Academic literature on the topic 'Phased briefing'

Information needs are necessary for humans to answer questions that are in the mind, in order to enhance their professions or main activities. The needs of each person are influenced by different situations, cognitions and physiological backgrounds. All aspects of human life require information which is expected to continuously support the improvement of life patterns toward increasing complexities. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the relationship of information seeking behavior by military instructors with the learning outcomes of transportation briefing of the Indonesian Army in Cimahi. This study used the correlational research method with the Spearman rank statistical test; study results showed: 1) a positive relationship between the information seeking behavior of the initiation phase and learning outcomes of transportation briefing; 2) a positive relationship between the information seeking behavior of the selection phase and the learning outcomes of transportation briefing; 3) a positive relationship between the information retrieval behavior of the exploration stage and the learning outcomes of transportation briefing; 4) a positive relationship between the information seeking behavior of the formulation stage and the learning outcomes of transportation briefing; 5) a positive relationship between the information collection stage collection behavior and the learning outcomes of transportation briefing; and 6) a positive relationship between the information seeking behavior of the presentation stage and the learning outcomes of transportation briefing. In conclusion, there is a positive relationship between information seeking behavior by military instructors and the learning outcomes of transportation briefing.

The purpose of this study is to establish the concept of disaster literacy and to lay the foundation for the formation of disaster literacy discourse by presenting constituent factors. And from the perspective defined in this way, I tried to critically review the text structure and language usage patterns of the regular briefing related to COVID-19 by the Central Disease Control Headquarters. Ultimately, this study attempted to find ways to improve the use of disaster language that fostered disaster literacy capabilities in public areas. This study first defined disaster literacy based on previous studies and clarified the factors constituting disaster literacy to prepare a literacy measurement tool. Through this, this study emphasized that in the case of disaster literacy, the stages of disaster development are diverse, and the contents of the required literacy should be changed according to the phase of the disaster. In this paper, disaster literacy was defined in this way in three dimensions, and based on that point of view, text analysis was conducted on 190 regular briefings related to COVID-19 by the Central Disease Control Headquarters. Through this, this study attempted to examine the structural aspects of the texts, examine the characteristics of the language used in each structure, and derive improvements.

Weather has contributed to hundreds of General Aviation accidents. Research suggests inadequate preflight planning and lack of aviation weather knowledge are contributing factors. This study describes the development of three mental model measures (departure, enroute, and arrival) designed to assess pilots’ understanding of current and forecasted conditions. Each measure requires pilots (n=23) to evaluate weather conditions (flight category) at different regions within the flight area. A two-way mixed ANOVA examined differences in pilots’ understanding of flight category across three preflight weather briefing conditions (flight services call, self-briefing, and a combined condition) and three phases of flight (POF). No significant interaction occurred between briefing condition and POF on pilots’ ability to identify the correct flight category. However, significant differences in pilots’ understanding of weather conditions occurred between phases. Pilots were most effective at assessing flight category/weather on the enroute mental model measure and least effective at assessing weather forecasted surrounding arrival.

We have developed a framework for the design of a computer-based LCA tool for the briefing stage of design. The tool helps designer by producing directions, guidelines and concepts for the solution. LCA tool is created using two main phases. First a knowledge-base is created then a computer system is built using the knowledge-base. In this paper we described our approach for building the knowledge-base, and briefly overviewed the computer system which will be described in a sequel paper. The developed tool has several advantages: it provides a systematic way of analysis for the briefing stage and incorporates sustainability issues on it. By sorting information into a hierarchy, it is relatively easy to develop a strategy and research plan for uncovering missing information.

