-[6″- O-acetyl]-glucoside and 4′- O-methylhypolaetin 7- O-[6′”- O-acetyl]-allosyl-(1→2)-[6′- O-acetyl]-glucoside. These results show that the investigated species are systematically very closely related. Phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoid acetylglycosides are dominant and constitute 90% of the total phenolic compounds compared with hydroxycinnamic acid and flavonoid 7- O-glycosides. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed for the nature and content of the different compounds to be correlated to the particular Sideritis species and also to the locations.
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Krzyżanowska-Kowalczyk, Justyna, Mariusz Kowalczyk, Michał B. Ponczek, Łukasz Pecio, Paweł Nowak, and Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas. "Pulmonaria obscura and Pulmonaria officinalis Extracts as Mitigators of Peroxynitrite-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors–In Vitro and In Silico Studies." Molecules 26, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 631. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030631.
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The Pulmonaria species (lungwort) are edible plants and traditional remedies for different disorders of the respiratory system. Our work covers a comparative study on biological actions in human blood plasma and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) -inhibitory properties of plant extracts (i.e., phenolic-rich fractions) originated from aerial parts of P. obscura Dumort. and P. officinalis L. Phytochemical profiling demonstrated the abundance of phenolic acids and their derivatives (over 80% of the isolated fractions). Danshensu conjugates with caffeic acid, i.e., rosmarinic, lithospermic, salvianolic, monardic, shimobashiric and yunnaneic acids were identified as predominant components. The examined extracts (1–100 µg/mL) partly prevented harmful effects of the peroxynitrite-induced oxidative stress in blood plasma (decreased oxidative damage to blood plasma components and improved its non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity). The cellular safety of the extracts was confirmed in experimental models of blood platelets and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. COX-2 inhibitor screening evidently suggested a stronger activity of P. officinalis (IC50 of 13.28 and 7.24 µg/mL, in reaction with synthetic chromogen and physiological substrate (arachidonic acid), respectively). In silico studies on interactions of main components of the Pulmonaria extracts with the COX-2 demonstrated the abilities of ten compounds to bind with the enzyme, including rosmarinic acid, menisdaurin, globoidnan A and salvianolic acid H.
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Nemec, S. "Stress-related compounds in xylem fluid of blight-diseased citrus containing Fusarium solani naphthazarin toxins and their effects on the host." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 41, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 515–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m95-068.
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Naphthazarin toxins of Fusarium solani were detected and quantified by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in xylem fluid of scaffold roots from blight-diseased trees. These toxins alter plant metabolic activity; this study examined their effects on xylem health by measuring physiological components in xylem fluid. Protein concentration in fluid was positively correlated with increases in toxin concentration. In fluid containing about 100 μg∙L−1 toxin, total amino acids reached levels 2.5 to 3.0 times greater than those in fluid containing no detectable toxin; asparagine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, and arginine were the most abundant. Levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, polyphenol oxidase, chlorogenic acid oxidase, and superoxide dismutase activity did not increase in xylem fluid containing toxin, which may be a reason why vascular discoloration did not occur. Xylem fluid containing about 20 μg∙L−1 toxin was associated with a 9-fold increase in total phenolics and a 15-fold increase in peroxidase. Peroxidases were predominantly anionic and may function in defense. Some of these peroxidases may function as lignases, releasing phenolic and other constituents from cells and cell walls. These toxins are known to enhance membrane permeability, which may be the main reason for the accumulation of these stress metabolites in xylem fluid. These data explain the disruption of hydraulic conductivity in blight tree roots and the eventual physiological breakdown of roots on diseased trees.Key words: phytotoxins, isomarticin, ELISA, fungi, roots.
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Witkowska-Banaszczak, Ewa, Dominika Radzikowska, and Karolina Ratajczak. "Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of Trollius europaeus under the influence of feeding aphids." Open Life Sciences 13, no. 1 (September 14, 2018): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/biol-2018-0038.
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AbstractThe influence of stress factors on a plant may lead to worse functioning of the plant and the loss of its crop. The effect of Aulacorthum solani feeding on Trollius europaeus with regard to active compounds in the leaves was investigated in the study. The antioxidant activity of the leaves, the material on which the insects fed, was compared with that of the material that was not infested by the aphids. Stress level was evaluated on the basis of such physiological parameters as chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis activity. An increase of 34.5% in the content of polyphenolic compounds, as compared to control, was demonstrated in the material exposed to the biotic stress caused by aphids. The content of phenolic acids was 28% higher while that of flavonoids rose by 25%. The increase in polyphenolic compounds augmented the antioxidant activity of the material.
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Du, Baoguo, Joerg Kruse, Jana Barbro Winkler, Saleh Alfarraj, Gadah Albasher, Joerg-Peter Schnitzler, Peter Ache, Rainer Hedrich, and Heinz Rennenberg. "Metabolic responses of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) leaves to drought differ in summer and winter climate." Tree Physiology 41, no. 9 (February 19, 2021): 1685–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpab027.
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Abstract Drought negatively impacts growth and productivity of plants, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Although drought events can take place in summer and winter, differences in the impact of drought on physiological processes between seasons are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to elucidate metabolic strategies of date palms in response to drought in summer and winter season. To identify such differences, we exposed date palm seedlings to a drought-recovery regime, both in simulated summer and winter climate. Leaf hydration, carbon discrimination (${\Delta}$13C), and primary and secondary metabolite composition and contents were analyzed. Depending on season, drought differently affected physiological and biochemical traits of the leaves. In summer, drought induced significantly decreased leaf hydration, concentrations of ascorbate, most sugars, primary and secondary organic acids, as well as phenolic compounds, while thiol, amino acid, raffinose and individual fatty acid contents were increased compared with well-watered plants. In winter, drought had no effect on leaf hydration, ascorbate and fatty acids contents, but resulted in increased foliar thiol and amino acid levels as observed in summer. Compared with winter, foliar traits of plants exposed to drought in summer only partly recovered after re-watering. Memory effects on water relations, and primary and secondary metabolites seem to prepare foliar traits of date palms for repeated drought events in summer. Apparently, a well-orchestrated metabolic network, including the anti-oxidative system, compatible solutes accumulation and osmotic adjustment, and maintenance of cell-membrane stability strongly reduces the susceptibility of date palms to drought. These mechanisms of drought compensation may be more frequently required in summer.
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Гусейнова, Батуч, Batuch Guseinova, Фируза Ашурбекова, Firuza Ashurbekova, Татьяна Даудова, and Tatyana Daudova. "Formulations and Nutrition Value of New Multicomponent Fruit and Berry Liqueurs." Food Processing: Techniques and Technology 49, no. 3 (September 23, 2019): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2074-9414-2019-3-438-446.
