Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmacists Supply and demand'
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Watanabe, Jonathan H. "Examining the Pharmacist Labor Supply in the United States: Increasing Medication Use, Aging Society, and Evolution of Pharmacy Practice." Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (September 19, 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030137.
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The increasing number of pharmacists in the US has generated concern regarding potential oversupply. A 2018 analysis from the National Center for Health Workforce Analysis (NCHWA) in the US projected a best case scenario of an oversupply of more than 18,000 pharmacists in the year 2030. In this commentary, the limitations of this general health labor force analysis by the NCHWA are described. The goal of this work was to provide a more nuanced examination of the pharmacist labor demand in the US. Data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) and the US Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) were utilized to examine, annually over a ten year period ending in 2017, the number of pharmacists, the ratio of pharmacists to persons living in the US, the ratio of pharmacists to older adults living in the US, and the ratio of medications to pharmacists. The number of pharmacists grew from 266,410 in 2008 to 309,330 in 2017. As anticipated, despite a growing US population, the ratio of people living in the US per pharmacist dropped unabated from 1141 to 1053 from 2008 to 2017, respectively. However, the reverse trend was observed for the ratio of persons 65 years or older per pharmacist. This ratio increased from 146.1 older adults to each pharmacist in 2008 to 164.3 in 2017. The accelerating demographic shift to an older population is also reversing an overall trend in the number of medications to pharmacist that will continue for the foreseeable future. While the ratio of medications to pharmacist dropped overall from 2008 to 2016, it has begun to rise again from 2016 to 2017. Beyond the increasing number of medications attributable to a rapidly aging population, there is a growing demand for clinical care from pharmacists due to the maturing environment of complex, costly medications for chronic disease treatment. As the portion of total health expenditure is increasingly devoted to medications and the US health delivery system continues its movement to community-based care, the demand for pharmacist care will require a larger number of pharmacists trained for advanced-practice care.
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Alameddine, Mohamad, Karen Bou-Karroum, Sara Kassas, and Mohamad Ali Hijazi. "A profession in danger: Stakeholders’ perspectives on supporting the pharmacy profession in Lebanon." PLOS ONE 15, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): e0242213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242213.
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Background Lebanon boosts one of the highest pharmacists to population ratios globally (20.3/10,000). Yet, workforce analysis elicited serious concerns with the distribution, practice environments and regulation of Lebanese pharmacists. Recent workforce data shows that the profession has been majorly destabilized with hundreds of pharmacists closing their pharmacies or losing their employment. Proper planning for the future of the pharmacy profession in Lebanon necessitates a deeper understanding of the current challenges and the necessary policy and practice recommendations. The aim of this study is to examine stakeholders’ perspectives on the current pharmacist workforce challenges and the necessary measures to support the profession. Methods The research team carried out a series of semi-structured interviews with twenty-one key stakeholders within the pharmacy profession in Lebanon. We categorized stakeholders according to their experience as policy makers, practitioners, academicians, and media experts. The interview guide included questions about workforce trends, labor market challenges and recommendations for improvement. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Results Four major themes emerged from this study: the oversupply of pharmacists in Lebanon, the demand supply imbalance, poor regulation of the pharmacy practice, and the difficult practice environment. There was a consensus among interviewees that the oversupply of pharmacists is due to the poor workforce planning and weak regulatory framework, combined with the easy integration of foreign-trained pharmacists into the labor market. The lack of coordination between the educational and practice sectors is further widening the demand-supply gap. Interviewees further revealed that the regulatory policies on pharmacy practice were outdated and/or weakly enforced which increases the risk of unethical practices and erodes the image of pharmacists in the society. With respect to the practice environment, there is an ongoing struggle by Lebanese pharmacists to maintain profitability and exercise their full scope of practice. Conclusion The poor pharmacy workforce planning and regulation is significantly weakening the pharmacy profession in Lebanon. A concerted effort between the various stakeholders is necessary to enhance workforce planning, regulate supply, optimize the integration of pharmacists into work sectors of need, and improve the financial and professional wellbeing of pharmacists in Lebanon.
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Dameh, Majd, Pauline Norris, and James Green. "New Zealand pharmacists experiences, practices and views regarding antibiotic use without prescription." Journal of Primary Health Care 4, no. 2 (2012): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc12131.
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INTRODUCTION: Very few studies have investigated pharmacists views, experiences and practices regarding the use of antibiotics without prescription. This study aimed to explore through self-report and hypothetical scenarios what factors determine New Zealand pharmacists behaviour and attitudes towards non-prescription use of antibiotics. METHODS: A purposeful sample of 35 registered community pharmacists of differing ethnic backgrounds was selected from a mixture of pharmacies that predominantly either serve New Zealand European customers or customers of other ethnicities. Semi-structured interviews including general background questions and six hypothetical scenarios were used for the investigation. Pharmacists ethnicity, education, years of experience, and customers ethnicity may influence their views, experiences and practices regarding the use of antibiotics without prescription. Customer demand or expectation, business orientation and competitiveness within community pharmacies, standards and practice of fellow pharmacists, ethics and professionalism, legislation, enforcement of the legislation, and apprehension of the consequences of such practice were hypothesised to have an effect on antibiotic use or supply without prescription by pharmacists. FINDINGS: The supply of antibiotics without prescription is not common practice in New Zealand. However, personal use of antibiotics without prescription by pharmacists may have been underestimated. Pharmacists were aware of legalities surrounding selling and using antibiotics and practised accordingly, yet many used antibiotics without prescription to treat themselves and/or spouses or partners. Many pharmacists also reported that under certain legislative, and regulatory and situational conditions they would sell antibiotics without a prescription. CONCLUSION: Views and practices regarding antibiotic use without prescription by community pharmacists require further exploration. KEYWORDS: Non-prescription antibiotics; hypothetical scenarios; legislation enforcement; New Zealand
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Shedul, Grace, Olutobi Adekunle Sanuade, Eugenia N. Ugwuneji, Tunde M. Ojo, Aishwarya Vijay, Patrick Ponzing, Inuwa Okpe, et al. "Stakeholder perspectives on the demand and supply factors driving substandard and falsified blood pressure lowering medications in Nigeria: a qualitative study." BMJ Open 12, no. 12 (December 2022): e063433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-063433.
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ObjectivesAlthough substandard and falsified (SF) blood pressure (BP) lowering medications are a global problem, qualitative research exploring factors driving this in Nigeria has not been reported. This study provides information on factors driving demand for and supply of low-quality BP lowering medications in Nigeria and potential strategies to address these factors.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional qualitative study. Between August 2020 and September 2020, we conducted 11 in-depth interviews and 7 focus group discussions with administrators of health facilities, major manufacturers and distributors of BP lowering medications, pharmacists, drug regulators, patients and primary care physicians purposively sampled from the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. Data were analysed using directed content analysis, with the aid of Dedoose.ResultsWe found that demand for SF BP lowering medications in Nigeria was driven by high out-of-pocket expenditure and stockouts of quality-assured BP lowering medications. Supply of low-quality BP lowering medications was driven by limited in-country manufacturing capacity, non-adherence to good manufacturing and distribution practices, under-resourced drug regulatory systems, ineffective healthcare facility operations, poor distribution practices, limited number of trained pharmacists and the COVID-19 pandemic which led to stockouts. Central medicine store procurement procedures, active pharmaceutical ingredient quality check and availability of trained pharmacists were existing strategies perceived to lower the risk of supply and demand of SF BP lowering medications.ConclusionOur findings suggest that demand for and supply of SF BP lowering medications in Nigeria are driven by multi-level, interrelated factors. Multi-pronged strategies need to target stakeholders and systems involved in drug production, distribution, prescription, consumption, regulation and pricing.
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Vicary, Dianne, Sara Salman, Nicolas Jones, and Trudi Aspden. "Hawke’s Bay pharmacists’ activities during a campylobacter contamination of public water supply in Havelock North during 2016." Journal of Primary Health Care 12, no. 2 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19110.
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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONIn August 2016 contamination of the local water supply resulted in a significant gastroenteritis outbreak in Hawke’s Bay. The significance of the initial test result was recognised early, partly as a result of information provided by a Havelock North pharmacist to health authorities about an unusual number of requests for anti-diarrhoeal medication. AIMTo describe the breadth of activities undertaken by pharmacists working in Hawke’s Bay in August 2016, following Campylobacter jejuni contamination of the public water supply in Havelock North, New Zealand. METHODSAll pharmacists and hospital pharmacy management staff working in Hawke’s Bay in 2017 were eligible to complete the qualitative online questionnaire. Additionally, information was requested from stakeholders with known relevant experiences. Free-text responses were thematically analysed using a general inductive approach. RESULTSThirteen pharmacists and two ancillary staff from community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, general practice, management, emergency response and dispensary management responded to the survey. Analysis of responses revealed three overarching themes and six sub-themes. The first was public wellbeing, with sub-themes of community information, local emergency response and pharmacy operational management. The second was pharmaceutical distribution, with a sub-theme of stock management. The third theme was clinical medicine management, with sub-themes of acute symptom management and medicine management. DISCUSSIONThe pharmacy profession appears to have played an important role in public wellbeing, pharmaceutical distribution and medicine therapy management during the outbreak. It is likely that through their actions, responding pharmacists reduced demand on other primary care services and prevented hospitalisations. Further research directions include exploring the effectiveness of community pharmacists in public health surveillance and the use of endorsed public health information to ensure consistent delivery of health messages.
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Cahaya, Noor, Hananditia Rachma Pramestutie, Anita Kumala Hati, and Pinasti Utami. "Insurance, Policy, Knowledge Level and Epidemiology As Factors Affecting Demand And Supply of Pharmaceutical Product." Pharmaceutical Journal of Indonesia 7, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.pji.2022.007.02.2.
