Journal articles: 'Phenol compound'

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Arvin, Erik, Bjørn K. Jensen, and Anders Torp Gundersen. "Biodegradation Kinetics of Phenols in an Aerobic Biofilm at Low Concentrations." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0590.

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Aerobic biodegradation of the phenols: phenol, 2-methylphenol, 4-methylphenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol was studied in a biofilm reactor to establish kinetic constants under conditions where the phenols were the sole carbon sources. Phenol concentrations were very low, in the µg/l concentration range. 2,4,6-trimethylphenol was not degraded. The degradation of the other phenols was 1'st order at concentrations in the bulk phase below 20-50 µg/l. Zero order reaction seemed to govern the reaction above 200 µg/l. The l'st order rate constants are 3-30 times higher than the constants calculated for easily degradable organic compounds degraded at 100-1000 times higher concentrations (mg/l range). However, the maximum phenol utilization rates and the Monod constants were much lower compared with constants obtained for the microorganisms grown in the mg/l concentration range. The Monod constant was about 100 times lower. The removal of “total biodegradable phenol” (TB-phenol) was very similar to the removal of a specific compound. The degradation of TB-phenol was l'st order at concentrations below 200 µg/l. When the total biodegradable phenol degradation is near its maximum capacity (o'order reaction) there was a preferential degradation of the most easily degradable phenols, phenol and 2-methylphenol, leading to an apparent inhibition of the degradation of the more slowly degradable phenols, in particular 2,4-dimethylphenol and 3,5-dimethylphenol.

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MacDonald, David, and H. Brian Dunford. "Similarities in the optical spectra of prostaglandin H synthase during its cyclooxygenase and peroxidase reactions." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 67, no. 6 (June 1, 1989): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o89-046.

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The spectral behavior of the enzyme prostaglandin H synthase was studied in the Soret region under conditions that permitted comparison of enzyme intermediates involved in peroxidase and cyclooxygenase activities. First, the peroxidase activity was examined. The enzyme's spectral behavior upon reacting with 5-phenyl-pent-4-enyl-1-hydroperoxide was different depending on the presence or absence of the reducing substrate, phenol. In the reaction of prostaglandin H synthase with the peroxide in the absence of phenol, formation of the enzyme intermediate compound I is observed followed by partial conversion to compound II and then by enzyme bleaching. In the reaction with both peroxide and phenol the absorbance decreases and a steady-state spectrum is observed which is a mixture of native enzyme and compound II. The steady state is followed by an increase in absorbance back to that of the native enzyme with no bleaching. The difference can be explained by the reactivity of phenol as a reducing substrate with the prostaglandin H synthase intermediate compounds. Cyclooxygenase activity with arachidonic acid could not be examined in the absence of diethyldithiocarbamate because extensive bleaching occurred. In the presence of diethyldithiocarbamate, enzyme spectral behavior similar to that seen in the reaction of the peroxide and phenol was observed. The similarity of the spectra strongly suggests that the enzyme intermediates involved in both the peroxidase and cyclooxygenase reactions are the same.Key words: prostaglandin H synthase, cyclooxygenase activity, peroxidase activity, arachidonic acid, compounds I and II of PGH synthase.

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Yang, Seungdo, Soyeon Jeong, Chunghyeon Ban, Hyungjoo Kim, and Do Heui Kim. "Catalytic Cleavage of Ether Bond in a Lignin Model Compound over Carbon-Supported Noble Metal Catalysts in Supercritical Ethanol." Catalysts 9, no. 2 (February 6, 2019): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal9020158.

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Decomposition of lignin-related model compound (benzyl phenyl ether, BPE) to phenol and toluene was performed over carbon-supported noble metal (Ru, Pd, and Pt) catalysts in supercritical ethanol without supply of hydrogen. Phenol and toluene as target products were produced by the hydrogenolysis of BPE. The conversion of BPE was higher than 95% over all carbon-supported noble metal catalysts at 270 ° for 4 h. The 5 wt% Pd/C demonstrated the highest yield (ca. 59.3%) of the target products and enhanced conversion rates and reactivity more significantly than other catalysts. In the case of Ru/C, BPE was significantly transformed to other unidentified byproducts, more so than other catalysts. The Pt/C catalyst produced the highest number of byproducts such as alkylated phenols and gas-phase products, indicating that the catalyst promotes secondary reactions during the decomposition of BPE. In addition, a model reaction using phenol as a reactant was conducted to check the secondary reactions of phenol such as alkylation or hydrogenation in supercritical ethanol. The product distribution when phenol was used as a reactant was mostly consistent with BPE as a reactant. Based on the results, plausible reaction pathways were proposed.

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Lu, C. J., and S. J. Chen. "The Effects of the Secondary Carbon Source on the Biodegradation of Chlorinated Phenols in Biofilm Reactors." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0674.

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The effects of the presence of a secondary carbon source on the biodegradation of chlorinated phenols were studied with column biofilm reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was studied with a series of batch reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was to follow the order of phenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 4-chIorophenol > 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2-chlorophenol > 3-chloro-phenol. The presence of a relatively more biodegradable but higher chlorinated phenol, such as 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, enhanced the biodégradation of a less chlorinated butrecalcitrantphenol, such as 2-chlorophenol. The addition of phenol, an easily biodegradable compound, generally decreased the biodegradation of chlorinated phenols.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Preparation of some azo compounds by diazotization and coupling of 2- amino -5 – thiol -1,3,4- thiadizaole." Baghdad Science Journal 4, no. 2 (June 7, 2015): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.4.2.271-275.

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2- amino -5- thiol-1,3,4- thiadiazole (S1) was prepared by cyclic locking of thiosemicarbazide in the presence of anhydrous sodium carbonate and CS2. diazotization of (S1) compound gave diazonium salt (S2) that reacts with different activated aromatic compounds to get the following azo compounds ,2 [(4- aminophenyl) diazenyl ] 1,3,4- thiazdiazole-5- thiol (S3) ,2-[4-amino- 1-naphthyl diazenyl] -1,3,4 – thiazdiazole-5-thiol (S4) , 3-amino-4-[(5- mercapto -1,3,4- thiadiazole -2-yl) diazenyl ] phenol(S5) ,1-[(5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) diazenyl] -2-naphthol (S6) , 5-{[4-(dimethylamino) phenyl] diazenyl}-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2- thiol(S7) ,5-{[4-(diethylamino) phenyl] diazenyl}-1,3,4- thiadiazole-2- thiol(S8) ,2- amino-5-[(5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-yl) diazenyl] phenol(S9) . All the prepared azo compounds have been characterized and identified through the study of their some physical, chemical and spectrometrical (U.V.I.R) properties.

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Chi, Mingmei, Xiaoli Su, Xiaojiao Sun, Yan Xu, Xiaoxia Wang, and Yanling Qiu. "Microbial analysis and enrichment of anaerobic phenol and p-cresol degrading consortia with addition of AQDS." Water Science and Technology 84, no. 3 (July 6, 2021): 683–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.264.

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Abstract Quinones and humus are ubiquitous in the biosphere and play an important role in the anaerobic biodegradation and biotransformation of organic acids, poisonous compounds as well as inorganic compounds. The impact of humic model compound, anthraquinone-2, 6-disulfonate (AQDS) on anaerobic phenol and p-cresol degradation were studied. Four methanogenic AQDS-free phenol and p-cresol enrichments and two phenol-AQDS enrichments were obtained using two sludges with potential biodegradability of phenol and cresol isomers as inoculum. 16S rRNA gene-cloning analysis combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that syntrophic aromatic compound degrading bacterium Syntrophorhabdus aromaticivorans was dominant in four AQDS-free enrichments, whereas phenol degrading Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus was dominant in two phenol-AQDS enrichments. Neither co-culture of S. aromaticivorans with Methanospirillum hungatei nor two phenol-AQDS enrichments could metabolize phenol using AQDS as the terminal electron acceptor. Further degradation experiments suggested that C. phenolicus related microbes in two phenol-AQDS enrichments were responsible for the conversion of phenol to benzoate, and benzoate was further degraded by benzoate degraders of Syntrophus aciditrophicus or Sporotomaculum syntrophicum to acetate.

