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1
Liang, Zhitao. "Pharmacognostic studies on Herba Oldenlandiae." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/835.
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Wong, Queenie Lai Lai. "Pharmacognostic studies on folk medicinal herb xihuangcao." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2015. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/215.
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Xihuangcao is a folk medicinal herb used in southern China with three botanical origins: Isodon lophanthoides (IL), I. lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (ILG) and I. serra (IS). They are often used indiscriminately, numerous commercially available herbal products list Xihuangcao as an ingredient without listing the source. This situation has led to a growing concern about the differentiation and quality evaluation of Xihuangcao. To address this concern, a systematic study was conducted to identify the origin. The study is divided into five parts, which aimed to establish and apply the authentication methods of the origins. Four Isodon species were recorded in research papers as the plant sources. However, a new classification suggested in 2004 and two of the IL varieties were merged. In the ancient herbal documents, ILG was first recorded as the origin plant. IL was the major species in the ancient texts, IS was only listed as an additional sources in recent herbal references. The“yellow juices which proven to be the exudates of glandular scales was the key identification features recorded. Macroscopic and microscopic studies provided identification features of the three Isodon species. IL and ILG share very similar features, but IS can be easily distinguished. By morphological features, IL and ILG can be distinguished by the shape of leaves, which IL has a broader leaves than ILG; IS can be identified by its very bitter taste and broadly winged petioles. By microscopic features, IL and ILG have a tiny difference in the shape of epidermal cells of leaf, and IS can be recognized by small raphides of calcium oxalate. In the UPLC-MS fingerprinting and tissue-specific profiling, the chemical profiles the three species were revealed. The chemical profiles of IL and ILG were similar, while IS has its specific chemical profiles. Twenty-seven characteristic peaks were chosen and showed a good distinction of the three species. The tissue-specific profiling of leaves showed the diterpenoids of all the species were accumulated only in the glandular scales. Lipidomics study on IL, ILG and IS was also conducted. A total of 92 lipids were identified. The variation of lipid profiles of the three Isodon species was further quantified, the results showed that the contents of the lipids in the three Isodon species varied. Statistical analyses showed IS has distinctly different lipid profile, while that of IL and ILG are very similar. Finally, the methods of macroscopic microscopic authentication and UPLC-MS fingerprinting were applied in identifying the source species of commercial Xihuangcao products. Twenty-seven batches of Xihuangcao decoction pieces were identified, results showed ILG is the major source of the collected samples. The ingredients in eight Xihuangcao herbal tea bags were also identified. IS is the major species, and none of the samples match their labels. The study provided valuable information on the authentication and quality control of folk medicinal herb Xihuangcao. The work also provided fundamental information on further studies on the chemical constituents of IL and ILG, also and role of lipids in the production of bioactive diterpenoids in Isodon species
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Subba, Arunika. "Pharmacognostic evaluation and in vitro antioxidant potential of some ethnomedicines used by traditional practitioners of West Sikkim." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2021. http://ir.nbu.ac.in/handle/123456789/4660.
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Aro, Abimbola. "Taxonomy and Pharmacognostic studies of Tarchonanthus camphoratus species complex (Tarchonanthea, Asteraceae)." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/280.
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Thesis (Msc.(Pharmacology))--University of Limpopo, 2010.Taxonomy and Pharmacognostic studies of Tarchonanthus camphoratus species complex (Tarchonanthea, Asteraceae) The genus Tarchonanthus belongs to the family Asteraceae, the subfamily Cichorioideae and the tribe Tarchonantheae. Tarchonanthus is one of the few Astareceae genera that includes a tree. Furthermore, it is dioecious, with male and female flowers produced on different plants. The specific name is usually chosen to indicate some striking characteristics of the plant. The name camphoratus refers to the strong smell of camphor given off when the leaves are crushed. Various parts of Tarchonanthus species are used medicinally. Infusions and tinctures of the leaves and twigs are used for stomach trouble, abdominal pain, headache, toothache, asthma, bronchitis and inflammation. The main aim of this study was to improve the overall knowledge available on Tarchonanthus camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus by resolving the uncertainties surrounding the taxonomy and also to check for the toxicity and the therapeutic effect of this plant. A micromorphological and solubility studies proved useful in distinguishing between T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus since the macromorphological characteristics of the plant did not prove useful due to overlapping keys used to distinguish the two species. A solubility studies also proved useful in differentiating between male, female or sterile plants of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus. The results that were obtained from the TLC plates showed that there are differences in the chemical composition of the acetone extracts of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus. Moreso, this study showed that the acetone extract of T. parvicapitulatus has more antioxidant properties than T. camphoratus. The therapeutic study also revealed that the plant extract from the leaves of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus showed no prophylactic protection against smooth muscle contraction of guinea-pig treachea but the plant extract of T. parvicapitulatus could relax pre-existing smooth muscle contraction of guinea-pig trachea. Superoxide production was significantly inhibited by both T. parvicapitulatus and T. camphoratus plant extract, but the rate of superoxide inhibition of T. parvicapitulatus extract were more prominent than it was for T. camphoratus extract. The inhibitory effects of the water extract of T. camphoratus and T. parvicapitulatus on the isolated human neutrophils could be due to the activity of the intermediate polar compounds which include flavonoids. This explains why these plant extracts are used by traditional healers for the relieve of ailments such as abdominal pain, headache, toothache T. parvicapitulatus are toxic but the plant extracts of T. camphoratus did not show significant toxicity to isolated human neutrophils. This study has helped to improve the overall knowledge available on Tarchonanthus camphoratus and Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus by using different pharmacognostic tools to resolve the uncertainties surrounding the taxonomy and to determine the toxicity and the therapeutic effects of this plant.
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Au, Ching Tung Dawn. "Pharmacognostical studies on Hakka herbal medicine Wuzhimaotao." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2009. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/991.
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Wu, Menghua. "Pharmacognostical studies on medicinal spices : ethnobotanical, bencaological and plant taxonomic studies." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1497.
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Hu, Yani. "Pharmacognostical studies on Zicao and related herbs of boraginaceae." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2007. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/837.
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Liang, Li. "Pharmacognostical studies on Heshouwu (Polygoni Multiflori Radix): textual research, quality evaluation and processing chemistry investigation." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2018. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/524.
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Heshouwu, derived from the tuberous root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., has been widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine for centuries. It has a purgative effect when unprocessed, while used as a tonic after processing, and according to historical records, heshouwu should be steamed and sun-dried nine times to generate processed materials. Up until recently, three aspects of heshouwu have not been sufficiently studied. First, it is necessary to understand the history of heshouwu, including the emergence in the literature, the descriptions of its appearance, its effects and controversies, as well as the evolution of heshouwu's processing. As historical texts open a window to the past and clarify the issues of important clinical concern in the modern world, historical bencao (materia medica) literature research should be conducted. Second, in commercial herbal markets, heshouwu is divided into different grades based on morphological features of size and weight. A heavier weight and larger size command a higher price, and both sellers and buyers accept this grading. However, two questions arise: Does the existing grading system accurately represent the quality of the herb? If not, is there another system, or are there other morphological criteria, that could be used to reliably represent quality? Lastly, while heshouwu has been processed for hundreds of years, including the present, the chemistry of that processing has not been well studied. To address these issues, this study is divided into four parts. First, a systematic review of the text and illustrations in historical bencao literature is conducted. The bencao literature study illustrates the origin, botanical characteristics, actions and processing of heshouwu, as well as the origin and historical evolution of baishouwu ("white heshouwu"). To assess the inherent quality of various grades and to explore whether the existing grading system of heshouwu accurately represent quality, we firstly analyze the chemical profiles in three different commercial grades of heshouwu raw materials, using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS. The results reveal that production regions and specifications both influence the chemical constituents of heshouwu, but the influence of production regions is even more evident. Differences in the constituents among production regions are relatively large, while there are no significant differences among the existing commercials grades. As the relationship between bioactive components and morphological features can be found by analyzing the distribution patterns of chemical components in different tissues, in order to find other reliable morphological indicators of quality furtherly, a method combining laser microdissection (LMD), UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS is applied in the third part of this study. The results indicate that, heshouwu with broader cork and phloem, as seen in a transverse section, are typically of better quality as these parts are where the bioactive components accumulate. In the fourth part of this study, targeted and untargeted metabolomics analyses using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS and UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS are integrated to investigate the processing chemistry of heshouwu. The results demonstrate that processing by nine cycles of steaming and drying can qualitatively and quantitatively alters the chemical profile of heshouwu, which suggests that the nine cycles might be necessary for the preparation of processed heshouwu. The historical bencao literature research, chemical basis for quality evaluation, as well as processing chemistry investigation of heshouwu have been conducted in depth in this study. The results will be helpful in providing scientific basis of heshouwu's application.