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Fulfillment of drug availability is always a challenge from year to year and is determined by supply and demand issues for pharmaceutical drugs. Good management of drugs and pharmaceutical supplies is important in health services. This is related to the quality of health services and the efficiency and effectiveness of the budget. This review study aims to examine the factors that influence drug supply and demand simultaneously with a different perspective from other studies, namely, the focus is to simultaneously discuss the effects of health insurance financing schemes, registration regulations for pharmaceutical products and imports of pharmaceutical products, the level of pharmacist knowledge, changes in disease patterns, disasters, and wars on drug supply and demand. The research design that was used in this study is a narrative review. The data sources that were used are PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The inclusion criteria in this study are all research related to the demand for pharmaceutical supplies and drugsthat will be reviewed in the study, either in the form of original research, reviews, or reports. The results obtained articles consisting of 8 articles related to health insurance financing, 6 articles related to registration regulation of pharmaceutical products and import of pharmaceutical products, 5 articles related to pharmacist knowledge level, 3 articles related to changes in disease patterns, and 3 articles related to disasters and wars. Based on the 25 articles that were used as data in this study, it was found that the factors that influence the supply and demand of pharmaceutical supplies are health insurance financing, regulation of registration drug processes and imports of pharmaceutical products, level of knowledge of pharmacists as pharmaceutical service providers, changes in disease patterns, disasters, politics, and war.
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YAMAMOTO, Nobuhiro, and Mitsuru UCHIYAMA. "A Prediction Study on the Supply of and Demand for Pharmacists in Japan." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 122, no. 5 (May 1, 2002): 309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.122.309.
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Suwannaprom, Puckwipa, Siritree Suttajit, Suntara Eakanunkul, Teeraporn Supapaan, Nusaraporn Kessomboon, Khunjira Udomaksorn, and Rungpetch Sakulbumrungsil. "Development of pharmacy competency framework for the changing demands of Thailand’s pharmaceutical and health services." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 2141. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2141.
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Background: In Thailand, pharmacists are responsible for all activities to ensure access to medicines throughout pharmaceutical supply chain. Competency framework (CF) is an important guidance for professional development and workforce planning.
Objective: This study aimed to explore needs for pharmacy services in pharmaceutical supply chain and competencies of pharmacists to serve those needs. It was the first step for developing evidence-based pharmacy CF within the context of Thailand in 2026.
Methods: A qualitative method using in-depth interviews to gain rich data from practitioners and leaders in all area of practices. 99 key informants from 56 workplaces in Thailand were interviewed during January and March 2016. Data was transcribed verbatim, and thematic analysis was used. Competencies were extracted, followed by several rounds of group discussion among team members to develop an initial framework. The competencies and CF were presented, and recommendations were gained from professional leaders for refining the findings.
Results: The key informants agreed that pharmacist’s works and responsibilities have gradually been drifted to support changes in healthcare and pharmaceutical systems. The upcoming pharmaceutical services call for higher standards of practice, larger number of personnel, and skillful pharmacists who have strong foundation in pharmaceutical knowledge as well as an ability to integrate knowledge into practices. Two sets of CFs were established. The general CF comprises five core domains: product focus, patient focus, healthcare system focus, community focus, and personal focus for self-improvement. These general competencies allow practitioners to perform basic professional tasks, including providing information, dispensing, and compounding. The service-specific competency is the integration of general competencies tailored into specific area of practice.
Conclusions: Regarding the professional goal to evolve pharmacists from generalists to specialists for providing higher quality of professional services, the pharmacists are required to demonstrate general competencies and service-specific competencies. The findings serve as the need-based evidence for developing a national CF for pharmacists in Thailand.
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Bonner, Loren. "Are there enough jobs for pharmacists, or is supply and demand just leveling out?" Pharmacy Today 20, no. 12 (December 2014): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1042-0991(15)30582-x.
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Rupp, Michael T. "Apocalypse Now?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 51, no. 10 (June 13, 2017): 921–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028017715477.
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Despite the wishful thinking of those who have long prophesied an imminent surge in demand for clinical pharmacists, the tipping point for healthy supply-demand balance in pharmacy has almost certainly been surpassed. Imprudent overbuilding of pharmacy programs has combined with trends toward increasing automation and consolidation in pharmacy practice to create an existential threat in pharmacy education. Surviving the looming industry shakeout will require schools and colleges of pharmacy to do what our colleagues in practice and the private sector have always done: compete.
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Zgarrick, David P., Tatiana Bujnoch, and Shane P. Desselle. "Wage Premiums as a Means to Evaluate the Labor Market for Pharmacy Technicians in the United States: 1997–2018." Pharmacy 8, no. 1 (March 17, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8010042.
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Pharmacy technicians are integral members of the health care team, assisting pharmacists and other health professionals in assuring safe and effective medication use. To date, evaluation of the labor market for pharmacy technicians has been limited, and relatively little has been evaluated regarding trends in wages. The objective of this research is to use US Bureau of Labor Statistics (US BLS) data to evaluate changes in pharmacy technician wages in the United States from 1997 to 2018 relative to changes in the US consumer price index (CPI). Median hourly wages for pharmacy technicians were collected from US BLS data from 1997 to 2018. Median hourly wages were compared to expected hourly wages, with the difference, a wage premium, indicative of imbalances in the supply and demand of labor. Both positive and negative wage premiums were observed, with most positive wage premiums occurring prior to 2007 and most negative wage premiums observed after 2008. Differences in wage premiums were also observed between technicians working in various practice settings. Given the median length of employment of pharmacy technicians, it is likely that the majority of technicians working in US pharmacies have not experienced increases in their wages relative to what would be expected by changes in the CPI. This has occurred at a time when pharmacies and pharmacists are asking more of their pharmacy technicians. Researchers and pharmacy managers must continue to evaluate the pharmacy technician labor market to assure that technician wage and compensation levels attract an adequate supply of sufficiently skilled workers.
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Gauthier, T. P., M. Worley, V. Laboy, L. Hernandez, N. R. Unger, E. M. Sherman, C. Frederick, and L. Aragon. "Clinical Infectious Diseases Pharmacists in the United States: A Problem of Both Supply and Demand." Clinical Infectious Diseases 60, no. 5 (November 18, 2014): 826–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciu908.
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Mohmmed, Elawad, Abdelkarim M. Abdelkarim, Murtada A. Oshi, and Muhammad Naeem. "Market Survey and Assessment of the Real Demand of Amoxicillin 500mg Capsules in the Sudanese Pharmaceutical Markets." Life and Science 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.37185/lns.1.1.125.
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Objective: To determine the current supply and demand for Amoxicillin 500 mg capsules at the pharmaceutical market level based on readily available and comparative data methods.Study Design: Cross-sectional.Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out at hundred pharmacies spread throughout the three cities of Khartoum State (Khartoum, Omdurman, and Khartoum-North) from April 4, 2018 to June 17, 2018.Materials and Methods: A market survey was conducted by visiting 100 pharmacies and basic questions were posed directly to the pharmacist about the annual sale of Amoxicillin 500 mg capsules through a questionnaire. The data was analyzed using the consumption process, and the projected actual demand for amoxicillin 500 mg capsules up to the year 2027 in Sudanese markets was estimated.Results: The analyzed data showed a difference of about 756 million capsules between the current supply and real demand of 500 mg capsules of amoxicillin up to 2027. Moreover, the findings showed that there are substantial variations in annual sales of amoxicillin 500 mg capsules among the three cities where the survey was performed.Conclusion: The results of this study can be used as a guide for estimating the actual demands for Amoxicillin 500 mg capsules in the Sudanese pharmaceutical market for the future.
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Thompson, J., S. Al-Attbi, and B. Patel. "Patient perceptions of clinical pharmacists in general practice." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i37—i38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac019.052.
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Abstract Introduction As a result of changes in the demands and pressures on the NHS, the role of the pharmacist has advanced from purely dispensing and compounding medicines to a more clinical and patient-centred approach to care (1). Since 2015, NHS England set a target of recruiting practice-based pharmacists into 20% of practices by 2020-2021 as a way of reducing these pressures (2). Conducting evaluations of clinical pharmacists in individual practices is essential for role integration and evolution. Aim To explore patient perceptions of clinical pharmacists across three general practices. Methods A paper-based questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions was used to gather patient perceptions on the role of a clinical pharmacist and their consultation experiences. Participants included patients over the age of 18 who had attended a face-to-face appointment with a clinical pharmacist from one of three general practice surgeries in England between November and December 2019. The clinical pharmacists were used as a gateway to recruit participants; post-consultation, the pharmacist asked patients if they would complete a questionnaire. Patients were provided with an information sheet and consent form prior to completion of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was anonymous. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results A total of 39 participants completed the questionnaire. Most participants were elderly (28%) and female (64%). The primary reason for the consultations was due to an acute illness (79%), and the most common outcome was the supply of a prescription (83%). Patients were predominantly unfamiliar with the role of a clinical pharmacist (56%) and 31% of patients reportedly thought their appointment had been with a doctor. All patients were positive about their experience and reported they would “be more than happy to see a pharmacist in the future” and that the role was “a very necessary addition to the practice”. All patients reported that their consultation was the same (51%) or better than they have had with a doctor (49%). Patients commented on the pharmacists’ consultation skills, making statements such as [they] “listened to me”, “asked me questions”, “were really good at explaining” and “spoke in a way I understood”. Clinical pharmacists were reported as being “very professional” and knowledgeable as “[they] knew more about my medication [than the doctor] and prescribed me something to help”. Patients reported that they would recommend the clinical pharmacist to their family and friends when seeking an appointment. Conclusion This research highlights patient acceptance towards consultations with a clinical pharmacist and reinforces the competence of pharmacists to undertake this role. A key finding related to the effective consultation skills of the pharmacists and involving the patients in their care. The number of patients who participated limits the generalisability of the findings, and the patient responses may have been a reaction to the individual clinical pharmacists rather than their thoughts on the role overall. Increased publicity and patient education of the role of a clinical pharmacist may promote a greater integration into the multidisciplinary team. References (1) Robertson R, Wenzel L, Thompson J, Charles A. Understanding NHS financial pressures. How are they affecting patient care. 2017. The Kings Fund. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/field_publication_file/Understanding%20NHS%20financial%20pressures%20-%20full%20report.pdf (2) NHS England 2016. General Practice Forward View. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gpfv.pdf
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Knapp, Katherine K., and John C. Livesey. "The Aggregate Demand Index: Measuring the Balance Between Pharmacist Supply and Demand, 1999-2001." Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association (1996) 42, no. 3 (May 2002): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/108658002763316806.