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Sithole, Bishop B., and David T. Williams. "Halogenated Phenols in Water at Forty Canadian Potable Water Treatment Facilities." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 5 (September 1, 1986): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.5.807.

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Abstract Samples of raw and treated water were collected once in each of 3 seasons at 40 potable water treatment plants across Canada and were analyzed for phenol and 33 halogenated phenolic compounds including chlorophenols, bromophenols, bromochlorophenols, and chloroguaiacols. Eighteen of the compounds were not found at any treatment plant; phenol and each of the remaining halogenated phenols were found in at least 1 sample. Pentachlorophenol was the only halogenated phenolic compound found in more than 20% of the raw water samples in the fall and winter samples at levels up to 53 ng/L with mean values of 1.9 and 2.8 ng/L, respectively. No halogenated phenols were detected in raw water summer samples. The halogenated phenols found most frequently in treated water samples were 4-chloro-, 2,4-dichloro-, 2,4,6- trichloro-, and bromodichlorophenols. Mean values were less than 15 ng/L and maximum values seldom exceeded 100 ng/L. Most of the positive values for the treated water samples were found at 8 of the 40 treatment plants but no correlations could be found between halogenated phenol levels and raw water type, treatment process, or chemical dosages.

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Nekrasova, Larisa P., A. G. Malysheva, and E. G. Abramov. "TRANSFORMATION OF PHENOL AND DIATOMIC PHENOLS IN SURFACE WATER UNDER THE IMPACT OF NATURAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FACTORS." Hygiene and sanitation 98, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 1206–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2019-98-11-1206-1211.

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Introduction. Phenol, as well as diatomic phenols, are among the most common and priority organic pollutants of the environment. Getting into the water with sewage in real conditions of pollution, under the influence of natural physicochemical factors, phenols, as highly reactive compounds, undergo a transformation, as a result of which new, sometimes more toxic compounds may be formed. Purpose of the study is to investigate the transformation processes under the impact of the natural physicochemical factors of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in surface water. Material and methods. The processes of transformation of phenol and diatomic phenols were studied by the methods of spectrophotometry and luminescence spectroscopy. Absorption spectra were recorded with a UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), and fluorescence spectra were recorded on a CM2203 spectrofluorometer (Solar CJSC, Belarus). The degradation of phenols to CO2 and H2O (mineralization) at room temperature in natural samples was determined using a TOC-VCHP total carbon analyzer (Shimadzu, Japan). Results. The decrease in phenol concentration in river water was subject to linear dependence. The transformation kinetics of resorcinol corresponded to a sequential reaction. The processes of transformation of hydroquinone and pyrocatechin were dominated by chemical oxidation processes. Hydroquinone completely transformed within 24 hours. The degree of conversion of pyrocatechol 87.5% was achieved in 3 days and did not change during the month. During the month, the mineralization of phenol amounted to 90%, hydroquinone, and pyrocatechol - 55% and 45%, respectively. The complete transformation of resorcinol occurred in 7 days. A compound having a bright fluorescence and constituting a product of resorcinol polycondensation, whose concentration increased during the whole experiment, was formed. The degree of mineralization of resorcinol was 93%. Conclusion. The transformation of phenol, hydroquinone, pyrocatechin, and resorcinol in the surface water is caused by the processes of natural chemical and biochemical oxidation and depends on the chemical composition and concentration of presented impurities.

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Yu, Yuxiang, Xiaoqian Qiu, Chao Li, Defu Bao, and Jianmin Chang. "Performance and characterization of phenol-formaldehyde resin with crude bio-oil by model compound method." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 10, 2023): e0271478. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271478.

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In order to clarify the effects of crude bio-oil for phenol-formaldehyde resin, the phenol-formaldehyde resin with bio-oil model compounds (BMPF) were prepared by model compound method. The bonding strength and aging resistance of BMPF were determined, and their microstructure and chemical bonds were also analyzed by scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, respectively. The results showed that the components of crude bio-oil had various degrees of effects on the BMPF performance, and the most obvious one is the phenols. The phenols and the ketones of bio-oil had positive effects on the bonding strength. The ketones had the biggest effect on the surface smoothness of BMPF film. But all components of bio-oil could inordinately improve the aging resistance of BMPF. The structural analysis indicated that the effects of bio-oil components on the BMPF performance by changing the resin structure. The CH2 peak in FT-IR and the methylene bridges intensity in NMR of phenol-free BMPF and ketone-free BMPF were smaller, while the results of aldehyde-free BMPF and acid-free BMPF were opposite. And the influence degree of BMPF structure was basically consistent with that of BMPF performance. These results could provide a basis for the modification of phenol-formaldehyde resin by crude bio-oil.

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Lu, C. J., and Y. H. Tsai. "The Effects of a Secondary Carbon Source on the Biodegradation of Recalcitrant Compounds." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 7 (October 1, 1993): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0148.

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The effects of the addition of a secondary carbon source on the biodegradation of a chlorinated phenol were studied with a series of batch reactors. The biodegradability of chlorinated phenols was shown to follow the decreasing order: phenol > 2,4-DCP > 4CP > 2,4,6-TCP > 2CP > 3CP by the unacclimated microorganisms. The addition of a secondary carbon source may enhance or retard the biodegradation of a recalcitrant compound. The presence of a relatively easily biodegraded compound, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol, enhanced the biodegradation of a less chlorinated but recalcitrant compound, such as 2-chlorophenol. The enhancement of the removal efficiency of 2-chlorophenol was proportional to the concentration of 2,4-dichlorophenol. Monochlorophenols, such as 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol or 4-chlorophenol generally retarded the biodegradation of the relatively more highly chlorinated phenols, such as 2,4-dichlorophenol or 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

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Violet, Violet. "IDENTIFIKASI PEMANFAATAN TRADISIONAL DAN PENAPISAN SENYAWA FITOKIMIA EKTRAK DAUN BINTANGUR (Callophyllum soulatri Burm F.)." EnviroScienteae 14, no. 1 (April 28, 2018): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/es.v14i1.4896.

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Bintangur (Callophylum soulatri) is one type of Family Callophylleae which is widely found in the forests of Borneo. This research attempts to identify the traditional using of Bintangur plant as a medicinal material and get the result of phytochemical compound from Bintangur leaf extract. Identification of the use of Bintangur plants is done using semi-structured interview techniques and literature review. The phytochemical compound preliminary test is carried out qualitatively by color change detection. Bintangur leaves can eliminate the disease vertigo (dizziness) and migraine. The dominant phytochemical compounds are flavonoids, steroid, and tannin. Phytochemical compounds that also dominant are phenol hydrocarbons and saponins. The alkaloid compound is not present in Bintangur leaves. The identification of phytochemical compounds from Bintangur leaf identifies the potential utilization of phytochemical compounds for various medicinal goals. The detection of steroid compounds with high concentrations indicates that Bintangur leaf has the potential to be used as a medicinal material to relieve chronic fatigue and pain. The presence of phenol compounds such as flavonoids, phenol hydrocarbons, and tannins indicates that the Bintangur leaf has bioactivity as antioxidants, antibacterials and anticancer.

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Helal, Ahmed, Stephane Desobry, Sylvie Banon, and Sherif M. Shamsia. "Antioxidant activity and bioaccessibility of phenols-enriched edible casein/caseinate coatings during in vitro digestion." Journal of Dairy Research 82, no. 1 (October 20, 2014): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029914000557.

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Active films were developed for food coating applications. Entrapped phenol susceptibility to digestion was studied. Sodium caseinate (Na-CN) coatings were formulated with 0, 10, 20% Casein (CN) incorporating selected phenols as model antioxidants. This study investigated phenol/CN/Na-CN interactions, in vitro bioaccessibility of phenols and CN role in phenols retention during in vitro gastric and pancreatic digestion. The antioxidant activity of catechin (CAT), rutin (RUT), chlorogenic acid (CHL), gallic acid (GAL), and tannic acid (TA) in coatings varied with the phenolic compound type and CN concentration and was related to phenol hydrophobic binding to CN. ABTS method gave activities ranged from 412 down to 213, and DPPH method gave values from 291·7 to 190·9. An inverse relationship was found with CN content due to CN/phenol interaction. During digestion, a part of phenols was degraded by alkaline pH of pancreatic fluid. Simultaneously, CN proteolysis led to release of phenols and the bioaccessibility index remained above 80% for all phenols. The results suggested the possibility of protecting phenols against oxidation and digestive alteration by entrapment in CN and Na-CN coating films. These positive results showed the ability to produce antioxidant-enriched edible coatings to increase food protection and phenol nutritional intake.