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Local vegetable raw materials have good prospects in developing new balanced foods with high nutrition value. As a rule, local vegetable raw materials are environmentally friendly and contain a wide range of biologically and physiologically active agents. Fruit liqueurs possess a balanced chemical composition and a high nutrition and physiological value. They produce a recreational or preventive effect on human organism. However, the level of consumption of fresh fruit and berries remains low because of their seasonality. Moreover, the range of fruit and berry products is usually very poor, and very few of them are beneficial for human health and can prevent diseases. The research featured the formulations and production technology for new multicomponent fruit liqueurs of high nutrition value. The liqueurs were made from Dagestan garden and wild fruit and berries with a high content of macro- and micronutrients. The nutrition value and quality of the liqueurs were estimated according to the mass concentration of sugars, titrable acids, vitamins C and P, β-carotene, mineral elements, and phenolic and pectinaceous substances. The sensory properties were measured according to a 10-score system. The paper introduces formulations and technologies for three types of liqueur (Zhivitel’naya, Garmoniya, and Uslada). They involved alcoholized and fermentation-alcoholized juices of grapes, fruit and berry fruit drinks and extracts that mutually complemented each other according to valuable components. The new liqueurs have a high nutrition since 100 cm3 of the liqueur per day partially satisfies the daily requirements for some nutrients: phenolic substances – for 37.5–55.0%; pectinaceous substances – 17.5–32.5%; in vitamin C – 13.7–38.7%, β-carotene – 17.6–43.0%, and a microelement iron – for 14.0–26.0%. The multicomponent fruit liqueurs possess a wide range of biologically and physiologically active agents. As a result, they improve physical activity and increase resistance to bad ecological environment.
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Islam, Shahidul, Mohammad Jalaluddin, and Navam S. Hettiarachchy. "Bio-active compounds of bitter melon genotypes (Momordica charantia L.) in relation to their physiological functions." Functional Foods in Health and Disease 1, no. 2 (February 17, 2011): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31989/ffhd.v1i2.139.
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Background: Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L) is one of the most popular cooked vegetables in many Asian countries. Its experimental use in mice has indicated improvement in glucose tolerance against Type II diabetes and reduction in blood cholesterol. However, it has not been proven which alkaloids, polypeptides, or their combinations in the Bitter Melon extract are responsible for the medicinal effects. Green and white varieties of Bitter Melon differ strikingly in their bitter tastes, green being much more bitter than white. It is not yet known whether they are different in their special nutritional and hypoglycemic properties. Nutritional qualities of Bitter Melons such as protein, amino acids, minerals, and polyphenolics contents were determined using four selected varieties such as Indian Green [IG], Indian White [IW], Chinese Green [CG], and Chinese White [CW] grown at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff [UAPB] Agricultural Research Center. Results indicated that protein levels of IW were significantly higher than IG in both flesh and seed. Methods: Four Bitter Melon varieties, Indian Green [IG], Indian White [IW], Chinese Green [CG] and Chinese White [CW] were used for phytochemical analyses to determine protein contents, protein hydrolysis, amino acids contents, and their antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. All analyses were conducted following standard methods. Statistical analyses were conducted using JMP 5 software package [SAS]. The Tukey’s HSD procedure was used for the significance of differences at the 5% level. Results: Moisture contents across the four varieties of Bitter Melon flesh ranged between 92.4 and 93.5%, and that of seed ranged between 53.3 and 75.9%. Protein contents of the flesh were highest in IW [9.8%] and lowest in CG [8.4%]. Seed protein contents were the highest in IW [31.3%] and lowest in IG [27.0%]. Overall, white varieties had higher protein contents than the green varieties. Compared with soy protein, most of the essential amino acid contents of Bitter Melon were similar as in soy proteins. Some amino acids such as Alanine, Glycine, and Valanine were relatively higher in Bitter Melon flesh than in soy protein. Phenolics contents of the flesh, seed, and seed coat tissue [SCT] were significantly different [p<0.05] among the four varieties. The four varieties were similar in their antioxidant activities of the flesh tissues; however, they were significantly different in their antioxidant activities in the seed and seed coat tissues [SCT]. Bitter melon varieties IW and CG, tested for antimutagenic effects, both flesh and seed had considerably high activities against benzo[a]pyrene with Salmonella TA98 [92-100% inhibition] and Salmonella TA100 [79-86% inhibition].Conclusion: Based on these studies, Bitter Melon is a good source of phenolic compounds. All four varieties tested showed considerably high antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. Therefore, these natural plant phenolics can be a good source of biologically active compounds that may be applied in many food systems to enhance food values and special nutritional qualities. Further studies will be needed using more genetically diverse varieties to pin point the bioactive and functional compounds and their physiological properties. Key words: Momordica charantia, protein, polyphenolics, antioxidant, antimutagenicity
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Wang, Weixuan, Yuying Li, Pengqin Dang, Siji Zhao, Daowan Lai, and Ligang Zhou. "Rice Secondary Metabolites: Structures, Roles, Biosynthesis, and Metabolic Regulation." Molecules 23, no. 12 (November 27, 2018): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23123098.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an important food crop providing energy and nutrients for more than half of the world population. It produces vast amounts of secondary metabolites. At least 276 secondary metabolites from rice have been identified in the past 50 years. They mainly include phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and their derivatives. These metabolites exhibit many physiological functions, such as regulatory effects on rice growth and development, disease-resistance promotion, anti-insect activity, and allelopathic effects, as well as various kinds of biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties. This review focuses on our knowledge of the structures, biological functions and activities, biosynthesis, and metabolic regulation of rice secondary metabolites. Some considerations about cheminformatics, metabolomics, genetic transformation, production, and applications related to the secondary metabolites from rice are also discussed.
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Koczurkiewicz, Paulina, Maciej Łojewski, Kamil Piska, Marta Michalik, Katarzyna Wójcik-Pszczoła, Agnieszka Szewczyk, Patrycja Hałaszuk, Elżbieta Pękala, and Bożena Muszyńska. "Chemopreventive and Anticancer Activities of Bacopa Monnieri Extracted from Artificial Digestive Juices." Natural Product Communications 12, no. 3 (March 2017): 1934578X1701200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1701200306.
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Bacopa monnieri (L.) Pennell (water hyssop) from the Scrophulariaceae family represents one of the best known plants of the Ayurveda system, with reported procognitive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anticonvulsant activity. It is considered to be a central nervous system modulating agent. However, recent studies have indicated its potential use in cancer prevention and treatment. Here we report the findings from a study of the effects of B. monnieri extracts derived from artificial digestive juices on physiological traits of prostate cancer cells (DU 145), such as viability and migratory activity. The safety profile and chemopreventive potential of B. monnieri extracts were investigated in Vibrio harveyi mutagenicity assays. Additionally, in this study for the first time the content of phenolic compounds and bacosides released from B. monnieri biomass to artificial digestive juices was determined. The investigated extracts were cytotoxic to DU 145; however, in non-cytotoxic concentrations, they significantly reduced cancer cell motility, thereby demonstrated anti-invasive activity. All extracts under study exhibited very strong antimutagenic activity against nitroquinoline- N-oxide. Bacoside A and phenolic acids were determined, but qualitative and quantitative differences between extracts were found.