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Madrid, S., K. Guevarra, K. Hilario, H. Jarque, H. Kao, M. Leceta, and R. Ramos. "A phenomenological study on the migration trends of Filipino pharmacists who graduated from a university in Manila." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_2 (November 30, 2022): ii30—ii31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac089.035.
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Abstract Introduction Migration trends and patterns differ in every country, and the current phenomena are happening at a particular time, whether in retrospect or prospect. In the Philippines, an influx of migration, especially among pharmaceutical healthcare providers, is seen due to the demands in the medical field even before the global COVID-19 pandemic. Aim This study determined the factors that influenced Filipino pharmacists' who graduated from a University in Manila; their motivation to work and migrate to other countries, as well as the responsibilities, competencies, and working conditions of pharmacists waiting for them abroad. Methods Following institutional ethical approval, snowball sampling was employed as the sampling method wherein the research participants were asked to help determine and recruit potential respondents. The sample size used to collate information for this study was 15 respondents from 3 different countries of origin, specifically Canada, Singapore, and the United States of America. Through a semi-structured interview, the participants elicited different responses with common themes analysed through thematic analysis. The respondents were not required to disclose any information they were not allowed to reveal. Hence, the researchers fully understood and did not force the respondents to get the information without the participant’s permission. In cases where participants shared information with another participant, this was their own doing, and researchers could not be responsible for this. The researchers safeguarded the information and identities of each participant as far as reasonably possible. Furthermore, each piece of data given is protected through the Philippine Data Privacy Act of 2012, and researchers are ensured to comply fully with what was written in the Informed Consent Form. Results All fifteen participants took their pharmacy undergraduate degree at a university in Manila before migrating or working abroad. Participants have at least a year of experience working abroad, covering the years 2010-2020, ranging from the completion of four-year pharmacy degrees to participants who graduated with five-year pharmacology degrees. Key themes which influenced the Filipino pharmacists included their chosen pharmacy degrees, including the University's curriculum reliability and relevance, turning point of migration decision, factors of their migration, ways migration was obtained, pharmacy work opportunities abroad, prior pharmacy working experience in the Philippines, work dynamics abroad, and their annual salary with benefits. Discussion/Conclusion There are numerous and limitless opportunities abroad, but most of them differ in the work setting in the Philippines, wherein they are more aligned with the clinical side of being a pharmacist. Moreover, the research field of the profession is still an emerging field with a wide array of opportunities. Overall, the study has collected varying and new insights into Filipino Pharmacists' migration, specifically their migration trends, competencies, responsibilities, and working conditions that may contribute to the betterment of the institution's curriculum and pharmacy practice in the Philippines. With the growing demand for pharmacists in the Philippines, the knowledge gained from a similar study would help improve conditions for healthcare workers to avert their desire or need to migrate. References 1. Loquias, M. and Robles, Y. Issues and Concerns on Utilization of the Pharmacy Workforce in the Philippines. [Internet]. 2012 [cited 2021 Sept 10]; JAASP 2012;1(2):86-96. Available from https://www.aaspjournal.org/uploads/155/5955_pdf.pdf 2. Lorenzo, F., et. al. Migration of Health Workers: Country case study Philippines. ILO. [Internet] 2006. [cited 2021 Oct 15] Available from: https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/publication/wcms_161163.pdf 3. Morii, Y., Furuta, S., Ishikawa, T., Fujiwara, K., Yamashina, H., & Ogasawara, K. Projecting supply and demand for pharmacists in pharmacies based on the number of prescriptions and system dynamics modeling. Human Resources for Health, 18(1). [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2021 Sept 27]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12960-020-00524-5
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Hindi, Ali Mawfek Khaled, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle, and Sally Jacobs. "Applying a whole systems lens to the general practice crisis: cross-sectional survey looking at usage of community pharmacy services in England by patients with long-term respiratory conditions." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032310.
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ObjectiveUK policy initiatives aiming to extend community pharmacy services to moderate patient demands and to reduce general practitioners’ (GPs) workload have had limited success. This study used marketing theory to identify factors that could influence patients to make better use of community pharmacies within the primary care pathway.DesignCross-sectional postal survey design applying the ‘7Ps marketing mix’ (‘product’, ‘price’, ‘place’, ‘promotion’, ‘people’, ‘process’ and ‘physical evidence’).SettingGreater Manchester, England.ParticipantsPatients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease registered at two GP practices.Primary outcomePatient preference for community pharmacy services.ResultsThe response rate was 29% (289/1003). Most respondents preferred to use GP practices for invasive/diagnostic services (product) while preferring using community pharmacy for medicines supply and minor ailments (place). Stronger preference for using GP practices over community pharmacy was significantly associated with gender (male>female), age group (≥65 years) and healthcare services previously accessed at the pharmacy. Respondents perceived they would be more likely to use community pharmacy services if pharmacists offered them enough time to discuss any concerns (73.3%) (price), if community pharmacies had private/clean consultation rooms (70%–73%) (physical evidence) and if pharmacy staff had strong interpersonal skills (68%–70%) (people). Respondents were divided on likelihood of using community pharmacy services if pharmacists could access their whole medical record but wanted pharmacists to add information about their visit (59.6%) (process). Respondents would be encouraged to use community pharmacy for healthcare services if they were offered services by pharmacy staff or recommended/referred to services by their GP (44%) (promotion).ConclusionsUsing the 7Ps marketing mix highlighted that community pharmacies having staff with strong interpersonal skills, good quality consultation rooms and integrated information systems could positively influence patients to use community pharmacies for management of long-term conditions. There are opportunities for community pharmacies to alleviate GP workload, but a whole system approach will be necessary.
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Mansfield, Sarah J. "Generic drug prices and policy in Australia: room for improvement? A comparative analysis with England." Australian Health Review 38, no. 1 (2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12009.
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Objective To assess the degree to which reimbursement prices in Australia and England differ for a range of generic drugs, and to analyse the supply- and demand-side factors that may contribute to these differences. Methods Australian and English reimbursement prices were compared for a range of generic drugs using pricing information obtained from government websites. Next, a literature review was conducted to identify supply- and demand-side factors that could affect generic prices in Australia and England. Various search topics were identified addressing potential supply-side (e.g. market approval, intellectual property protection of patented drugs, generic pricing policy, market size, generic supply chain and discounting practices) and demand-side (consumers, prescribers and pharmacists) factors. Related terms were searched in academic databases, official government websites, national statistical databases and internet search engines. Results Analysis of drug reimbursement prices for 15 generic molecules (representing 45 different drug presentations) demonstrated that Australian prices were on average over 7-fold higher than in England. Significant supply-side differences included aspects of pricing policy, the relative size of the generics markets and the use of clawback policies. Major differences in demand-side policies related to generic prescribing, pharmacist substitution and consumer incentives. Conclusions Despite recent reforms, the Australian Government continues to pay higher prices than its English counterpart for many generic medications. The results suggest that particular policy areas may benefit from review in Australia, including the length of the price-setting process, the frequency of subsequent price adjustments, the extent of price competition between originators and generics, medical professionals’ knowledge about generic medicines and incentives for generic prescribing. What is known about the topic? Prices of generic drugs have been the subject of much scrutiny over recent years. From 2005 to 2010 the Australian Government responded to observations that Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme prices for many generics were higher than in numerous comparable countries by instituting several reforms aimed at reducing the prices of generics. Despite this, several studies have demonstrated that prices for generic statins (one class of cholesterol-lowering drug) are higher in Australia compared with England and many other developed countries, and prices of numerous other generics remain higher than in the USA and New Zealand. Recently there has been increasing interest in why these differences exist. What does this paper add? By including a much larger range of commonly used and costly generic drugs, this paper builds significantly on the limited previous investigations of generic drug prices in Australia and England. Additionally, this is the first comprehensive investigation of multiple supply- and, in particular, demand-side factors that may explain any price differences between these countries. What are the implications for practitioners? Practitioners may contribute to the higher prices of generic medications in Australia compared with England through relatively low rates of generic prescribing. There are also significant implications for health policy makers, as this paper demonstrates that if Australia achieved the same prices as England for many generic drugs there could be substantial savings for the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.
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Momattin, Hisham, Shokry Arafa, Shahad Momattin, Rayan Rahal, and James Waterson. "Robotic Pharmacy Implementation and Outcomes in Saudi Arabia: A 21-Month Usability Study." JMIR Human Factors 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): e28381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/28381.