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Prakash, Jai B. "Comparative pharmacognostic, phytochemical and biological activity studies on selected drugs/medicinal plants used in Ayurveda." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/3031.
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He, Yu Ling, and 何玉鈴. "Pharmacognostical studies on niuxin in Taiwan." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32801192675975542666.
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Chao-Ying, Lee, and 李昭瑩. "Pharmacognostical studies on Phyllanthus in Taiwan." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08837730059561390233.
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博士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所
93
The genus Phyllanthus (Euphorbiaceae) has a great number of species, contains over 700 species, distributed in the tropical, subtropical and temperate areas. These species are widely distributed all over Taiwan at low altitude areas. According to the reports, the Phyllanthus plants consist of fourteen species in Taiwan, i.e. P. acidus, P. amarus, P. debilis, P. embergeri, P. emblica, P. hookeri, P. multiflorus, P. myrtifolius, P. oligospermus, P. tenellus, P. urinaria subsp. nudicarpus, P. urinaria subsp. urinaria, P. ussuriensis, P. virgatus. They are various but resemble in morphology that lead people confused and difficult to distinguish from each other. There are no obvious side effects and toxicity. For developing and using these resources, this study carried out to identify the histological characteristics of the stems and leaves in different species of Phyllanthus. The microscopic structure of stems indicated that P. emblica and P. myrtifolius had non-glandular hairs, all Phyllanthus species had bast fiber cells in the cortex layer except P. myrtifolius and P. oligospermus. P. debilis, P. emblica, P. tenellus, P. virgatus contained clustered crystals, and P. urinaria subsp. urinaria contained single crystals. The study on histological anatomy of leaves showed P. embergeri, P. hookeri, P. myrtifolius, P. urinaria subsp. nudicarpus, P. urinaria subsp. urinaria, P. ussuriensis and P. virgatus had non-glandular hairs. P. acidus had clustered crystals and single crystals, P. emblica, P. multiflorus and P. tenellus had single crystals, P. amarus, P. debilis, P. embergeri, P. hookeri, P. myrtifolius, P. oligospermus, P. urinaria subsp. nudicarpus and P. urinaria subsp. urinaria had clustered crystals. The differences among the morphology and histological anatomy structure of stems and leaves, it can provide an useful method to identify Phyllanthus plants. We set up a quantitative method to determine the quantity of gallic acid (GA). This method has a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and recovery rate. In order to ensure the quality of the Phyllanthus, we can apply this method to evaluate the quality of these plants. We sampled several different Phyllanthus plants in Taiwan, and measured one of the major component - GA via high-performance liquid chromatography（HPLC）method. The result shows a great range of GA contained in these samples, although the quantity of GA in these samples varies in accordance with the place, season and organ of plant origin. The samples collected in southern Taiwan during summer contained more GA than samples from other place and other seasons, the GA content of Phyllanthus was the highest in the leaves than other parts. By analysing the peak height of 40 Phyllanthus species described above by HPLC method. We discovered that the peak height ratio of the chosen 12 peaks,it can distinguish Phyllanthus successfully. The entire internal transcribed spacer（ITS）region between 18s and 26S ribosomal DNA of the thirteen Phyllanthus species were amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. The primers for PCR,18D: 5'-CACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGA-3'and 28cc: 5'-ACTCGCCGTTACTAGGTGAA-3' were designed for amplification and sequencing. The length of PCR product was 830〜840 bp. Comparing the obtained sequence with the sequence of ITS from other higher plant species showed that the cloned sequence contained 87〜98 bp of 26S rDNA, ITS region, and 152〜154 bp of 18S rDNA. The length of ITS region was 580〜590 in Phyllanthus species,including 219〜224 bp of ITS1,163〜164 bp of 5.8S rDNA, and 197〜206 bp of ITS2. The G+C contents of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 regions were 45.7〜58.4, 53〜54.6 and 45.1〜54.9%, respectively. In this study,the sequence similarity of the rDNA region between Phyllanthus species were 79〜98%. It can provide a clear and definite evidence to identify Phyllanthus species. The effect of oral administration of Phyllanthus methanolic extracts (PME) or GA on the progression of acute liver damage induced by CCl4 in rats was examined by morphological and biochemical methods. With 0.5 g/kg dose, P. acidus, P. urinaria subsp. urinaria, GA, and with 1.0 g/kg dose, P. emblica, P. urinaria subsp. nudicarpus attenuated CCl4-induced increase in serum GOT. With 0.5 g/kg dose, P. acidus, P. urinaria subsp. nudicarpus, P. urinaria subsp. urinaria, GA, and with 1.0 g/kg dose, P. emblica, P. amarus, P. hookeri, P. tenellus attenuated CCl4-induced increase in serum GPT. Concurrently, P. acidus, P. multiflorus, P. embergeri, P. hookeri, P. tenellus and P. urinaria subsp. urinaria elevated the activity of liver reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Since the protective effects of P. acidus, P. emblica, P. myrtifolius, P. embergeri, P. urinaria subsp. nudicarpus, P. urinaria subsp. urinaria and GA correlate with a reduced liver infiltration and focal necrosis observed using histological method, these data demonstrate that P. acidus and P. urinaria subsp. urinaria possess potential hepatoprotective effect.
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TSAI, Miin-ling, and 蔡敏鈴. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Shandougen in Taiwan." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/71529735659751693103.
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碩士中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
84
Shandougen has been used as an important drug in Chinese medicine since ancient times. However, the origins and commercial species of Shandougen are complicated and often misused in Taiwan. We found that the most available species of Shandougen on the market in Taiwan is Sophorae Subprostratae(So) Radix (Leguminosae).But people also use Euchrestae Formosanae( Eu) Radix and Rhizoma, Cajanu?沖Cajanae (Ca) Radix , Atylosiae Crispae (At) Herbae , and Helicteresae Augustifoliae(He) Radix or Herb as Shandougen intimes. However, the origins and commercial species of Shandougen are com plicated and often misused in Taiwan. We found that the most available species of Shandougen on the market in Taiwan is Sophorae Subprostratae( So) Radix (Le guminosae).But people also use Euchrestae Formosanae(Eu) Radix and Rhiz oma, Cajanu?沖Cajanae (Ca) Radix , Atylosiae Crispae (At) Herbae , and Heli cteresae Augustifoliae(He) Radix or Herb as Shandougen in T times. However, the origins and commercial species of Shandougen are complicated and often misused in Taiwan. We found that the most available species of Shandougen on the market in Taiwan is Sophorae Subprostratae(So) Radix (Leguminosae).But people also use Euchrestae Formosanae(Eu) Radix and Rhizoma, Cajanusae Cajanae (Ca) Radix , Atylosiae Crispae (At) Herbae , and Helicteresae Augustifoliae(He) Radix or Herb as Shandougen in T aiwan.this study compared the pharmacognostical characteristics of various Shandougen. According to the Chinese ancient literature of successive generations, Shandougen is an antidofal , analgesics , and antiinflammatory. These indications imply that Shandougen possesses analgesic , antibacterial and antitumor effects. The origin of Shandougen is Sophora subprostrata CHEN et T.CHUN (Leguminosae) . However , people mistake the others for Sophorae subprostratae Radix in Taiwan. So this study also compared the pharmacological effects of the methanol extracts of various commercially available spies and found that All Shandougens could induce the threshod of pains , and Eu-R are the most effective. In antibacterical effect , Eu-S and He possessed good effects against E-coli.And Eu-S had the most effect against Strepococcus group B. On the cytotoxicity test , the ED50 of P388 and KB16 cancer cells of He were lower than 20μg/ml , and the ED50 of P388 of So , Eu-S , Ca and At were lower than 20μg/ml . This result implies all Shandougens possessed antitumor effect. From pharmacognostical and pharmacological evaluation , each Shandougen species showed different effects , which species is correct still need furture investigation.
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Lin, Tzu-Chao, and 林子超. "Modern Pharmacognostical Studies on Codonopsis Radix." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42499761153156341553.
