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Journal articles on the topic 'Pheidole megacephala'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Salata, Sebastian, and Brian L. Fisher. "Taxonomic revision of the Pheidole megacephala species-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Malagasy Region." PeerJ 10 (April 26, 2022): e13263. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13263.

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Background The Malagasy Region, one of the top megadiversity regions, hosts one of the highest numbers of endemic and threatened organisms on earth. One of the most spectacular examples of ant radiation on the island has occurred in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole. To this date, there are 135 described Madagascan Pheidole divided into 16 species-groups, and 97% of Malagasy species are endemic to the island. This study is a taxonomic revision of the Pheidole megacephala group, one of only two species-groups comprising a combination of native, endemic taxa and widely distributed introduced species. Methods The diversity of the Malagasy members of the megacephala group was assessed via application of qualitative morphological and DNA sequence data. Qualitative, external morphological characteristics (e.g., head shape, gaster sculpture, body colouration) were evaluated in order to create a priori grouping hypotheses, and confirm and improve species delimitation. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene fragments were analyzed to test the putative species previously delimited by morphological analyses. Results We recognize three species belonging to the megacephala group: P. megacephala (Fabricius, 1793), P. megatron Fischer & Fisher, 2013 and P. spinosa Forel, 1891 stat. nov. Pheidole spinosa is redescribed and elevated to the species level. The following names are recognized as junior synonyms of P. spinosa: P. megacephala scabrior Forel, 1891 syn. nov., P. picata Forel, 1891 syn. nov., P. picata gietleni Forel, 1905 syn. nov., P. picata bernhardae Emery, 1915 syn. nov., and P. decepticon Fischer & Fisher, 2013 syn. nov. The results are supplemented with an identification key to species for major workers of the megacephala group, high-resolution images for major and minor workers, and comments on the distribution and biology of all Malagasy members of the group. Our study revealed that Pheidole megacephala, a species listed among the 100 worst invasive species worldwide, occurs in both natural and disturbed sites in the Malagasy region. The two remaining members of the megacephala group, most likely endemic to this region, are also present in anthropogenic habitats and often co-occur with P. megacephala. It appears that the Malagasy members of the group are generalists and dominant in anthropogenic habitats. Additionally, we documented the presence of supermajors in colonies of P. spinosa—a phenomenon previously not known for this group.

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2

Salata, Sebastian, and Brian L. Fisher. "Taxonomic revision of the Pheidole megacephala species-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from the Malagasy Region." PeerJ 10 (April 26, 2022): e13263. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13263.

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Background The Malagasy Region, one of the top megadiversity regions, hosts one of the highest numbers of endemic and threatened organisms on earth. One of the most spectacular examples of ant radiation on the island has occurred in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole. To this date, there are 135 described Madagascan Pheidole divided into 16 species-groups, and 97% of Malagasy species are endemic to the island. This study is a taxonomic revision of the Pheidole megacephala group, one of only two species-groups comprising a combination of native, endemic taxa and widely distributed introduced species. Methods The diversity of the Malagasy members of the megacephala group was assessed via application of qualitative morphological and DNA sequence data. Qualitative, external morphological characteristics (e.g., head shape, gaster sculpture, body colouration) were evaluated in order to create a priori grouping hypotheses, and confirm and improve species delimitation. Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene fragments were analyzed to test the putative species previously delimited by morphological analyses. Results We recognize three species belonging to the megacephala group: P. megacephala (Fabricius, 1793), P. megatron Fischer & Fisher, 2013 and P. spinosa Forel, 1891 stat. nov. Pheidole spinosa is redescribed and elevated to the species level. The following names are recognized as junior synonyms of P. spinosa: P. megacephala scabrior Forel, 1891 syn. nov., P. picata Forel, 1891 syn. nov., P. picata gietleni Forel, 1905 syn. nov., P. picata bernhardae Emery, 1915 syn. nov., and P. decepticon Fischer & Fisher, 2013 syn. nov. The results are supplemented with an identification key to species for major workers of the megacephala group, high-resolution images for major and minor workers, and comments on the distribution and biology of all Malagasy members of the group. Our study revealed that Pheidole megacephala, a species listed among the 100 worst invasive species worldwide, occurs in both natural and disturbed sites in the Malagasy region. The two remaining members of the megacephala group, most likely endemic to this region, are also present in anthropogenic habitats and often co-occur with P. megacephala. It appears that the Malagasy members of the group are generalists and dominant in anthropogenic habitats. Additionally, we documented the presence of supermajors in colonies of P. spinosa—a phenomenon previously not known for this group.

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3

Saputra, Ari, Zainal Arifin, and Riyanto Riyanto. "The Inventory of Soil Ants in Residential Area of Palembang." Jurnal Biota 7, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19109/biota.v7i1.5331.

