Journal articles: 'Phascolarctidae'

1

Black, Karen H., Michael Archer, and Suzanne J. Hand. "New Tertiary koala (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) from Riversleigh, Australia, with a revision of phascolarctid phylogenetics, paleoecology, and paleobiodiversity." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32, no. 1 (January 2012): 125–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.626825.

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Piper, KJ. "An early Pleistocene record of a giant koala (Phascolarctidae: Marsupialia) from western Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 2 (2005): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05221.

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THE pre Holocene-Late Pleistocene record of Phascolarctos in Australia is extremely meagre. There are at least two, possibly three extinct species of Phascolarctos in addition to the extant Phascolarctos cinereus (Black 1999). P. yorkensis (syn. Cundokoala yorkensis; Black and Archer 1997) is known from the Early Pliocene Curramulka Local Fauna, South Australia (SA), and the Late Pleistocene Wellington Caves Local Fauna, New South Wales (Archer et al. 1997; Pledge 1992). P. stirtoni occurs in the Late Pleistocene Cement Mills Local Fauna, Queensland, and is known only from a partial maxilla containing P3-M2 (Bartholomai 1968, 1977). Phascolarctos material from the mid- Pleistocene Victoria Fossil Cave and Spring Cave, Naracoorte, SA, have also been referred to P. cf. stirtoni but remain undescribed (Reed and Bourne 2000; Moriarty et al. 2000). P. maris is known from a single lower molar from the Early Pliocene Sunlands Local Fauna, SA (Pledge 1987). Black (1999) cast doubt on its validity, suggesting its features may fall within the intraspecific variation of P. stirtoni. If P. maris is referable to P. stirtoni it is another South Australian instance of this species, and extends its range back to the Early Pliocene. The new phascolarctid material documented here is from the early Pleistocene Nelson Bay Local Fauna, Portland, Victoria (141o 35? E; 38o 36? S). It is therefore an important additional southern occurrence of a species larger than the living P. cinereus, and is the only pre- Late Pleistocene record of the Phascolarctidae in Victoria.

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Davison, CV, and WG Young. "The Muscles of Mastication of Phascolarctos-Cinereus (Phascolarctidae, Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 38, no. 3 (1990): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9900227.

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The muscles of mastication of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, were dissected, described, weighed and the areas of their origin and insertion were determined. In addition, the temporomandibular joint was described. The aim was to ascertain the relative contribution of those muscles to the jaw movements of the koala. The masseter and temporalis muscles were the principle group and could account for the major movements and forces generated in chewing. In contrast to other herbivorous mammals, the pterygoid muscles were small and probably exert fine motor control over the mandible and temporo- mandibular joints. The digastric and geniohyoid muscles were small, compatible with the limited gape in the animal.

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Osawa, R., and T. Mitsuoka. "Faecal microflora of capt ive koalas, Phascolarctos cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae)." Australian Mammalogy 13, no. 2 (1990): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am90014.

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The faecal microflora of four Phascolarctos cinereus kept at the Saitama Children's Zoo in Japan was investigated using 10 selective and 4 nonselec tive agar media. Total viable counts (in log form) of faecal bacteria (8.2 g of wet faeces) were significantly lower than the direct microscopic counts (11.2 g of wet faeces). Four groups of obligate anaerobes (bacteroidaceae, peptococcaceae, bifidobacteria , and clostridia) and three groups of facultative anaerobes (enterobacteria, streptococci and lactobacilli) were isolated. Dominant components of the flora were obligate anaerobes, in particular bacteroidaceae and peptococcaceae.

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Price, Gilbert J., and Scott A. Hocknull. "Invictokoala monticolagen. et sp. nov. (Phascolarctidae, Marsupialia), a Pleistocene plesiomorphic koala holdover from Oligocene ancestors." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 9, no. 2 (June 2011): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2010.504079.

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6

Gordon, G. "Estimation of the age of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae), from tooth wear and growth." Australian Mammalogy 14, no. 1 (1991): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am91001.