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EL-BELTAGI, Hossam S., Heba I. MOHAMED, Abdel Haleem M. A. MOHAMMED, Laila M. ZAKI, and Asmaa M. MOGAZY. "Physiological and Biochemical Effects of γ-Irradiation on Cowpea Plants (Vigna sinensis) under Salt Stress." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 41, no. 1 (May 28, 2013): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha4118927.
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Soil salinity is one of the most severe factors limiting growth and physiological response in cowpea plants. In this study, the possible role of γ-irradiation in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth was investigated. Increasing salinity in the soil (25, 50, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) decreased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments content, total carbohydrate content and mineral uptake compared to control, while increased total phenol content, proline, total free amino acids and lipid peroxidation. Seed irradiation with gamma rays significantly increased plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, total carbohydrate, total phenol, proline, total free amino acids and the contents of N, P, K +, Ca+2 and Mg+2 compared to non irradiated ones under salinity. On the other hand, irradiation with gamma rays decreased lipid peroxidation, Na+ and Cl- contents which may contribute in part to activate processes involved in the alleviation of the harmful effect of salt at all concentrations used (25, 50 and 100 mM) except at the high concentration (200 mM). Electrophoretic studies of α-esterase, β-esterase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase isozymes showed wide variations in their intensities among all treatments.
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Enokuchi, Yuka, Atsushi Suzuki, Tohru Yamaguchi, Ryuji Ochiai, Masakazu Terauchi, and Kiyoshi Kataoka. "Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Menopausal Symptoms in Healthy Women: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Trial." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2020): 3757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123757.
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A reduction in estrogen levels in the perimenopausal and postmenopausal periods causes various symptoms in women, such as hot flushes, sweats, depression, anxiety, and insomnia. Chlorogenic acids (CGAs), which are phenolic compounds widely present in plants such as coffee beans, have various physiological functions. However, the effects of CGAs on menopausal symptoms are unknown. To examine the effects of CGAs on menopausal symptoms, especially hot flushes, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group trial was conducted in healthy women. Eighty-two subjects were randomized and assigned to receive CGAs (270 mg) tablets or the placebo for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of intake, the number of hot flushes, the severity of hot flushes during sleep, and the severity of daytime sweats decreased significantly in the CGA group compared to the placebo group. The modified Kupperman index for menopausal symptoms decreased significantly after 2 weeks in the CGA group compared to the placebo group. Adverse effects caused by CGAs were not observed. The results show that continuous intake of CGAs resulted in improvements in menopausal symptoms, especially hot flushes, in healthy women.
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Okla, Mohammad K., Mohamed A. El-Tayeb, Ahmed Ali Qahtan, Mostafa A. Abdel-Maksoud, Yahya B. Elbadawi, Mohamed Khamis Alaskary, Mansour A. Balkhyour, Abdelrahim H. A. Hassan, and Hamada AbdElgawad. "Laser Light Treatment of Seeds for Improving the Biomass Photosynthesis, Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Lemongrass Sprouts." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 4, 2021): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030478.
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Compared to seeds and mature plants, sprouts are well characterized based on their nutritive values and biological properties. Moreover, laser light application is known to be a promising approach to improving plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutraceutical values. However, no studies have investigated the phytochemicals and biological activity of lemongrass (Cymbopogon proximus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Chiov.) sprouts or the further improvement of their quality by applying laser light treatment. We carried out a preliminary experiment for the optimization of laser treatment conditions, finding that a helium neon (He–Ne) laser at 632 nm and 5 mW for 5 min provided the most favorable conditions. We then investigated fresh weight, photosynthetic reactions, and primary and secondary metabolites, including sugars, amino acids, organic acids, essential oils, and phenolic compounds. Moreover, we studied the effect of laser light-induced changes in chemical compositions on the antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-cholesterol activities of Cymbopogon proximus sprouts grown from laser-treated seeds. Laser light treatment increased the photosynthesis and respiration and hence the fresh weight of Cymbopogon proximus sprouts. Overall, sprouting increased most bioactive primary and secondary metabolites as compared to seeds. Increased photosynthesis by laser light improved carbon allocation and raised non-structural carbohydrates, which in turn led to improved synthesis of amino acids, organic acids, and essential oils, as well as phenolic and flavonoid compounds. As a result, laser light significantly improved the antioxidant capacity in terms of increasing the levels of ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (from 9.5 to 21 µmole trolox/g fresh weight (FW)), oxygen radical absorbance (ORAC) (from 400 to 1100 µmole trolox/100 g FW), and DPPH (from 5% to 25% of inhibation) and enhanced the hypocholesterolemic and antidiabetic activity through increasing the percentage of cholesterol micellar solubility (CMS) inhibition (from 42% to 62%) and glycemic index (from 33 to 17 µmole/g) over sprouts and seeds. In conclusion, the synergism of seed laser treatment and sprouting induced the health-promoting bioactive compounds in Cymbopogon proximus as compared to seeds, which can be applied at a large scale to improve the biochemical, physiological, and nutraceutical values of medicinal and crop sprouts.
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Zofia, Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Zagórska-Dziok Martyna, Ziemlewska Aleksandra, and Bujak Tomasz. "Comparison of the Antiaging and Protective Properties of Plants from the Apiaceae Family." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2020 (September 10, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5307614.
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Plant materials play a very significant role as components of products being used both for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Due to the high content of active substances, they can play an important role as extracts with antioxidant, regenerative, and antiaging properties. The skin aging process depends on various pathological and physiological processes, among which the degradation of extracellular matrix biomolecules such as collagen and elastin, which significantly affect the maintenance of good skin condition, is very important. The secondary metabolites and plant extracts may have collagenase and elastase inhibitory activity. This activity is mainly due to the high content of a wide range of various biologically active compounds, such as polyphenols, which include, among others, flavonoids, phenolic acids, tocopherols, and tannins. The work involved a comprehensive assessment of the plant from Apiaceae family such as Meum athamanticum L., Centella asiatica L., and Aegopodium podagraria L. extract as a multifunctional raw material. During study antioxidant properties, phenolic compounds and flavonoids content, effect on collagenase and elastase enzyme activity (antiaging effect), cytotoxic properties on skin cells (keratinocytes and fibroblasts), and cell migration capacity were analyzed. It has been shown that the highest antioxidant capacity can be observed for the extract of herb of Aegopodium podagraria L. When the concentration reached 5% all tested extracts had a positive effect on the cell proliferation of both keratinocytes and fibroblasts. It turned out that the most promising inhibitor of collagenase and elastase enzymes was the extract from Aegopodium podagraria, which inhibits the activity of both enzymes by over 70% in the concentration of 5% positively affecting the condition of skin cells.