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The purpose of this research is to find out the species of soil ants in the residential area. The sampling method is hand collecting and baited trap (tuna and honey). There are 8 species found: Acanthomyrmex sp., Solenopsis germinata, Monomorium pharaonis, Pheidole megacephala, Paratrechina longicornis. Tapinoma melanocephalum, Camponotus ligniperda, Diacamma intricatum. The most numerous species, namely Pheidole megacephala and the least species, namely Diacamma intricatum. Ant species diversity tends to increase, as human activity decreases

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4

Man, Lai-Sum, and Chow-Yang Lee. "Structure-Invading Pest Ants in Healthcare Facilities in Singapore." Sociobiology 59, no. 1 (October 22, 2014): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v59i1.681.

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A survey of structure-invading pest ants was conducted at 17 healthcare facilities (HFs) in Singapore using the index card method. A total of 18 species (Anoplolepis gracilipes (Fr. Smith), Meranoplus sp., Monomorium destructor ( Jerdon), Monomorium floricola ( Jerdon), Monomorium pharaonis (L.), Monomorium sp., Odontomachus sp., Oecophylla smaragdina (F.), Pachycondyla sp., Paratrechina bourbonica (Forel), Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille), Paratrechina pubens (Forel), Pheidole megacephala (F.), Pheidole parva (Mayr), Pheidole sp., Tapinoma indicum (Forel), Tapinoma melanocephalum (F.) andTetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander)) were trapped. Of these, the most common species were P. parva (25.9%), P. megacephala (25.2%), P. longicornis (14.1%), M. pharaonis (9.6%), and T. indicum (8.1%). Most of these ant species were found in and around the premises.

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5

EGUCHI, KATSUYUKI. "A revision of Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)." Zootaxa 1902, no. 1 (October 15, 2008): 1–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1902.1.1.

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Northern Vietnamese species of the ant genus Pheidole (Myrmicinae: Pheidolini) were revised, and 31 species including six new species were recognized: capellinii Emery, colpigaleata Eguchi, dugasi Forel, elongicephala sp.n., fervens F. Smith, fervida F. Smith, fortis Eguchi, foveolata Eguchi, gatesi (Wheeler), hongkongensis Wheeler, indosinensis Wheeler stat.n., laevicolor Eguchi, laevithorax sp.n., magna Eguchi, megacephala (Fabricius), noda F. Smith, ochracea sp.n., parva Mayr, pieli Santschi, plagiaria F. Smith, planifrons Santschi, rabo Forel, rugithorax sp.n., smythiesii Forel, taipoana Wheeler, tjibodana Forel, tumida sp.n., vieti sp.n., vulgaris Eguchi, yeensis Forel, zoceana Santschi. The following cases of synonymy were resolved: Myrmica agilis F. Smith as a junior synonym of Pheidole megacephala; Pheidole rhombinoda var. stella Forel, P. rhombinoda var. formosensis Forel, P. rhombinoda var. taprobanae Forel, and P. nodus var. flebilis Santschi as junior synonyms of P. noda; Pheidole peguensis r. yomensis as a junior synonym of P. plagiaria; and Pheidole smythiesii var. bengalensis Forel and P. bhavanae Bingham as junior synonyms of P. smythiesii. The lectotype was designated for the following species: Pheidole dugasi, P. rhombinoda var. stella, P. peguensis r. yomensis and P. sulcaticeps r. yeensis. A key to N. Vietnamese species of Pheidole based on the worker caste is given.

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6

Dejean, Alain, Corrie S. Moreau, Pierre Uzac, Julien Le Breton, and Martin Kenne. "The predatory behavior of Pheidole megacephala." Comptes Rendus Biologies 330, no. 9 (September 2007): 701–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.06.005.

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7

D. Hoffmann, Benjamin. "The Big-headed Ant Pheidole megacephala: a new threat to monsoonal northwestern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 4, no. 3 (1998): 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc980250.

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The Big-headed Ant Pheidole megacephala is a major threat to native invertebrate assemblages and to agricultural production world-wide. This paper reviews its known biology including its foraging ecology, colony founding and dispersal behaviour. A case study is presented to illustrate its potential conservation significance for northern Australia. At Howard Springs Nature Park in the Darwin region of the Northern Territory, an infestation of P. megacephala was found to cover 25 ha and is continuing to spread, with its distribution centred on a rainforest patch. The abundance of P. megacephala within the rainforest was 37?110 times that of total native ant abundance at uninfested sites. Only two individuals of a single native ant species were found in the highest abundance of P. megacephala and abundance of other invertebrates was only 15% of natural levels. Pheidole megacephala is a serious potential threat to native biodiversity in monsoonal Australia. Successful eradication on a large scale is a realistic option and control methods are discussed, including chemicals and fire.

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8

Cudjoe, A. R., P. Neuenschwander, and M. J. W. Copland. "Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 83, no. 1 (March 1993): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300041730.