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Wear of the premolar and molar teeth of the Koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, was studied at two localities, in central and southern Queensland respectively. Tooth wear was classified into 10 tooth wear classes (TWC). Mean ages were determined for TWCs 1- 6, ranging from 1.2 to 7.3 years. An age estimate is also given for TWC 7 (9 years), but is based on data from only one known age animal. Rate of tooth wear varied greatly between animals from the same area, but there was no difference in rate of wear between the two localities, at which diets differed (Eucalyptus tereticornis / E. microtheca versus E. populnea). TWC is useful for dividing samples of animals from P. cinereus populations into separate age classes and for giving an approximation to the age of particular animals. The correlation between age and head length of P. cinereus of known year class was examined. Head length differs between P. cinereus from year classes 0, I and 2, and may be used to place animals in this age range into a year class.

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Louys, Julien, Karen Black, Michael Archer, Suzanne J. Hand, and Henk Godthelp. "Descriptions of koala fossils from the Miocene of Riversleigh, northwestern Queensland and implications forLitokoala(Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae)." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 31, no. 2 (June 2007): 99–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115510701305082.

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8

Nagy, KA, and RW Martin. "Field Metabolic Rate, Water Flux, Food Consumption and Time Budget of Koalas, Phascolarctos Cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae) in Victoria." Australian Journal of Zoology 33, no. 5 (1985): 655. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9850655.

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Doubly labelled water measurements in free-ranging adult koalas (9.2 kg) indicated that field metabolic rates averaged 0.434 ml CO2 g-�h-� (equivalent to 2090 kJ per animal per day, or 2.59 X basal metabolic rate). Females (7.8 kg) had significantly higher mass-specific metabolic rates than males (10.8 kg). Percentage apparent assimilation of dietary substances was 56% for dry matter, 52% for energy, 32% for nitrogen, and 66% for water. Feeding rates were about 222 g dry food per animal per day (equivalent to 510 g fresh food per animal per day) in both sexes. However, males had a higher water influx rate (475 ml per animal per day) than females (358 ml per animal per day), suggesting either that males selected more succulent food than females, or that males drank rainwater but females did not. Koalas consumed about twice as much dietary nitrogen as they required for maintenance. They maintained constant body masses, and (presumably) had balanced energy, water and nitrogen budgets during our 20-day study, while eating Eucalyptus ovata foliage. Koalas spent about 4.7 h eating, 4 min travelling, 4.8 h resting while awake and 14.5 h sleeping in a 24-h period. Their activity periods were not obviously restricted to periods of daylight or darkness, but were scattered through the 24 hours. In comparison with free-living, three-toed sloths Bradypus variegatus (4.08 kg) in central America, koalas had significantly higher mass-corrected field metabolic rates (391 kJ kg-0.75 day-� for koalas v.209 for sloths), water influx rates (69.9 ml kg-0.80 day-� for koalas v. 49.8 for sloths), and feeding rates (42.7 g dry food kg-0.75 day-� for koalas v. 21.2 for sloths). Unlike sloths, koalas did not bask in the morning sunshine, and one telemetered koala had a relatively constant body temperature over 24 h (c. 36�C), compared with daily variations between 30 and 38�C in sloths. Population food consumption (g dry food consumed ha-� day-�) was greater for koalas (681 v. 378 for sloths), and koalas consumed most of the leaf production of their preferred food species, E. ovata, which resulted in extensive defoliation of these trees. Although there is similarity in the ecological roles of koalas and sloths, their physiology and behaviour differ substantially.

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9

Louys, Julien, Ken Aplin, Robin M. D. Beck, and Michael Archer. "Cranial anatomy of Oligo-Miocene koalas (Diprotodontia: Phascolarctidae): stages in the evolution of an extreme leaf-eating specialization." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29, no. 4 (December 12, 2009): 981–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0412.

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10

Osawa, R. "Dietary preference of koalas, Phascolarctos cinereus (Marsupialia: Phascolarctidae) for Eucalyptus spp. with a specific reference to their simple sugar contents." Australian Mammalogy 16, no. 1 (1993): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am93020.

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11

Black, Karen H., Julien Louys, and Gilbert J. Price. "Understanding morphological variation in the extant koala as a framework for identification of species boundaries in extinct koalas (Phascolarctidae; Marsupialia)." Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12, no. 2 (May 14, 2013): 237–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2013.768304.

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12

Chauvet, J., Y. Rouille, M. T. Chauvet, and R. Acher. "Evolution of marsupials traced by their neurohypophyseal hormones: Microidentification of mesotocin and arginine vasopressin in two Australian families, Dasyuridae and Phascolarctidae." General and Comparative Endocrinology 67, no. 3 (September 1987): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-6480(87)90195-x.