Purpose – The focus of this work is on the client-designer interface where decisions have significant impact over the lifecycle of the project. Therefore, the briefing stage is examined in the context of clients’ needs which is divided into project-based strategy and broader clients’ strategy. The purpose of this paper is to address the pitfalls in the briefing process which has been attributed to the shortcomings in the client-designer communication interfaces. This will be achieved by developing an automated brief generation framework. The research examines the efficiency of standard approaches to modelling and design, and the benefits that these methodologies have offered to the computer industry. The work reviews the similarities between the two industries and argues in support of the potential benefits in adopting a standard methodology in the construction industry. The structure upon which the framework is developed is based on system analysis and design methodology (SSADM) which has proven to be an effective platform used within the software development industry. Design/methodology/approach – SSADM is an established methodology within the software development industry. The paper will demonstrate that due to fundamental similarities between the construction and software development industries, SSADM is likely to offer a viable platform upon which an automated enhanced brief generation model is developed for use in the construction industry. The construction design and construction process will be mapped on SSADM high-level definition before focusing and honing on the design phase. The methodology for the development of the framework will be based on the rationalist approach of generating knowledge through reasoning leading to model-building. Findings – A model that is based on SSADM is proposed for the design development phase of construction projects. In order to shape the project strategy, the model considers the combined role of clients’ requirements with organisation strategy and environmental factors. The paper has shown that it is feasible to increase the automation of the briefing process and enhanced the briefing output. The model here does not diminish the importance of direct communication between the client and the design team. It provides a more structured way of doing so, while taking advantage of vast array of data and technology in order to improve the brief outcome. Research limitations/implications – From practical perspective, the proposed framework is in its formative stage, thus requiring incremental refinement through several case studies. This is particularly true about the AI components of the system which typically rely on extensive data representing the real-case scenarios. Therefore, the work invites further research into the examination of various parts as well as the overall system. Practical implications – There are several ways by which construction projects are procured. There may be fluctuation in their rate of usage, but while there is no indication of any procurement option fading, new ones such as PPP and PFI are periodically introduced. The existence of this diversity is indicative of the fact that the industry tends to respond to problems rather than attempting to instigate a measured solution supported by theoretical underpinning. Subsequently, there have been suggestions of a communication and information discourse between actors and within processes involved in project lifecycle. This project is aimed at addressing the gap in the client-designer communication. The automated approach to brief generation will lead to better briefs while reducing ambiguities as well as the overhead associated with brief generation. Social implications – The quality of project brief has a significant impact on decisions at the design stage. In turn, these decisions will influence all phases of construction project lifecycle. The briefing session and requirement analysis of a construction project can be very difficult for inexperienced clients particularly for complex projects. Therefore, there is potential for the process of client-requirement-analysis to be optimised. The work promises to improve the quality of the briefing process, thus helping clients to realise their intended objectives and minimise resource waste. Originality/value – The work builds on the commonalities of the construction and software development industries and takes advantage of the advancements in the latter. In doing so, project quality is defined quantitatively which is used to develop project strategy in a three-dimensional space. The development of the model was also contingent upon enhancement of artificial neural network structure.

Patients and families are entitled to an open disclosure and discussion of healthcare incidents affecting them. This reduces distress and contributes to learning for safety improvement. Complex barriers prevent effective disclosure and continue in the English NHS, despite a legal duty of candour. NHS maternity services are the focus of significant efforts to improve this. There is limited understanding of how, and to what effect, they are achieving this.Methods and analysisA 27-month, three-phased realist evaluation identifying the critical factors contributing to improvements in the disclosure and discussion of incidents with affected families. The evaluation asks ‘what works, for whom, in what circumstances, in why respects and why?’.Phase 1: establish working hypotheses of key factors and outcomes of interventions improving disclosure and discussion, by realist literature review and in-depth realist interviews with key stakeholders (n=approximately 20]Phase 2: refine or overturn hypotheses, by ethnographic case-study analysis using triangulated qualitative methods (non-participant observation, interviews (n=12) and documentary analysis) in up to 4 purposively sampled NHS trusts.Phase 3: consider hypotheses and design outputs during seven interpretive forums.Ethics and disseminationPhase 1 study approval by King’s College London’s Ethics Panel (BDMRESC 22033) and National Research Ethical Approval for Phases 2–3 (IRASID:262197) (CAG:20/CAG/0121) (REC:20/LO/1152). Study sponsorship by King’s College London (HS&DR 17/99/85).Findings to be disseminated through tailored management briefings; clinician and family guidance (written and video); lay summaries, academic papers, and report with outputs tailored to maximise academic and societal impact. Views of women/family groups are represented throughout.