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AbstractIn surveys of cassava fields in the coastal savanna and rain forest zones of Ghana, eight species of ants, mostly in the genera Camponotus, Crematogaster and Pheidole (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), were found attending cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero. Ant densities were much higher in the rain forest than in the savanna and, in most zones, positively correlated to mealybug population densities. Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) was the only species more abundant in the interior of fields, whereas the other species preferred the edges of fields or, like Camponotus spp., did not respond to edge effects. Weediness of the fields did not clearly influence the presence of ants. Crematogaster sp. and P. megacephala spent most of the time on cassava tips, where they built carton tents. Ants of the three genera reduced parasitism rates by the exotic Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to half, compared to the rates observed on mealybug colonies of equal size that were not attended. Hyperparasitism by Prochiloneurus insolitus (Alam) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) and Chartocerus hyalipennis Hayat (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae) and predation by the indigenous Exochomus troberti Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) were similarly reduced. Where ants were excluded experimentally by insectcide barriers, parasitism was 32%, compared to only 10% in the control, and predator densities were reduced three-fold. In a 24 h experiment, Pheidole megacephala was observed to remove about half the E. troberti larvae; Crematogaster sp. and Camponotus spp. were less efficient. The results show the locally strong interference of ants with biological control of the cassava mealybug. Despite this interference, mealybug populations in the rain forest were judged to be below damaging levels.

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9

E. May, J., and B. E. Heterick. "Effects of the coastal brown ant Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), on the ant fauna of the Perth metropolitan region, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 1 (2000): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000081.

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This paper reports on the apparent displacement of native and exotic ants from gardens in the Perth Metropolitan region by the coastal brown ant (Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)). Twelve gardens were sampled, four with P. megacephala present, and eight (the controls) where the ant was judged to be absent. Eight out of the 26 ant species recorded (including the coastal brown ant) were introduced. Ninety-two per cent of pitfall trap contents comprised the four most abundant species: P. megacephala, lridomyrmex chasei (Forel), Tetramorium simillimum (F. Smith) and Paratrechina ?obscura (Mayr). Three of the four P. megacephala-dominated gardens were depauperate of almost all other ant species. The fourth P. megacephala-infested garden had a relatively small number of coastal brown ants (104), and the highest number of ant species was found in that garden. The removal of this outlier garden left an average range of one to three species for the other three P. megacephala-infested gardens. Control gardens had between five and 12 ant species. Total ant abundance ranged from an average of 1 027 per P. megacephala-infested garden (increasing to 1 171 if the outlier garden is removed) to 146 at control gardens. There was a significant difference both in ant richness and ant abundance between the controls and P. megacephala-infested gardens (P < 0.05). This remained the case when figures for coastal brown ants were excluded from calculations.

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10

Guillem, Rhian, and Keith Bensusan. "Three new exotic species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) for Madeira, with comments on its myrmecofauna." Journal of Hymenoptera Research 91 (June 30, 2022): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.91.81624.

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Three new exotic species of ants are recorded for the Macaronesian island of Madeira: Cardiocondyla obscurior Wheeler, 1929, Lepisiota capensis (Mayr, 1862) and Pheidole navigans Forel, 1901. The well-known invasive Pheidole megacephala is now rare on Madeira, possibly because of competition with P. navigans. We did not come across the Argentine ant – Linepithema humile, which was once very common in the Funchal area. Despite extensive searching, the presumed endemic Temnothorax wollastoni (Donisthorpe, 1940) remains unknown other than from the type material. Presence, abundance and extinction of invasive and exotic ants are dynamic processes and we stress the importance of continuous sampling.

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11

Haskins, Caryl P., and Edna F. Haskins. "Final Observations on Pheidole Megacephala and Iridomyrmex Humilis in Bermuda." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 95, no. 3-4 (January 1, 1988): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1988/36787.

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12

Horwood, M. A. "CONTROL OF PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) USING METHOPRENE BAITS." Australian Journal of Entomology 27, no. 4 (November 1988): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-6055.1988.tb01171.x.

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13

Campbell, C. A. M. "Homoptera associated with the ants Crematogaster clariventris, Pheidole megacephala and Tetramorium aculeatum (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on cocoa in Ghana." Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, no. 3 (September 1994): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300032429.

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AbstractPopulation densities of honeydew-producing Homoptera were assessed on mature upper-Amazon cocoa (Theobroma cacao) (Sterculiaceae) trees with combinations of the ants Crematogaster clariventris Mayr, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) and Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr). Interactions were found between combinations of the three ant species and the abundance of Homoptera attended for honeydew. Crematogaster clariventris primarily attended Stictococcus sjostedti Cockerell (Stictococcidae), and less frequently Waxiella sp. nr zonata (Newstead) (Coccidae). Pheidole megacephala attended mealybugs, mainly Planococcoides njalensis (Laing), and Planococcus citri (Risso) (both Pseudococcidae). Tetramorium aculeatum was negatively associated with honeydew-producing Homoptera only when it was the sole dominant ant. Where T. aculeatum co-existed with either one, or both, of the other ant species, it had little influence on the abundance of the honeydew-producing Homoptera they attended, including the mealybug vectors of cocoa swollen shoot virus. Ant-attended Homoptera were more numerous on trees solely dominated by their attendant ants than on trees where two or all three ant species co-occurred. By contrast, the non-ant-attended psyllid Mesohomotoma tessmanni (Aulmann) was least common on trees with a single dominant ant species, and was most abundant on trees foraged by all three ant species.