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Background We describe the introduction, use, and evaluation of an automation and integration pharmacy development program in a private facility in Saudi Arabia. The project was specifically undertaken to increase throughput, reduce medication dispensing error rates, improve patient satisfaction, and free up pharmacists’ time to allow for increased face-to-face consultations with patients. Objective We forecasted growth of our outpatient service at 25% per annum over 5- and 10-year horizons and set out to prepare our outpatient pharmacy service to meet this demand. Initial project goals were set as a 50% reduction in the average patient wait time, a 15% increase in patient satisfaction regarding pharmacy wait time and pharmacy services, a 25% increase in pharmacist productivity, and zero dispensing errors. This was expected to be achieved within 10 months of go-live. Realignment of pharmacist activity toward counseling and medication review with patients was a secondary goal, along with the rapid development of a reputation in the served community for patient-centered care. Methods Preimplementation data for patient wait time for dispensing of prescribed medications as a specific measure of patient satisfaction was gathered as part of wider ongoing data collection in this field. Pharmacist activity and productivity in terms of patient interaction time were gathered. Reported and discovered dispensing errors per 1000 prescriptions were also aggregated. All preimplementation data was gathered over an 11-month period. Results From go-live, data were gathered on the above metrics in 1-month increments. At the 10-month point, there had been a 53% reduction in the average wait time, a 20% increase in patient satisfaction regarding pharmacy wait time, with a 22% increase in overall patient satisfaction regarding pharmacy services, and a 33% increase in pharmacist productivity. A zero dispensing error rate was reported. Conclusions The robotic pharmacy solution studied was highly effective, but a robust upstream supply chain is vital to ensure stock levels, particularly when automated filling is planned. The automation solution must also be seamlessly and completely integrated into the facility’s software systems for appointments, medication records, and prescription generation in order to garner its full benefits. Overall patient satisfaction with pharmacy services is strongly influenced by wait time and follow-up studies are required to identify how to use this positive effect and make optimal use of freed-up pharmacist time. The extra time spent by pharmacists with patients and the opportunity for complete overview of the patient’s medication history, which full integration provides, may allow us to address challenging issues such as medication nonadherence. Reduced wait times may also allow for smaller prescription fill volumes, and more frequent outpatient department visits, allowing patients to have increased contact time with pharmacists.
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George, Shaju, and Safaa Elrashid. "Inventory Management and Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Performance of Hospital Pharmacies in Bahrain: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach." SAGE Open 13, no. 1 (January 2023): 215824402211497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221149717.
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The ultimate goal of healthcare systems is to offer care and the right treatment to patients. To achieve it, Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC) in the healthcare system needs to be effective and efficient. This study aims to investigate the role of inventory level control and demand forecasting on PSC performance of hospital pharmacies. Data was collected from 171 respondents working in private hospitals in Bahrain using a survey questionnaire and was analyzed using a structural equation modeling approach. The study found a significant positive relationship between inventory level Control and PSC performance. Similarly, the relationship between demand forecasting and PSC performance was positive and significant. This research has implications for practice, including assisting hospital pharmacies to find the best practices to manage the pharmaceutical inventory and understanding the impact of inventory control and demand forecasting in PSC performance to ensure zero stockouts and withstand fluctuations in demand and supply. The results of the study can prove to be beneficial to hospitals and healthcare providers in establishing an appropriate PSC system and making better decisions in medicine supply.
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Menighan, Thomas E. "What’s the right treatment plan for imbalances in pharmacist workforce supply and demand?" Pharmacy Today 25, no. 5 (May 2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2019.04.003.
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McCarthy, Bryan C., and Lynn M. Weber. "Update on factors motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 70, no. 16 (August 1, 2013): 1397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2146/ajhp120354.
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Abstract Purpose The factors motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training in 2011 versus 1993 were assessed. Methods A survey replicating previous research was electronically sent to 794 residency directors and 29 fellowship program directors with a request to forward the survey to current residents and fellows. A similar survey was sent to 124 colleges of pharmacy with a request to forward the survey to the faculty member most involved with residency and fellowship promotion within their doctor of pharmacy (Pharm.D.) curriculum. Participants were asked to rank leading motivating factors and barriers to pharmacy students pursuing these programs. Additional data collected included when and the methods by which these programs are promoted. Results Among residents and fellows, 865 usable surveys were returned. The leading motivating reasons for residents and fellows to pursue training were “to gain knowledge and experience,” “to gain confidence,” and “understood as a prerequisite for certain jobs.” A total of 124 U.S. pharmacy schools were surveyed, and 65 (52%) returned completed responses. “Understood as a prerequisite for certain jobs,” “faculty stressing importance,” and “recognition of the new and challenging roles for pharmacists in the future” were the factors most frequently cited by faculty members. Conclusion Compared with previous research, a new factor motivating pharmacy students to pursue residency and fellowship training is the consideration that these opportunities are a prerequisite for certain jobs. This development may be attributable to trends in the supply and demand of pharmacists, the recognition of the value in these programs by major pharmacy organizations, and the evolving role of pharmacists in direct patient care.
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Nyambega, Nancy K., Esbon N. Wambugu, Michael N. Walekhwa, and Filex O. Otieno. "Effects of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Practice of Community Pharmacy in Kisumu County." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 4, no. 4 (August 16, 2022): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.4.1377.
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Occurrence of pandemics affects every person in one way or another. The recent COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated that even frontline healthcare providers are no exception. Pharmacists and pharmaceutical technologists at the community pharmacy are often among the first healthcare provider’s patients visit during crises. They thus form a crucial team for supply of medicines, counselling, and controlling the spread of infections. There is either scanty or no data on how precisely the dispensation of community pharmacy was affected especially in Africa during the Covid 19 regime. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the practice of community pharmacy in Kisumu County. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 100 subjects. Subjects were selected through convenient sampling method. Open ended questionnaires were used to collect data. The questionnaires were self-administered as google forms. Key informant interviews of sampled practitioners were also conducted. A total of 77 subjects responded to the shared questionnaire. A total of 89.6% were pharmaceutical technologists while 10.4% were pharmacists with majority being males (64.9%). Most (57.9%) had between 6 to 10 years of working experience but with no previous experiences (68.8%) on pandemics or national disasters. About 52.6% had received COVID-19 pandemic vaccination and most (70.1%) were trained on COVID-19 management and prevention. A total of 76.6% had been trained on vaccination but only 9.2% were in a position to carry out vaccination in their premises. Further, 58.4% agreed that the pandemic had negatively impacted their practice with most impact felt at socio-economic (97.4%) and psychological levels (75.3%). Moreover, all agreed the pandemic had affected supply chain especially in terms of drug costing (61%) and demand (62.3%). The demand of azithromycin (18.2%), face masks, sanitizers (10.4%) and dexamethasone were largely impacted. A total of 55.8% agreed that technology had impacted their practice during the pandemic in terms of online pharmacy services, especially through online prescription filling (97.7%). To adapt to changing times, practitioners had to increase client engagement (81.8%) and seek aid from financial institutions (55.8%) to stay in business. The pandemic had a slightly more negative than positive impact on the practice of community pharmacy in Kisumu County.
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Chen, Yan-Kwang, Fei-Rung Chiu, and Yu-Cheng Chang. "Implementing Green Supply Chain Management for Online Pharmacies through a VADD Inventory Model." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (November 13, 2019): 4454. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224454.
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Online pharmacies are an important part of the modern healthcare system. They interact with customers through well-designed web interfaces to deliver the healthcare customers need. In addition to well-designed web interfaces, online pharmacies rely on an effective supply chain system to provide medical supplies and services, and especially effective inventory management for supply systems. As green supply chain management (GSCM) becomes increasingly considered by countries, how to develop a sustainable inventory model that takes into account the revenue growth of an online pharmacy while preventing waste and reducing energy costs has become very important. In line with this trend, the study develops a sustainable inventory model that focuses on both economic aspect (profit) and environmental aspect (losses from excessive inventory) within a framework of a single period multi-product inventory model. Specifically, the sustainable inventory model applies the visual-attention-dependent demand (VADD) rate to characterize customer demand in an online trading environment, thereby seeking a profitable marketing strategy and reducing losses due to excessive inventory. Since the complexity of model optimization will drastically increase due to the inclusion of many products in the problem, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based solution procedure is proposed to increase the feasibility of the proposed model in solving real problems. The sustainable inventory model and the solution procedure are illustrated, compared, and discussed with an online pharmacy example. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is formulated to study the influence of model parameters on the model solution, the loss of unsold inventory that results in a waste of resources and energy, and the profit of online pharmacies.
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Atif, Muhammad, Iram Malik, Irem Mushtaq, and Saima Asghar. "Medicines shortages in Pakistan: a qualitative study to explore current situation, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers." BMJ Open 9, no. 9 (September 2019): e027028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-027028.
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ObjectiveThis study was conducted to assess current situation of medicines shortages in Pakistan and to identify its impact, reasons and possible solutions to overcome the barriers.DesignA qualitative study.SettingThe study was conducted between May 2018 and July 2018 in three cities of Pakistan including Islamabad, Karachi and Bahawalpur, depending on the availability of most relevant key informants.ParticipantsHealth regulators, pharmaceutical manufacturers, pharmaceutical distributors and pharmacists.Primary and secondary outcome measureStudy primarily explored current situation, reasons and potential solutions of medicines shortages in Pakistan. Secondary outcome was the issue of particular brand shortage.MethodSemistructured interviews were conducted. Sample size was determined by using saturation point criteria. Convenient sampling techniques were used to recruit the participants. The interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsA total of 41 stakeholders including 12 health regulators, 6 pharmaceutical manufacturers, 8 pharmaceutical distributors and 15 pharmacists participated in this study. Data analysis yielded 4 themes, 16 subthemes, 51 categories. Essential and life-saving medicines were in short supply. The major reasons of short supply of medicines were active pharmaceutical ingredient and raw material availability issues, lack of traditional distribution system and sudden demand fluctuation. Among proposed solutions, three most common were the facilitation and regulation of manufacturers, reasonable price fixation and improvements in the inventory control system.ConclusionMedicines were short in supply, and this may have clinical and financial impact on the patients in Pakistan. There were multiple and complex reasons of medicines shortages. Mandatory government leadership is required to resolve the issue on priority basis for improving the access of medicines to the patients.
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Rojas, Fernando, Peter Wanke, Víctor Leiva, Mauricio Huerta, and Carlos Martin-Barreiro. "Modeling Inventory Cost Savings and Supply Chain Success Factors: A Hybrid Robust Compromise Multi-Criteria Approach." Mathematics 10, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 2911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10162911.
