Academic literature on the topic 'Pharmacists Interpersonal relations Australia'

Abstract Objectives Significant antimicrobial overuse persists worldwide, despite overwhelming evidence of antimicrobial resistance and knowledge that optimization of antimicrobial use will slow the development of resistance. It is critical to understand why this occurs. This study aims to consider the social influences on antimicrobial use within hospitals in Australia, via an in-depth, multisite analysis. Methods We used a qualitative multisite design, involving 222 individual semi-structured interviews and thematic analysis. Participants (85 doctors, 79 nurses, 31 pharmacists and 27 hospital managers) were recruited from five hospitals in Australia, including four public hospitals (two metropolitan, one regional and one remote) and one private hospital. Results Analysis of the interviews identified social relationships and institutional structures that may have a strong influence on antimicrobial use, which must be addressed concurrently. (i) Social relationships that exist across settings: these include the influence of personal risk, hierarchies, inter- and intraprofessional dynamics and sense of futility in making a difference long term in relation to antimicrobial resistance. (ii) Institutional structures that offer context-specific influences: these include patient population factors (including socioeconomic factors, geographical isolation and local infection patterns), proximity and resource issues. Conclusions The success of antimicrobial optimization rests on adequate awareness and incorporation of multilevel influences. Analysis of the problem has tended to emphasize individual ‘behaviour improvement’ in prescribing rather than incorporating the problem of overuse as inherently multidimensional and necessarily incorporating personal, interpersonal and institutional variables. A paradigm shift is urgently needed to incorporate these critical factors in antimicrobial optimization strategies.

The aim of the study is to determine the gender characteristics of pharmacists. Materials and methods. To study gender characteristics, a survey of pharmacy specialists was conducted using a specially designed questionnaire and psychological methods: “Locus of control” (J. Rotter test modified by O. Ksenofontova), study of volitional personality qualities (questionnaire of N. Stambulova); Cattell test 16 PF; diagnostics of interpersonal relations (T. Leary test in modification by L. Sobchyk), express diagnostics of resistance to conflicts, methods of studying personality orientation (test of V. Smekal and M. Kucher). Results. The relevance of the study of gender characteristics of pharmacists is substantiated. The level of involvement of women in management in the economy, politics, education, in law enforcement and health authorities in Ukraine has been analyzed, which indicates gender identity. The essence of gender analysis according to specifics of pharmacy is determined. The manifestations of masculinity-femininity in pharmacists have been studied. The level of subjective control of pharmacists is analyzed. Characteristic features of men and women pharmacists are estimated. The volitional qualities of pharmacists have been studied. Conflict resistance was diagnosed. The types of interaction between men and women pharmacists are studied. Conclusions. It has been proven that women pharmacists are feminine and prone to gender stereotypes. Male pharmacists have a low level of subjective control and do not associate actions with subsequent events, as well as show themselves as independent, determined, courageous, purposeful, proactive, persistent professionals with endurance and self-control. It was found that both women pharmacists and men pharmacists show an average level of conflict resistance. The personal orientation is revealed, so at men-pharmacists motives of own well-being and aspiration to prestige prevail

This article examines the (interpersonal) network of boardroom contacts among the directors of Australia's largest companies in 1976 and 1996. Interlocking directors create an intercorporate network but also an interpersonal, contact network. The network reaches all directors serving on any board that has a connected interlocker/networker on it. The interpersonal network of 1996 is broader, more cohesive and more densely connected than that of 1976. However, there is only minimal change in the density of inter-corporate linkages over these two decades. These findings suggest that, by the late 1990s, internal social organization among the corporate elite in Australia is independent of the political economy of intercorporate relations and changing in directions suggested by Useem's study of `investor capital-ism' in the USA. Australian corporate power structure research needs to study the interaction of these trends with the pre-existing concentrations of corporate control in this country.

Anxiety is a major contributor to poor quality mental health for many people in our community, and is a leading cause of presentations at medical and health clinics. Patterns of trait anxiety, or dysfunctional responding, have become ingrained in individuals’ approaches to problems they face. Research has shown that psychological wellbeing and interpersonal attachment style are both predictors of trait anxiety. However, the relationships among these variables have not been clarified. The current study sought to determine whether psychological wellbeing mediates the relationship between interpersonal attachment style and trait anxiety, and which of the six psychological wellbeing subscales would contribute most to any mediation effects. A convenience sample of 149 adult participants from South East Queensland, Australia completed a series of online questionnaires including a demographic questionnaire, the Trait Anxiety subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Form Y2), the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA), Ryff’s Psychological Wellbeing Scale (PWB), and a Social Desirability Scale (SDS-17). Psychological Wellbeing was found to partially mediate the relationship between interpersonal attachment style and trait anxiety. The Positive Relations with Others subscale of the PWB was the only significant sub-scale of the PWB that significantly predicted trait anxiety. Overcoming anxiety appears to be most related in our sample to those who deal better with interpersonal relations. Targeting this aspect in treatment approaches appears most likely to lead to improved outcomes for clients.