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14

Salata, Sebastian, and Brian L. Fisher. "Taxonomic revision of Madagascan species of the Pheidole fervens species-group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)." PLOS ONE 16, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): e0244195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244195.

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Madagascar, one of the top megadiversity regions, hosts one of the highest numbers of endemic and threatened organisms on earth. One of the most spectacular examples of ant radiation on the island has occurred in the hyperdiverse genus Pheidole. To this date, there are 117 described Madagascan Pheidole divided into 16 species-groups, and 97% of them are endemic to the island. Only two of these species-groups contain widely distributed invasive species in addition to native, endemic taxa: megacephala, and fervens species-groups. Here we revise the fervens species-group and discuss updated distribution records of its introduced members on Madagascar. We recognize six species belonging to this group, including five new to science: Pheidole ampangabe sp. nov., P. arivo sp. nov., P. comosa sp. nov., P. indica Mayr, P. mamirapiratra sp. nov., and P. mena sp. nov. Detailed descriptions are supplemented with measurements, diagnoses, identification key, high-resolution images for major and minor worker, and comments on distribution and biology.

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15

K. Callan, Shae, and Jonathan D. Majer. "Impacts of an incursion of African Big-headed Ants, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), in urban bushland in Perth, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 2 (2009): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090102.

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An incursion of the African Big-headed Ant, Pheidole megacephala, has recently been recorded in bushland in Perth, Western Australia. This unexpected discovery prompted an investigation into the effects of the incursion on the native ant assemblages. Extensive pitfall trapping in invaded and non-invaded areas revealed that the incursion had a significant negative impact on ant species richness, diversity and evenness. Approximately 53% of native ant species present in non-invaded bushland were not sampled in areas occupied by P. megacephala, while the remaining species suffered considerable declines in frequency of occurrence. Many of these species perform important ecosystem functions, and their loss was thought to have had serious consequences on the ecosystem. Changes to the prevalence of the various ant Functional Groups indicated major disruptions to the composition of the assemblage as the abundance of P. megacephala increased. Ants that avoided direct competition with P. megacephala, by occupying temperature dependant temporal niches, were more persistent in its presence. Estimates of the ant biomass sampled indicated that the invasive population was larger than that of all other ant species combined by several orders of magnitude. A feeding trial revealed intensified exploitation of food resources in invaded areas, which could have flow-on effects on other invertebrates and plants. Changes to predation, decomposition, and soil amelioration regimes, as well as possible disruptions to ant-plant interactions and invertebrate symbioses resulting from the disappearance of native ant species, were thought to have further eroded the conservation values of the ecosystem.

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16

Cornelius, Mary L., and J. Kenneth Grace. "Influence of Brood on the Nutritional Preferences of the Tropical Ant Species, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr)." Journal of Entomological Science 32, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-32.4.421.

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The influence of brood on the nutritional preferences of two ant pests, Pheidole megacephala (F.) and Ochetellus glaber (Mayr), was examined. Both ant species preferred fruit fly pupae and diamondback moth larvae to tuna and peanut butter. The foraging rates of O. glaber for proteins and carbohydrates depended upon both the food type and the amount of brood present. When O. glaber foragers were presented with a choice of tuna (a less preferred source of protein) and sucrose, the foraging rate was always greater on sucrose, regardless of the presence of brood. However, when ants were presented with fly pupae (a more preferred source of protein) and sucrose, the foraging rate on pupae was greater than on sucrose for colonies containing brood and the foraging rate on protein and sucrose was similar for colonies without brood. The foraging rate of P. megacephala for proteins and carbohydrates depended upon the type of protein, but was not affected by the presence of brood.

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17

Reimer, Neil J., and H. Gonzalez-Hernandez. "EVIDENCE FOR COLONY FOUNDING BY HAPLOMETROSIS IN THE BIG-HEADED ANT, PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 334 (October 1993): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.334.42.

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18

Reimer, Neil J., Michael B. Glancey, and J. W. Beardsley. "Development of Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Colonies Following Ingestion of Fenoxycarb and Pyriproxyfen." Journal of Economic Entomology 84, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 56–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/84.1.56.

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19

Sameshima, Shin-ya, Toru Miura, and Tadao Matsumoto. "Wing disc development during caste differentiation in the ant Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Evolution and Development 6, no. 5 (September 2004): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-142x.2004.04041.x.

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20

Hoffmann, Benjamin D., and Catherine L. Parr. "An invasion revisited: the African big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala) in northern Australia." Biological Invasions 10, no. 7 (November 30, 2007): 1171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-007-9194-x.