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Determining success factors for managing supply chains is a relevant aspect for companies. Then, modeling the relationship between inventory cost savings and supply chain success factors is a route for stating such a determination. This is particularly important in pharmacies and food nutrition services (FNS), where the advances made on this topic are still scarce. In this article, we propose and formulate a robust compromise (RoCo) multi-criteria model based on non-linear programming and time-dependent demand. The novelty of our proposal is in defining a score that allows us to measure the mentioned success factors in a simple way, in meeting together all three elements (RoCo multi-criteria, non-linear programming, and time-dependent demand) to state a new model, and in applying it to pharmacies and FNS. This model relates inventory cost savings for pharmacy/FNS and success factors across their supply chains. Savings of inventory costs are predicted by lot sizes to be purchased and computed by comparing optimal and true inventory costs. We utilize a system that records the movements and costs of products to collect the data. Factors, such as purchasing organization, economies of scale, and synchronized supply, are assumed using the purchase system, with these factors ranked on a Likert scale. We consider multilevel relationships between savings obtained for 79 pharmacy/FNS products, and success factor scores according to these products. To deal with the endogeneity bias of the relationships proposed, internal instrumental variables are employed by utilizing generalized statistical moments. Among our main conclusions, we state that the greatest cost savings obtained from inventory models are directly associated with low-success supply chain factors. In this association, the success factors operate as endogenous variables, with respect to inventory cost savings, given the simultaneity of their relationship with cost savings when inventory decision-making.
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Sahu, Sanjib, Nagarajan Shyama, Maulik Chokshi, Tushar Mokashi, Satyabhushan Dash, Taruna Sharma, Amrita Pal, Akshata Gupta, and Gautam Saxena. "Effectiveness of Supply Chain Planning in Ensuring Availability of CD/NCD Drugs in Non-Metropolitan and Rural Public Health System." Journal of Health Management 24, no. 1 (February 16, 2022): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09720634221078064.
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Several studies have reported on the shortage of drugs with the changing demographic and disease profile, especially triggered by the growing burden of lifestyle diseases. However, very few have evaluated the demand-side challenges from the objective of universalisation of healthcare. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the factors that have impeded access to affordable generic and essential drugs in non-metropolitan urban and rural India. The study was conducted in six states and responses were elicited from a sample of doctors, pharmacists, nurses, accredited social health activist (ASHA) workers, state officials, warehouse managers and patients across the study states. The study reveals that while the acceptance of prescribing generic drugs has improved over the last decade, the use of branded drugs has been restricted only to complex cases or where generic drug efficacy has not been established. The centralised procurement efficiencies seem to have hit a plateau in terms of assuring drug availability to the last mile, thereby impacting local purchase, especially pandemic procurement. Most states have also established dedicated corporations for drug procurement, albeit at different levels of organisational maturity as far as adherence to the processes and systems are concerned. However, supply chain phenomena like the bullwhip effect gets accentuated given the levels of our public health system. Learnings from other consumer-facing sectors with similar challenges of increased variability and uncertainty are yet to be explored for the health sector to leapfrog towards achieving improved ‘drug availability’ or ‘zero stock-out’. Standardising drug categories, regular updating of the essential drug list (EDL) reflecting the demographic and disease profile, various practices like complete digitisation, rolling forecasts, stock-keeping unit rationalisation, flexible public procurement contracts, etc., have been explored as potential solutions in this paper. Creating a dedicated team of forecasters within the procurement organisations, well adept at using analytics, could be key to real-time demand estimation, paving the way for a quarterly rolling forecast to facilitate procurement using well-designed rate contracts with suppliers that captures variability in such rolling forecasts.
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Twaróg, Sebastian, Jacek Szołtysek, Krzysztof Szwarc, and Urszula Boryczka. "Probabilistic Traveling Salesman Problem and Harmony Search Algorithms in Pharmacy Supply Optimization." Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica 6, no. 345 (December 30, 2019): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/0208-6018.345.06.
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This paper demonstrates the utilitarian significance of the Probabilistic Traveling Salesman Problem (PTSP) in planning travel routes by companies which provide distribution services for pharmacies, with a particular consideration of variable customer demand. The optimization problem was solved using the Harmony Search (HS) algorithm, thus verifying its utility based on one real instance of PTSP (representing the problem of pharmacy supply reliability) and three tasks from the public TSPLIB library (adjusted to PTSP). As a result of the conducted research, significant utility of the hybrid approach was identified, assuming the combination of HS with popular 2‑opt method, which enabled achievement of good results within acceptable period (in practical applications).
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Chen, Chien-Chou, Guo-Jun Lo, and Ta-Chien Chan. "Spatial Analysis on Supply and Demand of Adult Surgical Masks in Taipei Metropolitan Areas in the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19116704.
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This study aimed to assess the gap between the supply and demand of adult surgical masks under limited resources. Owing to the implementation of the real-name mask rationing system, the historical inventory data of aggregated mask consumption in a pharmacy during the early period of the COVID-19 outbreak (April and May 2020) in Taiwan were analyzed for supply-side analysis. We applied the Voronoi diagram and areal interpolation methods to delineate the average supply of customer counts from a pharmacy to a village (administrative level). On the other hand, the expected number of demand counts was estimated from the population data. The relative risk (RR) of supply, which is the average number of adults served per day divided by the expected number in a village, was modeled under a Bayesian hierarchical framework, including Poisson, negative binomial, Poisson spatial, and negative binomial spatial models. We observed that the number of pharmacies in a village is associated with an increasing supply, whereas the median annual per capita income of the village has an inverse relationship. Regarding land use percentages, percentages of the residential and the mixed areas in a village are negatively associated, while the school area percentage is positively associated with the supply in the Poisson spatial model. The corresponding uncertainty measurement: villages where the probability exceeds the risk of undersupply, that is, Pr (RR < 1), were also identified. The findings of the study may help health authorities to evaluate the spatial allocation of anti-epidemic resources, such as masks and rapid test kits, in small areas while identifying priority areas with the suspicion of undersupply in the beginning stages of outbreaks.
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Freimuth, Alissa M., Alicia S. Cheng, Rurie W. Lee, Nicole L. Noel, Trexie M. Rudd, and Jane E. Krause. "Purdue College of Pharmacy's Response to the Hand Sanitizer Shortage during the Pandemic." Purdue Journal of Service-Learning and International Engagement 8, no. 1 (2021): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317424.
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With the outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), came struggles and hardships that were not foreseen. One of these struggles was to maintain an adequate supply of medical equipment, medications, and other necessities to help protect individuals and communities. Proper hand hygiene is an important part of the response to COVID-19. Sanitizing and taking steps to prevent contraction of COVID-19 was a high priority and with the high demand, the availability of hand sanitizer was scare. In March 2020, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a policy allowing pharmacists to temporarily compound alcohol-based hand sanitizer during the public health emergency. This provided the Purdue University Pharmacy the opportunity to provide this essential service to the Purdue and local community. In collaboration with the Purdue University Pharmacy, four pharmacists, two pharmacy technicians, and five pharmacy students compounded a total of 831.36 liters of hand sanitizer (approximately 220 gallons) during March and April 2020. They packaged the product into smaller bottles (i.e., two ounces) and labeled them according to FDA guidelines. This resulted in over 13,000 bottles of hand sanitizer that was safe for human use. Many of the bottles were donated to campus and community agencies including food pantries and transitional housing and shelters to assist those most in need. While the remaining bottles were sold (at cost) to campus and community members, police departments, fire departments, sanitation departments, funeral homes, libraries, and childcare centers, to name just a few. Pharmacy students reflected on the experience and commented that the initiative impacted them both personally and professionally and provided a way to work together and give back to the community during this challenging time. This community outreach initiative helped to protect community members and allowed the pharmacy students to continue to learn during this uncertain time.
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Gohil, S. "AB0908-HPR SIGNED, SEALED, DELIVERED: PHARMACISTS ACHIEVING BETTER CARE CLOSER TO HOME IN RHEUMATOLOGY HIGH COST DRUG MANAGEMENT DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 80, Suppl 1 (May 19, 2021): 1476.1–1476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.3944.
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Background:The Pharmacy High Cost Drug (HCD) and Homecare (HC) team, based at a large acute teaching hospital consists of a range of skilled pharmacists, technicians and administrative staff. The team act as a HCD liaison between the hospital and commissioners, working closely with an expanding variety of specialist clinical teams to manage prescription processing for the following patient groups; HC: 2238; Hospital FP10: 1060; Outsourced Subsidiary Pharmacy Model: 41. HCD management, particularly immunosuppressive biologic therapies for complex rheumatology conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, has been challenging during the Covid-19 pandemic. The inelasticity in demand for better care closer to home and a functional Integrated Care Records system has intensified, as many patients are now shielding/self-isolating at home.1 Frugal innovations have been key during this time – achieving value and simplicity in service re-design to deliver better patient care.Objectives:This review explores the support provided by the Pharmacy HCD and HC team to the rheumatology service since March 2020 to aid in service improvements during the pandemic.Methods:The Pharmacy HCD and HC team reviewed existing practice to better respond to the service changes required during the pandemic in regard to the following areas; identifying patients for Covid-19 shielding; responding to changes in HC service provision; communication with commissioners; remote staff working; reviewing HCD formulations and administration routes; changes in commissioning arrangements.Results:i) Rapid development of patient datasets following identification of 1,623 immunosuppressive drug entries in line with BSR Covid-19 guidance (first published in March 2020), thus enabling social distancing/shielding guidance to be issued to patients via letters/virtual platforms.2 ii) Swift re-routing of urgent new biologic HC registrants to a new hospital pharmacy home delivery provision when certain HC providers temporarily imposed restrictions on intake of new registrants. This hospital initiative was further enhanced to a hub and spoke model enabling patients to have easy access to their medications from their nominated local community pharmacy branch. iii) Providing assurance to commissioners that clinical follow up reviews could continue virtually, blood samples could be taken at an external hub and blueteq documentation would be completed covering NICE technology appraisal (TA) criteria. iv) A successful pilot utilising the lean PDSA (Plan, Do, Study, Act) quality improvement methodology, to enable remote working pharmacists and technicians to process HC prescriptions remotely in the absence of an electronic prescribing and medicines administration system. v) Reviewing potential plans to switch certain hospital day-case intravenous biosimilar infusions such as infliximab to subcutaneous administration via HC. vi) Business contingency development plans to protect fragile medication supply chains. vii) Clarifying implications for changes in contracting and payment arrangements announced by NHS England and NHS Improvement due to the pandemic.3Conclusion:In summary, the role of the HCD Pharmacists during the pandemic in supporting rheumatology patients and the multidisciplinary team has been fundamental; ensuring signed prescriptions are securely processed to safely deliver medication to those in need.References:[1]NHS. The NHS long term plan. 2019. [Online].[2]British Society for Rheumatology (2020) Covid-19 - Identifying patients for shielding in England. [Online].[3]NHS. Revised arrangements for NHS contracting and payment during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020. [Online].Acknowledgements:Mark Easter, UHCW and Interim Integrated Care System Chief Pharmacist, Hardeep Bagga, Deputy Chief Pharmacist, UHCW Pharmacy Homecare Team and UHCW Specialist Rheumatology Clinical Team.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Enríquez-Fernández, Silvia, and Carlos del Castillo-Rodríguez. "Healthcare risk management during the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic in the European Union: The guaranteed access to medicines." International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine 32, no. 2 (May 7, 2021): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jrs-200076.