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博士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所博士班
95
Dried root of Codonopsis species (Campanulaceae), commonly known as “Dangshen” or “Dangshen Radix” is a multipurpose crude drug used in traditional Chinese medicinal system. “Dangshen” have been used in enhancing vital energy, blood circulation, lowering the blood pressure, and for treatment of watery stool with poor appetite. The drug has also been used for curing neurosis, hematopoietic disease, poor gastrointestinal function, gastric ulcer and nephritis. Codonopsis pilosula (FANCHET) NANNFELDT、C. pilosula NANNFELDT var. modesta (NANNFELDT) L. T.SHEN and C. tangshen OLIVER have been mentioned as sources of the crude drug “Dangshen” in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The drug also can be used as a substitute for Panax ginseng in Taiwan. All herbal literatures before Ming Dynasty have no record and graphical pictures of Dangshen. After Ching Dynasty, Dangshen has been included in each Pentsaogical literature. Hence it becomes necessary to ascertain which document recorded Dangshen for the first time. It was very likely that terms「shang-dang-ren-shen」(上黨人參), 「Dangshen」or「Ginseng」were used for the same drug. Based on the available literature including medicinal pictures, botanical characteristics and geographical records, it was identified that Dangshen was first recorded in Wu’s (吳儀洛) "Ben-Cao-Zong-Sin (本草從新)" of Ching Dynasty. Before Tang Dynasty, Dangshen and Ginseng (Araliaceae) were synonymously used and there was no clear distinction between these two medicines from the Tang Dynasty to Ming Dynasty, until "Ben-Cao-Zong-Sin (本草從新)" for the first time clearly differentiated these two medicines. Due to variation in processing methods and producing areas, Dangshen is known by several trade names, and it leads to confusion of crude drug administration and application. In Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 3 species of Codonopsis; C. pilosula, C.modesta and C. tanshen have been mentioned as sources of the crude drug “Dangshen”. In Taiwan, C. javanica、C. kawakamii and Campanumoea lancifolia known as “Tu-dangshen” are commonly used as “Dangshen Radix”. Codonopsis kawakamii is indigenous to Taiwan. The morphological features of dried roots of these six plant species are quite similar; hence it is difficult to identify these species on the basis of physical appearance alone. The objective of the present study include： (i) To use external morphological, internal anatomical features, HPLC（High Performance Liquid Chromatography） fingerprint and ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacers) sequence of six species to assess variations and species identification. (ii) To standardize a protocol for in vitro propagation of C. pilosula and analyse the contents of atractylenoide Ⅲ and lobetyolin in methanol extracts prepared from commercially available crude drug (iii) To characterize antioxidant and scavenging activities of extracts (iv) To evaluate the safety of C. javanica. The results are summarized as follows: (a) It was feasible to distinguish roots of four species and one variety of the genus Codonopsis and one of genus Campanumoea based on their morphological and histological characteristics such as presence or absence of stone cells, starch grains and inulins in roots, and distribution of bast parenchyma, etc. (b) A simple protocol for in vitro mass propagation of Codonopsis pilosula was developed and callus growth was achieved by culturing the stem node explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/l 2,4-D. (c) Most samples in 50 % ethanol extracts had higher antioxidant potencies than the aqueous and ethanol extracts indicating that 50% ethanol preparation of Dangshen was more potent than aqueous and ethanol extracts. For the safety evaluate, C.javanica possessed lower acute toxicity and subacute toxicity.
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Lu, Hui-Tzu, and 盧慧慈. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Derris Rhizoma of Taiwan." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39901611391074141638.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所
93
Abstract Derris Rhizoma had long been used as folk medicine. It’s active constituent rotenone is an insecticide. It may be into pound into pulp and the juice liquid of the run off, put to the creek, which inducing fish temporarily poisoned and them easily be caught. It is reported that the active ingredient of Derris Rhizoma many induce apoptiosis in human neuroblastoma in recent years. This author started to survey literature and review Chinese pharmacyopeia，pharmaceutical botany，pharmacognostical studies and pharmacyological literatures. The botanical origin of Derris Rhizoma was derived from Derris and Millettia genera in Taiwan . They are as follows： 1. Derris elliptica BENTHAM 2. Derris laxiflora BENTHAM 3. Derris oblonga BENTHAM 4. Derris trifoliata LOUREIRO 5. Millettia nitida BENTHAM 6. Millettia pachycarpa BENTHAM According to the principles of the pharmaceutical botany and pharmacognostical histology, we demonstrated and illustrated the morphological and histologyical characteristics for microscopic identification of Derris Rhizoma in Taiwan .
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Chang, Chiung-Chih, and 張瓊之. "Pharmacognostical studies on Mollugo species in Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45835265998353278324.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
藥學系
96
There are two kinds of herbs belongs to Molluginaceae Mollugo in Taiwan at present, one is M. stricta, and the other is M. verticillata. Both of them are annual herbs, mainly distributes in the tropics and subtropics area of European, Asia and Africa, and the Pacific Ocean various archipelagoes. In Taiwan, They could be found in the flats and low elevation mountainous area. We can find easily in the uncultivated land, the cultivated land and dry farm. The purpose of this research is mainly to find the differences between M. stricta and M. verticillata by the appearance (fruit, seed, pollen) and histological anatomy. However, after we duplicated ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region that extracted from plant by the technology of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction). Since ITS region is different in each species even they are the same genus. It is usually used in identification of the prior plants. By sequencing, we found the ITS1 length and ITS2 length of M. stricta is 205 bp and 221 bp, the G + C contents of ITS1 and ITS2 regions are 53.2 % and 53.4 % respectively. ITS1 and ITS2 length of M. verticillata is 186 bp and 214 bp, the G + C contents of ITS1 and ITS2 regions are 66.7 % and 67.8 % respectively. We have set up a quantitative method by HPLC to determine the quantity of Vitexin and Eriodictyol in herbs. This method have validated and showed high sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and recovery rate. The result showed that the Vitexin and Eriodictol content of M. stricta are 0.014 ％ and 0.383 ％ respectively. In this study, we have found the best method for identify M. stricta and M. verticillata. And then, we investigate the effects of M. stricta on the carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced experimental hepatic damage in rats and mice.
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徐素琴. "Pharmacognostical studies on dianthi herba in Taiwan." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/37020431328228045560.
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Tseng, Huai-Ching, and 曾懷慶. "Pharmacognostical studies on Centipeda minima in Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45962799566166377250.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
藥學系碩士班
95
The genus Centipeda (Compositae) is distributed in low altitude area of tropics and subtropics and has about 4 to 6 species in the world, but only has one species in Taiwan. This species is Centipeda minima. According to the reports, it can relieve symptoms in the nose and lungs, like allergic rhinitis, acute and chronic rhinitis, cough and asthma. Modern pharmacological studies that have anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and anti-allergy activities. It is necessary to build up a method to determine its origin. We appraise the morphology (flowers, leaves, fruits and pollens) and histological anatomy for confirming its features. We set up a quantitative method of HPLC to determine the quantity of lupeol. This method has a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and recovery rate. The result shows that the lupeol content of Centipeda minima is 0.00313~0.00424％. In setting up fingerprint, we use above mentioned HPLC method to observe the peak height ratio of the chosen 7 peaks and use different solvent to extract C. minima for observing the spectra of different extraction. These can help us to identify Centipeda species. The entire internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region between 18S and 26S ribosomal DNA of C. minima is amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The length of PCR product is 854 bp. The length of ITS1 is 255 bp and ITS2 is 222 bp. The G+C contents of ITS1 and ITS2 regions are 50.6 % and 51.8 %, respectively. ITS region is defferent in each species, even they are the same genus. So it is usually used to identify as differences to the plants. In this study, we try to find a best method to appraise C. minima and our aim is to find hepatoprotective effect for this plant.
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Chia-Hsin, Lai, and 賴佳欣. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Paridis Rhizoma Produced in Taiwan." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/72376972916087804091.
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碩士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所
92
Pharmacognostical Studies on Paridis Rhizoma Produced in Taiwan by Chia-Hsin Lai Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences China Medical University Abstract Paridis Rhizoma is one of the famous Chinese crude drug, and the earliest re- cord of the origin plant “Zaoxiu” was in Shen-Nung-Pen-Ts’ao Jing（神農本草經）as the junior drug for its toxicity. In the following officinal and private phar- macopoeia – HSin- Hsiu（新修）, Kai-Pao（開寶）, Chia-Yu（嘉祐）, Tu-Ching （圖經）, Cheng-Lei（證類）, Ta-Kwang（大觀）, Ching-Yao（精要）, Kang-Mu（綱目）, Tu-Kao（圖考） were also recorded. Recent studies verified that Paridis rhizoma has the activities of haemostasis, anti-microbiotics and anti-tumor, and for treating of bleeding, dermatitis, pharyngitis and cancer. This study began with literature reviews of Chinese pharmacopoeia、phar- maceutical botany、pharmacognostical studies and pharmacological activities. After collecting and identifying these medicinal plants were divided into there species. They were as follows： 1. Paris arisanensis HAYATA 2. Paris formosana HAYATA 3. Paris lancifolia HAYATA According to the principles of the pharmaceutical botany and pharmacog- nostical histology, we demonstrated and illustrated the morphological and histo- logical characters for microscopic identification of Paridis rhizoma in Taiwan.