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21

Reichel, H., and AN Andersen. "The Rainforest Ant Fauna of Australia's Northern Territory." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 1 (1996): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960081.

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An ant survey of Northern Territory (NT) rainforests, which occur as numerous small and isolated patches within a predominantly savanna landscape, yielded 173 species from 46 genera. The richest genera were Polyrhachis (22 species), Pheidole (21 species), Rhytidoponera (12 species) and Monomorium (12 species). Seven genera represented new records for the NT: Discothyrea, Prionopelta, Machomyrma, Strumigenys, Bothriomyrmex, Turneria and Pseudolasius. The most common ants were Generalised myrmicines, particularly species of Pheidole and Monomorium, and Opportunists such as species of Paratrechina, Tetramorium, Odontomachus and Rhytidoponera. This is also the case in rainforests of the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Of NT rainforest species, 59% have Torresian (tropical) affinities, which is only slightly higher than in Kimberley rainforests (48%). However, the NT harbours a far higher proportion of specialist rainforest species (27 v. 9%), including many more with arboreal nests (13 v. 5% of total species). Many of the rainforest specialists are of considerable biogeographic interest, with a substantial number having disjunct distributions in the NT and Queensland (and often also New Guinea) A small number represent the only known Australian records of south-east Asian species. Interestingly, very few species appear to be endemic to NT rainforests, with a previously unrecorded species of Aphaenogaster being a probable exception. The NT rainforest fauna also includes several introduced species, with at least one (Pheidole megacephala) posing a serious conservation threat.

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22

Riyanto, Riyanto, Ari Saputra, and Zainal Arifin. "POLA PRILAKU KEBERADAAN SEMUT FAMILI FORMICIDAE PADA TEPIAN SUNGAI MUSI GANDUS KOTA PALEMBANG SUMATERA SELATAN." Jurnal Biologi Tropis 20, no. 1 (April 16, 2020): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jbt.v20i1.1735.

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Abstrak: Faktor alam dan lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi pola keberadaan semut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pola keberadaan semut tanah di area permukiman tepian Sungai Musi Kecamatan Gandus Palembang. Metode penelitian ini adalah deskriftif.Stasiun penelitian meliputi rumah, tepi sungai, semak, butan dan kebun. Pengambilan contoh sampel semut menggunakan metode hand collecting dan perangkap umpan (baited trap).Hasil penelitian semut tanah Solenopsis germinata dan Paratrechina longicornis hampir ditemukan disemua stasiun.Spesies semut yang paling sedikit ditemukan, yaitu Diacamma intricatum danPheidole megacephala. Rumah kurang dari 100 m dari tepi sungai Musi ditemukan tiga spesies semut, yaitu dua dari subsuku Myrmicinae dan satu dari Formicinae (S. germinata, P. megacephala dan P. longicornis). Ketiga spesies ini sama dengan yang ditemakan pada semak-semak. Lokasi yang berjarak 100-200 m dari tepi sungai memiliki komposisi dan keanekaragaman semut yang semakin meningkat. Stasiun rumah ditemukan sebanyak tiga spesies, yaitu S. germinata, Pheidole sp, dan P. longicornis. Stasiun semakditemukantiga jenis semut, yaitu S. Germinate, Monomorium pharaonisdan T. melanocephalum. Stasiun kebun ditemukan empat spesies, yaitu: Acanthomyrmex sp., S. germinata, P. longicornis, danCamponotus ligniperda.Stasiun hutan ditemukan enam spesies yaitu: Acanthomyrmex sp., S. germinata, P.longicornis, Camponotus ligniperda danDiacamma intricatum. Jumlah jenis semut yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah di stasiun hutan. Pola keberadaan semut di berbagai lokasi tepian sungai Musi Gandus Palembang memiliki pola fluktuasi jumlah dan jenisnya.Kata kunci: semut tanah, pola keberadaan, sungai Musi danPalembangAbstract: The natural and environmental factors can affect the pattern of ants. This study aims to study the pattern of the presence of soil ants in the settlement area of the banks of the Musi River, Gandus, Palembang. This research method is descriptive. The research station includes houses, river banks, bushes, butane and gardens. The sampling ant samples using the method of hand collecting and baited traps. The results of research on the ground ants Solenopsis germinata and Paratrechina longicornis are found in almost all of stations. The fewest ant species found were Diacamma intricatum and Pheidole megacephala. The houses less than 100 m from the banks of the Musi river are found by three ant species, namely two from the Myrmicinae sub-tribe and one from Formicinae (S. germinata, P. megacephala and P. longicornis). These three species are the same as those found in bushes. The location which is 100-200 m from the river bank has an ant composition and diversity that is increasing. The housestations were found as many as three species, namely S. germinata, Pheidole sp, and P. longicornis. The bush station found three types of ants, namely S. Germinate, Monomorium pharaonis and T. melanocephalum. The garden station found four species, namely: Acanthomyrmex sp., S. germinata, P. longicornis, and Camponotus ligniperda. The forest station found six species, namely: Acanthomyrmex sp., S. germinata, P.longicornis, Camponotus ligniperda and Diacamma intricatum. The number of ant species most commonly found is at the forest station. It can be concluded that the pattern of the presence of ants in various locations on the banks of the Palembang Gandus Musi river has a fluctuation in the number and type.Keywords: soil ants, existance pattern, Musi river, Palembang

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Petty, G. J., and H. Tustin. "ANT (PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA F.) - MEALYBUG (DYSMICOCCUS BREVIPES CKLL.) RELATIONSHIPS IN PINEAPPLES IN SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 334 (October 1993): 387–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1993.334.41.