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BACKGROUND: The disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread escalating the situation to an international pandemic. The absence of a vaccine or an efficient treatment with enough scientific evidence against the virus has generated a healthcare crisis of great magnitude. The precautionary principle justifies the selection of the recommended medicines, whose demand has increased dramatically. METHODS: we carried out an analysis of the healthcare risk management and the main measures taken by the state healthcare authorities to a possible shortage of medicines in the most affected countries of the European Union: Spain, France, Italy and Germany. RESULTS: the healthcare risk management in the European Union countries is carried out based on the precautionary principle, as we do not have enough scientific evidence to recommend a specific treatment against the new virus. Some measures aimed to guarantee the access to medicines for the population has been adopted in the most affected countries by the novel coronavirus. CONCLUSIONS: in Spain, Italy and Germany, some rules based on the precautionary principle were pronounced in order to guarantee the supply of medicines, while in France, besides that, the competences of pharmacists in pharmacy offices have been extended to guarantee the access to medicines for the population.
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Smolynets, I. B., B. V. Gutyj, І. І. Khariv, O. Y. Petryshak, and R. I. Lytvyn. "PHARMACEUTICAL MARKETING: OBJECTIVES AND TYPES." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 18, no. 2 (August 5, 2016): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6929.
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Pharmaceutical marketing objectives and types depending on demand state are overviewed in this article. Pharmaceutical enterprise has always a certain idea of the desired level of market demand. In practice demand is not always in accordance with level that has been predicted. One can strictly outline eight situations that characterise the state of demand. Every such situation is in accordance with certain marketing managerial task and its types. Conversional marketing is related tomedicines’ negative demand and medical services availability, e.g. such kind of situation, when they cannot find their own buyer at substantial part of potential market. Stimulating marketing is related to demand absence, e.g. state, when potential market does not reveal (or almost does not reveal) interest towards concrete proposal. Marketing that develops is related to medicines demand, that is at the stage of formation (hidden demand). Potential (hidden) demand occurs when certain consumers part need real problem solving, that cannot remain satisfied with the medicines and medical services that are available at the market. Remarketing is related to medicines or medical services decreasing demand situation for a particular period of time, as a result of moral degradation, not consideration sale stimulation tools, advertising updates, and competition factors. Sync marketing (irregular marketing) is related to uneven demand, its fluctuation: seasonality (medicines against a cold,stomach–intestinal diseases and etc.); daily (pharmacies are more often attended during the weekdays, less – at the weekend); hourly (pharmacies are most often attended in a period of time from eight to eleven in the morning and from five to seven in the evening accordingly to research data). Supportive marketing is related to satisfied demand availability. Demarketing is related to surplus of demand, so medicines demand is higher than its supply (producing opportunities). Counteractive marketingis related to irrational (non rational) demand, with harmfulness in terms of health, consumer and society welfare. Market research provisions medicines demand study and projection, price analysis and rivals medicines, market capacity determination and enterprise’s share on it. Such kind of analysis assists to estimate market opportunities and determine attractive marketing activity direction, where enterprise can acquire competitive advantages
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Soegiantoro, Didiek Hardiyanto, Holy Rhema Soegiantoro, and Gregory Hope Soegiantoro. "Rational Drug Use and Inventory Drug Management in the Peak of Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Indonesia 10, no. 1 (March 27, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmki.10.1.2022.20-27.
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The rational use of drugs is characterized by the appropriate diagnosis, treatment, the appropriate drugs, dosage and duration, the appropriate information and counseling, and evaluation of treatment responses. Panic buying for medications used in the treatment of COVID-19, including prescribed drugs, resulted from public panic prompted by the high fatality rate of COVID-19. The demand for COVID-19 prescribed pharmaceuticals without a prescription refers to irrational drug use and uncontrollable growth in demand that has caused drug supply management issues. From June to August 2021, researchers conducted an observational study employing a cross-sectional analysis method from several pharmacies in each region. The findings revealed a more than 2-fold rise in demand for COVID-19 medications without a prescription, resulting in a more than 3-fold increase in purchasing lead times, as well as a more than 3-fold increase in drug purchase costs that could be regulated with government selling price standards. This study concludes that at the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was an increase in irrational demand due to people's indiscipline to use rational drugs, resulting in drug scarcity and uncontrolled price increases.
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Dubois, Pierre, and Morten Sæthre. "On the Effect of Parallel Trade on Manufacturers' and Retailers' Profits in the Pharmaceutical Sector." Econometrica 88, no. 6 (2020): 2503–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16039.
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Differences in regulated pharmaceutical prices within the European Economic Area create arbitrage opportunities that pharmacy retailers can access through parallel imports. For prescription drugs under patent, parallel trade affects the sharing of profits among an innovating pharmaceutical company, retailers, and parallel traders. We develop a structural model of demand and supply in which retailers can choose the set of goods to sell, thus foreclosing consumers' access to less profitable drugs. This allows retailers to bargain and obtain lower wholesale prices from the manufacturer and parallel trader. With detailed transaction data from Norway, we identify a demand model with unobserved choice sets using retail‐side conditions for optimal assortment decisions of pharmacies. We find that retailer incentives play a significant role in fostering parallel trade penetration and that banning parallel imports would benefit manufacturers as well as prevent pharmacies from foreclosing the manufacturer's product. Finally, in the case of the statin market in Norway, we show that it would be possible to decrease spending and increase profits of the original manufacturer through lump sum transfers associated with a lower reimbursement price, thus decreasing price differentiation across countries.
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da, Silva, and Cavalcanti Lima. "Profile of veterinary drugs in a specialized pharmacy for manual production of drugs in João Pessoa, Brazil." Veterinarski glasnik, no. 00 (2021): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl210401008s.
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This is a cross-sectional study conducted in a veterinary pharmacy for manual production of drugs located in the city of Jo?o Pessoa, Brazil. The data collected comprised the period from January 2017 to December 2019, using the records system present in the pharmacy itself. We are seeing a growing demand for veterinary manipulated drugs, with a 40% increase in sales from 2017 to 2019. Among the pharmaceutical forms, capsules were the most commonly requested, followed by solutions, and among the active ingredients, itraconazole was the most frequent. With the diversity of pet species, the manipulation pharmacies have arisen to supply market needs, enabling the development of pharmaceutical forms that meet the physical characteristics of each pet species.
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Khosravi Kazazi, Ali, Fariba Amiri, Yaser Rahmani, Raheleh Samouei, and Hamidreza Rabiei-Dastjerdi. "A New Hybrid Model for Mapping Spatial Accessibility to Healthcare Services Using Machine Learning Methods." Sustainability 14, no. 21 (October 28, 2022): 14106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142114106.
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The unequal distribution of healthcare services is the main obstacle to achieving health equity and sustainable development goals. Spatial accessibility to healthcare services is an area of interest for health planners and policymakers. In this study, we focus on the spatial accessibility to four different types of healthcare services, including hospitals, pharmacies, clinics, and medical laboratories at Isfahan’s census blocks level, in a multivariate study. Regarding the nature of spatial accessibility, machine learning unsupervised clustering methods are utilized to analyze the spatial accessibility in the city. Initially, the study area was grouped into five clusters using three unsupervised clustering methods: K-Means, agglomerative, and bisecting K-Means. Then, the intersection of the results of the methods is considered to be conclusive evidence. Finally, using the conclusive evidence, a supervised clustering method, KNN, was applied to generate the map of the spatial accessibility situation in the study area. The findings of this study show that 47%, 22%, and 31% of city blocks in the study area have rich, medium, and poor spatial accessibility, respectively. Additionally, according to the study results, the healthcare services development is structured in a linear pattern along a historical avenue, Chaharbagh. Although the scope of this study was limited in terms of the supply and demand rates, this work gives more information and spatial insights for researchers, planners, and policymakers aiming to improve accessibility to healthcare and sustainable urban development. As a recommendation for further research work, it is suggested that other influencing factors, such as the demand and supply rates, should be integrated into the method.
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Johari, Maryam, Seyyed-Mahdi Hosseini-Motlagh, Mohammadreza Nematollahi, Mark Goh, and Joshua Ignatius. "Socially concerned periodic review replenishment system with customer service level and supply chain contracting." RAIRO - Operations Research 55, no. 2 (March 2021): 1077–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/ro/2021040.