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Said, Bastián, Iván Montenegro, Manuel Valenzuela, Yusser Olguín, Nelson Caro, Enrique Werner, Patricio Godoy, Joan Villena, and Alejandro Madrid. "Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity of New Cyclodiprenyl Phenols against Select Cancer Cell Lines." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 12, 2018): 2323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092323.

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Six new cyclodiprenyl phenols were synthesized by direct coupling of perillyl alcohol and the appropriate phenol. Their structures were established by IR, HRMS and mainly NMR. Three human cancer cell lines—breast (MCF-7), prostate (PC-3) and colon (HT-29)—were used in antiproliferative assays, with daunorubicin and dunnione as positive controls. Results described in the article suggest that dihydroxylated compounds 2–4 and monohydroxylated compound 5 display selectivity against cancer cell lines, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and mitochondrial membrane impairment capacity. Compound 2 was identified as the most effective of the series by displaying against all cancer cell lines a cytotoxicity close to dunnione antineoplastic agent, suggesting that the cyclodiprenyl phenols from perillyl alcohol deserve more extensive investigation of their potential medicinal applications.

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Calani, Luca, Letizia Bresciani, Margherita Rodolfi, Daniele Del Rio, Raffaella Petruccelli, Cecilia Faraloni, and Tommaso Ganino. "Characterization of the (Poly)Phenolic Fraction of Fig Peel: Comparison among Twelve Cultivars Harvested in Tuscany." Plants 11, no. 22 (November 13, 2022): 3073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11223073.

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(1) Background: The fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area and it produces fruits largely consumed in the Mediterranean diet. Previous studies have shown that this fruit represents a rich source of (poly)phenols, which are mainly located in the peel rather than the pulp. In our study, fig peel derived from twelve different cultivars located in Tuscany was assessed for its (poly)phenol profile. (2) Methods: The (poly)phenol characterization was performed through ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to multiple-stage mass spectrometry. (3) Results: Twenty-eight (poly)phenolic compounds were quantified in the investigated fig peel. It was possible to observe an interesting variability in the (poly)phenol content among the twelve cultivars of fig peel. Rutin and 5-caffeoylquinic acid were the main compounds in the greenish fig peel, while cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside was the main component in the dark-violet fig peel. (4) Conclusions: fig peel could be used as a (poly)phenol-rich ingredient in several food products to increase the bioactive compound content of foods. Moreover, dark-violet peel could be considered potentially suitable as a natural food colorant.

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Liang, Hongmin, Deyan Gao, Cong Wang, Huanhuan Gao, Yayun Guo, Zhiyun Zhao, and Hongmei Shi. "Effect of Fermentation Strategy on the Quality and Aroma Characteristics of Yellow Peach Wines." Fermentation 8, no. 11 (November 4, 2022): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8110604.

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To obtain high-quality yellow peach wines of varying characteristics, different fermentation strategies, including various pre-fermentative treatments, were applied. This study aimed to determine the effect of different fermentation strategies on the physicochemical properties, monomer phenol content, in vitro antioxidant activity, and volatile compounds of yellow peach wine. The results showed that peach wine P12, fermented with pulp, had higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), monomer phenol and volatile compound content, and antioxidant activity. Ten monomeric phenols were detected in peach wines, and the content of catechin was the highest. Juice fermentation wine, J12, had a strong floral aroma, and some volatile compounds were released during fermentation when water was added to the pulp, and low alcohol content did not reduce the variety of volatile compounds. The main aroma and common characteristics of the fermented yellow peach wine were dominated by esters, with a relative odor activity value (ROAV) ≥ 1, namely, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, and ethyl octanoate. Our results demonstrated that the application of the described fermentation strategies significantly affected the quality and volatile compound content of yellow peach wines. This might assist in the development of a highly diverse yellow peach wine flavor.

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Fan, Honglei, Yingying Yang, Jinliang Song, Qinglei Meng, Tao Jiang, Guanying Yang, and Buxing Han. "Free-radical conversion of a lignin model compound catalyzed by Pd/C." Green Chemistry 17, no. 8 (2015): 4452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5gc01272d.

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Benzyl phenyl ether can be decomposed into phenol and toluene effectively by using Pd/C as the catalyst in the presence of sodium carbonate and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone via a free-radical reaction pathway.

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Rahayu, D. U. C., R. S. Al-Laily, D. A. Khalwani, A. Anjani, S. Handayani, E. Saepudin, H. Dianhar, and P. Sugita. "MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF 4-METHYL COUMARINS, THEIR ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 02 (2022): 1053–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1526780.

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Coumarins are heterocyclic compounds naturally found in plants. Coumarin-derived compounds have been commonly synthesized and some have exhibited a wide range of bioactivities. In searching for coumarins-based antioxidants and antibacterial, in this study, various 4-methyl coumarins have been synthesized by reacting ethyl acetoacetate with several phenol compounds, e.g. resorcinol, catechol, hydroquinone, α-naphthol, and β-naphthol, catalyzed by multiple Lewis acids, e.g. SnCl2, SnCl2.2H2O, ZnCl2, and AlCl3, using microwave irradiation via the Pechmann condensation. The antioxidant activities of synthesized compounds were tested using the DPPH method, while the antibacterial activities were measured using the disc diffusion method. Of the five phenol and four Lewis acid variations, only resorcinol catalyzed by SnCl2.2H2O and AlCl3 produced the targeted coumarin, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin, in a pure compound. The synthesized compound was obtained with an optimum yield of 55.25% by reacting resorcinol/ethyl acetoacetate 1:1 (mol/mol) and 10 mol% SnCl2.2H2O for 260 s reaction time under solvent-free conditions. This compound was identified by TLC, melting point apparatus, and then further characterized using FTIR, UV-Vis, and NMR instruments. The antioxidant activity of 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin showed moderately active towards DPPH with an IC50 value of 99.69 ppm. This compound also displayed moderate activity against E. coli with 9 mm of inhibition zone in 125 ppm. However, 7-hydroxy-4-methyl coumarin was inactive against S. aureus at all tested concentrations. This study reveals that various phenols and Lewis acids can affect coumarins-based antioxidant and antibacterial synthesis.

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Nugrahaini, Dian Laila, Endang Kusdiyantini, Udi Tarwotjo, and A. Heru Prianto. "Identifikasi Kandungan Senyawa Kimia Cuka Kayu dari Sekam Padi." Bioma : Berkala Ilmiah Biologi 19, no. 1 (September 8, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/bioma.19.1.30-37.

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Wood vinegar rice husk contains a chemical compound that can be used as a biopesticides. Wood vinegar contained compounds which estimated potential as repellent, antifeedant, antimicrobials, antioxidants, disinfectants and as preservatives. The content of chemical compounds in the wood vinegar must be identified. Identification were done by calculating the concentration of acid, phenol and an infrared spectrophotometer. Production of wood vinegar made by the pyrolysis process used pirolisator. Most of the wood vinegar obtained is evaporated using a rotary evaporator and partly extracted using the method of separating funnel. Compound of acid and phenol in wood vinegar evaporation were higher than the extraction of wood vinegar. These results were confirmed by an infrared spectrophotometer spectrum showed the functional groups of acid and phenolic compounds. Keywords: wood vinegar rice husk, acid, phenol, pyrolysis, infrared spetrofotometer

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Elaatiaoui, Abdelmalik, Rafik Saddik, Noureddine Benchat, Mohamed Saadi, and Lahcen El Ammari. "Crystal structure of (E)-4-[N-(7-methyl-2-phenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl)carboximidoyl]phenol." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 10 (September 30, 2015): o803—o804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2056989015017843.