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Herrera, Henri W., Christian R. Sevilla, and Wouter Dekoninck. "Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius 1793) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): a new invasive ant in the Galápagos Islands." Pan-Pacific Entomologist 89, no. 4 (October 2013): 234–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2013-16.1.

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FISCHER, GEORG, FRANCISCO HITA GARCIA, and MARCELL K. PETERS. "Taxonomy of the ant genus Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the Afrotropical zoogeographic region: definition of species groups and systematic revision of the Pheidole pulchella group." Zootaxa 3232, no. 1 (March 13, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3232.1.1.

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This paper is a starting point towards a much needed comprehensive taxonomic treatment of the genus Pheidole in theAfrotropical region. Despite its hyperdiversity, the taxonomy of this globally distributed ant genus is limited to importantrevisions for the New World and several Asian faunas. However, Pheidole of the Afrotropical zoogeographic region hasnever been revised. The most recent Afrotropical Pheidole species descriptions are fifty years old and many are consider-ably older. Identification keys are not available and many species descriptions are of limited diagnostic value. This callsfor a series of taxonomic revisions in order to resolve the complicated taxonomic situation for the complete AfrotropicalPheidole fauna. In this paper the following preliminary morphological species groups for the Afrotropical region are de-fined: P. aurivillii group, P. excellens group, P. megacephala group, P. nigeriensis group, and P. speculifera group. We also establish and revise the P. pulchella group, which currently contains eleven species, of which seven are new. The four spe-cies described prior to this study are: P. pulchella Santschi, P. dea Santschi, P. nimba Bernard, and P. batrachorum Wheelerstat. rev., which is removed from synonymy under P. dea and regains species status. The following new synonymy isproposed (senior synonym listed first): P. pulchella Santschi = P. pulchella achantella Santschi. The following seven spe-cies are described as new: P. christinae sp. n., P. darwini, sp. n., P. glabrella sp. n., P. heliosa sp. n., P. rebeccae sp. n., P. semidea sp. n. and P. setosa, sp. n. An illustrated key combining the minor and major worker subcastes is presented.

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26

Dejean, A., M. Kenne, and C. S. Moreau. "Predatory abilities favour the success of the invasive ant Pheidole megacephala in an introduced area." Journal of Applied Entomology 131, no. 9-10 (December 2007): 625–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01223.x.

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27

Vanderwoude, C., L. A. Lobry De Bruyn, and A. P. N. House. "Response of an open-forest ant community to invasion by the introduced ant, Pheidole megacephala." Austral Ecology 25, no. 3 (June 2000): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-9993.2000.01021.x.

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Bach, Catherine E. "Direct and indirect interactions between ants (Pheidole megacephala), scales (Coccus viridis) and plants (Pluchea indica)." Oecologia 87, no. 2 (July 1991): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00325261.

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29

Breton, J. Le, G. Takaku, and K. Tsuji. "Brood parasitism by mites (Uropodidae) in an invasive population of the pest-ant Pheidole megacephala." Insectes Sociaux 53, no. 2 (May 2006): 168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00040-005-0854-5.

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30

Jahn, Gary C., and John W. Beardsley. "Effects of Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on Survival and Dispersal of Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 89, no. 5 (October 1, 1996): 1124–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/89.5.1124.

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31

Hoffmann, Benjamin D., Alan N. Andersen, and Greg J. E. Hill. "Impact of an introduced ant on native rain forest invertebrates: Pheidole megacephala in monsoonal Australia." Oecologia 120, no. 4 (September 15, 1999): 595–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00008824.

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32

Dejean, Alain, Corrie S. Moreau, Martin Kenne, and Maurice Leponce. "The raiding success of Pheidole megacephala on other ants in both its native and introduced ranges." Comptes Rendus Biologies 331, no. 8 (August 2008): 631–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.05.004.

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33

Reimer, Neil J., Mei-Li Cope, and George Yasuda. "Interference of Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with Biological Control of Coccus viridis (Homoptera: Coccidae) in Coffee." Environmental Entomology 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1993): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/22.2.483.

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34

Morini, Maria Santina de C., Catarina de B. Munhae, Roberto Leung, David F. Candiani, and Júlio C. Voltolini. "Comunidades de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica situados em áreas urbanizadas." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 97, no. 3 (September 30, 2007): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212007000300005.