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El-Nagar, Asmaa, Abdelnaser A. Elzaawely, Naglaa A. Taha, and Yasser Nehela. "The Antifungal Activity of Gallic Acid and Its Derivatives against Alternaria solani, the Causal Agent of Tomato Early Blight." Agronomy 10, no. 9 (September 16, 2020): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091402.
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Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is among the most important vegetable crops worldwide. Early blight disease, caused by Alternaria solani, is a destructive foliar disease of tomato and other Solanaceae species. Herein, we investigated the in vitro antifungal properties of gallic acid and two of its derivatives (syringic and pyrogallic acids) against A. solani during 2019 and 2020 seasons. The physiological and biochemical effects of these compounds on infected tomato plants were also investigated using the whole plant bioassay. The in vitro investigation showed that all tested compounds showed fungistatic action and inhibited the mycelial radial growth of A. solani in a dose-dependent manner. In two separate pot-experiments, those compounds efficiently suppressed the development of the disease symptoms and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), without any phytotoxic effects on the treated tomato plants. Additionally, all tested compounds positively enhanced the biochemical traits of treated plants including the chlorophyll content, the total soluble phenolics, the total soluble flavonoids, and the enzymatic activities of catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase during 2019 and 2020 seasons. Moreover, the treatment with gallic acid and its derivatives significantly increased all yield components of A. solani-infected tomato plants such as the total number of flowers and fruits, and the fruit yield for each tomato plant in both experiments. Considering the fungitoxicity of phenolic acids against A. solani with no phytotoxicity on treated tomato plants, we believe that gallic acid and its derivatives might be a sustainable eco-friendly control strategy to reduce the usage of chemical fungicides partially or entirely against A. solani particularly, and fungal diseases in general.
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Truong, Van-Long, and Woo-Sik Jeong. "Cellular Defensive Mechanisms of Tea Polyphenols: Structure-Activity Relationship." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 9109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179109.
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Tea is particularly rich in polyphenols, including catechins and theaflavins, thearubigins, flavonols, and phenolic acids, which are believed to contribute to the health benefits of tea. The health-promoting effects of tea polyphenols are believed to be related to their cellular defensive properties. This review is intended to briefly summarize the relationship between the chemical structures of tea polyphenols and their biological activities. Tea polyphenols appear as direct antioxidants by scavenging reactive oxygen/nitrogen species; chelating transition metals; and inhibiting lipid, protein, and DNA oxidations. They also act directly by suppressing “pro-oxidant” enzymes, inducing endogenous antioxidants, and cooperating with vitamins. Moreover, tea polyphenols regulate cellular signaling transduction pathways, importantly contributing to the prevention of chronic diseases and the promotion of physiological functions. Apparently, the features in the chemical structures of tea polyphenols are closely associated with their antioxidant potentials.
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Nissinen, Katri, Virpi Virjamo, Tendry Randriamanana, Norul Sobuj, Unnikrishnan Sivadasan, Lauri Mehtätalo, Egbert Beuker, Riitta Julkunen-Tiitto, and Line Nybakken. "Responses of growth and leaf phenolics in European aspen (Populus tremula) to climate change during juvenile phase change." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 47, no. 10 (October 2017): 1350–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0188.
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In trees, the change from juvenile to adult vegetative phase can last for years. In Populus tremula L., this phase change is characterized by a morphological change in leaf shape, as leaves in the seedling phase typically are sharp-tipped, while saplings and trees have round-tipped leaves. In an open-field experiment, we studied the separate and combined effects of enhanced temperature and UVB radiation on 2-year-old P. tremula plantlets undergoing phase change. The concentration of salicylates was higher in the seedling-phase plants than in tree-type plants. In contrast, the concentration of condensed tannins was higher in the tree-type plants but only under ambient temperature. Enhanced temperature increased growth of the plants and the concentration of some salicylate compounds, and it decreased concentrations of flavonoids, phenolic acids, and condensed tannins. In addition, in the seedling-phase plants, the severity of rust infections decreased and herbivore damage increased under warming. The effects of enhanced UVB radiation were weaker, as concentrations of only two flavonoid compounds increased under enhanced UVB radiation. Based on our results, climate change may have a moderate delaying effect on the physiological development of both sexes of P. tremula, which may lead to lowered performance in their normal habitat in the future.
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Kim, Il-Sup, Cheorl-Ho Kim, and Woong-Suk Yang. "Physiologically Active Molecules and Functional Properties of Soybeans in Human Health—A Current Perspective." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22084054.
Full textAbstract:
In addition to providing nutrients, food can help prevent and treat certain diseases. In particular, research on soy products has increased dramatically following their emergence as functional foods capable of improving blood circulation and intestinal regulation. In addition to their nutritional value, soybeans contain specific phytochemical substances that promote health and are a source of dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, and phytic acid, while serving as a trypsin inhibitor. These individual substances have demonstrated effectiveness in preventing chronic diseases, such as arteriosclerosis, cardiac diseases, diabetes, and senile dementia, as well as in treating cancer and suppressing osteoporosis. Furthermore, soybean can affect fibrinolytic activity, control blood pressure, and improve lipid metabolism, while eliciting antimutagenic, anticarcinogenic, and antibacterial effects. In this review, rather than to improve on the established studies on the reported nutritional qualities of soybeans, we intend to examine the physiological activities of soybeans that have recently been studied and confirm their potential as a high-functional, well-being food.
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Tubon, Irvin, Augusta Zannoni, Chiara Bernardini, Roberta Salaroli, Martina Bertocchi, Roberto Mandrioli, Diego Vinueza, Fabiana Antognoni, and Monica Forni. "In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Salvia sagittata Ethanolic Extract on Primary Cultures of Porcine Aortic Endothelial Cells." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (May 9, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6829173.