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The molecule of the title compound, C21H17N3O, is built up from fused five- and six-membered rings connected to a methyl group, a phenyl ring and an (iminomethyl)phenol group. The fused ring system is almost planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.031 Å) and forms dihedral angles of 64.97 (7) and 18.52 (6)° with the phenyl ring and the (iminomethyl)phenol group, respectively. In the crystal, centrosymmetric molecules are linked by pairs of C—H...π interactions into dimeric units, which are further connected by O–H...N hydrogen bonds to form layers parallel to (101).

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Mohite, Sagar Subhash, Aditya Babasaheb Patil-Deshmukh, and Sanjay Shamrao Chavan. "Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Luminescence, and Nonlinear Optical Properties of 2-[(E)-[[4-[2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethynyl]phenyl] imino]methyl]-4- [(E)-phenyldiazenyl]phenol." Letters in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 8 (August 18, 2020): 618–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570178617666200207104157.

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2-((E)-((4-((4-methoxyphenyl)ethynyl)phenyl)imino)methyl-4-((E)phenyldiazenyl)phenol (1) have been synthesized and characterized. X-ray single crystal diffraction study of the compound 1 reveal a monoclinic structure. Room temperature luminescence is observed for 1 in CH2Cl2 solution due to π* → π transition. The SHG efficiency by Kurtz powder technique indicating the compound 1 displayed the second harmonic generation (SHG) property.

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Qurniasih, Ilmauwati, Ikha Safitri, Anthoni B. Aritonang, Warsidah Warsidah, and Shifa Helena. "KANDUNGAN TOTAL FENOL DALAM EKSTRAK METANOL DAN ETIL ASETAT Caulerpa racemosa (TOTAL PHENOL CONTENTS IN METHANOL AND ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTS OF Caulerpa racemosa)." Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry 5, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49068.

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Caulerpa racemosa belongs to Chlorophyceae grow abundantly along Indonesian waters, including Kabung Island, West Kalimantan. This species has important role and is able to synthesize a wide range of bioactive compounds that are potential to be developed. However, their existence have not been used optimally. This study aims to determine the bioactive compound and evaluate total phenol contents in methanol and ethyl acetate of C. racemosa from Kabung Island. The methods in this study were maceration, phytochemicals, and Folin-Ciocalteau using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. racemosa contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. Thus, the total phenol content in ethyl acetate extracts was 0.077817 mgGAE/g while in methanol extract was 0.05682 mgGAE/g, respectively. This value was classified as low category.

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Sevinj Hajiyeva, Sevinj Hajiyeva, Elmina Gadirova Elmina Gadirova, Afsun Sujayev Afsun Sujayev, and Nedim Ozdemir Nedim Ozdemir. "Degradation of Phenol in the System TiO2 Nanoparticles and N-Containing Compound." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 45, no. 1 (2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001192/jcsp/45.01.2023.

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The purpose this research was to study the decomposition of phenol in water under the influence of UV radiation in the presence of nanoparticles TiO2 and methyl-3-amicrotonate. The photochemical decomposition of phenol in the presence of UV in a system of TiO2+N containing substances was carried out. The TiO2 nanoparticles used in the reaction had a size from 10 to 30 nm and belonged to the rutile phase. Nano-TiO2 was studied by X-ray diffraction, TEM and SEM methods. All the XRD peaks were well-defined and corresponded to rutile phase TiO2. From the line broadening of the (101) diffraction peak by Scherrer’s method, the average crystal size TiO2 is about 10.3. The specific surface areas for TiO2 is 159.6 m2/g. X-ray structure analysis Fig of the studied nanocomposite materials were recorded on the Rigaku Mini Flex 600s powder diffractometer. X-ray tube with copper anode (Cu-Kα radiation, 30 kV and mA) was used to draw the diffraction specters at room temperature. At 2θ = 20and#176;- 80and#176; with discrete growth mode these specters were obtained as Δ2θ = 0.05and#176; and the exposure time was τ =5 seconds. The photochemical process lasted 1 hour using a very small amount of white powder and 0.05 gr of TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by the sol-gel method and N-containing substance. For the process 1 mgL-1of phenol solution was used. The process was monitored with a spectrophotometer “Varian Cary 50”. After the photochemical decomposition of phenol, the reaction product was analyzed on an Agilent 6980N/5975 by the method GC-MSD. The goal was to determine the percentage of photochemical decomposition of phenol in TiO2+N system and 60% decomposition of phenol was defined.

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23

Hayun, H., R. N. Fauzan, N. T. Wibowo, A. Asrianingtiyas, N. Afriliana, and T. Ananda. "Synthesis and Anti-inflammatory Activity of 2-Methoxy-4-(1-phenyl-3- methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)phenol) and Its Aminomethyl Derivatives." Asian Journal of Chemistry 32, no. 3 (January 31, 2020): 607–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2020.22159.

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Using heat-induced protein denaturation technique, a series of novel synthesized 1,5-diarylpyrazole compounds, namely 2-methoxy-4-(1-phenyl-3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)phenol (1) and its aminomethyl derivatives (2a-e) were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory potentiality. The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated using FTIR, NMR (1H & 13C) and mass spectral data. The study found that the activity of aminomethyl derivatives (2a-e) was higher than that of parent compound 1. In this series, aminomethyl derivatives bearing dimethylamino-methyl, diethylaminomethyl and pyrrolidinomethyl moieties (2a, 2c and 2e, respectively) were more active than diclofenac sodium, which was used as a standard. A study on the structure-activity relationship (SAR) suggested that the activity of aminomethyl moiety of the compound was influenced by its pKa value. Thus, novel compounds act as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

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24

Cui, Jin, Mingjie Zhang, Jie Zhu, Naijing Cui, and Bo Liu. "4-tert-Butyl-2-{[(E)-2,6-diisopropylphenylimino]methyl}-6-(1-phenylethyl)phenol." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 63, no. 11 (October 24, 2007): o4400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536807051306.

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The title compound, C31H39NO, was prepared by the condensation of 5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-3-(1-phenylethyl)benzaldehyde with 2,6-diisopropylphenylamine in refluxing ethanol. The phenol ring and the phenylimino ring are approximately perpendicular, forming a dihedral angle of 81.5 (3)°. The phenyl ring makes a dihedral angle of 75.2 (2)° with the phenol ring and also makes a dihedral angle of 62.9 (3)° with the phenylimino ring. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond linking the phenol OH group and the phenylimino N atom. One of the isopropyl groups is disordered over two positions; the site occupancies are 0.55 and 0.45.

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25

Zarecka, Diāna, and Lyubomir Lazov. "POSSIBLE USE OF LASERS FOR CLEAVAGE OF PHENOLS TILL BASE SUBSTANCES (REVIEW)." HUMAN. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGIES. Proceedings of the Students International Scientific and Practical Conference, no. 26 (January 9, 2023): 82–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/het2022.26.6961.

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The purpose of this review article is to explain the hazards of phenol and phenol compounds to human health and the environment. To describe where and how phenol and its compounds occur, especially in industrial effluents. To study the possibility of using laser technologies for phenol cleavage, as well as for the treatment of industrial wastewater from phenol compounds. Removal of phenol and its compounds using biological wastewater treatment process is widely used worldwide. This method is cost-effective and environmentally friendly. On the other hand, exceeding the tolerable phenol concentration, which is individual for each biological treatment plant, may result in severe intoxication and lead to death of activated sludge system. Thus, the biological treatment process of industrial wastewater is halted until the phenol concentration is reduced to an acceptable level and the microorganisms have time to recover. Such a procedure can be time consuming and unpredictable due to the susceptibility of microorganisms to changing conditions. Based on this, sources of literature have been studied that could help to understand which laser equipment can be used to cleave a phenolic compound or benzene ring to simpler compounds.

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26

Freire, Layla F. A., Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca, Lidia Yokoyama, and Luiz Alberto Cesar Teixeira. "Study of solar photo-Fenton system applied to removal of phenol from water." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 5 (June 26, 2014): 780–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.286.