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This study contributes to the periodic review inventory system literature by: (1) investigating customer service level (CSL) as a social responsibility in pharmaceutical supply chains (PSCs) and (2) proposing supply chain contracting to achieve win–win coordination and guarantee a satisfied CSL. Specifically, considering the demand uncertainty as one of the main challenges faced by pharmacies, we analyze how applying contracts to coordinate the inventory policy of a pharmacy with that of its supplier can affect their profits and the CSL offered to society. Having shown the advantages of the centralization compared to the decentralization, we design a coordination scheme based on the quantity discount contract to encourage the players move towards centralization. Under the proposed scheme, we first obtain the minimum and maximum acceptable amounts of discount from each actor’s viewpoint. Then, we propose a benefit-sharing strategy in order to make the plan interesting to both sides. The proposed discount contract and benefit-sharing strategy distribute the extra profits equitably between the two participants according to their bargaining power, which can make a win–win condition for two actors. Our results suggest that coordinating review period and order-up-to-level of the retailer and replenishment multiplier of the supplier will be of benefit in terms of both economic profitability and social responsibility.
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Alemkere, Getachew, Asres Teshome, Gobezie Temesgen, Getnet Abebe, Yidnekachew Degefaw, Hiwot Tilahun, Workineh Getahun, Eshetu Girma, and Wondwossen Amogne. "Cefazolin access and use in Ethiopia: A policy implication." PLOS Global Public Health 3, no. 1 (January 17, 2023): e0001421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001421.
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Healthcare systems in resource-limited nations have been challenged by the shortage of essential medicines. This study explores cefazolin access and uses history in the Ethiopian healthcare delivery system, for possible policy implications. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted from July to August 2021. Semi-structured questions and observation guides were used to extract necessary data from people, documents, and field visits to hospitals, government supply agencies, and pharmaceutical business firms. The data were transcribed, coded, organized into themes, and presented. Cefazoline is the recommended first-line surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (SAP) in the Ethiopian Standard Treatment Guideline (STG) and is included in the national Essential Medicine List (EML). However, it was not available for use in the Ethiopian pharmaceutical markets for years. While the shortage might stem from supply-demand mismatches, multiple unknown issues exist in the background of the shortage. This is evidenced by the removal of cefazolin from the recent government procurement list regardless of the recommendation set in the national EML and STG. This study found a historic shortage of cefazolin in Ethiopian healthcare settings. This implies that the antibiotic availability in the pull market may not reflect required usage at facilities for several reasons including the misalignment of national guidelines and national procurement processes, and miscommunication between pharmacies and clinicians at sites on drug availability. Changing the essential medicines list and/or procurement requests without active review of the supply chain system and prescribing practices at facilities can lead to the elimination of necessary antimicrobial agents from the national public health sector supply.
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Soegiantoro, Didiek Hardiyanto, Holy Rhema Soegiantoro, and Gregory Hope Soegiantoro. "Evaluation of GeMa CerMat Program During The Peak of COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Yayasan RS.Dr. Soetomo 8, no. 1 (April 25, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.29241/jmk.v8i1.942.
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The GeMa CerMat program from the Indonesian Ministry of Health was started in 2015 with the aim of rational drug use. The success of GeMa CerMat's goal in rational use of drugs was tested by the COVID-19 pandemic which reached its peak in June to August 2021. Public panic due to the high death rate of COVID-19 caused panic buying for drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19, including prescribed drugs. The demand for COVID-19 prescribed drugs without prescription describes the irrational use of drugs and an uncontrolled increase in demand that will lead to a shortage of drugs in distribution channels and increase the cost of purchase according to the theory of supply and demand. This study is an observational study using a cross-sectional analysis method from a number of pharmacies in each region, conducted from June to August 2021. The results showed an increase more than 2 times in demand for prescribed drugs without prescription for COVID-19 drugs, which resulted in an increase in purchasing lead times more than 3 times, as well as an increase in the cost of purchase of drugs more than 3 times and could be controlled with government selling price standard. The conclusion of this study is that the GeMa CerMat program has not succeeded in educating the public to use drugs rationally, as a result, during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, panic buying occurred for COVID-19 prescribed drugs which resulted in an increase in purchasing lead time and cost of purchase.
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Soegiantoro, Didiek Hardiyanto, Holy Rhema Soegiantoro, and Gregory Hope Soegiantoro. "Evaluation of GeMa CerMat Program During The Peak of COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia." Jurnal Manajemen Kesehatan Yayasan RS.Dr. Soetomo 8, no. 1 (April 25, 2022): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.29241/jmk.v8i1.942.
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The GeMa CerMat program from the Indonesian Ministry of Health was started in 2015 with the aim of rational drug use. The success of GeMa CerMat's goal in rational use of drugs was tested by the COVID-19 pandemic which reached its peak in June to August 2021. Public panic due to the high death rate of COVID-19 caused panic buying for drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19, including prescribed drugs. The demand for COVID-19 prescribed drugs without prescription describes the irrational use of drugs and an uncontrolled increase in demand that will lead to a shortage of drugs in distribution channels and increase the cost of purchase according to the theory of supply and demand. This study is an observational study using a cross-sectional analysis method from a number of pharmacies in each region, conducted from June to August 2021. The results showed an increase more than 2 times in demand for prescribed drugs without prescription for COVID-19 drugs, which resulted in an increase in purchasing lead times more than 3 times, as well as an increase in the cost of purchase of drugs more than 3 times and could be controlled with government selling price standard. The conclusion of this study is that the GeMa CerMat program has not succeeded in educating the public to use drugs rationally, as a result, during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, panic buying occurred for COVID-19 prescribed drugs which resulted in an increase in purchasing lead time and cost of purchase.
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Pisani, Elizabeth, Adina-Loredana Nistor, Amalia Hasnida, Koray Parmaksiz, Jingying Xu, and Maarten Oliver Kok. "Identifying market risk for substandard and falsified medicines: an analytic framework based on qualitative research in China, Indonesia, Turkey and Romania." Wellcome Open Research 4 (April 16, 2019): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15236.1.
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Introduction: Substandard and falsified medicines undermine health systems. We sought to unravel the political and economic factors which drive the production of these products, and to explain how they reach patients. Methods: We conducted in-depth case studies in China, Indonesia, Turkey and Romania. We reviewed academic papers and press reports (n = 840), developing semi-structured questionnaires. We interviewed regulators, policy-makers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, physicians, pharmacists, patients and academics (n=88). We coded data using NVivo software, and developed an analytic framework to assess national risks for substandard and falsified medicines. We tested the framework against cases reported to the World Health Organization, from countries at all income levels. Results: We found that increasing political commitment to provision of universal health coverage has led to public procurement policies aimed at lowering prices of medical products. In response, legitimate, profit-driven pharmaceutical companies protect their margins by cutting costs, or withdrawing from less profitable markets, while distributors engage in arbitrage. Meanwhile, health providers sometimes protect profits by 'upselling' patients to medicines not covered by insurers. Cost-cutting can undermine quality assurance, leading to substandard or degraded medicines. Other responses contribute to shortages, irrational demand and high prices. All of these provide market opportunities for producers of falsified products; they also push consumers outside of the regular supply chain, providing falsifiers with easy access to customers. The analytic framework capturing these interactions explained cases in most high and middle-income settings; additional factors operate in the poorest countries. Conclusions: Most efforts to secure medicine quality currently focus on product regulation. However, our research suggests market mechanisms are key drivers for poor quality medicines, including where political commitments to universal health coverage are under-resourced. We have developed a framework to guide country-specific, system-wide analysis. This can flag risks and pinpoint specific actions to protect medicine quality, and thus health.
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Prasetyo Rizky Putra, Rindi Andika, and Hasrul Azwar Hasibuan. "An Effect of Individual Characteristics and Work Environment on Employee Motivation and Performance." SIASAT 7, no. 3 (October 13, 2022): 297–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v7i3.133.
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The role of HR is increasing is important when viewed from the supply and demand side of the labor market, where human capital is the level of compatibility between demand and supply of labor with the quality and quantity of HR itself. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of individual characteristics and work environment on employee motivation and performance, and to determine the effect of employee motivation intervening on individual characteristics and work environment on performance. This study uses quantitative methods with the aim of testing hypotheses with the object of this research being all employees of PT. Merapi Utama Pharma Medan Branch, which is located at Jalan Tapian Nauli Pasar 1 No. 5 districts. Sunggal, Kel. Medan Sunggal, Medan 20138 with 76 employees consisting of marketing staff and administrative staff. This company is engaged in pharmaceutical wholesalers whose products are in the form of services in the distribution of medical devices, medicines, infusion fluids and equipment, as well as health food. PT. Merapi Utama Pharma distributes goods from the company or commonly called Principal to hospitals, pharmacies, outlets, supermarkets and mini markets. The data collection technique used a census because the total population was only 76 people. Hypothesis testing using path analysis. The results showed that individual characteristics had a significant effect on employee motivation and performance, the work environment had a significant effect on employee motivation but had no significant effect on performance. The test results show that employee motivation variables mediate the effect of individual characteristics and work environment on performance. This study updates the motivation variable as an intervening variable between individual characteristics variables, performance variables, research locations, and variable relationship models. The limitations of this study include the number of samples which are only 76 subjectivities. In addition, the re-examination should be conducted again in a different place with a larger sample.
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Santoso, Agustinus Budi, Matheus Supriyanto Rumetna, and Kristy Isnaningtyas. "Penerapan Metode Single Exponential Smoothing Untuk Analisa Peramalan Penjualan." JURNAL MEDIA INFORMATIKA BUDIDARMA 5, no. 2 (April 25, 2021): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.30865/mib.v5i2.2951.
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Pharmacies are part of the distribution category of drug sales and purchases. The demand for drugs becomes a focal point in the distribution of customers to drugs. Employees act to prepare and record drug purchase orders for the following month. The activity of sorting the available and unavailability of drug supply data often takes a long time. Exponential smoothing method is a method of forecasting moving averages by providing easy-to-analyze weighting. Time series sales data with Exponential Smoothing forecasting method is expected to be able to handle optimal inventory for controlling drug stock inventory. The use of data for the last 6 months as reference data for recording the past for forecasting experiments for the next 3 months. Experiments with different Alpha tests for accuracy in real life. The results of the experiment with alpha 0.3 are close to the real value in forecasting the next 3 months.