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The aim of the present research was to study the effects of an ethanolic extract of Salvia sagittata Ruiz & Pav (SSEE), an endemic Ecuadorian plant traditionally used to treat inflammation and different intestinal affections, on primary cultures of porcine aortic endothelial cells (pAECs). pAECs were cultured in the presence of different concentrations (1-200 μg/mL) of SSEE for 24 h, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by the MTT assay. SSEE did not negatively affect cellular viability at any concentration tested. Cell cycle was analyzed and no significant change was observed. Then, the anti-inflammatory effects of SSEE on pAECs were analyzed using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the inflammatory stimulus. Different markers involved in the inflammatory process, such as cytokines and protective molecules, were evaluated by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot. SSEE showed the ability to restore pAEC physiological conditions reducing interleukin-6 and increasing Heme Oxygenase-1 protein levels. The phytochemical composition of SSEE was also evaluated via HPLC-DAD and spectrophotometric assays. The presence of different phenolic acids and flavonoids was revealed, with rosmarinic acid as the most abundant component. SSEE possesses an interesting antioxidant activity, as assessed through both the Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. In conclusion, results suggest that SSEE is endowed with an in vitro anti-inflammatory effect. This represents the initial step in finding a possible scientific support for the traditional therapeutic use of this plant.
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Vamanu, Emanuel, and Florentina Gatea. "Correlations between Microbiota Bioactivity and Bioavailability of Functional Compounds: A Mini-Review." Biomedicines 8, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines8020039.
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Numerous studies have demonstrated the role of the microbiota in supporting the physiological functions, owing to its metabolomic component. The presence of biocomponents generally leads to the correction of the microbial pattern correlated with the reduction of oxidative pressure. This study aims to present the main processes that correlate the bioavailability and bioactivity of some functional components through the action of the human microbiota. The use of probiotics and prebiotics is an innovative manner involving alternatives that increase the bioavailability of certain natural or metabolic components has been proposed. Probiotic strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum) may represent an intermediary for increasing the antioxidant bioactivity, and they may be administered in the form of a biomass enriched with functional compounds, such as phenolic acids. The limiting effect of gastrointestinal transit is, in several cases, the key to the biopharmaceutical value of new products (or supplements). The identification of newer ways of formulating supplements also involves the compatibility of different types of products, the testing of bioaccessibility, and the elimination of biotransformations.
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Elwan, Hamada, Mostafa Abdelhakeam, Sally El-Shafei, Atef Abd El-Rahman, Zienhom Ismail, Abdalrahman Zanouny, Emad Shaker, Salim S. Al-Rejaie, Mohamed Mohany, and Shaaban Elnesr. "Efficacy of Dietary Supplementation with Capsicum Annum L on Performance, Hematology, Blood Biochemistry and Hepatic Antioxidant Status of Growing Rabbits." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2020): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112045.
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Animals fed with a high amount of a wide range of antioxidants in their diet are significantly protected against oxidative stress. Powerful antioxidant substances such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and carotenoids are present naturally in red-hot pepper (RHP). This study hypothesized that using RHP may provide protection against oxidative stress and enhance animal physiological responses. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of feeding New Zealand white rabbits with RHP-supplemented diets on their physiological and biochemical responses. New Zealand White rabbits (age = 6 weeks, n = 48) were split equally into three groups (n = 16 in each group). One group was fed a basal diet only (control group), with the other two groups fed a basal diet along with 1 and 2% RHP. Mass spectrometric analysis for the RHP methanolic extract showed some phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric, sinapinic acids, vanillic, and luteolin, as well as catechin and its isomers. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, GSH-Px, and CAT) were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) by feeding rabbits diets supplemented with 1 or 2% RHP. The addition of RHP significantly enhanced immune-responses; phagocytic activity, chemotaxis, TIg, IgG, IgM, and IgA increased when growing rabbits were fed RHP compared with the control group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 1 or 2% RHP may play a role as an enhancer of growth and immune response in growing rabbits.
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Sofy, Mahmoud R., Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Bushra A. Alhammad, Basmah M. Alharbi, and Heba I. Mohamed. "Minimizing Adverse Effects of Pb on Maize Plants by Combined Treatment with Jasmonic, Salicylic Acids and Proline." Agronomy 10, no. 5 (May 14, 2020): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10050699.
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Lead (Pb) is a toxic heavy metal (HM) that harms plant growth and productivity. Phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), and osmoprotectants, such as proline (Pro), play an important role in the physiological and biochemical processes of plants. We investigated the effect of exogenous applications of JA, SA, Pro, and their combination on Pb-stress tolerance in maize as well as their effect on physiological, biochemical, and yield traits. Pb exposure severely affected maize plants, reducing growth, yield, photosynthetic pigments, and mineral (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) nutrients, as well as enhancing electrolyte leakage (EL), malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, osmolytes, and non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. The application of JA, SA, Pro, and their combination enhanced plant growth and induced pigment biosynthesis, and decreased EL, MDA accumulation, and Pb concentration. All treatments enhanced Pro and total soluble sugar production, glutathione activity, ascorbic acid, phenol, superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and mineral nutrients. JA, SA, and Pro application improved physiological processes directly or indirectly, thereby enhancing the ability of maize plants to overcome oxidative damage caused by Pb toxicity. The combination of JA, SA, and Pro was the most efficient treatment for maize plant growth and development, eliminating the negative consequences of Pb stress.
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Tato, Liliana, Monirul Islam, Tanja Mimmo, Graziano Zocchi, and Gianpiero Vigani. "Temporal Responses to Direct and Induced Iron Deficiency in Parietaria judaica." Agronomy 10, no. 7 (July 18, 2020): 1037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10071037.
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Parietaria judaica grows in highly calcareous environments, overcoming the low bioavailability of Fe caused by elevated pH. The aim of this work was to investigate the temporal dynamics of root exudation of P. judaica under Fe deficiency conditions. As high concentrations of bicarbonate and Ca2+ in calcareous soils interfere with the general plant mineral nutrition, two different alkaline growing conditions were applied to distinguish the effects due to the high pH from the responses induced by the presence of high calcium carbonate concentrations. Growth parameters and physiological responses were analyzed during a 7 day time course—shoot and root biomass, chlorophyll and flavonoid contents in leaves, root accumulation, and exudation of organic acids and phenolics were determined. Different responses were found in plants grown in the presence of bicarbonate and in the presence of an organic pH buffer, revealing a time- and condition-dependent response of P. judaica and suggesting a stronger stress in the buffer treatment. The high tolerance to alkaline conditions may be related to an earlier and greater exudation rate of phenolics, as well as to the synergistic effect of phenolics and carboxylic acids in root exudates in the late response. The identification of the main functional traits involved in tolerance to low Fe availability in a wild species could offer crucial inputs for breeding programs for application to crop species.
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Abdel Latef, Arafat Abdel Hamed, Abbu Zaid, and Eman A. Alwaleed. "Influences of Priming on Selected Physiological Attributes and Protein Pattern Responses of Salinized Wheat with Extracts of Hormophysa cuneiformis and Actinotrichia fragilis." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030545.