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This study evaluated the use of a Fenton's reaction in a falling film solar reactor (FFR), as a possible advanced oxidation process for the mineralization of the organic compound phenol in water. Preliminary tests were carried out to evaluate phenol degradation by photolysis and to select the optimal residence time in which to carry out the process using a solar photo-Fenton system. The variables studied were the initial phenol concentration (100 to 300 mg L−1), the [Phenol]:[H2O2] mass ratio (1.0 to 2.0) and the [H2O2]/[Fe2+] molar ratio (5 to 10). Phenol degradation of 99% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of 97% were obtained under the following reaction conditions: phenol concentration = 200 mg L−1, mass ratio [Phenol]:[H2O2] = 1.5 and molar ratio [H2O2]/[Fe2+] = 7.5. Overall mineralization was achieved using the solar photo-Fenton process to destroy phenol and COD. The solar photo-Fenton process using a FFR appears to be a viable method for removing phenols in wastewaters on an industrial scale.

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Susanti, Ni Made Pitri, Luh Putu Mirah Kusuma Dewi, Harlina Setiawati Manurung, and I. Made Agus Gelgel Wirasuta. "IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA GOLONGAN FENOL DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH HIJAU (PIPER BETLE LINN.) DENGAN METODE KLT-SPEKTROFOTODENSITOMETRI." Metamorfosa: Journal of Biological Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/metamorfosa.2017.v04.i01.p16.

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Phenol compound in Piper betle leaves has several pharmacology activities such as antibacteria, antifungi and antioxidant. The pharmacology activities of a herbal drug are influenced by the phytochemistry content, so in order to do a quality determination that provides phytochemistry profile and consistent pharmacology activities, a standardization is required. Fingerprint is the main standard to perform quality control for herbal drug. TLC-spectrophotodensitometry was used as the method in order to provide fingerprint profile of phenol compound. In this experiment, Piper betle leaves samples were extracted by reflux method using ethanol 96% as the solvent. Identification of phenol compound was done using TLC-spectrophotodensitometry with Silica gel 60 F254 as the stationary phase, toluena: ethyl acetate (93:7 v/v) as the mobile phase, FeCl3 and Folin-Ciocalteau as the reagent. The fingerprint profile of phenol compund was shown in Rf value 0,19; 0,42; and 0,62. Positive results of phenol compound are black spot on FeCl3 colour test and dark blue spot on Folin-Ciocalteau colour test. Maximum wavelength of phenol compound was 283 nm.

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Long, Qi Zhi, Hai Yan Zhong, Jie Lv, Qing Ming Cao, Bo Zhou, and Yong Zhu. "Effect of Oil and Phenol Extraction Methods on Polyphenol Contents and Profiles of Camellia Oils (Camellia oleifera)." Advanced Materials Research 550-553 (July 2012): 1724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.550-553.1724.

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A claim of a camellia oil healthcare benefits as a result of the high amount of ‘tea polyphenol’ arises a widely discussion in China currently. A laboratory solvent extracted crude oil (SECO) and a commercial cold pressed oil (CPO) were used for evaluation of oil attributes, particularly, total phenol content (TP). Effects of different solvents on phenol extraction for phenol profile were also investigated. According to GB 11765 (a Chinese standard for camellia oil quality), acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), sensory attributes, i.e. transparency, odour and flavour of CPO met the requirements, while SECO showed turbid. TP in SECO had no significant difference compared with that in CPO, thus, the phenol profile of SECO seemed to be more complicated in comparison with that of CPO. Different solvents showed different effects on phenol profiles: low molecular alcohol aqueous solution could extract more phenolic compounds, while gallic acid as a solely compound was extracted by acetone. These factors indicate that SECO should be refined and solvent effect on phenolic compound extraction would be helpful on further research for the interested phenol fraction in camellia oil.

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29

Zhang, Wanhui, Chaohai Wei, Chunhua Feng, Yuan Ren, Yun Hu, Bo Yan, and Chaofei Wu. "The occurrence and fate of phenolic compounds in a coking wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 2 (July 1, 2013): 433–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.269.

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The occurrence of 14 phenolic compounds (PCs) was assessed in the raw, treated wastewater, dewatered sludge and gas samples from a coking wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in China. It was found that 3-cresol was the dominant compound in the raw coking wastewater with a concentration of 183 mg L−1, and that chlorophenols and nitrophenols were in the level of μg L−1. Phenol was the dominant compound in the gas samples, while 2,4,6-trichlorophenol predominated in the dewatered sludge sample. The anaerobic and aerobic tanks played key roles in the elimination of chlorophenols and phenols, respectively. Analysis of daily mass flows of PCs in WWTP showed that 89–98% of phenols and 83–89% of nitrophenols were biodegraded, and that 44–69% of chlorophenols were adsorbed to sludge, indicating that the fate of PCs was highly influenced by their biodegradability and physical–chemical property.

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30

Kiswandono, Agung Abadi, Sonny Widiarto, Dessy Tiara Elvia Nita Sari, R. Supriyanto, Hardoko Insan Qudus, Rinawati Rinawati, Anisa Rahmawati, and Wahyu Devariani. "Kompetisi Fenol pada Limbah Buatan Menggunakan Kopoli-Eugenol Divinil Benzena 10% sebagai Senyawa Pembawa." ALCHEMY Jurnal Penelitian Kimia 18, no. 1 (December 3, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/alchemy.18.1.45356.1-9.

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Salah satu komponen yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pemisahan pada metode Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) adalah senyawa pembawa. Senyawa pembawa pada pemisahan fenol sangat diperlukan dalam rangka ikut menyelamatkan lingkungan perairan. Penelitian ini menyintesis senyawa pembawa, yaitu kopoli-eugenol divinil benzena (co-EDVB) 10%. Senyawa ini merupakan hasil sintesis antara eugenol dan divinil benzena dengan teknik polimerisasi menggunakan katalis triflourodietil eter (BF3O(C2H5)2). Senyawa pembawa selanjutnya dipakai sebagai salah satu komponen pembentuk membran PIM. Membran PIM yang terbentuk kemudian diaplikasikan untuk uji pemisahan fenol pada limbah buatan, yaitu limbah yang dibuat dengan mencampurkan fenol, logam Pb(II) dan Cu(II). Senyawa hasil sintesis dikarakterisasi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), sedangkan membran PIM sebelum dan setelah transpor fenol dikarakterisasi menggunakan FTIR dan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa senyawa co-EDVB 10% telah berhasil disintesis, ditandai dengan hilangnya serapan spektra IR gugus vinil pada bilangan gelombang 995,27 cm-1 dan serapan gugus alil pada bilangan gelombang 1636,5 cm-1. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa transpor fenol menggunakan membran PIM dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran logam berat. Persentase transpor fenol pada kontrol didapatkan sebesar 48,8%, sedangkan pada limbah buatan didapatkan 27,25%. Competition of Phenol in Artificial Waste using Copoly-Eugenol Divinyl Benzene 10% as Carrier Compound. One of the components responsible for the separation in the Polymer Inclusion Membrane (PIM) method is a carrier compound. Carrier compounds in the separation of phenol are very necessary in order to save the aquatic environment. This study synthesized a carrier compound namely copoly-eugenol divinyl benzene (co-EDVB) 10%. This compound was synthesized between eugenol and benzene divinyl with polymerization techniques using the catalyst triflourodietil ether (BF3O(C2H5)2). Furthermore, the carrier compound was used as one of the components of PIM membrane formation. The formed PIM was is applied to test the separation of phenols in artificial waste made by mixing phenols, metal Pb(II), and Cu(II). The synthesized compounds were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), whereas PIM membranes before and after phenol transport were characterised using FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results show that the co-EDVB10% compound was successfully synthesized indicated by the loss of the IR absorption spectra of the vinyl group at a wavenumber of 995.27 cm-1 and the absorption of the allyl group at a wavenumber of 1636.5 cm-1. Moreover, the results show that phenol transport using PIM membranes was influenced by the presence of heavy metals. The percentage of phenol transport in the control was 48.8%, while in the artificial waste was 27.25%.

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Mohamed, Shaaban K., Antar A. Abdelhamid, Mehmet Akkurt, Phillip E. Fanwick, and A. M. Maharramov. "2-((E)-{[4-(Hydroxymethyl)phenyl]imino}methyl)phenol." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 68, no. 6 (May 5, 2012): o1618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536812019368.