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Chien, Hui-Chen, and 簡惠貞. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Croton cascarilloids RAEAUSCH in Taiwan." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53745139427836800137.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
87
SUMMARY Pharmacognostical Studies on Croton cascarilloids RAEAUSCH in Taiwan Hui-Chen Chien Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences China Medical College Croton cascarilloids RAEAUSCH, a plant of Croton genus, spurge family, earns its name with its silvery color at the back of its leaves. Its root and the whole plant have many pharmaceutical virtues, including stimulating the circulation of blood, ameliorating blood extravagation, relaxing the physique, acting as a tranquilizer, pain folk custom and clinical use of C. cascarilloides R. is to decoct its root as a remedy for diseases such as rheumatism, fever, gastralgia, vomiting, diarrhea, and emmeniopathy. According to Taiwan Vegetation Record, there are two Croton species in Taiwan, C. tiglium L. and C. cascarilloides R.. The seed of C. tiglium, which has many research literatures around the world, is the source of Croton medical materials in Chinese medicine. On the other hand, the studies about pharmacognostical identifications, chemical components, and pharmaceutical virtues of C. casarilloides R. are still very limited. Therefore, this study adopted measures of modern pharmacognosy, plant chemistry, and pharmacology to conduct the isolation and purification of its chemical components, the pharmacognostical identification of the tissues of its common medicinal parts. We also proceeded tests of acute toxicity, tranquility, pain-killing, fever-reliving, and temperature-cooling on the overall methanol extracts of its root and stem. In addition, we conducted primary evaluation for the cell toxicity (antineoplastic) tests, testing the responses against mouse's leukemic cells or human lung cancer cells, of the overall methanol extracts and the extracts of n-butanol, dichlormethane, ethyl acetate, n-hexane, and water. According to the results of pharmacognostical identifications of tissue of C. tilium L. and C. casarilloides R., we found that : (1) C. casarilloides R. had visible star-like non-gland fuzz on its parts above the ground while C. tiglium L. had visible star-like non-gland fuzz only on its leaves; (2) The lower part of star fuzz on the leaves of C. casarilloides R. was symphysial and the upper part was separated while the star guzz on the leaves of C. tiglium L. was monophysical; (3) C. casarilloides R. had taproots, rootlets, radicles, and visible small joints at its roots while C. tiglium L. had short distinct taproots and little side-toots. In thes study, stigmasterol and a mixture of b-sitosterol (H-1), linoleic acid (H-2), 3-O-acetyl aleuritolic acid (C-1), and 2-methoxy 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (vanillic acid)(E-1) were obtained through the isolation and purification of C. casarilloides R.. The primary pharmaceutical virtue test revealed that the lethal dose of the overall methanol extracts from the rottstock of C. casarilloides R. for 50% of mice through i.p. was 803mg/kg. Also, the overall methanol extracts had distinct tranquilizing (50~500mg/kg; i.p.), pain-killing (10~100mg/kg; i.p.), temperature-reducing (10~100mg/kg; i.p.) and ferer-reliving (10~50 mg/kg; i.p.), effects. Regarding the cell toxicity tests, testing the responses against mouse's leukemic cells (P388) or human lung cancer cells (A549), among the overall methanol extracts from the rootstock of C. cascarilloides R. and the extracts of n-butanol, dichlormethane, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane in each level, the overall methanol extracts was the only fraction that had conspicuous inhibiting effect (ED50 ￡ 20 mg/ml) while other fractions did not have any detectable effects. To sum up, from the results of the tests mentioned above and the research literatures, we knew that although C. tiglium L. and C. casarilloides R. belong to the same genus, their available parts for medical use were different. In addition, their pharmacognostical tissue structure, main components, and primary pharmaceutical virtues were different from each other as well. Therefore, any replacement or mixture of these two plants was imappopriate. However, in terms of the of the development and application of Taiwanese medical plant resources, C. casarilloides R. still had the value for future studies and researches.
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Chang, Ting-Hsiang, and 張婷翔. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Uncariae Ramulus Cumuncus of Taiwan." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84499168811471456948.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所碩士班
97
Uncariae Ramulus Cumuncus (鉤藤; Gouteng) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for a period of time. According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia of Chinese Medicine and the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2005, the poly-origins of Uncariae Ramulus Cumuncus can be derived from Uncaria rhynchophylla (MIQUEL) JACKS., U. macrophylla WALLICH, U. hirsuta HAVILAND, U. sinensis (OLIVER) HAVILAND and U. sessilifructus ROXBURGH. Recently, Gouteng has been commonly used to treat hypertension. It has significant blood pressure lowering effect, hence it is frequently medicated for cardiovascular diseases clinically. In our study, we firstly started with literature reviews on Pentsaology, Pharmacognosy and Pharmacology of Gouteng. Then, we collected specimen of these three indigenous species for tissue identification. According to the result, these medicinal plant samples were identified as: U. hirsuta HAVILAND, U. lanosa WALLICH var. appendiculata RIDSD. and U. rhynchophylla MIQUEL. In order to explore their quality, we analyzed the content of indicator ingredients of rhynchophylline in these samples with HPLC method. Moreover, we also analyzed the ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacers) sequences and PCR-RFLP of the three species. Through this study, we expect to initiate an identification system for the local origins of Gouteng in Taiwan and explore its potential usages as a native medicine resource in the future.
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Tsai, Jen-Chieh, and 蔡仁傑. "Pharmacognostical studies on Scoparia dulcis L. in Taiwan." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/12141802518479042168.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
藥物化學研究所碩士班
94
The genus Scoparia (Scrophulariaceae) is distributed in low altitude area of tropics and subtropics and has about 20 species in Americas tropic area, but only has one species in Taiwan. This species is Scoparia dulcis L.. According to the reports, It has effects of heat- clearing, clearing away toxin, inducing diuretic and subduing swelling. Modern pharmacological studies provides evidence that it can be used to anti-virus, anti-tumor, anti-hypertension and anti- hyperglycemia. Because it was often misused, it is a necessary to build up a method to determine its origin. We appraise the morphology (flowers, fruit ,seed and pollen) and histological anatomy (leaves and stems). This result can provide an useful method to identify Scoparia plants. The methanolic extract of dry entire plant of S. dulcis was partitioned and separated by chromatographic methods. Four known compounds were isolated, included glutinol (H-1), friedelin (H-2), betulinic acid (C-3), and 6-Methoxybenzoxazolinone (C-4). We set up a quantitative method of HPLC to determine the quantity of luteolin . This method has a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and recovery rate. The result shows that the luteolin content of S.dulcis is 0.00197 ~ 0.00563 % and is the highest in the fruits than other parts. Analyse the peak height of S. dulcis described above by HPLC method. We discovered that the peak height ratio of the chosen 10 peaks, it can distinguish S. dulcis successfully. The entire internal transcribed spacer（ITS）region between 18S and 26S ribosomal DNA of S. dulcis is amplified by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. The length of PCR product was 821 bp. Comparing the obtained sequence with the sequence of ITS from other higher plant species showed that the cloned sequence contained 66 bp of 26S rDNA, ITS region, and 142 bp of 18S rDNA. The length of ITS region was 613 bp, including 196 bp of ITS1,164 bp of 5.8S rDNA, and 253 bp of ITS2. The G+C contents of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 regions were 56 %, 62 % and 65 %, respectively. It can provide a clear and definite evidence to identify Scoparia species.
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Fu-Shin, Chueh, and 闕甫伈. "Pharmacognostical Studies on The Gentiana Species Native to Taiwan." Thesis, 2000. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/13754377973437480806.