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Biological effects of extracts obtained from the seaweeds Hormophysa cuneiformis (J.F.Gmelin) P.C.Silva and Actinotrichia fragilis (Forsskål) Bùrgesen were investigated using wheat for the improvement of growth and amelioration of the negative effects of soil salinity. Exposure of plants to salt stress resulted in an overall decrease in growth, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and soluble sugars, as well as nutrient uptake (i.e., K, Ca and Mg) and K+/Na+ ratio. At the same time, increases were found in proline, total free amino acids, phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde (MDA), Na+ ions, as well as the activities of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Priming wheat seeds with H. cuneiformis and A. fragilis extracts mitigated the negative impacts of salinity by enhancing growth and all the above attributes except MDA and Na+. Treatments with H. cuneiformis or A. fragilis extracts resulted in an increased intensity of the polypeptide bands with 200, 159, 120, 40, and 22 KDa which were already apparent in the control. A. fragilis showed higher effectiveness than H. cuneiformis extracts under both control and stressed regimes. Our results highlight “biofertilizer” properties of two seaweeds and furnish mechanistic insight into their salinity-improvement action, which is pertinent for both applied and basic research.
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Qu, Yunke, Jie Tang, Zhaoyang Li, Zihao Zhou, Jingjing Wang, Sining Wang, and Yidan Cao. "Soil Enzyme Activity and Microbial Metabolic Function Diversity in Soda Saline–Alkali Rice Paddy Fields of Northeast China." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 3, 2020): 10095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310095.
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Western Jilin province has the most serious area of soda salinization in Northeast China, which affects and restricts the sustainable development of agriculture. The effects of physico-chemical properties of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil on soil microbial diversity and enzyme activities (polyphenol oxidase, catalase, invertase, amylase) were evaluated in typical soda saline-alkali paddy field. Community-level physiological profile (CLPP) based on Biolog-ECO plates was used to assess the functional diversity of soil microorganisms. Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and pH were negative correlated with the microbial activity (AWCD), soil enzyme activities (amylase, sucrose, and catalase, except for polyphenol oxidase) in rice rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil (P < 0.05). The indexes of microbial diversity in rice rhizosphere soil were significantly higher than that of non-rhizosphere soil. The utilization of amino acids by rice rhizosphere microorganisms was relatively high, while non-rhizosphere soil had relatively high utilization of carboxylic acid, phenolic acid, and amine. Among the selected physico-chemical properties, soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil water content (SWC) had the greatest influence on the variation of microbial diversity indexes and enzyme activities in rhizosphere soil. ESP and pH showed a significant positive correlation with carbon source utilization, especially for amine (AM) and phenolic acid (PA) carbon source utilization (P < 0.05) by means of RDA, and the utilization rate of AM and PA carbon sources by rice rhizosphere and non-root soil microorganisms was P1 < P2 < P3.
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El-Esawi, Mohamed, Ibrahim Alaraidh, Abdulaziz Alsahli, Saud Alzahrani, Hayssam Ali, Aisha Alayafi, and Margaret Ahmad. "Serratia liquefaciens KM4 Improves Salt Stress Tolerance in Maize by Regulating Redox Potential, Ion Homeostasis, Leaf Gas Exchange and Stress-Related Gene Expression." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 3310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms19113310.
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High salinity mitigates crop productivity and quality. Plant growth-promoting soil rhizobacteria (PGPR) improve plant growth and abiotic stress tolerance via mediating various physiological and molecular mechanisms. This study investigated the effects of the PGPR strain Serratia liquefaciens KM4 on the growth and physiological and molecular responsiveness of maize (Zea mays L.) plants under salinity stress (0, 80, and 160 mM NaCl). High salinity significantly reduced plant growth and biomass production, nutrient uptake, leaf relative water content, pigment content, leaf gas exchange attributes, and total flavonoid and phenolic contents in maize. However, osmolyte content (e.g., soluble proteins, proline, and free amino acids), oxidative stress markers, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants levels were increased in maize under high salinity. On the other hand, Serratia liquefaciens KM4 inoculation significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, but increased the maize growth and biomass production along with better leaf gas exchange, osmoregulation, antioxidant defense systems, and nutrient uptake under salt stress. Moreover, it was found that all these improvements were accompanied with the upregulation of stress-related genes (APX, CAT, SOD, RBCS, RBCL, H+-PPase, HKT1, and NHX1), and downregulation of the key gene in ABA biosynthesis (NCED). Taken together, the results demonstrate the beneficial role of Serratia liquefaciens KM4 in improving plant growth and salt stress tolerance in maize by regulating ion homeostasis, redox potential, leaf gas exchange, and stress-related genes expression.
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Ntanos, Efstathios, Panagiotis Kekelis, Anna Assimakopoulou, Dionisios Gasparatos, Nikoleta-Kleio Denaxa, Athanassios Tsafouros, and Petros Anargyrou Roussos. "Amelioration Effects against Salinity Stress in Strawberry by Bentonite–Zeolite Mixture, Glycine Betaine, and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in Terms of Plant Growth, Nutrient Content, Soil Properties, Yield, and Fruit Quality Characteristics." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 22, 2021): 8796. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11198796.
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Strawberry, the most significant berry crop, is characterized as a salt-sensitive plant. The present study aimed to examine ways to alleviate salinity symptoms (34 mM of NaCl in irrigation water) in strawberry plants. For this purpose, the osmolyte glycine betaine was foliarly applied, a mixture of bentonite–zeolite was added to the substrate, and a microbial product based on Bacillys amyloliquefaciens as a soil drench were tested in terms of plant growth and nutrient status, yield, fruit physiological and organoleptic characteristics, as well as phytochemical properties (phenolic compounds, carbohydrates, organic acids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity), and soil physicochemical properties. Salinity severely reduced plant growth and yield, while the effects on fruit quality were also distinct. Treatments alleviated to some extent these negative effects. Plant nutrient content was not severely affected by product application, and neither were most of the soil physicochemical properties. Among the products applied, the mixture of bentonite plus zeolite and glycine betaine proved to be more efficient in ameliorating toxicity symptoms, as both treatments preserved plant hydric status and plant growth, while glycine betaine resulted in an almost 30% higher yield than the treatment with saline water.
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Müller, R. H., and W. Babel. "A Theoretical Study on the Metabolic Requirements Resulting from α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Cleavage of Phenoxyalkanoates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.66.1.339-344.2000.