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The title compound, C14H13NO2, adopts the enol–imine tautomeric form, with an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond which generates an S(6) ring motif. The dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 7.85 (7)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by O—H...O, O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional array that stacks along the a axis. In addition, a C—H...π interaction contributes to the stabilization of the crystal packing.

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32

Zafar, Aqsa, Arshad Javaid, Ejaz Ahmed, Iqra Haider Khan, Hamza Shehzad, and Aneela Anwar. "SYNTHESIS OF 4-HYDROXYAZOBENZENE, A PROMISING AZO DYE FOR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY AGAINST MACROPHOMINA PHASEOLINA." Plant Protection 6, no. 2 (August 23, 2022): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.02.4261.

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In the present study, an azo dye 4-hydroxyazobenzene was synthesized and its antifungal activity against a notorious soil-borne plant pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina was evaluated. The 4-hydroxyazobenzene was synthesized by azo coupling reaction between aniline diazonium salt and activated phenol. The azo coupling preferably occurred at para position of the phenol ring since the charge density get reinforced at this position and to minimize the steric hindrance between ortho positioned hydroxyl group. Azo coupling involved an electrophilic substitution reaction of phenyl diazonium cation with phenolate ion, the coupling partner. In vitro antifungal activity of the compound was assessed by dissolving the compound in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and preparing its different concentrations (ranging from 0.78 to 100 mg mL-1) in malt extract broth. All the concentrations of synthesized compound significantly (P≤0.05) reduced biomass of M. phaseolina by 31–49%. This study concludes that 4-hydroxyazobenzene can be used for control of M. phaseolina.

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Mague, Joel T., Mehmet Akkurt, Shaaban K. Mohamed, Alaa A. Hassan, and Mustafa R. Albayati. "Crystal structure of 4-((1E)-1-{(2Z)-2-[4-(4-bromophenyl)-3-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene]hydrazin-1-ylidene}ethyl)phenol hemihydrate." Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online 70, no. 10 (September 24, 2014): o1124—o1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600536814019473.

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In the title compound, C23H18BrN3OS·0.5H2O, the bromophenyl, phenyl and phenol rings make dihedral angles of 46.5 (1), 66.78 (8) and 15.4 (2)°, respectively, with the mean squares plane of the thiazolidene ring. In the crystal, the lattice water molecule is hydrogen bonded to the phenol group and makes a weaker O—H...N connection to an inversion-related molecule, forming a ring while weak pairwise C—H...S interactions involving inversion-related molecules form a second ring. Both these motifs result in the formation of two-dimensional networks lying parallel to (10-1).

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34

Pérez-Pantoja, Danilo, Pablo Leiva-Novoa, Raúl A. Donoso, Cedric Little, Margarita Godoy, Dietmar H. Pieper, and Bernardo González. "Hierarchy of Carbon Source Utilization in Soil Bacteria: Hegemonic Preference for Benzoate in Complex Aromatic Compound Mixtures Degraded by Cupriavidus pinatubonensis Strain JMP134." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 12 (March 20, 2015): 3914–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.04207-14.

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ABSTRACTCupriavidus pinatubonensisJMP134, like many other environmental bacteria, uses a range of aromatic compounds as carbon sources. Previous reports have shown a preference for benzoate when this bacterium grows on binary mixtures composed of this aromatic compound and 4-hydroxybenzoate or phenol. However, this observation has not been extended to other aromatic mixtures resembling a more archetypal context. We carried out a systematic study on the substrate preference ofC. pinatubonensisJMP134 growing on representative aromatic compounds channeled through different catabolic pathways described in aerobic bacteria. Growth tests of nearly the entire set of binary combinations and in mixtures composed of 5 or 6 aromatic components showed that benzoate and phenol were always the preferred and deferred growth substrates, respectively. This pattern was supported by kinetic analyses that showed shorter times to initiate consumption of benzoate in aromatic compound mixtures. Gene expression analysis by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) showed that, in all mixtures, the repression by benzoate over other catabolic pathways was exerted mainly at the transcriptional level. Additionally, inhibition of benzoate catabolism suggests that its multiple repressive actions are not mediated by a sole mechanism, as suggested by dissimilar requirements of benzoate degradation for effective repression in different aromatic compound mixtures. The hegemonic preference for benzoate over multiple aromatic carbon sources is not explained on the basis of growth rate and/or biomass yield on each single substrate or by obvious chemical or metabolic properties of these aromatic compounds.

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35

Taşkın, Hatıra, Gökhan Baktemur, Ebru Kafkas, and Saadet Büyükalaca. "Gyromitra Mantarının Uçucu Aroma Bileşenlerinin Tepe Boşluğu Gaz Kromotografisi Kütle Spektroskopisi (HS-GC/MS) Tekniği ile Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 1, no. 1 (December 4, 2013): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v1i1.8-11.14.

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Gyromitra is one of the poisonous mushrooms with being evaluated as edible mushrooms in Turkey and in many countries. This study was performed to determine volatile aroma compounds of Gyromitra collected from Turkey at Horticulture Department of Çukurova University, Adana-Turkey in 2011. Gyromitra mushroom samples collected from Adana province of Turkey were used as material. Volatile aroma compounds were determined using Headspace Gas Kromotografi Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) technique. Twenty-four different volatile aroma compounds were detected in this study. Phenol was identified as the major aroma component at 47.10% content. This compound was followed with Carbamic acid methyl ester (14.12%), Acetic acid (4.47%), 1-Octen-3-ol (4.14%) and Acetaldehyde (4.10%). Phenol is an antioxidant compound and it has anti-carcinogenic effect. 1-Octen-3-ol is an alcohol which commonly found in mushroom. Acetic acid and Acetaldehyde are poisonous compounds. Although high number of phenol and 1-Octen-3-ol in Gyromitra fungus is displayed as flavor and significant in terms of health, containing toxic compounds such as acetic acid and the acid aldehyde raises the risk factors in exhaustion.

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Soto, Mauricio, Ana Estevez-Braun, Ángel Amesty, Julia Kluepfel, Susana Restrepo, Katy Diaz, Luis Espinoza, Andrés F. Olea, and Lautaro Taborga. "Synthesis and Fungicidal Activity of Hydrated Geranylated Phenols against Botrytis cinerea." Molecules 26, no. 22 (November 11, 2021): 6815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26226815.

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Botrytis cinerea is a ubiquitous fungus that affects hundreds of plants, resulting in economic losses to the horticulture and fruit industry. The search for new antifungal agents is a matter of current interest. Thus, in this work a series of geranylated phenols in which the side alkyl chain has been hydrated have been synthesized, and their activity against B. cinerea has been evaluated. The coupling of phenol and geraniol has been accomplished under microwave irradiation obtaining the highest reaction yields in the shortest reaction times. Hydration of the side chain was carried out in dioxane with p-toluenesulfonic acid polymer-bound as the catalyst. All synthesized compounds were tested against B. cinerea using the growth inhibition assay and EC50 values were determined. The results show that activity depends on the number and nature of functional groups in the phenol ring and hydration degree of the geranyl chain. The most active compound is 1,4-dihydroquinone with one hydroxyl group attached at the end of the alkyl chain. Results from a molecular docking study suggest that hydroxyl groups in the phenol ring and alkyl chain are important in the binding of compounds to the active site, and that the experimental antifungal activity correlates with the number of H-bond that can be formed in the binding site.

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37

Wehmeyer, K. R., H. B. Halsall, and W. R. Heineman. "Heterogeneous enzyme immunoassay with electrochemical detection: competitive and "sandwich"-type immunoassays." Clinical Chemistry 31, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 1546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.9.1546.

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Abstract In these competitive and "sandwich"-type heterogeneous enzyme immunoassays, based on liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, rabbit immunoglobulin G is used as a model compound. Alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1), the labeling enzyme, catalyzes conversion of phenyl phosphate to phenol. After separation on an octyldecylsilane column, the enzyme-generated phenol is detected in a thin-layer cell at a carbon-paste working electrode. The detection limit for phenol is 5.0 nmol/L. The electrode response varies linearly with concentration over a range of three orders of magnitude. For the sandwich-type assay procedure the detection limit is 10 ng/L; the linearity ranges over four orders of magnitude. The detection limit of the competitive immunoassay is 5 micrograms/L. The dynamic range spans two orders of magnitude.