Full textAbstract:
博士中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
88
Summary Pharmacognostical Studies on The Gentiana Species Native to Taiwan Fu-Shin Chueh The genus Gentiana (Gentianaceae) comprises of about 400 species distributed throughout the world. Bitter principles of Gentianaceous plants exhibit constitute many pharmacologically important activities, which justify the use of most species of this family in traditional Chinese medicine. Gentianae Radix, the dried rhizomes and roots (underground parts) of Gentiana spp., has been used in folk medicine in many countries for a long time. It is used in traditional Chinese medicine as liver protective and heat releasing agent. Current pharmacological studies also demonstrate its effectiveness in the treatment of inflammation, allergy, gastric ulcer and experimental liver damage. Secoiridoid glucosides are the main compounds with medicinal properties in roots of Gentiana species. Gentiopicroside and swertiamarin are two important secoiridoid glucosides found in Gentianaceae. Laboratory studies have shown that swertiamarin exerts a variety of functions, including sedation, pain relief, anti-inflammation and anti-epilepsy. On the other hand, gentiopicroside has been shown to be beneficial in liver protection, promoting secretion of gastric acid, fighting against microorganisms and anti-inflammation. In Taiwan, eleven species and two varieties of the genus Gentiana have been identified. The aims of the present study were: (i) to identify different species of Gentiana based on their histological characteristics, (ii) to standardize a protocol for in vitro propagation of G. davidii var. formosana, a species commonly used in traditional medicine in Taiwan; (iii) to analyse the contents of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in methanol extracts prepared with commercially available crude drug (underground parts of G. scabra, imported from Mainland China), and aerial and underground parts of wild and in vitro propagated plants of G. davidii, (iv) to establish cell suspension cultures for the production of active principles, and (v) to conduct the effect of active principles in animal model. The results could be summarized as follows: (a) It was feasible to distinguish roots of eleven species and two varieties of the genus Gentiana based on their morphological and histological characteristics such as presence or absence of crystals and oil droplets in roots, thickness of cuticle, and distribution of sclerenchymatous cells etc. (b) A simple protocol for in vitro mass propagation of Gentiana davidii var. formosana (Gentianaceae) was developed. Multiple shoot development was achieved by culturing the stem node explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1 mg/l N6-benzyladenine (BA). The shoots were multiplied by subculturing on MS medium supplemented with 0.2-4 mg/l a-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 2 mg/l BA. Shoots were rooted on MS basal medium supplemented with various auxins. Shoots rooted on growth regulator-free medium were transferred to peat moss:vermiculite mixture and acclimatized in the growth chamber. The contents of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin, the two important secoiridoid glucosides, in different plant material were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analysis revealed that the content of gentiopicroside and swertiamarin in the aerial and underground parts of G. davidii var. formosana was higher than the marketed crude drug (underground parts of G. scabra) and varied with the age of the plant. (c) Cell suspension cultures was established using different explants of Gentiana davidii var. formosana for the production of secondary metabolites. The optimum medium for rapid growth of suspension cell culture was MS basal medium (pH 4.2-5.2) supplemented with 0.2 mg/l kinetin and 3% sucrose. The cultures were incubated on an orbital shaker (80-100 rpm) at 25 ±1oC and low light intensity (10 μE/m2s). The production of secondary metabolites was found to be dependent on NH4+: NO3- ratio, phosphate concentration and various elicitors. In the present study, we also investigated the effects of the methanolic extract of Gentianae Radix (Long-dan, LD), swertiamarin and gentiopicroside ''''''''the major ingredients of Gentianae Radix'''''''' on thermoregulatory, analgesic and cycloheximide (CXM)-induced amnesia in rats or mice. In unanesthetized rats, LD (0.5-3.0 g/kg, p.o.), swertiamarin (10, 30 mg/kg, i.p.) and gentiopicroside (50, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) caused a dose-related fall in colonic temperature at room temperature (24±1°C). The fever induced by either lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or interleukin-1b (10 ng/10ml, lateral cerebral ventricle injection) was attenuated by treatment with LD (0.5-3.0 g/kg, p.o.), swertiamarin (5 - 30 mg/kg, i.p.) and gentiopicroside (25, 100 mg/kg, i.p.) in rats. LD (0.5-3.0 g/kg, p.o.), swertiamarin (5-50 mg/kg, i.p.) and gentiopicroside (1-10 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited the writhing response induced by acetic acid and the early and late phases of pain response induced by formalin in mice, respectively. In addition, LD at 0.1 and 0.5 g/kg administered for 1 week significantly prolonged the CXM-shortened step-through latency. These results indicated that LD possed antipyretic and analgesic effects, and inhibited the CXM-impaired memory consolidation. Swertiamarin and gentiopicroside were the major bioactive constituent of Gentianae Radix on thermoregulatory and analges ic effects.
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Hou, Yu Qi, and 侯鈺琪. "Pharmacognostical studies and bioactive constituents of curcuma phaeocaulis VAL." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58497236696826538634.
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Chen, Chao-Jung, and 陳昭蓉. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Salviae miltiorrhizae Radix in Taiwan Markets." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92057596956423895866.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所碩士班
95
Pharmacognostical Studies on Radix Salviae （Danshen Root）Sold in Taiwan Markets Chen, Chao-Jung Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences China Medical University Abstract Radix Salviae（丹參）was embodied in the premier ancient medicinal book of all the past dynasties in China--“Shen Nong Pen Tsao Jing ”（Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing, Shen-Nong''s Herbal Classic,神農本草經）. And from then on, the drug was almost listed in each Herbal Classic of dynasties with a selfsame as Danshen. In traditional Chinese medicine it’s more commonly used in blood disease. The root has a little bitter. The modern pharmacology point that Danshen has blood vessels to expand, decrease the blood fat, resists the gruel form artery sclerosis, agglutinate and resisting the thrombus on function of forming, protecting the cardiac muscle, increasing the flow of coronary artery blood , anti-inflammation and anti-biotically etcs. This study began with literature reviews of Chinese pharmacopoeia, pharmaceutical botany, pharmacognostical studies and pharmacological activities. After collecting and identifying these medicinal plants were divided into three species. There were five species of Salvia genera in China as follows：S. miltiorrhiza BUNGE, S. paramiltiorrhiza H. W. LI et X. L. HUANG, S. yunnanensis C. H. WRIGHT., S. bowleyana DUNN, S. miltiorrhiza BUNGE var. miltiorrhiza f. alba C. Y. WU et H. W. LI According to the principles of the pharmaceutical botany and pharmacognostical histology, we demonstrated and illustrated the morphological and histological characters for microscopic identification of Salvia roots. The morphological features of dried roots of these four plant species are quite similar, hence it is difficult to identify these species on the basis of physical appearance alone. The record Danshen Radix exterior shape characteristic, simultaneously expounded similarities and differences of its underlying tissues structure, and establish the standard crude drugs drafted pattern. Simultaneously investigates the Taiwan market Danshen Radix, finally discovered only has the S. miltiorrhiza BUNGE and S. paramiltiorrhiza H. W. LI et X. L. HUANG) two kinds. We also analysed the content of Danshen. Result from the comparative quantitative analysis by HPLC showed that these five species content of total tanshinone IIA, salvianolic acid B were different. By the high efficiency liquid phase chromatographic (HPLC) analysis discussion market Danshen Radix for medicine in salvia miltiorrhiza target ingredient tanshinone IIa and content of the salvianolic acid B, determination result tanshinone IIa, salvianolic acid B, the few partial sample has not only conformed to stipulation the Taiwan tradition pharmacopoeia. In the present study, Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) based analysis was used to as certain the phylogenetic relationship among the five species. Results showed that the four species the every length of the ITS regions and the contents of G+C (ITS ITS1+5.8S+ITS2) regions range were no different. But the phylogenetic tree show that the slimily result with anatomy classification.