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ABSTRACT The etherolytic cleavage of phenoxyalkanoic acids in various bacteria is catalyzed by an α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase. In this reaction, the electron acceptor is oxidatively decarboxylated to succinate, whereas the proper substrate is cleaved by forming the oxidized alkanoic acid and the phenolic intermediate. The necessity of regenerating α-ketoglutarate and the consequences for the overall metabolism were investigated in a theoretical study. It was found that the dioxygenase mechanism is accompanied by a significant loss of carbon amounting to up to 62.5% in the assimilatory branch, thus defining the upper limit of carbon conversion efficiency. This loss in carbon is almost compensated for in comparison to a monooxygenase-catalyzed initial step when the dissimilatory efforts of the entire metabolism are included: the yield coefficients become similar. The α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase mechanism has more drastic consequences for microorganisms which are restricted in their metabolism to the first step of phenoxyalkanoate degradation by excreting the phenolic intermediate as a dead-end product. In the case of phenoxyacetate derivatives, the cleavage reaction would quickly cease due to the exhaustion of α-ketoglutarate and no growth would be possible. With the cleavage products of phenoxypropionate and phenoxybutyrate herbicides, i.e., pyruvate and succinate(semialdehyde), respectively, as the possible products, the regeneration of α-ketoglutarate will be guaranteed for stoichiometric reasons. However, the maintenance of the cleavage reaction ought to be restricted due to physiological factors owing to the involvement of other metabolic reactions in the pool of metabolites. These effects are discussed in terms of a putative recalcitrance of these compounds.
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Lane, Sarah, Juergen Ehlting, and Patrick B. Walter. "Iron-Chelating Potential of Novel Phytochemicals in Poplar and Cedar Trees." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (November 13, 2019): 4806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-127259.
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Introduction: Iron overload is not only a consequence of diseases such as thalassemia and hereditary hemochromatosis (HFE), but also of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA). In HFE, iron increases the risk of developing hepatocellular and colorectal cancers. Excess iron resulting from disruptions in normal iron homeostasis can accumulate in major organs including liver, heart and brain, and has devastating effects if left untreated. Currently, treatment includes using iron chelators, which at higher concentrations can have significant adverse effects and require constant medical supervision. Therefore, the search for alternative unique or adjuvant iron chelators that have reduced toxicity could be of significant benefit. Plants that grow in alkaline soils may be a good source of chelators for this purpose. Since iron is generally unavailable in such soils, plant roots have evolved mechanisms to solubilize iron for uptake, such as soil acidification, but need additional strategies to overcome high alkalinity. This may include producing secondary metabolites that are exuded into the soil and can chelate iron directly, including phenolic acids that may chelate iron at physiological pH in humans. This project is focused on finding, isolating, and testing bioactivity of compounds from western red cedar (alkaline tolerant) and poplar (rich in phenolics). Methods: Plants are grown in iron-normal and -deficient conditions in an innovative aeroponic system to stimulate the production of secondary metabolites related to Fe deficiency. Plant tissue extracts and root washings are collected and concentrated with solid phase extraction chromatography to form plant-derived concentrates (PDC) that are analyzed by UPLC-MS and colourimetric assays to isolate, identify, and characterize compounds induced by iron-deficiency. For bio-activity testing, PDCs are introduced to cultures of THP-1 cells, a model human monocytic cell line, to study their effect on Fe homeostasis. Prior to treatment with chelators, cells are cultured under normal (Con) and Fe-overload (CrFe) conditions (produced by treatment with 10 and 20 µM Fe-citrate) for one week to model human chronic iron overload. Deferoxamine (DFO), a well-known clinical iron chelator, model phenolics like caffeic (CafA) and chlorogenic acid (CGA), and PDCs have been applied to cultures as potential chelators. Results: Leaf compared to root tissues from poplar vary greatly in their CGA and phenolic content. Leaf extracts contained 5 times more phenolics than root extracts, and root extracts from iron-deficient plants produced 66% more phenolic compounds than those from iron-normal plants. Compared to leaf extracts, root extracts showed a 4-fold increase in iron-binding activity in vitro. PDCs including these extracts were found to contain compounds responsive to iron deficiency, which are semi-polar and low in molecular weight (140 - 340 m/z). Distinct iron-responsive compounds were also identified from cedar. Following acute dosage with Fe-citrate, THP-1 cells showed a moderate reduction in iron content after treatment with CafA, CGA, and PDCs from roots, with no influence on cell viability. On-going work includes dose-dependency with CafA and PDCs and co-operative effects of PDCs with DFO. Iron-loading in THP-1 cells is time sensitive, with maximum iron uptake measured at 8 hours following delivery of 20 µM Fe-citrate. Detailed kinetics of cellular iron-loading in the presence of iron-chelators is currently being investigated. Conclusions: We found that low-molecular weight and water-soluble PDCs from iron-deficient plants had excellent iron-binding capacity in vitro, and inhibited iron uptake in THP-1 cells. Effects of chelators on cellular iron uptake is both dose and time dependent. Screening plants for novel chelators provides an abundance of opportunity to search for new chelators for human medicinal use. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Qu, Tongbao, Xue Du, Yulan Peng, Weiqiang Guo, Chunli Zhao, and Gianalberto Losapio. "Invasive species allelopathy decreases plant growth and soil microbial activity." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): e0246685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246685.
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According to the ‘novel weapons hypothesis’, invasive success depends on harmful plant biochemicals, including allelopathic antimicrobial roots exudate that directly inhibit plant growth and soil microbial activity. However, the combination of direct and soil-mediated impacts of invasive plants via allelopathy remains poorly understood. Here, we addressed the allelopathic effects of an invasive plant species (Rhus typhina) on a cultivated plant (Tagetes erecta), soil properties and microbial communities. We grew T. erecta on soil samples at increasing concentrations of R. typhina root extracts and measured both plant growth and soil physiological profile with community-level physiological profiles (CLPP) using Biolog Eco-plates incubation. We found that R. typhina root extracts inhibit both plant growth and soil microbial activity. Plant height, Root length, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN) and AWCD were significantly decreased with increasing root extract concentration, and plant above-ground biomass (AGB), below-ground biomass (BGB) and total biomass (TB) were significantly decreased at 10 mg·mL-1 of root extracts. In particular, root extracts significantly reduced the carbon source utilization of carbohydrates, carboxylic acids and polymers, but enhanced phenolic acid. Redundancy analysis shows that soil pH, TN, SOC and EC were the major driving factors of soil microbial activity. Our results indicate that strong allelopathic impact of root extracts on plant growth and soil microbial activity by mimicking roots exudate, providing novel insights into the role of plant–soil microbe interactions in mediating invasion success.
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Ciriello, Michele, Luigi Formisano, Antonio Pannico, Christophe El-Nakhel, Giancarlo Fascella, Luigi Giuseppe Duri, Francesco Cristofano, et al. "Nutrient Solution Deprivation as a Tool to Improve Hydroponics Sustainability: Yield, Physiological, and Qualitative Response of Lettuce." Agronomy 11, no. 8 (July 23, 2021): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081469.