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Zhang, Hongchang, and H. Brian Dunford. "Hammett pσ correlation for reactions of lactoperoxidase compound II with phenols." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 1990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-248.

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A stopped-flow kinetic study shows that the reaction rates of lactoperoxidase compound II with substituted phenols are greatly dependent upon the substituent on the benzene ring. Of the 15 phenols studied, it has been possible to relate the reaction rate constants with the ionization constants of 11 phenols by a linear Hammett free-energy relationship: (log (kX/kH) = ρσ) at pH 7.0 and 25.0 °C. The 11 m-and p-substituted phenols yield a ρ value of −2.7 ± 0.2. The data do not correlate with σ+ values using the Brown–Okamoto equation. These results can be explained by a mechanism in which the substrate simultaneously gives an electron and a proton to lactoperoxidase compound II, and they indicate that the active site is accessible to substrate. To explain the abnormal behavior of the four phenols that do not fit the Hammett plot we used Hansch hydrophobic factors π for all of the substituents. The resultant best-fit equation: log (kX/kH) = ρσ + rπ + c yielded the values ρ = −2.1 ± 0.5, r = 0.4 ± 0.1, and c = −0.2 ± 0.1. The rates of reduction of lactoperoxidase compound II by p-iodophenol have been studied from pH 6.5 to 11.2. The kinetics are influenced by an acid group of pKE 9.5 in the active site of lactoperoxidase compound II and by the ionization of the substrate (pKS 9.0). The acidic form of lactoperoxidase compound II and the electrically neutral, unionized form of phenol are the reactive species. A reanalysis of data on reactions of horseradish peroxidase compounds I and II with substituted phenols using more recent σ values yielded Hammett ρ values of −5.5 ± 0.3 and −4.5 ± 0.2.

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Pedroso, Luma A., Vicente P. Campos, Aline F. Barros, Júlio C. Justino, and Letícia L. de Paula. "Activity against Meloidogyne incognita of volatile compounds produced during amendment of soil with castor bean cake." Nematology 22, no. 5 (June 15, 2020): 505–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003319.

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Summary Incorporation of castor bean cake into the soil results in the emission of four main compounds: skatole, γ-decalactone, 4-methylphenol and phenol. The toxic effects of these compounds on the life cycle of Meloidogyne incognita were studied here. Only phenol did not reduce hatching of M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) at any of the concentrations tested. The other compounds reduced J2 hatching by 42.1 to 59.3% at the highest concentrations. When J2 were immersed in Tween 80® solutions of each compound, at their respective LC50 values and inoculated into soil with tomato plants, reductions in the numbers of galls (48.5-69.3%) and eggs (42.8-62.5%) were observed in comparison with the control; this result was similar to that of carbofuran. The highest reductions in the numbers of galls (21.8-88.5%) and eggs (49.6-98.9%) occurred with all compounds when the highest concentration (500 mg l−1) was applied to the substrate at the moment of J2 inoculation. Volatile compounds of γ-decalactone and skatole failed to cause J2 immobility or mortality. However, phenol caused 95.8% and 4-methylphenol caused 100% mortality. With fumigation, the highest concentration (1000 mg (l substrate)−1) of any tested compound reduced gall numbers at a similar rate to the nematicide dazomet (98.7-100%) and reduced egg numbers (87.1-99.7%). The volatile compounds skatole, γ-decalactone, 4-methylphenol and phenol have a nematicidal effect on the life cycle of M. incognita and alter its pathogenic behaviour on the plant.

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Han, Depeng, Wang Yin, Ali Arslan, Tongrui Liu, Yan Zheng, and Shuqian Xia. "Stabilization of Fast Pyrolysis Liquids from Biomass by Mild Catalytic Hydrotreatment: Model Compound Study." Catalysts 10, no. 4 (April 7, 2020): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal10040402.

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Repolymerization is a huge problem in the storage and processing of biomass pyrolysis liquid (PL). Herein, to solve the problem of repolymerization, mild catalytic hydrotreatment of PL was conducted to convert unstable PL model compounds (hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol) into stable alcohols. An Ni/SiO2 catalyst was synthesized by the deposition-precipitation method and used in a mild hydrotreatment process. The mild hydrotreatment of the single model compound was studied to determine the reaction pathways, which provided guidance for improving the selectivity of stable intermediate alcohols through the control of reaction conditions. More importantly, the mild hydrotreatment of mixed model compounds was evaluated to simulate the PL more factually. In addition, the effect of the interaction between hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol during the catalytic hydrotreatment was also explored. There was a strange phenomenon observed in that phenol was not converted in the initial stage of the hydrotreatment of mixed model compounds. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Ultraviolet-Raman (UV-Raman), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) characterization of catalysts used in the hydrotreatment of single and mixed model compounds demonstrated that this phenomenon did not mainly arise from the irreversible deactivation of catalysts caused by carbon deposition, but the competitive adsorption among hydroxyacetone, furfural, and phenol during the mild hydrotreatment of mixed model compounds.

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Lin, L., Y. Yao, and N. Shiraishi. "Liquefaction Mechanism of β-O-4 Lignin Model Compound in the Presence of Phenol under Acid Catalysis. Part 1. Identification of the Reaction Products." Holzforschung 55, no. 6 (November 6, 2001): 617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2001.101.

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Summary Guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GG) was used as a lignin model compound to study the liquefaction reaction mechanism of lignin in the presence of phenol under the catalysis of several typical acids such as sulfuric, phosphoric and oxalic acids. The reaction products were isolated by silicagel column chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structures of the obtained compounds were identified by means of GC-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC and HMQC. As a result, about 30 compounds were obtained as the main reaction products. It was found that their structural characteristics were significantly different from those yielded at the non-catalyzed liquefaction (Lin et al. 1997a), and independent on the acid species. The dominant products were guaiacylglycerol-α-phenyl-β-guaiacyl ethers, followed by guaiacol, triphenylethanes, diphenylmethanes, benzocyclobutanes and phenylcoumarans. The structural characteristics and yields of these main reaction products indicated that condensation between phenol and GG in its C-α and further cleavages in both the β-O-4 linkage and Cβ–Cγ bonding could be the dominant reaction pathways.

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Vurimi Bhopal Chandra, Kudagi B L, Madhavulu Buchineni, Pathapati Rama Mohan, and Anjani Devi Nelavala. "Anti-diabetic effect of Biological activities of 2-(4- [(2-hydroxy benzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol derivatives on Alloxan induced rats." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 24, 2020): 7328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3875.

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The word diabetes describes a category of metabolic disorders characterised and defined by hyperglycemia in the absence of therapy. Type 1 & 2 diabetes mellitus are two main types. It is now widely accepted that failure or loss of pancreatic β (beta) cells is the underlying common feature of all types of diabetes. In this study, male Wistar albino rats of approximate weighing 180-250 g were used. Compound 2-(4-[(2-hydroxy benzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol derivatives were used to assess the anti-diabetic activity. Derivatives such as hydroxyl amino, acetyl keto, and hydro benzophenone groups are derivatives and are further studied for the screening of anti-diabetic activity. Diabetes was produced by intraperitoneal administration of Alloxan in male Wistar albino rats. Rats were divided into 12 groups of six in each group. The outcomes of the study reveal compound C - 60 mg/kg shows significance in decreasing the blood sugar level when compared to control. A significant effect on blood sugar levels was shown by glibenclamide 20 mg/kg. The study concludes that Biological activities of 2-(4- [(2-hydroxy benzyl) amino]-phenyl amino-methyl)-phenol derivatives of compound C - 60 mg/kg has high blood sugar-lowering activity.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Effect of aqueous and alcohol (phenol) extract from cyperus rotundus on mitotic Division in tap roots of Allium cepa." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.4.1112-1119.