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As comunidades de formigas que vivem em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica rodeados por um ecossistema urbano bem desenvolvido, foram investigadas. Avaliou-se a riqueza, a freqüência de ocorrência das espécies bem como a similaridade entre três áreas da cidade de São Paulo: Parque da Previdência (PP), Reserva Florestal "Armando Salles de Oliveira" (CUASO) e Horto Oswaldo Cruz (HOC). Foram colocadas armadilhas do tipo "pitfall" em locais onde não ocorre visitação pública, durante uma semana, nos meses de março, junho, setembro e dezembro de 2001. Em todos os fragmentos foram coletadas 79 espécies de formigas, pertencentes a nove subfamílias e 32 gêneros. A subfamília Myrmicinae e os gêneros Pheidole e Hypoponera foram os mais ricos. No PP foram registradas 62 espécies, na CUASO 46 e no HOC 43, sendo que PP e CUASO são mais similares entre si. Tal similaridade possivelmente esteja relacionada ao tamanho de ambas as áreas e, também, a uma semelhança nos sítios de nidificação e de alimentação. No geral, a fauna de formigas é generalista, com a presença de alguns gêneros especialistas, como Discothyrea, Acanthognathus, Gnamptogenys, Oxyepoecus e Pyramica; ou de gêneros cujos hábitos alimentares ainda são desconhecidos (Heteroponera e Myrmelachista). A presença de espécies caracteristicamente de áreas domiciliares também foi constatada: Pheidole megacephala Fabricius, 1793, Linepithema humile Mayr, 1868, Wasmannia auropunctata Roger, 1863, Paratrechina fulva Mayr, 1862, P. longicornis Latreille, 1802 e Tapinoma melanocephalum Fabricius, 1793.

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Andersen, Alan N., John C. Z. Woinarski, and Ben D. Hoffmann. "Biogeography of the ant fauna of the Tiwi Islands, in northern Australia's monsoonal tropics." Australian Journal of Zoology 52, no. 1 (2004): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo03013.

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This paper describes the biogeography at the species level of ants from the Tiwi Islands, and represents the first such analysis for any region in Australia. The Tiwi Islands are located 20 km off the mainland coast near Darwin in northern Northern Territory, and include Australia's second largest insular landmass after Tasmania. The islands receive the highest mean annual rainfall (up to 2000 mm) in monsoonal northern Australia, and they are the closest part of the Australian landmass to south-east Asia. On the basis of ~1300 species records, we list 154 species (including nine introduced) from 34 genera. The richest genera are Polyrhachis (20 species), Monomorium (15), Camponotus (14), Pheidole (12), and Iridomyrmex (11). In all, 66% of the native Tiwi species belong to Torresian (tropical) species groups, which is considerably higher than the 44% for Australia's monsoonal ant fauna as a whole. Fifteen Tiwi ant species are not known from mainland Australia. These include a species of Anonychomyrma, which is the only record of the genus in monsoonal Australia, Polyrhachis debilis, the only representative of the sub-genus Cyrtomyrma known from north-western Australia, and the only species of the araneoides group of Rhytidoponera known from the Northern Territory. Unfortunately, the Tiwi ant fauna also includes the exotic invasive species Pheidole megacephala, which represents a serious conservation threat.

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Pietrek, Alejandro G., Jacob R. Goheen, Corinna Riginos, Nelly J. Maiyo, and Todd M. Palmer. "Density dependence and the spread of invasive big-headed ants (Pheidole megacephala) in an East African savanna." Oecologia 195, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 667–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-021-04859-1.

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37

Ogogol, Rajab, James P. Egonyu, Godfrey Bwogi, Samuel Kyamanywa, and Mark Erbaugh. "Interaction of the predatory ant Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the polyphagus pest Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidea)." Biological Control 104 (January 2017): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2016.11.002.

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38

González-Hernández, Hector, Marshall W. Johnson, and Neil J. Reimer. "Impact of Pheidole megacephala (F.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the Biological Control of Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)." Biological Control 15, no. 2 (June 1999): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/bcon.1999.0714.

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39

Wetterer, James K. "Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 3. The African Big-Headed Ant, Pheidole megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Pacific Science 61, no. 4 (October 2007): 437–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[437:baiopi]2.0.co;2.

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40

Fournier, Denis, Maurice Tindo, Martin Kenne, Paul Serge Mbenoun Masse, Vanessa Van Bossche, Eliane De Coninck, and Serge Aron. "Genetic Structure, Nestmate Recognition and Behaviour of Two Cryptic Species of the Invasive Big-Headed Ant Pheidole megacephala." PLoS ONE 7, no. 2 (February 21, 2012): e31480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031480.

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41

Vázquez, Ricardo J., Philip G. Koehler, and Roberto M. Pereira. "Comparative Quantification of Trail-Following Behavior in Pest Ants." Insects 11, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects11010005.