As part of recessionary management, there are bodies as well as other organizations of government and provincial administration subordinated to the governor, and other forces at his/her disposal prepared and concentrated on carrying out tasks in the local area, including the Polish armed forces units and subunits. Security management in an unsafe area is carried out by the leader of the special service, guard or inspection.In the case of other events and competence problems, it is the governor who deals the solution. The procedure of dealing with this management is a decision cycle which includes: the decision phase and stages connected with gaining, changing and using information. The result of this process is supposed to be the decision, the intention and the plan of crisis management as well as the tasks prepared for specific organizations at the disposal of the administrative body.Every decision cycle is divided into four basic, penetrating phases which are connected, the first of which is defined as the decision of placement; then there should be the planning phase consisting of four stages. This is followed by tasking, which aims at obligating the staff to carry out the plan. The most effective way to obligate them is to do it personally to heads, service, inspection or guard commanders by the governor, borough leaders or village heads. It takes place during a special briefing. The last but not least is the phase of controlling.

Zusammenfassung Der Verfasser zeigt in diesem Aufsatz, dass Karl Barth in den verschiedenen Phasen seines Denkens, wie in den Offenen Briefen deutlich wird, die dialektische Position durchgehalten hat: Die Botschaft der Kirche, die Verkündigung des Evangeliums, ist ohne Anknüpfung das Ganz Andere und sie ist zugleich in Anknüpfung an die Lebenswirklichkeit implizit per se politisch. Aber diese Dialektik ist in den verschiedenen Phasen unterschiedlich akzentuiert. Sie verschiebt sich mit dem Anwachsen des nationalsozialistischen Unrechts, also mit der Herausforderung durch die Lebenswirklichkeit immer klarer zu einer expliziten politischen Predigt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass der »theologisch-kirchliche Konflikt« mehr und mehr als »politischer Konflikt« offenbar wird. Entscheidend für politische Bewertungen sind also nicht Theologien, sondern die unterschiedlichen Sozialisations- und Erfahrungsbereiche, die Prägungen durch die historischen Kontexte.

Background. Simulation gaming sessions can be understood as a sequence of briefing, game play, and debriefing - with feedback loops and iterative steps in between. Often, these sessions are supported by a facilitator, who organizes the session, sets learning goals, and guides the players through briefing, game play and debriefing ( Taylor, Backlund & Niklasson, 2012 ), which we call facilitation. Debriefing is a vital part of the facilitation process, as according to Crookall (2010) and Kriz (2010) , it facilitates learning. Contrary to many traditional models that locate the debriefing phase at the very end of a simulation gaming session, we conceptualize debriefing as reflection moments during the whole session, in which participants have the opportunity to reflect on their game play, experiences, and learnings. Facilitation is the process of enabling participants to address challenging situations of the game play, and make connections between the game play and the real environment the game refers to throughout the simulation gaming session. Method & Results. We analysed existing debriefing literature within the Simulation & Gaming journal. This review revealed that many existing approaches do not sufficiently consider changing needs of participants during a simulation gaming session to allow for a direct reflection on what is happening. Instead, a large number of debriefing approaches focus on a post-action reflection only. Moreover, the approaches analysed in our article often are abstract and only provide scarce practical recommendations. In addition to the literature review, we draw conclusions from observations of our own work in and with simulation gaming sessions. Based on the related and our own work, we propose a new model for simulation game facilitation, which better connects moments of reflection with the game play - the Impulse-Debriefing-Spiral. Conclusions. We provide a holistic understanding of debriefing that helps facilitators when implementing simulation games for learning purposes. Our model, called the Impulse-Debriefing-Spiral, conceptualizes the role of facilitation between briefing and debriefing throughout the whole process of a simulation gaming session - starting with its planning to reacting on emerging needs of the participants in between, up to closing the session as last step before transferring new knowledge and competencies into a new context (learning transfer).