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13

Black, Karen H. "Middle Miocene origins for tough-browse dietary specialisations in the koala (Marsupialia, Phascolarctidae) evolutionary tree: description of a new genus and species from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area." Memoirs of Museum Victoria 74 (2016): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2016.74.19.

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14

Callaghan, John, Clive McAlpine, David Mitchell, Jane Thompson, Michiala Bowen, Jonathan Rhodes, Carol de Jong, Renee Domalewski, and Alison Scott. "Ranking and mapping koala habitat quality for conservation planning on the basis of indirect evidence of tree-species use: a case study of Noosa Shire, south-eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 38, no. 2 (2011): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr07177.

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Context Mapping the habitat and distribution of a species is critical for developing effective conservation plans. Koala (Phascolarctos cinereus, Phascolarctidae) distribution is constrained by the nutritional and shelter requirements provided by a relatively small number of key tree species in any given area. Identifying these key species provides a practical foundation for mapping koala habitat and prioritising areas for conservation. Aims To determine key tree species for koalas in Noosa Shire (south-eastern Queensland, Australia) as a basis for mapping koala habitat quality. Methods We applied a faecal-pellet survey methodology in 1996/97 to assess evidence of use by koalas of 4031 trees from 96 randomly stratified survey sites across different eucalypt-forest and woodland communities. Results were compared with those from a later survey undertaken in 2001/02 involving 5535 trees from 195 sites that were distributed across broadly similar areas with the aim to investigate aspects of koala landscape ecology. Key results A total of 66.7% of the 1996/97 survey sites contained koala faecal pellets, recorded under 953 eucalypt trees (14 species) and 1670 non-eucalypt trees (27 species). The proportion of trees at a given survey site that had koala faecal pellets at the base ranged from 2.2% to 94.7% (mean = 31.13 ± 2.59% s.e.). For the 2001/02 dataset, koala pellets were found at 55.4% of sites, from 794 eucalypt and 2240 non-eucalypt trees. The proportion of trees with pellets ranged from 3% to 80% (mean = 21.07 ± 1.77% s.e.). Both the 1996/97 and 2001/02 surveys identified the same three tree species (forest red gum, Eucalyptus tereticornis, swamp mahogany, E. robusta, and tallowwood, E. microcorys) as the highest-ranked for koala use in the study area. Three additional species (red mahogany, E. resinifera, small-fruited grey gum, E. propinqua, and grey ironbark, E. siderophloia) were identified in the 1996/97 surveys as key eucalypt species. Of the non-eucalypts in the 1996/97 dataset, coast cypress pine (Callitris columellaris) and broad-leaved paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) ranked highest for use by koalas, followed by pink bloodwood (Corymbia intermedia) and brush box (Lophostemon confertus). White bottlebrush (Callistemon salignus), hard corkwood (Endiandra sieberi), M. quinquenervia and C. intermedia ranked highest in the 2001/02 dataset. The findings showed significantly greater use of larger eucalypts (i.e. 300-mm to >600-mm diameter at breast height). Conclusions The identified key eucalypt species, being the critical limiting resource for koalas, were used to assign koala habitat-quality classes to mapped regional ecosystem types to create a Koala Habitat Atlas (KHA) for Noosa Shire. The combined two highest quality classes based on abundance of the key eucalypt species comprised only 15.7% of the total land area of the Shire. Implications The KHA approach provides a practical and repeatable method for developing koala habitat-suitability mapping for national-, regional- and local-scale conservation and recovery planning purposes.

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15

Pledge, Neville S. "A new koala (Marsupialia:Phascolarctidae) from the late Oligocene Etadunna Formation, Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 32, no. 2 (2010): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am09014.

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An isolated upper molar represents Litokoala thurmerae sp. nov., the eighth species of phascolarctid marsupial (koalas) from the South Australian mid-Tertiary sequence, and the fourth from the late Oligocene Etadunna Formation at Lake Palankarinna. It is the smallest and oldest species, differing from L. kutjamarpensis (Stirton et al. 1967), L. kanunkaensis (Springer 1987) and L. dicktedfordi, sp. nov. (the Riversleigh specimens referred to L. kanunkaensis and L. kutjamarpensis (Black and Archer 1997; Louys et al. 2007) but described here as a new species) in size, and the almost total lack of crenulations on the surfaces of the cusps. This brings to at least five the number of probably arboreal mammal species in the Ngama Local Fauna (Pledge 1984) of Mammalon Hill, Lake Palankarinna – the others being Ektopodon stirtoni (Pledge 1986), Pildra magnus (Pledge 1987a), P. sp. cf. kutjamarpensis (ibid.), and Burramys wakefieldi (Pledge 1987b) – and further supports the riparian forest environment interpretation proposed for this part of the Etadunna sequence (Pledge 1984; Martin 2006).