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Chen, Wan-I., and 陳婉宜. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Shih Da Kong-Lau leaves in Taiwan." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48689788830538976740.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
90
Kou-Ku（枸骨）is one of the seldom-used Chinese medicines. To make sure of its basic principles，clarify the categories of its current commercial products on the market，this study in addition to conducting pentsaological studies of Kou-Ku （枸骨） and the medicinal botany as well as the investigation of relevant literature，the author also gathered plants and investigated the current market situation on the use of the products. Then, an over all observation was made of the plants gathered, while , at the same time, special distinction was made of the leaves and their external pattern as well as making comparison of the internal structure and anatomical structure. The conclusion obtained was as follows: 1.The name of Kou-Ku（枸骨）was first recorded in Hsin-Hsiu Pents，ao（新修本草）under the entry of Nyu-Jen（女貞）,in which mention was made only of its name, but there was no discription of its patterns and medicinal uses. Only in Pents，ao Hsi-Yi（本草拾遺）of Chen Chang Chi （陳藏器）were the patterns of Kuo-Ku（枸骨）and its effects were first recorded. 2.Pents，ao Kang-Mu（本草綱目）of Lee Hsih-Jen（李時珍）in the Ming Dynasty（明朝）mentioned the three trees of Nyu-Jen（女貞）, Kuo-Ku（枸骨） and Tung-Chin（冬青）, and made distinction of the three plants of Nyu-Jen（女貞）,Kuo-Ku（枸骨） and Tung-Chin（冬青）. At the same time, there were detailed discriptions of the origin of the name of Kou-Ku（枸骨）,patterns and main effects． *1 91,Hseh Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan, Ripublic of China *2 Graduate Student of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences 3.Pents，ao-Feng Yuan（本草逢原） and Pents，ao-Hsih-Chiang（本草詩箋） were the old Pents，ao. which were the names of the Shih Da-Kong-Lau（十大功勞）appeared the earliest﹒The drawing of Kou-Ku（枸骨）and the sketch of the two plants of Shih Da- Kong-Lau（十大功勞）appeared in Chih-Wu-Ming-Hsih-Tu Kao（植物名實圖考）.there were also detailed discriptions of the two plants of the Shih Da-Kong-Lau（十大功勞）,showing Kou-Ku（枸骨）and the Shih Da-Kong-Lau（十大功勞）as different plants. 4.The plant source of Kong-Lau leaves（功勞葉）grown in Taiwan was made up of one species of Ilex genus（冬青屬）of Aquifoliaceae （冬青科）,and three species of Mahonia genus（十大功勞屬） of Berberidaceae （小蘗科）for a total of four species. Through market investigation, both were used together. （1）Ilex cornuta LINDLEY ex Paxt. （2）Mahonia fortunei FEDDE （3）Mahonia japonica DE CANDOLLE （4）Mahonia oiwakensis HAYATA 5.Distinction and the internal structures of the above mentioned plants were made of their external appearances, their upper and lower skin surfaces, and the pattern of their vascular tissues. (as shown in Table 1.2) 6.This study elucidated the possible variety of Kong-Lau leaf（功勞葉） medicinal materials grown in Taiwan. Their external patterns and internal structures were helpful for the evaluation of the medicinal materials．
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楊榮季. "Pharmacognostical Studies on the Plants of Camellia Genus in Taiwan." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/21199050092793073571.
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Kumar, Harish D. H. "Comparative pharmacognostical studies on some selected medicinal plants used in Ayurveda." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2186.
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Deng, Zheng Xian, and 鄧正賢. "Pharmacognostical studies of fangchi radix and related species available in Taiwan." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50514668006721881764.
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Chen, Zhong Chuan, and 陳忠川. "Pharmacognostical studies on Dendrobii Herba & tissue culture of Derdrobium linawianum." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/95117290726779041811.
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Lin, Jer-Min, and 林哲民. "Pharmacognostical and pharmacological studies on the crude drug "Thang-kau-tin"." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94703315406417439939.
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CHEN, SHU-YI, and 陳淑意. "The pharmacognostical, pharmacological and pathological studies on "mu-mien" from Taiwan." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48858006298363203257.
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CHEN, ZHEN-YING, and 陳貞吟. "Pharmacognostical studies on the Chinese crude drug "h n-li n-cao"." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69502376555497062520.
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Chang, Chao-Yuan, and 張肇元. "Pharmacognostical studies on Desmodium sequax WALL. and Phyllodium pulchellum L. in Taiwan." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11346407349809242275.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
藥物化學研究所碩士班
95
Desmodium sequax WALL. and Phyllodium pulchellum L. belong to the family Leguminosae(Fabaceae). In past Phyllodium pulchellum was named Desmodium pulchellum. Desmodium sequax and Phyllodium pulchellum look similarly, so we need to find a method to identify them. This research is mainly to discover the differences between Desmodium sequax and Phyllodium pulchellum by appearance (fruit, seed, pollen) and histological anatomy. And, we duplicate ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region extracted from plant using by the technology of PCR (Polymerase chain reaction). ITS region is different in each species, even they are the same genus. So it is usually used to identify differences in plants. By sequencing, we found that ITS1 and ITS2 length of Desmodium sequax is 225 bp and 197 bp. ITS1 and ITS2 length of Phyllodium pulchellum is 225 bp and 209 bp. We set up a quantitative method of HPLC to determine the content of rutin in Desmodium sequax and Phyllodium pulchellum. The result shows that the rutin content of Desmodium sequax is 0.004 % and of Phyllodium pulchellum is 0.026 %. This method has a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and recovery rate. Base on HPLC method, we select 5 peak to set up fingerprint in order to identify Desmodium sequax and Phyllodium pulchellum. In this study, we try to find a best method to identify Desmodium sequax and Phyllodium pulchellum. In future our aim is to find hepatoprotective effect in this two plants.
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Chen, Hung-Wei, and 陳弘偉. "Pharmacognostical studies on Evolvulus species in Taiwan：（Evolvulus alsinoides and Evolvulus glomeratus）." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41065311857778284429.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中國醫藥大學
藥學系碩士班
95
The genus Evolvulus（Convolvulaceae）is distributed in dry grasslands, sites and roadsides at an elevation of 300 ~ 1800 meter. There is about 100 species in the world, only one species in Taiwan. Evolvulus alsinoides can help clearing away heat and dispelling dampness, as well as curing jaundice, dysentery, stranguria with turbid urine, leukorrhagia, furuncle, scabies, etc. According to modern pharmacological studies that have increase memory, antiepileptic, immunomodulatory properties and adaptogenic properties. Evolvulus alsinoides is the only one species in Taiwan. Recently a Brazilian species, Evolvulus glomeratus has been imported as an ornamental in Taiwan. Because it was often misused, it is a necessary to build up a method to determine its origin. This study appraise the morphology（flowers, leaves, fruits, seeds and pollens）and histological anatomy（leaves and stems）. This result can provide an useful method to identify Evolvulus plants. In setting up fingerprint, we use different solvent to extract E. alsinoides and E. glomeratus for observing the spectra of different extraction. These can help us to identify Evolvulus species. We set up a quantitative method of HPLC to determine the quantity of betaine. This method has a high degree of sensitivity, reproducibility, precision and recovery rate. The result shows that the betaine content of E. alsinoides is 0.304 % ~ 0.31 %. The entire internal transcribed spacer（ITS）region between 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA of Evolvulus is amplitied by polymerase chain reaction（PCR）. The length of E. alsinoides PCR product was 684 bp. The length of ITS region was 573 bp, including 196 bp of ITS1, 164 bp of 5.8S rDNA, and 213 bp of ITS2. The G+C contents of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 regions were 62.2 %, 53.6 % and 57.2 %, respectively. The length of E. glomeratus PCR product was 688 bp. The length of ITS region was 575 bp, including 199 bp of ITS1, 164 bp of 5.8S rDNA, and 212 bp of ITS2. The G+C contents of ITS1, 5.8S rDNA and ITS2 regions were 64.8 %, 53.6 % and 62.8 %, respectively. It can provide a clear and definite evidence to identify Evolvulus species.
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LIN, MIN-LING, and 林敏玲. "The pharmacognostical, pharmacological and pathological studies on "Wuu-joa-jin-ing" from Taiwan." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/15623986501833385981.
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Ho, Yu-Ling, and 何玉鈴. "Pharmacognostical and Pharmacological Studies on Ban-Lan-Gen, Da-Ching-Yeh and Ching-Dai." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11095833743210073640.