As technology has grown, many healthcare professions’ programs, including nursing, have incorporated simulation into their curricula. Overwhelmingly, research has highlighted the last phase of simulation, debriefing, as the most important component influencing learning outcomes, with limited focus on prebriefing. The purpose of this study was to describe the influence the prebriefing phase during simulation has on undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions of overall simulation effectiveness, learning, and self-confidence. Situated learning theory was selected to guide the research design due to its unique view that learning is a social process that is enhanced within the authentic environment. The quasi-experimental design study compared outcomes among 4 groups: (a) no prebriefing, (b) prebriefing learning-engagement and orientation activities, (c) prebriefing orientation activities only, and (d) prebriefing learning-engagement activities only. Findings of the study indicated that undergraduate nursing students’ perceptions of overall simulation effectiveness (p = .000), learning (p = .000), and self-confidence (p = .000) were significantly higher with the use of prebriefing compared to no prebriefing; however, there was no significant distinction (p >.05) among which activity in prebriefing (learning-engagement activities or orientation tasks) was most valued by students. Observations made during the study support the need for both learning-engagement and orientation activities during prebriefing to enhance overall simulation effectiveness.

La phase conceptuelle, basée sur des informations imprécises et incomplètes, est à la base de la satisfaction des clients par le futur système. La programmation architecturale se concentre sur une des premières étapes de cette phase dans le domaine de la construction : la définition des besoins d'un bâtiment. Les pratiques et recherches actuelles en Architecture-Ingénierie-Construction ont tendance à être basées sur l'expérience des programmistes et architectes. Elles sont rapidement orientées vers la production de solutions architecturales et avec une formalisation tardive des besoins métiers en exigences bâtiment. La définition des exigences est bien plus développée dans les autres domaines d'ingénierie (i.e. génie mécanique, industriel et logiciel) au sein de théories, modèles, techniques et outils. Ces travaux de recherche visent à proposer un raisonnement de programmation architecturale basé sur ces connaissances en matière d'ingénierie des exigences dans ces autres domaines. La méthodologie suivie pour développer ce raisonnement s'appuie sur une démarche transdisciplinaire basée sur une combinaison de méthodologies issues des Sciences de la Conception. Outre l'identification de langages de modélisation couvrant différent points de vues associées à la programmation architecturale, un manque est identifié en ce qui concerne les concepts définissant l'objet d'étude : la transition entre les concepts d'activité et d'espace. Le concept de ‘‘méta-espace'' est proposé pour combler ce manque ainsi qu'un langage de modélisation permettant l'exploitation des relations entre ces concept. Une formalisation très en amont de la transition des besoins métiers des clients vers les exigences bâtiment est proposée via une démarche conceptuelle résultant de l'ajout du concept de ‘‘méta-espace''. Cette démarche est présentée étape par étape en s'appuyant sur les divers cas d'études traités au cours de la thèse
The conceptual phase is based on very fuzzy and incomplete information about clients' needs. It constitutes the core of clients' satisfaction about the future system. Architectural programming, or briefing process, focuses on the early stages of the conceptual phase of construction projects, i.e. the requirements definition. Current practices and research in Architecture-Engineering-Construction tend to be experience-based, solution-oriented, and with a late formalisation of business needs into building requirements. The requirements definition is far more supported by theories, models, tools, and techniques in other engineering disciplines (i.e. Mechanical, Industrial, and Software Engineering). This research aims to propose an architectural programming reasoning based on existing requirements engineering knowledge from these other engineering disciplines. The methodology followed to develop this reasoning is a transdisciplinary approach based on a combination of Design Research Methodology, and Design Science. Besides the identification of modelling languages covering different viewpoints associated with the briefing process, a gap is identified regarding modelling constructs associated with a “meta-space” design artefact. This design artefact and its associated modelling language (i.e. the meta-space diagram) support the formalisation of the transition from activities to space. The resulting conceptual framework proposes a step by step early formalisation of the transition from clients' business needs to building requirements. All along the thesis, different case studies are used to illustrate the proposals