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Kasimov, Vasilli, Tamsyn Stephenson, Natasha Speight, Anne-Lise Chaber, Wayne Boardman, Ruby Easther, and Farhid Hemmatzadeh. "Identification and Prevalence of Phascolarctid Gammaherpesvirus Types 1 and 2 in South Australian Koala Populations." Viruses 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12090948.

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To determine Phascolarctid gammaherpesviruses (PhaHV) infection in South Australian koala populations, 80 oropharyngeal swabs from wild-caught and 87 oropharyngeal spleen samples and swabs from euthanased koalas were tested using two specific PCR assays developed to detect PhaHV-1 and PhaHV-2. In wild-caught koalas, active shedding of PhaHV was determined by positive oropharyngeal samples in 72.5% (58/80) of animals, of which 44.8% (26/58) had PhaHV-1, 20.7% (12/58) PhaHV-2 and 34.5% (20/58) both viral subtypes. In the euthanased koalas, systemic infection was determined by positive PCR in spleen samples and found in 72.4% (63/87) of koalas. Active shedding was determined by positive oropharyngeal results and found in 54.0% (47/87) of koalas. Koalas infected and actively shedding PhaHV-1 alone, PhaHV-2 alone or shedding both viral subtypes were 48.9% (23/47), 14.9% (7/47) and 36.2% (17/47), respectively. Only 45.9% (40/87) were not actively shedding, of which 40.0% (16/40) of these had systemic infections. Both wild-caught and euthanased koalas actively shedding PhaHV-2 were significantly more likely to be actively shedding both viral subtypes. Active shedding of PhaHV-2 had a significant negative correlation with BCS in the euthanased cohort, and active shedding of PhaHV-1 had a significant positive relationship with age in both wild-caught and euthanased cohorts.

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Beck, Robin M. D., Julien Louys, Philippa Brewer, Michael Archer, Karen H. Black, and Richard H. Tedford. "A new family of diprotodontian marsupials from the latest Oligocene of Australia and the evolution of wombats, koalas, and their relatives (Vombatiformes)." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1 (June 25, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-66425-8.

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Abstract We describe the partial cranium and skeleton of a new diprotodontian marsupial from the late Oligocene (~26–25 Ma) Namba Formation of South Australia. This is one of the oldest Australian marsupial fossils known from an associated skeleton and it reveals previously unsuspected morphological diversity within Vombatiformes, the clade that includes wombats (Vombatidae), koalas (Phascolarctidae) and several extinct families. Several aspects of the skull and teeth of the new taxon, which we refer to a new family, are intermediate between members of the fossil family Wynyardiidae and wombats. Its postcranial skeleton exhibits features associated with scratch-digging, but it is unlikely to have been a true burrower. Body mass estimates based on postcranial dimensions range between 143 and 171 kg, suggesting that it was ~5 times larger than living wombats. Phylogenetic analysis based on 79 craniodental and 20 postcranial characters places the new taxon as sister to vombatids, with which it forms the superfamily Vombatoidea as defined here. It suggests that the highly derived vombatids evolved from wynyardiid-like ancestors, and that scratch-digging adaptations evolved in vombatoids prior to the appearance of the ever-growing (hypselodont) molars that are a characteristic feature of all post-Miocene vombatids. Ancestral state reconstructions on our preferred phylogeny suggest that bunolophodont molars are plesiomorphic for vombatiforms, with full lophodonty (characteristic of diprotodontoids) evolving from a selenodont morphology that was retained by phascolarctids and ilariids, and wynyardiids and vombatoids retaining an intermediate selenolophodont condition. There appear to have been at least six independent acquisitions of very large (>100 kg) body size within Vombatiformes, several having already occurred by the late Oligocene.

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18

Vaz, P. K., A. R. Legione, C. A. Hartley, and J. M. Devlin. "Detection and Differentiation of Two Koala Gammaherpesviruses by Use of High-Resolution Melt (HRM) Analysis Reveals Differences in Viral Prevalence and Clinical Associations in a Large Study of Free-Ranging Koalas." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 57, no. 3 (January 9, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01478-18.