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A comparison of trail-following movement parameters of six major urban pest ants, Nylanderia fulva (Forel) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Pheidole megacephala, Linepithema humile (Mayr), Solenopsis invicta Buren, Paratrechina longicornis (Forel), and Technomyrmex albipes (Smith) demonstrated several differences in velocity of movement, amplitude of the deviations from a marked trail, percent fidelity to the trail, number of curves per unit of trail, and trail-following accuracy. Paratrechina longicornis and N. fulva had the largest deviations from the marked trails and moved three times faster (25–30 mm/s) along the trail than the slowest ant, S. invicta (< 10 mm/s), with other ants following between these extremes. Species differences in relation to going toward or returning from food were observed in a few cases, especially with Pa. longicornis for which velocity, amplitude, and trail fidelity differed between the foraging and return trails. Quantification of ant trail-following movement parameters can be useful in understanding the mechanics of ant movement and may be important in testing specific strategies and products that disrupt trail-following behavior.

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FISCHER, G., and B. L. FISHER. "A revision of Pheidole Westwood (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the islands of the Southwest Indian Ocean and designation of a neotype for the invasive Pheidole megacephala." Zootaxa 3683, no. 4 (July 5, 2013): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3683.4.1.

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43

Dejean, Alain, Julien Le Breton, Jean Pierre Suzzoni, Jérôme Orivel, and Corrie Saux-Moreau. "Influence of interspecific competition on the recruitment behavior and liquid food transport in the tramp ant species Pheidole megacephala." Naturwissenschaften 92, no. 7 (May 4, 2005): 324–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00114-005-0632-2.

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44

Taniguchi, G., T. Thompson, and B. S. Sipes. "PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF THE BIG-HEADED ANT, PHEIDOLE MEGACEPHALA (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN PINEAPPLE CULTIVATION USING BAIT STATIONS WITH AMDRO." Acta Horticulturae, no. 702 (February 2006): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2006.702.22.

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45

HETERICK, BRIAN. "The interaction between the coastal brown ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), and other invertebrate fauna of Mt Coot-tha (Brisbane, Australia)." Austral Ecology 22, no. 2 (June 1997): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00661.x.

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46

Wills, Bill D., Corrie S. Moreau, Brian D. Wray, Benjamin D. Hoffmann, and Andrew V. Suarez. "Body size variation and caste ratios in geographically distinct populations of the invasive big-headed ant,Pheidole megacephala(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 113, no. 2 (August 29, 2014): 423–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bij.12386.

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47

Warner, John, Rou-Ling Yang, and Rudolf H. Scheffrahn. "Efficacy of Selected Bait and Residual Toxicants for Control of Bigheaded Ants, Pheidole Megacephala (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Large Field Plots." Florida Entomologist 91, no. 2 (June 2008): 277–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[277:eosbar]2.0.co;2.

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48

Olotu, Moses I. "Interaction Between African Weaver Ant Oecophylla longinoda and Dominant Ant Species Pheidole megacephala and Anoplolepis custodiens in Cashew Fields in Tanzania." Agricultural Research 5, no. 3 (August 8, 2016): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40003-016-0228-4.

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49

Kamura, CM, MSC Morini, CJ Figueiredo, OC Bueno, and AEC Campos-Farinha. "Ant communities (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in an urban ecosystem near the Atlantic Rainforest." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 4 (November 2007): 635–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000400007.

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The relationships between an urban ecosystem located near the Atlantic Rainforest in southeastern Brazil and ant communities were studied with the objective of quantifying the ant richness and abundance in the household environment and its surroundings. Eighty residences were sampled, where 58 species and 28 genera pertaining to 7 sub-families were found to be present. Inside the residences, the species richness was found to be lower (26), although the abundance was greater (10,670), with the wash area and kitchen being the locales that contributed with the greatest number of hits. The opposite was true in the areas outside the residences, where 54 species and 3,747 ants were observed. Inside houses, the species known as Tramp ants were found, in the following order of importance: Solenopsis -saevissima, Tapinoma melanocephalum, Linepithema humile, Paratrechina fulva, Wasmannia -auropunctata, P. -longicornis, Pheidole megacephala, Monomorium pharaonis and M. floricola. Externally, mainly in the yards and gardens, species such as Octostruma rugifera, Heteroponera dolo, Hypoponera sp.1 and sp.6, Gnamptogenys sp. 4, G. striatula, Odontomachus meinerti, Pachycondyla constricta and P. striata were found. In general, a greater number of species and lower abundance of individuals were observed in the neighborhoods nearer the mountains than in those closer to the urban center.

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Burwell, Chris J., Akihiro Nakamura, Andrew McDougall, and V. John Neldner. "Invasive African big-headed ants, Pheidole megacephala, on coral cays of the southern Great Barrier Reef: distribution and impacts on other ants." Journal of Insect Conservation 16, no. 5 (February 4, 2012): 777–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10841-012-9463-6.

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