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Silitonga, Roland Y. H., Valyn Alanda Saputra, and Aamir Khan. "Safety Stock, Warehouse Capacity, and Return of Goods in Inventory Model Development." Journal of Novel Engineering Science and Technology 1, no. 02 (December 10, 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.56741/jnest.v1i02.120.
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With the increasing level of competition between companies, companies are required to be able to manage their inventory system optimally. In the pharmacy supply system, it is important to consider the uncertainty factor because the demand for medicines depends on the uncertain nature of the disease, besides that there is an expiration factor that must be considered because medicines must have an expiration date. To solve the problem of expiration, the supplier usually provides a return policy in accordance with the specified conditions. In addition, pharmacies also have limitations on warehouse capacity that must be considered. To solve the problem of limited warehouse capacity in this study, an approach to the requirements of the Karush Kuhn-Tucker method was used. From the developed model, two ordering times are obtained, namely and which will be compared to get the optimal ordering time. From the analysis of the model, it is found that the more characteristic considerations in an inventory system, the greater the total inventory cost.
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Cesarz, Joseph L., David A. Mott, and Eric D. Friestrom. "A framework for graduate and postgraduate specialty pharmacy training." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 78, no. 11 (March 10, 2021): 989–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxab086.
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Abstract Purpose There is a growing need for specialty pharmacy leaders within integrated delivery networks (IDNs). Traditional training for students and residents has not met the demand for pharmacy leaders in this space. This article describes the partnership between UW Health (UWH) and the University of Wisconsin School of Pharmacy (UWSOP) in developing a specialty pharmacy elective course at UWSOP and in creating a postgraduate residency training program at UWH. Future directions for the partnership are discussed. Summary Members of the leaderships of UWH and UWSOP met to discuss expanding coursework related to specialty pharmacy business fundamentals at UWSOP. This meeting led to the development of a 2-credit elective course beginning in spring 2017. The course focused on marketplace economics, channel strategies, and specialty pharmacy practice development. Additionally, UWH identified the need to provide postgraduate training to meet the increasing demand across IDNs for specialty pharmacy leaders. The residency program was initiated in 2013 and received accreditation in 2016. The residency provides experience in specialty pharmacy leadership, managed care, finance, the revenue cycle, accreditation, and the supply chain. Future partnership opportunities include creation of a longitudinal student pharmacist track and joint project coordination between UWSOP students and UWH residents. Conclusion This partnership has provided a pathway for students to gain expertise in specialty pharmacy business fundamentals as well as postgraduate training opportunities for future specialty pharmacy leaders. IDN and school of pharmacy partnerships can expand educational opportunities for future specialty pharmacy leaders and help fulfill the market gap in specialty pharmacy leaders.
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Black, James E. "Psychiatry on a Shoestring: Developing New Standards of Care for a Severe, Prolonged, and Widespread Emergency." CNS Spectrums 26, no. 2 (April 2021): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920002710.
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AbstractStudy ObjectiveThe COVID-19 crisis has severely stressed our healthcare system and pushed our economy to the brink. This long emergency will probably cause years of severe suffering in every region. Health expenses greatly increased, supply chains were disrupted, and governments coped with much less revenue. Good clinicians plan for ALL contingencies, and we need to consider that the current disaster may get much worse. How can we adapt psychiatry to a long emergency? This goes far beyond previous work on crisis standards of care because the emergency is severe, prolonged, and widespread. If we had to spend much less on psychotropics, which meds stay on the formulary? If we have to close hospitals, which patients get a bed? What adaptations could be used if demand exceeds the supply of providers? Very little is known about how to make severe, permanent cuts to healthcare. Our previous systematic review found no scholarship addressing the ethics of severe and prolonged healthcare rationing. Global catastrophes need a global health policy, but this one has no experts. The present study starts the project by surveying experts with related experience that could be useful in future plans.MethodWe used purposive sampling to find 18 professionals with experience in healthcare rationing from underserved, indigenous communities, homeless programs, and African nations. We also interviewed ethicists, pharmacists, administrators, NGO clinicians, and military. Interviews were transcribed and coded using basic inductive techniques. Because so little is known about this topic, we used grounded theory, an iterative approach to guide further sampling, refine interviews, and make some preliminary conclusions.ResultsParticipants all agreed this crisis planning is extremely important and complex. They described diverse concerns regarding ethical decision making, with some having confidence with top-down government policy, and others recommending a grassroots approach. Minority participants had less confidence in government. There was no consensus on any best ethical framework. Most had confidence that clinicians will ultimately do the right thing. Native American leaders had confidence in a holistic, preventive approach. All agreed that social justice should be central in measuring economic impact of long emergencies and choosing ethical options. We collected suggestions for innovative approaches to rationing.ConclusionsThis research program illuminates the difficult ethical questions about adapting psychiatry to a prolonged, widespread, and severe emergency. Our interviews identify areas where severe but ethical cuts can be made in medications, hospitals, clinical staff, and administration. Next steps include evidence-based formularies, utilitarian staff cuts, and ethical standards for closing beds or revamping state hospitals. Underserved and diverse communities with rationing experience must have a voice in the discussion.
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Hakovirta, Marko, and Navodya Denuwara. "How COVID-19 Redefines the Concept of Sustainability." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 3727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093727.
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In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the outbreak of a new coronavirus disease, COVID-19, to be a public health emergency of international concern. Currently, in several countries globally, this pandemic continues to enforce the temporary closure of all nonessential shops and services aside from supermarkets and pharmacies. Workers in countries that are at a high risk of infection have been asked to work from home, as cities have been placed under lockdown. Even curfews to combat the spread of the virus have been imposed in several countries, with all this signaling an unprecedented disruption of commerce. Companies are facing various challenges regarding health and safety, supply chain, labor force, cash flow, consumer demand and marketing. People in the thousands are dying every day from the virus’s symptoms, while a public health issue has forced the world to come to a halt and rethink what a sustainable future for our planet and existence is. These drastic recent events have raised the deliberation by the authors to redefine the concept of sustainability.
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Tan, Amy C. W., Lynne M. Emmerton, and H. Laetitia Hattingh. "Prescribing and medication-initiation roles based on the perspectives of rural healthcare providers in a study community in Queensland." Australian Health Review 37, no. 2 (2013): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah12190.
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Objective. There are recognised health service inequities in rural communities, including the timely provision of medications, often due to shortages of qualified prescribers. The present paper explores the insights of rural healthcare providers into the prescribing and medication-initiation roles of health professionals for their rural community. Methods. Forty-nine healthcare providers (medical practitioners, pharmacists, nurses, occupational therapists, a dentist and an optometrist) from four neighbouring towns in a rural health service district in Queensland participated in face-to-face semistructured interviews. The interviews explored medication supply and management issues in the community, including the roles of health professionals to address these issues. The interviews, averaging 45 min in duration, were recorded, transcribed and qualitatively analysed for general trends and unique responses. Results. Participants recognised the potential for dentists, optometrists and nurse practitioners to reduce the prescribing workload of rural medical practitioners, and there was some support for a ‘continued dispensing’ model for pharmacists. Medication-initiation orders by endorsed registered nurses were also valued in providing timely medical treatment in rural hospitals. Conclusions. Rural communities have unique needs that require consideration of multidisciplinary support to assist medical practitioners in coping with prescription demands for timely medical treatment. What is known about the topic? Extension of prescribing rights to non-medical prescribers has been a topic of considerable debate in Australia for some decades. Several extended-prescribing or medication-initiation roles were established to supplement and support the medical workforce, particularly in rural areas, where health service inequalities and inefficiencies in prescribing and provision of medications are recognised. To date, workforce dynamics and legislative boundaries have restricted the eventual number of rurally located non-medical prescribers. What does this paper add? Little research has been conducted to investigate or evaluate the application of prescribing or medication-initiation roles in rural settings from a multidisciplinary approach. This paper provides the perspectives of rural healthcare providers on the prescribing and medication-initiation roles across health professions. Key findings from this rural-engagement exercise are considered valuable for policymakers and health service planners in optimisation of the prescribing or medication-initiation models. The qualitative methods also added richness and depth to the discussion about these roles. What are the implications for practitioners? According to the literature review and other media, extended prescribing roles are not universally accepted. However, some of the roles are being developed and implemented. Hence, it is important for health practitioners to embrace the roles and optimise their application. Specifically in rural settings, it is also important to recognise the value of multidisciplinary support and collaboration within the limited health workforce.
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Anagnostiadis, Eleni, and Sangeeta V. Chatterjee. "The Dangers of Buying Prescription Drugs from Rogue Wholesale Distributors." Journal of Medical Regulation 104, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.30770/2572-1852-104.1.13.
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ABSTRACT Counterfeit and unapproved drugs pose serious health risks to patients in the United States. High-profile cases, such as the incident concerning the counterfeit version of the oncology drug Avastin, demonstrate that there are major incentives such as demand, convenience, high profit, and low legal risks for rogue wholesale distributors to sell unapproved and counterfeit drugs. Wholesale drug distributors play a significant role in ensuring prescription medications are delivered safely and efficiently to health care practitioners and pharmacies. While the U.S. drug supply chain is one of the most secure and sophisticated in the world, there are networks of rogue wholesale drug distributors that target physicians and medical practices by advertising prescription drugs for sale at deeply discounted rates. Buying drugs from unlicensed sources puts patients at risk of consuming medications that may be unapproved, counterfeit, contaminated, or ineffective. It is critical that physicians be aware of the patient health risks and potential legal consequences of purchasing drugs from illegal sources. State medical boards can help address this issue given their important role of public protection in the licensing and oversight of the practice of medicine. The regulatory community serves as a key information hub and can provide targeted communication channels to educate physicians.