Full textAbstract:
博士中國醫藥學院
中國藥學研究所
89
Ban-Lan-Gen, Da-Ching-Yeh and Ching-Dai are the commonly used Chinese herbs. The root of Isatis indigotica FORTUNE (Cruciferae), popularly known as Ban-Lan-Gen is used in traditional Chinese medicine for seasonal febrile diseases, pestilence, mumps, eruptive diseases, inflammatory diseases with redness of skin, sorethroat, etc.. The leaf of Isatis indigotica FORTUNE (Cruciferae), popularly known as Da-Ching-Yeh is used in traditional Chinese medicine to clear away heat and toxic material, cool blood and eliminate eruption and for heat-syndrome with high fever, thirst, restlessness and skin eruptions, especially for pestilence. Now it is usually used for influenza, epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, encephalitis B, viral pneumonia and mumps. It is also used for sorethroat, aphthae, inflammatory diseases with redness of skin, etc.. Ching-Dai is the dried powder prepared from the leaves and stems of Strobilanthes cusia (NEES) KUNTZE (Acanthaceae), Isatis indigotica FORTUNE (Cruciferae), Polygonum tinctorium AITON (Polygonaceaae) or Indigofera suffruticosa MILLER (Leguminosae). It is used to clear away heat and toxic material, cool the blood and disperse heat in the liver and used for febrile disease, hematemesis, hemoptysis, and mumps. Indigo and indirubin are the active ingredients of Ching-Dai. According to our previous investigation, we found that the origins and commercial species of Ban-Lan-Gen, Da-Ching-Yeh and Ching-Dai were complicated in Taiwan. Thus, we used comparative pharmacognosy methods to compare the origin, morphology, microscopic characteristics, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of commercially available species. Twenty-five Ban-Lan-Gen specimens from crude drug stores in Taiwan were collected. After morphological identification, twenty-three were identified as the stems of Strobilanthes cusia, one as the root and rhizome of Strobilanthes cusia, and one as the stem of Indigofera suffruticosa. The root of Isatis indigotica, the species recorded in the pharmacopeia of PRC, was not seen in this study. Twenty-five Da-Ching-Yeh specimens from crude drug stores in Taiwan were also collected. After morphological identification, twenty-four were identified as the leaves of Strobilanthes cusia, one as the leaf of Clerodendrum cyrtophyllum. The leaves of both Isatis indigotica and Polygonum tinctorium were not seen in this study. Of the thirty samples collected from Taiwan area, most of Ching-Dai were found to be dyes without herbal smelly odor and no indigo and indirubin were found at all. The compound preparations, Dan-Kuei-Lung-Huei-Wan made by GMP pharmaceutical company in Taiwan were found to contain indigo and indirubin. The result of ICP-MS showed that the counterfeit Ching-Dai contained more Fe than the genuine Ching-Dai. In HPLC analysis, RP-18 column was used with methanol and water as mobile phase under linear gradient conditions and the UV detection wavelength was 292 nm. We got rapid, sensitive, accurate and reproducible results. The limits of detection of indigo and indirubin were 12ng/mL. This study also evaluated the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects of indigo and indirubin extracted from Ching-Dai. The results showed that indigo and indirubin inhibited the writhing response induced by acetic acid with a dose-response. In addition, indigo and indirubin repressed the licking time on the early phase in mice, but only indirubin at the dose of 50 mg/kg inhibited the licking time on the late phase in the formalin test. Indigo and indirubin inhibited the inflammatory edema induced by l-carrageenin in the initial phase. However, neither indigo nor indirubin showed cytotoxicity against the KB-16, P-388, A-549 and HT-29 cell lines. The above results indicated that indigo and indirubin had no influence on cancer cells, but had both antinociceptive and antiinflammatory effects. The antinociceptive effect of indirubin might due to the effects on both the peripheral and central nerve systems. In this study, we also evaluated the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic effects and cytotoxicity activity of Ban-Lan-Gen specimens (the stem of Strobilanthes cusia (SC-S), root and rhizome of Strobilanthes cusia (SC-R) and root of Isatis indigotica (II-R))and Da-Ching-Yeh specimens (the leaf of Strobilanthes cusia (SC-L) and leaf of Isatis indigotica (II-L)). The results showed that all the methanolic extracts of Ban-Lan-Gen specimens and Da-Ching-Yeh specimens significantly inhibited the writhing responses of mice and decreased the licking time on both the early and late phases of formalin test in a dose dependent manner. The antinociceptive effects of SC-S, SC-R, II-R, SC-L and II-L extracts not only influenced the peripheral system but also the central system. They also reduced the paw edema induced by l-carrageenan in rats. In addition, they potently attenuated pyrexia induced by lipopolysaccharide and the change of colonic temperature dropped to bottom at 1.5 h with each dose. They also produced a dose-related fall in colonic temperature at room temperature in normal rats. However, all three materials did not show cytotoxicity against the KB-16, P-388, A-549 and HT-29 cell lines. In this study, SC-S, SC-R, II-R, SC-L and II-L extracts showed different therapeutic effects against liver damage induced by carbon tetrachloride, acetaminophen, a-naphthylisothiocyanate and D-galactosamine. All extracts inhibited the high values of sGOT and sGPT induced by different drugs and the photomicrographs of liver section taken from rats showed their improvement of liver damage. Because of the differences in their mechanisms of injury, it was indicated that they exerted their therapeutic effects through more than one mechanism. However, SC-S, SC-R, II-R, SC-L and II-L extracts did not have therapeutic effects on ANIT-induced acute liver damage in rats, but SC-S, SC-R, II-R and SC-L could promote biliary elimination. To sum up, the crude drugs of Ban-Lan-Gen and Da-Ching-Yeh used in Taiwan were native plants. Although the major Ban-Lan-Gen specimens in Taiwan were the stems of Strobilanthes cusia, it had the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic effects and therapeutic activities against liver damage induced by different drugs. As to Da-Ching-Yeh species, the leaves of Strobilanthes cusia were commonly used in Taiwan. They also showed the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic effects and therapeutic activities against liver damage induced by different drugs. Isatis indigotica was not produced in Taiwan. According to the above results, the activities of the stem, root, rhizome and leaves of Strobilanthes cusia were similar to the root and leaves of Isatis indigotica. Therefore, it was worthwhile to develop Strobilanthes cusia as a new medicine. Genuine Ching-Dai could be easily distinguished by its herbal smelly odor. The exact constituents of the two counterfeit Ching-Dai is worthwhile for further investigation.
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Ye, Feng Ci, and 葉豐次. "Pharmacognostical studies on the crude drugs "Chai-Hu" and tissue culture of bupleurum marginatum." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/68671281508519398088.
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"Pharmacognostical studies on the Chinese medicinal herb: "Ku-Di-Dan"= [K‘u Ti Tan] (Herba Elephantopi)." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5895714.
Full textAbstract:
Cao Hui.Publication date from spine.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-194).
Acknowledgments --- p.v
Abstract --- p.vii
List of Tables --- p.xv
List of Figures --- p.xvii
Abbreviations and symbols --- p.xx
Chapter Chapter 1. --- General introduction
Chapter 1.1. --- Historical background --- p.1
Chapter 1.2. --- Pharmacognostical development --- p.2
Chapter 1.3. --- Importance of herb authentication --- p.3
Chapter 1.4. --- Objective of study --- p.5
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature review
Chapter 2.1. --- Botanical and taxonomic aspects --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.1. --- Morphology --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.2. --- Scientific names --- p.11
Chapter 2.2. --- Chemical aspects --- p.13
Chapter 2.3. --- Pharmacological aspects --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.1. --- Antibacterial effect --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.2. --- Antiphlogistic effect --- p.14
Chapter 2.3.3. --- Antipyretic effect --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.4. --- Effect in gastrointestinal propulsion --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.5. --- Antineoplastic activity --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.6. --- Hepatoprotective effect --- p.15
Chapter 2.3.7. --- Inhibitory activity on enzymes --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.8. --- Cardiovascular effect --- p.17
Chapter 2.3.9. --- Acute toxicity (LD50) --- p.18
Chapter 2.4. --- Pharmacognostical aspects --- p.18
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Kudidan in Ben-cao literature
Chapter 3.1. --- Introduction --- p.23
Chapter 3.2. --- Name evolution --- p.23
Chapter 3.3. --- Natural distribution --- p.24
Chapter 3.4. --- Characteristics --- p.25
Chapter 3.5. --- Substitutions investigation --- p.26
Chapter 3.6. --- Summary --- p.29
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Morphological differences
Chapter 4.1. --- Plant identification --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.2. --- Collection of voucher materials --- p.36
Chapter 4.1.3. --- Plant morphology --- p.36
Chapter 4.2. --- Macroscopical identification --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.2.2. --- Macroscopical characteristics --- p.46
Chapter 4.2.3. --- Results --- p.49
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Histological identification
Chapter 5.1. --- Introduction --- p.58