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Hydroponics growing systems often contain excessive nutrients (especially nitrates), which could lead to a quality loss in ready-to-eat leafy vegetables and posing a health risk to consumers, if managed inadequately. A floating raft system was adopted to assay the production and quality performance of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv ‘Maravilla De Verano Canasta’) deprived of the nutrient solution by replacement with only water, three and six days before harvest. Yield and quality parameters, mineral composition, pigments, organic acids, amino acids profile, soluble proteins, and carbohydrate content were determined. Nutrient solution deprivation six days before harvest resulted in a significant reduction in leaf nitrate (−53.3%) concomitant with 13.8% of yield loss, while plants deprived of nutrient solution three days before harvest increased total phenols content (32.5%) and total ascorbic acid (102.1%), antioxidant activity (82.7%), anthocyanins (7.9%), sucrose (38.9%), starch (19.5%), and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA; 28.2%), with a yield reduction of 4.7%, compared to the control. Our results suggest that nutrient solution deprivation three days before harvest is a successful strategy to reduce nitrate content and increase the nutritional quality of lettuce grown in floating raft systems with negligible impact on yield. These promising results warrant further investigation of the potential effect of nutrient solution deprivation on the quality attributes of other leafy vegetables cultivated in floating raft systems and in a “cascade” growing system.
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Izhevska, O. P. "Investigation of lipids of flax seed meal and the prospect of using it in meat dishes." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 91 (April 23, 2019): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-f9102.
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The possibility of using a plant supplement is considered in materials of the article, namely, the seed meal of flax in the recipe for meat semi-finished products “Mazurki-Volynsky” to enrich these products with physiological-functional ingredients. Flax seeds is a valuable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. It is rich in protein substances, balanced by the amino acid, contains insoluble and water-soluble edible fibers and phenolic compounds, in particular lignans, which have antioxidant properties. In this work, a flax seeds (FS) was obtained by using the method of “cold pressing” produced by NV “Zhytomyrbioprodukt” LLC. Fatty acid composition of lipids was determined according to GOST 30418-96. The method is based on the conversion of triglycerides of fatty acid to methyl (ethyl) esters of fatty acids and on their gas chromatic analysis. The purpose of our research was to determine from the technological point of view the expediency of introducing the flax seeds into the recipes of meat semi-finished products to enrich their health-improving ingredients. For this purpose, in studies, a complete replacement of wheat flour and a partial replacement of fat material by the use of flax seed is proposed. Thus, compared to the control, the amount of meat raw material does not change, and the change occurs only at the expense of the filler of meal. The article presents a comparative estimation of the chemical composition of the flax seeds and wheat flour, the effect of flax on the change of the lipid composition of meat semi-finished products in case of its inclusion in the recipe of products. The fatty acid composition of sorbitol lipids was investigated in comparison with the fatty acid composition of the wheat flour I flavors. It is noted that the inclusion into the recipe of meat semi-finished flax seed meal in the case of replacing wheat flour and part of the fat, enriches them with such physiological-functional ingredients as proteins with a complete amino acid composition, polyunsaturated fatty acids, edible fibers, a significant part of which are water-soluble, vitamins, micro- and macro elements, lignans. The calculation method found that the amount of protein in the experimental sample, as compared with the sample, which included wheat flour, increased by 3.69% due to the increase of protein contained in FS. Adding FS changes the qualitative composition of the lipid in exploratory samples. The calculation method found that the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) increased by 12% compared with control. It should be noted that the ability of these fatty acids to oxidation, with the formation of peroxides, will affect the structural and mechanical properties of semi-finished products, which should affect the process of preparation and quality of finished products. This requires further research.
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Danchenko, O. O., Y. V. Nicolaeva, O. I. Koshelev, M. M. Danchenko, O. V. Yakoviichuk, and T. I. Halko. "Effect of extract from common oat on the antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of the muscular tissues of geese." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 12, no. 2 (May 5, 2021): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022141.
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Among natural antioxidants, increasing attention is being drawn to avenanthramides - phenolic compounds of the common oat Avena sativa (Linnaeus, 1753). Research has shown that avenanthramides have much higher antioxidant activity than well-known bioflavanoids. Currently, a great deal of work is being conducted on the structure of these compounds and mechanisms of their effect on the organism of humans and animals. We explored the specifics of the influence of aqueous extract from A. satíva on the antioxidant activity and fatty acid composition of lipids of histologically similar tissues of geese with different levels of aerobicity (muscles of the stomach and cardiac muscle), dynamics of the birds’ live weight and pterylographic parameters under physiological loading by the development of contour and juvenile feathers. The addition of extract of oat to the diet of geese during growth of feathers was observed to increase the antioxidant activity of their tissues. Physiological loading related to the development of contour feathers in the examined tissues of geese significantly weakens as a result of selective inhibition of synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, especially oleic acid, the content of which in 28-day old geese of the experimental group decreased by 31.7 in the cardiac muscle and 46.8 times in the stomach, compared with the control. Further changes in fatty acid composition were characterized by lower number of differences between the control and experimental groups. Increase in antioxidant activity in these tissues during development of juvenile feathers (day 49) occurs as a result of activation of alternative mechanisms of antioxidative protection, which take place with no significant changes in fatty acid composition. Furthermore, we determined that in the stomach and cardiac muscles of geese, the action of extract from common oat activated mechanisms of antioxidative protection, which increased the level of correlation between the changes in fatty acid composition. The study confirmed that the extract caused not only significant increase in the weight of geese at the end of the experiment, but also improved their pterylographic parameters. Therefore, it is practical to conduct similar studies on wild species of birds grown for hunting, because this process of development of feathers, particularly for such species of birds, is essential.
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Patel, Miral, Nirmal Kumar J.I, and K. K. Tiwari. "An Investigation on principle biochemical components, photosynthetic pigments, nucleic acid and enzymatic activities of axenic culture of Scytonema sp. treated with two PAHs: Acenapthene and Fluoranthene." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (March 25, 2014): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9784.
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The fresh water cyanobacteria Scytonema sp. was cultivated in a laboratory scale in the presence of various concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20 ppm) of two polycyclic hydrocarbons in order to assess the influence of the pollutant on the growth and certain physiological responses of the cyanobacteria. The algal cells were analyzed for chlorophyll a, carotenoids, phycobilliproteins, proteins, amino acid, nucliec acid, C/N ratio and elemental composition, carbohydrate and different enzymes at four days interval up to 16 days. According to our results, Scytonema sp. was significantly affected by the pollution with regard to the different physiological parameters examined, and this significance may be negative, positive or variable. The effect of the pollutant on carbohydrate, and the total amount of amino acids, proteins was negative, however, the composition of the phenol increase with raise in PAHs concentration. A positive effect of the pollutant on cellular C/N ratio was observed up to certain doses of PAHs.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v2i1.9784Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol. 2(1): 34-40