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This study was conducted to test the effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts for cyperus rotundus on the mitosis in tap roots of Allium cepa. the result of general an identical qualitative tests showed contains certain compounds that of crude aqueous and alcoholic extract, Used as five different concentrations of (10, 20.38, 56, 75) mg / ml for a period of four hours of treatment. After the chemical has been detected for some preliminary chemical compounds of the crude aqueous extract, while the alcoholic extract either phenol compound has been detected for phenols using several techniques included the use of thin layer chromatography TLC and measurement of disability factor RF and the degree of fusion and measurement of absorbance. The results showed that the crude aqueous extract and alcoholic extract and phenol their impact inhibitive as decreased normal division in all concentrations, where it decreased to 50% of the control treatment at the highest concentration also led all transcription to stop cells in metaphase at different rates and there were some chromosomal aberration including Bridges.

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Bissada, Suzanne, Cheuk K. Lau, Michael A. Bernstein, and Claude Dufresne. "One-pot synthesis of precocene I and II and a formal synthesis of robustadial A and B via 2-phenyl-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaborin." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 72, no. 8 (August 1, 1994): 1866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v94-237.

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The reaction of a phenol, and α,β-unsaturated aldehyde, and phenylboronic acid yields a 2-phenyl-4H-1,3,2-benzodioxaborin. Upon heating, this compound decomposes to an orthoquinone-methide intermediate, which undergoes an electrocyclization reaction to a chromene ring system. This method has been applied to the synthesis of precocenes I and II and the robustadial A and B.

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Rani, C. Vidya, G. Chakkaravarthi, N. Indra Gandhi, and G. Rajagopal. "Crystal structure of 5-diethylamino-2-({[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]imino}methyl)phenol." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 10 (September 12, 2015): o712—o713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901501645x.

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In the title compound, C21H29N3O, the dihedral angle between the planes of the aromatic rings is 8.1 (2)°. The ethyl groups at one terminal site of the compound are disordered over two sets of sites with occupancies of 0.775 (9) and 0.225 (9). The molecule has anEconformation about the N=C bond. The molecular structure features an intramolecular O—H...N hydrogen bond, which closes anS(6) loop. In the crystal, weak C—H...π interactions leads to the formation of a three-dimensional network.

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Saraireh, Razan, Batool Asasfeh, Mutaz Saraireh, Kholoud Shiyyab, and Rawan Shawawreh. "Biodegradation of Phenol: Mini Review." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 6, no. 2 (August 11, 2020): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v6i2.10.

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This paper is a comprehensive review related to the biological degradation of phenol by microorganisms. The aromatic compound, phenol or hydroxybenzene, is produced industrially or naturally. Many microorganisms that are able to biodegrade phenol have been isolated and at the same time, the metabolic pathways responsible for these metabolic processes have been determined. A large number of bacteria were studied in detail especially, pure cultures as well as the pathways of aerobic phenol metabolism and the enzymes involved. Phenol oxygenation occurred as the initial steps through phenol hydroxylase enzymes leading to formation of catechol, pursued by the splitting of the adjacent ring or in between the two groups of catechol hydroxyls. Thus, the physical and chemical environments plus the chemical structures that affecting biodegradation processes are important determining factors for combating of pollution. This nature of chemical structure for the other aromatic compounds is also a main decisive factor of biodegradability.

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Hurtado-McCormick, S., L. Sánchez, J. Martínez, C. Calderón, D. Calvo, D. Narváez, M. Lemus, H. Groot, and M. Rodríguez Susa. "Fungi in biofilms of a drinking water network: occurrence, diversity and mycotoxins approach." Water Supply 16, no. 4 (February 24, 2016): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.024.

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Results showed that 75% of the analyzed samples in a drinking water network were positive for fungi, in a range of 1–3,000 CFU/mL. Identification resulted in nine species of fungi and four species of yeasts being listed: Bjerkandera, Penicillium, Paraconiothyrium, Paecilomyces, Debaryomyces, Rhodotorula and Cryptococcus. Although yeasts showed higher traceability than filamentous fungi, the fungal genus Penicillium had relevance by both traceability (six species) and its role in mycotoxin generation. From volatile organic compound (VOC) mycotoxins and extracts analysis from P. ochrochloron and P. purpurogenum water–M9 culture, six groups were identified: phenols, alcohols, alkenes, monoterpenes, aldehydes and alkanes, phenols being the predominant group (2,4-bis(1,1-dimethyl)phenol 40–88%). P. ochrochloron water culture and M9 culture reported signals of toxicity: the first one as genotoxic for 0.5 y 1 mg/mL mycotoxin extract and the second one as cytotoxic. M9 media promoted a higher number of compounds in both species and a decrease in phenol predominance in P. ochrochloron but not in P. Purpurogenum. The results showed Penicillium and Debaryomyces as prevalent filamentous fungi and yeast in assessed networks, suggesting that these could be indicators of fungi and yeast presence in drinking water systems.

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Betz, Richard. "The structure of ortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol in comparison to its homologues – A combined experimental and theoretical study." Open Chemistry 16, no. 1 (August 15, 2018): 745–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2018-0066.

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AbstractThe molecular and crystal structure of commercially-availableortho-(trifluoromethyl)phenol were determined by means of single-crystal X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and represent the first structural characterization of anortho-substituted (trihalomethyl) phenol. The unexpected presence of a defined hydrate in the solid state was observed.Intermolecular contacts and hydrogen bonding were analyzed. The compound was further characterized by means of multi-nuclear nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H,13C{1H},19F) and Fourier-Transform infrared (FT-IR) vibrational spectroscopy. To assess the bonding situation as well as potential reaction sites for reactions with nucleophiles and electrophiles in the compound by means of natural bonding orbital (NBO) analyses, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed for the title compound as well as its homologous chlorine, bromine and iodine compounds. As far as possible, experimental data were correlated to DFT data.

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Kusch, Peter, Susanne Deininger, Sabine Specht, Rudeka Maniako, Stefanie Haubrich, Tanja Pommerening, Paul Kong Thoo Lin, Achim Hoerauf, and Annette Kaiser. "In VitroandIn VivoAntimalarial Activity Assays of Seeds fromBalanites aegyptiaca: Compounds of the Extract Show Growth Inhibition and Activity against Plasmodial Aminopeptidase." Journal of Parasitology Research 2011 (2011): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/368692.

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Balanites aegyptiaca(Balanitaceae) is a widely grown desert plant with multiuse potential. In the present paper, a crude extract fromB. aegyptiacaseeds equivalent to a ratio of 1 : 2000 seeds to the extract was screened for antiplasmodial activity. The determined IC50value for the chloroquine-susceptiblePlasmodium falciparumNF54 strain was 68.26 . Analysis of the extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 6-phenyl-2(H)-1,2,4-triazin-5-one oxime, an inhibitor of the parasitic M18 Aspartyl Aminopeptidase as one of the compounds which is responsible for thein vitroantiplasmodial activity. The crude plant extract had a of 2.35 and showed a dose-dependent response. After depletion of the compound, a significantly lower inhibition was determined with a of 4.8 . Moreover, two phenolic compounds, that is, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-phenol and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol, with determined IC50values of 50.29 and 47.82 , respectively, were detected. These compounds may contribute to thein vitroantimalarial activity due to their antioxidative properties. In anin vivoexperiment, treatment of BALB/c mice with the aqueousBalaniteextract did not lead to eradication of the parasites, although a reduced parasitemia at day 12 p.i. was observed.

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Guo, Xiang Peng, and Rui Fa Jin. "Density Functional Theory Calculations of the Radical Scavenging Activity of Alkannin Derivatives." Applied Mechanics and Materials 189 (July 2012): 225–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.189.225.

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The structural and electronic properties of alkannin and its derivatives and their radicals were investigated at density functional level. It turned out that the presence of the dihydroxy functionality increases the radical stability through hydrogen bond formation. The hydrogen atom transfer for alkannin derivatives is difficult to occur compared with zero compound phenol. However, alkannin derivatives appear to be good candidates for the one-electron-transfer, particularly for alkannin derivatives with –OCOCH=CH(CH3)2 and –OCOCH2CH(CH3)2 groups. It suggests that 1–7 are expected to be the promising candidates for radical scavenging activity compounds because The ionization potential (IP) values of 1–7 are lower than that of the zero compound phenol.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phenol compound'

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