Ambito scientifico della tesi di dottorato è quello delle tematiche relative alla Qualità intesa come conseguimento di valore da realizzarsi attraverso una più aderente corrispondenza tra obiettivi programmatici di progetto, impiego dell’edificio da parte degli utenti e sua effettiva realizzazione. In quest’ambito la ricerca assume come efficaci le metodiche e le strumentazioni di gestione del processo recependo le più recenti aperture dell’approccio esigenziale e prestazionale che, di fronte all’incapacità di descrivere compiutamente le differenti specificità contestuali, sempre più si affida a più efficaci strumenti conoscitivi quali appunto quelli sviluppati nell’ambito del Briefing e della valutazione post-occupativa. Per sua natura la ricerca è inoltre inquadrabile all’interno delle teorie e le tecniche che fanno capo ai processi decisionali e più in particolare agli ambiti del Knowledge Management. All’interno di tali riferimenti la ricerca pone come tesi la possibilità di sviluppare un modello partecipativo finalizzato all’oggettivazione dinamica e progressiva degli input del progetto. Più in particolare le finalità si indirizzano alla strutturazione della comunicazione e alla pianificazione del processo decisionale nell’ambito dell’edilizia ospedaliera relativamente alle scelte connesse ai modelli d’uso o come meglio definiti dal DM LL.PP. 18.01.88: al settore dimensionale-funzionale. La metodologia di lavoro ha previsto una preliminare ricognizione dello stato dell’arte finalizzata ad evidenziare limiti e prospettive di sviluppo dei metodi e degli strumenti utili alla definizione degli input di progetto a partire dalla pluriennale esperienza britannica nel settore ospedaliero sino ai più recenti esempi di attuazione progressiva proposti dal RIBA e dallo Stitching Bouwresearch di Rotterdam. Nella fase propositiva la ricerca produce un modello secondo cui le differenti informazioni vengono destrutturate in relazione alle fasi del processo e alla criticità per la qualità finale dell’opera. Più in particolare tale modello, formalizzato in forma di check-list, consente di ottenere indicazioni circa: - le fonti di provenienza delle informazioni; - la distribuzione del briefing nelle fasi del processo; - le specifiche progettuali relazionate; - il grado di completezza/criticità per la qualità finale. I risultati finali si pongono pertanto come avanzamento dei correnti approcci esigenziali-prestazionali e più in generale come superamento di prassi operative fondate su una modellizzazione normalizzata dei profili fruitivi, delle corrispondenti specifiche progettuali e dei connessi processi decisionali.

Budgeting and scheduling are central elements in all projects through diverse estimates that are defining the level of project outcome success. It is therefore relevant to study how large public construction agencies apply cost and time scheduling in their projects. The study objective is firstly, to comprehend the process of cost and time scheduling in the initial phases of a project. Secondly, to discover which factors stimulate budget and deadline increases in publicly funded construction projects. Applied data collection is based on semi-structured interviews with publicly agency employed project and property managers. Findings demonstrate that too early decision making disrupt the deadline and total cost in the client briefing stage. Due to lack of clear defined project scope and user requirements are too optimistic. The subsequent project stages are thus pushed by an earlier decided deadline and budget, where following complications within the project organizations were found to stimulate budget and scheduling increases.