Chapter 5.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1. --- Commercial samples --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.1. --- Kudidan --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.2. --- Pugongying --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.1.3. --- Substitutes --- p.59
Chapter 5.2.2. --- Authentic plant materials for comparison --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3. --- Methods --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3.1. --- Paraffin method --- p.60
Chapter 5.2.3.2. --- Light microscopy --- p.62
Chapter 5.2.3.3. --- Quantitative microscopy --- p.63
Chapter 5.2.3.4. --- Scanning electron microscopy --- p.64
Chapter 5.3. --- Results --- p.64
Chapter 5.3.1. --- Microscopical characters of comparative plants --- p.64
Chapter 5.3.2. --- Internal structures of herbs --- p.83
Chapter 5.4. --- Discussion --- p.83
Chapter Chapter 6. --- Chemical analysis
Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction --- p.99
Chapter 6.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.1. --- Authentic samples --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.2. --- Commercial samples --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3. --- Methods --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3.1. --- Isolation and characterization of standard substances --- p.100
Chapter 6.2.3.2. --- Extraction of plant materials --- p.102
Chapter 6.2.3.3. --- Thin layer chromatography --- p.102
Chapter 6.3. --- Results and discussion --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.1. --- TLC synopsis --- p.104
Chapter 6.3.2. --- TLC analysis --- p.105
Chapter 6.3.2.1. --- Qualitative evaluation of authentic plants --- p.105
Chapter 6.3.2.2. --- Qualitative evaluation of commercial samples --- p.107
Chapter 6.4. --- Summary --- p.107
Chapter Chapter 7. --- Molecular fingerprinting
Chapter 7.1. --- Introduction --- p.115
Chapter 7.2. --- Materials and methods --- p.120
Chapter 7.2.1. --- Plant materials --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.2. --- Herbal materials --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3. --- Total genomic DNA preparation --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3.1. --- CsCl/EtBr gradient method --- p.121
Chapter 7.2.3.2. --- CTAB/CsCl gradient method --- p.123
Chapter 7.2.3.3. --- CTAB miniprep method --- p.124
Chapter 7.2.4. --- Qualitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.125
Chapter 7.2.5. --- Quantitative analysis of genomic DNA --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6.1. --- DNA amplification --- p.126
Chapter 7.2.6.1.1. --- AP-PCR --- p.127
Chapter 7.2.1.1.2. --- RAPD --- p.128
Chapter 7.2.6.2. --- Data analysis --- p.129
Chapter 7.3. --- Results --- p.129
Chapter 7.3.1. --- Studies on extraction of genomic DNA --- p.129
Chapter 7.3.2. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by AP-PCR --- p.130
Chapter 7.3.3. --- Genomic DNA fingerprinting by RAPD --- p.131
Chapter 7.4. --- Discussion --- p.131
Chapter 7.4.1. --- DNA extraction --- p.132
Chapter 7.4.2. --- DNA fingerprinting of Kudidan --- p.136
Chapter 7.4.3. --- Phylogenetic relationship between two genera Elephantopus and Pseudo-elephantopus of by DNA fingerprinting --- p.141
Chapter Chapter 8. --- General summary and conclusion
Chapter 8.1. --- General summary --- p.165
Chapter 8.1.1. --- Ben-cao investigation --- p.166
Chapter 8.1.2. --- Investigation of commercial samples --- p.166
Chapter 8.1.3. --- Histological characteristics --- p.167
Chapter 8.1.4. --- Chemical analysis --- p.168
Chapter 8.1.5. --- DNA fingerprinting --- p.168
Chapter 8.2. --- Conclusion --- p.169
Appendices
Chapter A) --- Solutions --- p.171
Chapter B) --- Chinese characters cited in this Thesis --- p.173
Chapter a) --- Herbal names --- p.173
Chapter b) --- Book names --- p.175
Chapter c) --- Personal names --- p.176
Chapter d) --- Place names --- p.177
Chapter e) --- Miscellaneous names --- p.179
Bibliography --- p.180
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Madhavan, V. "Comparative pharmacognostical, phytochemical and biological activity studies on some selected medicinal plants/drugs used in ayurveda." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2009/2420.
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Kuo, Chi-Wen, and 郭啟文. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Xue-Teng Caulis Native to Taiwan and Tissue Culture of Kadsura japonica (L.) DUNAL." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73232413729807065639.
Full textAbstract:
博士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學研究所
92
“Xueteng”is first recorded in Tu-Chin. It is obtained from several climbing legume shrubs containing a red resins, that are called Xueteng in Taiwan. Xueteng Caulis was prepared pieces for making medicated wine. It had been used in folk medicine for relieving muscular spasm, numbness, paralysis, pain around the waist and knees, and menstruation malfunction and so on. Xueteng is a family including four species of Millettia, four species of Mucuna, two species of Kadsura. They are as follows, Millettia nitida, Millettia pachycarpa, Millettia pulchra var. microphylla, Millettia reticulata, Millettia gigantea spp. tashiroi, Millettia macrocarpa, Mucuna membranacea, Mucuna puriens var. utilis, Kadsura japonica, Kadsura philippinensis. Besides its formal name “Xue-Teng” and “Gi-Xue-Teng” was easily confused with other herbs which might have the same common name. In this study, we evaluated the histology to clarify ten botanical origins. The characteristics of external and internal structures such as the cork, cortex, length of calcium oxalate crystal, existence of starch grain and vessel form were investigated. The diagnostic features were useful for identifying the botanical origin of the Xueteng grown in Taiwan. Kadsurae Caulis, named as “Hong-Gu-She (紅骨蛇)”, is commonly used in Taiwan. The dried stem, with a sap having reddish brown in color reminiscent, is like as congealed chicken’s blood. It was popularly prepared pieces for medicated wine in the past. The medicated wine provided to ameliorate fever, quenching thirst, muscular spasm, and analgesic effect. The main objectives of present study were to reach rapid proliferation of the stem-derived callus of K. japonica, and the probability of quantitative production of secondary metabolites from the callus. The basal medium, 1/2MS, which comprising of 1% sucrose, 1.2% Difco agar, 1 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L BA, pH= 5.7±0.1, was suitable for the growth of kadsura callus. It could produce much more kadsura callus. The kadsura callus were cultured in 2 MS medium with 3% sucrose, 1.2% Difco agar, 2 mg/L 2,4-D, 0.5 mg/L BA, pH= 5.7±0.1 to attain quantitative of its active products, gomisin and schizandrin. In analgesic study, the air-dried stems of all species were ground and refluxed with 50% EtOH, filtered, and lyophilized to obtain all species powder. The analgesic activity of the powder was evaluated by the formalin test. The acute toxicity test was applied to the safety of them. In the formalin test, the results showed that all species could accomplish analgesic effect. The analgesic mechanism of M. nitida, M. pulchra var. microphylla, M. gigantea spp. tashiroi, and M. macrocarpa was related to act on peripheral nervous system, whereas analgesic mechanism of M. pachycarpa, M. reticulata, M. membranacea, M. puriens var. utilis, K. japonica, and K. philippinensis was related to act on central nervous system. In the acute toxicity test, the oral LD50 for all species was more than 10 g/kg in mice.
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Wu, Yueh-Wern, and 吳岳文. "Pharmacognostical studies of Cynanchum spp. on Taiwan market and evaluation of the antiinflammatory and hepatoprotective effects of C. taiwanianum Yamazaki." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16185892566345216968.
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Yang, Jiun-Long, and 楊鈞隆. "Pharmacognostical Studies on Euphorbia in Taiwan and The Molecular Mechanism of Apoptosis and Inhibition of Invasion and Migration in Prostate Cancer Cell Induced by Euphorbia formosana HAYATA." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87500765095806129847.
Full textAbstract:
博士中國醫藥大學
中國藥學暨中藥資源學系博士班
101
Prostate cancer is one of the popular cancers in the elder man through the world and harmful to the health of human beings. Euphorbia formosana radix has a long history in traditional Taiwanese medicine and has been used as a counter-poison to snake bite. In our preliminary studies, we found crude extract of Euphorbia formosana radix （CEEF） could induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cell line. In this study, we studied CEEF cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cell line DU 145 and underlying mechanisms. We first investigated the effects of CEEF on viability and cell cycle in human prostate cancer cell line DU 145. The results indicated that CEEF induced cytotoxicity in DU 145 cells in a dose- and time- dependent manners. We also defined the IC50 （100 μg/ml） and use this concentration for the follering studies. Cell cycle analysis performed by flow cytometry showed that CEEF induced significant S phase arrest in DU 145 cells, and a significant damage to DNA integrity as revealed by Comet assay and DNA electrophoresis assay studies. Cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ion increased while mitochondria membrane potential (MMP, ΔΨm) was decreased after CEEF treatment. From Western blotting analysis, that CEEF can decrease pro-Caspase 3, pro-Caspase 9, Bcl-2 and increase Bax, Cytochrome C, Endo-G, Catalase, Glutathion transferase, SOD-2, Caspase-3 and Casepase-9 proteins. From these studies, we suggested that CEEF might activate mitochondria pathway resulting in DU 145 cells apoptosis. Based on the above findings Euphorbia species might be developed as a potential new drug candidate for cancer therapy in the future.