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ABSTRACTThe iconic koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is host to two divergent gammaherpesviruses, phascolarctid gammaherpesviruses 1 and 2 (PhaHV-1 and -2), but the clinical significance of the individual viruses is unknown and current diagnostic methods are unsuitable for differentiating between the viruses in large-scale studies. To address this, we modified a pan-herpesvirus nested PCR to incorporate high-resolution melt analysis. We applied this assay in a molecular epidemiological study of 810 koalas from disparate populations across Victoria, Australia, including isolated island populations. Animal and clinical data recorded at sampling were analyzed and compared to infection status. Between populations, the prevalence of PhaHV-1 and -2 varied significantly, ranging from 1% to 55%. Adult and older animals were 5 to 13 times more likely to be positive for PhaHV-1 than juveniles (P< 0.001), whereas PhaHV-2 detection did not change with age, suggesting differences in how these two viruses are acquired over the life of the animal. PhaHV-1 detection was uniquely associated with the detection of koala retrovirus, particularly in females (P= 0.008). Both viruses were significantly associated (P< 0.05) with the presence of genital tract abnormalities (uterine/ovarian cysts and testicular malformation), reduced fertility in females, urinary incontinence, and detection ofChlamydia pecorum, although the strength of these associations varied by sex and virus. Understanding the clinical significance of these viruses and how they interact with other pathogens will inform future management of threatened koala populations.

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Vaz, Paola K., Carol A. Hartley, Sang-Yong Lee, Fiona M. Sansom, Timothy E. Adams, Kathryn Stalder, Lesley Pearce, et al. "Koala and Wombat Gammaherpesviruses Encode the First Known Viral NTPDase Homologs and Are Phylogenetically Divergent from All Known Gammaherpesviruses." Journal of Virology 93, no. 6 (December 19, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01404-18.

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ABSTRACTThere is a large taxonomic gap in our understanding of mammalian herpesvirus genetics and evolution corresponding to those herpesviruses that infect marsupials, which diverged from eutherian mammals approximately 150 million years ago (mya). We compare the genomes of two marsupial gammaherpesviruses,Phascolarctid gammaherpesvirus 1(PhaHV1) andVombatid gammaherpesvirus 1(VoHV1), which infect koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) and wombats (Vombatus ursinus), respectively. The core viral genomes were approximately 117 kbp and 110 kbp in length, respectively, sharing 69% pairwise nucleotide sequence identity. Phylogenetic analyses showed that PhaHV1 and VoHV1 formed a separate branch, which may indicate a new gammaherpesvirus genus. The genomes contained 60 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) homologous to those in eutherian herpesviruses and 20 ORFs not yet found in any other herpesvirus. Seven of these ORFs were shared by the two viruses, indicating that they were probably acquired prespeciation, approximately 30 to 40 mya. One of these shared genes encodes a putative nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (NTPDase). NTPDases are usually found in mammals and higher-order eukaryotes, with a very small number being found in bacteria. This is the first time that an NTPDase has been identified in any viral genome. Interrogation of public transcriptomic data sets from two koalas identified PhaHV1-specific transcripts in multiple host tissues, including transcripts for the novel NTPDase. PhaHV1 ATPase activity was also demonstratedin vitro, suggesting that the encoded NTPDase is functional during viral infection. In mammals, NTPDases are important in downregulation of the inflammatory and immune responses, but the role of the PhaHV1 NTPDase during viral infection remains to be determined.IMPORTANCEThe genome sequences of the koala and wombat gammaherpesviruses show that the viruses form a distinct branch, indicative of a novel genus within theGammaherpesvirinae. Their genomes contain several new ORFs, including ORFs encoding a β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase that is phylogenetically closest to poxvirus and insect homologs and the first reported viral NTPDase. NTPDases are ubiquitously expressed in mammals and are also present in several parasitic, fungal, and bacterial pathogens. In mammals, these cell surface-localized NTPDases play essential roles in thromboregulation, inflammation, and immune suppression. In this study, we demonstrate that the virus-encoded NTPDase is enzymatically active and is transcribed during natural infection of the host. Understanding how these enzymes benefit viruses can help to inform how they may cause disease or evade host immune defenses.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phascolarctidae'

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