In their respective design processes automobile manufacturers use more and more virtual prototyping. Today, even some design decisions are made, based on purely digital vehicle models. This is a report of a recent study, which was done with a German car manufacturer, that has looked into different academic disciplines besides computer science, to find new ways to vitalize and stage digital vehicle models. Usability engineering, psychology, dramatics, and theater teaching were consulted. As a result a novel workflow pattern is proposed, exemplarily conceptualized for Design Reviews of automobiles. It embeds the use of Virtual Reality (VR) or Mixed Reality (MR) between Briefing and Debriefing phases, to give the users a chance for preparing and postprocessing the digital experience. This workflow pattern and its pragmatic conception are introduced in this paper.

Abstract Four-bar linkages are commonly used mechanisms in various mechanical systems and components. Several techniques for optimum synthesis of planar mechanisms have been suggested in literature such as the Genetic, Tabu, Simulated Annealing, Swarm-Based and many other algorithms. This paper covers optimization of four-bar mechanisms with path generation tasks using a Dynamic Ant Search (DAS) algorithm. Unlike the Modified Ant Search (MAS) technique where ants unanimously moved between the exploration and exploitation phases, in the proposed algorithm, each ant is free to travel between the two aforementioned phases independent of other ants and as governed by its own pheromone intensity level. Moreover, sensitivity analysis is conducted on the design parameters to determine their corresponding neighborhood search boundaries and thus improve the search while in the exploitation mode. These implemented changes demonstrated a remarkable impact on the optimum synthesis of mechanisms for path generation tasks. A briefing of the MAS based algorithm is first presented after which the proposed modified optimization technique and its implementation on four-bar mechanisms are furnished. Finally, three case studies are conducted to evaluate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed methodology where the performances of the obtained optimum designs are benchmarked with those previously reported in literature.

This series of briefing sheets, developed by the Population Council, represents a starting point for the application of gender to the family planning (FP) and reproductive health (RH) arena. The information covers five key areas of RH: gender-based abuse, FP and gender issues among adolescents, sexuality and FP, men’s and women’s social and economic responsibilities for childrearing, and the complicated nexus between gender and FP/RH. In so doing, it provides a strong foundation for gender training. This concept was first developed to fulfill a need for gender training within the regional Operations Research/Technical Assistance Projects. To date, two such workshops have been funded by USAID. These activities not only reflect a clear commitment by USAID to the inclusion of gender in all aspects of programmatic planning and implementation but also to the empowerment of women in every phase of the development process. This tool will help guide program planners and policymakers toward making gender equity in FP and RH programs a reality for both women and men.

Developing a good pro-pluralism religious education curriculum requires much planning and a deep understanding of the context. In a country like Iraq, where the education system is in decline due to years of conflict, weak governance and management, and a displacement crisis, this becomes a challenging task. This Learning Briefing, prepared during the implementation phase of the Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development (CREID) project to introduce reform to the religious education curriculum in Iraq, highlights the key areas of best practices and lessons learned from our stakeholder engagement. The aim is to share these learnings with programme managers, donors and partners to help inform future interventions and curricula development on effective approaches and models for improved quality education.

Background: Public behaviour and the new hostile threats • Civil contingencies planning and preparedness for hostile threats requires accurate and up to date knowledge about how the public might behave in relation to such incidents. Inaccurate understandings of public behaviour can lead to dangerous and counterproductive practices and policies. • There is consistent evidence across both hostile threats and other kinds of emergencies and disasters that significant numbers of those affected give each other support, cooperate, and otherwise interact socially within the incident itself. • In emergency incidents, competition among those affected occurs in only limited situations, and loss of behavioural control is rare. • Spontaneous cooperation among the public in emergency incidents, based on either social capital or emergent social identity, is a crucial part of civil contingencies planning. • There has been relatively little research on public behaviour in response to the new hostile threats of the past ten years, however. • The programme of work summarized in this briefing document came about in response to a wave of false alarm flight incidents in the 2010s, linked to the new hostile threats (i.e., marauding terrorist attacks). • By using a combination of archive data for incidents in Great Britain 2010-2019, interviews, video data analysis, and controlled experiments using virtual reality technology, we were able to examine experiences, measure behaviour, and test hypotheses about underlying psychological mechanisms in both false alarms and public interventions against a hostile threat. Re-visiting the relationship between false alarms and crowd disasters • The Bethnal Green tube disaster of 1943, in which 173 people died, has historically been used to suggest that (mis)perceived hostile threats can lead to uncontrolled ‘stampedes’. • Re-analysis of witness statements suggests that public fears of Germany bombs were realistic rather than unreasonable, and that flight behaviour was socially structured rather than uncontrolled. • Evidence for a causal link between the flight of the crowd and the fatal crowd collapse is weak at best. • Altogether, the analysis suggests the importance of examining people’s beliefs about context to understand when they might interpret ambiguous signals as a hostile threat, and that. Tthe concepts of norms and relationships offer better ways to explain such incidents than ‘mass panic’. Why false alarms occur • The wider context of terrorist threat provides a framing for the public’s perception of signals as evidence of hostile threats. In particular, the magnitude of recent psychologically relevant terrorist attacks predicts likelihood of false alarm flight incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in those towns and cities that have seen genuine terrorist incidents. • False alarms in Great Britain are more likely to occur in the types of location where terrorist attacks happen, such as shopping areass, transport hubs, and other crowded places. • The urgent or flight behaviour of other people (including the emergency services) influences public perceptions that there is a hostile threat, particularly in situations of greater ambiguity, and particularly when these other people are ingroup. • High profile tweets suggesting a hostile threat, including from the police, have been associated with the size and scale of false alarm responses. • In most cases, it is a combination of factors – context, others’ behaviour, communications – that leads people to flee. A false alarm tends not to be sudden or impulsive, and often follows an initial phase of discounting threat – as with many genuine emergencies. 2.4 How the public behave in false alarm flight incidents • Even in those false alarm incidents where there is urgent flight, there are also other behaviours than running, including ignoring the ‘threat’, and walking away. • Injuries occur but recorded injuries are relatively uncommon. • Hiding is a common behaviour. In our evidence, this was facilitated by orders from police and offers from people staff in shops and other premises. • Supportive behaviours are common, including informational and emotional support. • Members of the public often cooperate with the emergency services and comply with their orders but also question instructions when the rationale is unclear. • Pushing, trampling and other competitive behaviour can occur,s but only in restricted situations and briefly. • At the Oxford Street Black Friday 2017 false alarm, rather than an overall sense of unity across the crowd, camaraderie existed only in pockets. This was likely due to the lack of a sense of common fate or reference point across the incident; the fragmented experience would have hindered the development of a shared social identity across the crowd. • Large and high profile false alarm incidents may be associated with significant levels of distress and even humiliation among those members of the public affected, both at the time and in the aftermath, as the rest of society reflects and comments on the incident. Public behaviour in response to visible marauding attackers • Spontaneous, coordinated public responses to marauding bladed attacks have been observed on a number of occasions. • Close examination of marauding bladed attacks suggests that members of the public engage in a wide variety of behaviours, not just flight. • Members of the public responding to marauding bladed attacks adopt a variety of complementary roles. These, that may include defending, communicating, first aid, recruiting others, marshalling, negotiating, risk assessment, and evidence gathering. Recommendations for practitioners and policymakers • Embed the psychology of public behaviour in emergencies in your training and guidance. • Continue to inform the public and promote public awareness where there is an increased threat. • Build long-term relations with the public to achieve trust and influence in emergency preparedness. • Use a unifying language and supportive forms of communication to enhance unity both within the crowd and between the crowd and the authorities. • Authorities and responders should take a reflexive approach to their responses to possible hostile threats, by reflecting upon how their actions might be perceived by the public and impact (positively and negatively) upon public behaviour. • To give emotional support, prioritize informative and actionable risk and crisis communication over emotional reassurances. • Provide first aid kits in transport infrastructures to enable some members of the public more effectively to act as zero responders.