This investigation examined the perceived importance of a range of occupational responsibilities of sport and recreation managers and whether there were differences according to the organizational setting. A self-administered mail questionnaire was sent to 196 sport and recreation managers in Queensland, Australia; there was an effective response rate of 124 (69%). The results indicated that the job responsibilities perceived as most important were public relations, financial management, program planning and management, and interpersonal communication. Significant differences were found between managers in different work settings. It was also evident that there were commonalities in the perceived importance of job competencies between the United States and Australia. The study concluded that there have been generally consistent findings about the perceived importance of job competencies, and that different sectors of the sport industry require different emphases in curricula development and professional development programs.

ObjectivesThe integration of community pharmacy services (CPSs) into primary care practice can be enhanced by assessing (and further addressing) the elements that enable (ie, facilitators) or hinder (ie, barriers) the implementation of such CPSs. These elements have been widely researched from the perspective of pharmacists but not from the perspectives of other stakeholders who can interact with and influence the implementation of CPSs. The aim of this study was to synthesise the literature on patients’, general practitioners’ (GPs) and nurses’ perspectives of CPSs to identify barriers and facilitators to their implementation in Australia.MethodsA meta-synthesis of qualitative studies was performed. A systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and Informit was conducted to identify studies that explored patients’, GPs’ or nurses’ views about CPSs in Australia. Thematic synthesis was performed to identify elements influencing CPS implementation, which were further classified using an ecological approach.ResultsTwenty-nine articles were included in the review, addressing 63 elements influencing CPS implementation. Elements were identified as a barrier, facilitator or both and were related to four ecological levels: individual patient (n=14), interpersonal (n=24), organisational (n=16) and community and healthcare system (n=9). It was found that patients, nurses and GPs identified elements reported in previous pharmacist-informed studies, such as pharmacist’s training/education or financial remuneration, but also new elements, such as patients’ capability to follow service's procedures, the relationships between GP and pharmacy professional bodies or the availability of multidisciplinary training/education.ConclusionsPatients, GPs and nurses can describe a large number of elements influencing CPS implementation. These elements can be combined with previous findings in pharmacists-informed studies to produce a comprehensive framework to assess barriers and facilitators to CPS implementation. This framework can be used by pharmacy service planners and policy makers to improve the analysis of the contexts in which CPSs are implemented.

Abstract Introduction The impact of employee job satisfaction on retention or the impact of job dissatisfaction on attrition is becoming increasingly important as it has a significant impact on the quality of service provided, staff shortages, and the effectiveness of healthcare organizations. This is especially true for private hospitals pharmacists in Hong Kong. Aim Based on Herzberg's two-factor theory, the aim of this quantitative, correlational study was to determine the relationship between intrinsic job satisfaction, extrinsic job satisfaction, demographic characteristics, personal factors, and turnover intentions in a sample of pharmacists working for private hospitals in Hong Kong. Methods Following institutional ethical approval, five research questions were developed to study the relationships. An empirical model of causal relationships among variables was tested with a sample of 140 registered pharmacists working in Hong Kong private hospitals. The questionnaire was designed to be self-administered, and data was collected using convenience and snowball sampling methods via an Online Google Form link. Partial least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyse the structural relationships. The study employed SmartPLS 3.0 to compute the two-basic partial least squares (PLS) path modelling, i.e. structural and measures models. Results 68 (48.6%) were male, and 72 (51.4%) were female participants in this study, giving an overall sex ratio (males per 100 females) of 94. One third of the pharmacists surveyed were between 40-49 years old. This study found that older age was associated with a more moderate relationship between overall job satisfaction and turnover intention. At the same time, the more support from the family, the greater the negative moderating effect between overall job satisfaction and turnover intention. This study's most significant intrinsic job satisfaction factor was "achievement", with an outer loading of 0.846. Other important intrinsic job satisfaction factors included recognition, opportunities for advancement, work itself, and responsibility. For extrinsic job satisfaction factors, the most significant one was “employment status”, with an outer loading of 0.791. Other important extrinsic factors include working conditions, company policies and rules, remuneration, interpersonal relations, and supervisor's quality. There were positive relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction factors, and overall job satisfaction of the private hospital pharmacists. In contrast, the intrinsic job satisfaction factors, extrinsic job satisfaction factors, and overall job satisfaction are found to have negative relationships to the turnover intentions of pharmacists. Those relationships were statistically significant with p<0.05. Discussion/Conclusion In conclusion, private hospital managements may use the knowledge to implement strategies to improve intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction among pharmacists in private hospitals. It is hoped that private hospital pharmacies will then have more bargaining power to retain pharmacists in the workplace. In turn, a better-quality pharmacy service can be provided and, ultimately, better earnings for the private hospitals. References 1. Al-Muallem, N., Al-Surimi, M. Job satisfaction, work commitment and intention to leave among pharmacists: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 2019 [cited 2019 Oct 2]; 9:e024448. Available from: http://doi:10.1136/bmjoprn-2018-024448 2. Bennett, D., Hylton, R. A happy mindset: Organizational commitment and job satisfaction among healthcare employees in the Caribbean. Indian Journal of Health & Wellbeing, 2019;10(10-12):244-348. 3. Carvajal, M.J., Popovici, I. Gender, age, and pharmacists' job satisfaction. Pharm. Prac. 2018;16(4):1396. Available from: http://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2018.04.1396

This article examines the ways the Australian property market is addressed among Chinese migrants in Australia on and off WeChat, one of the most popular instant messenger apps installed on Smartphones. Specifically, we focus on how migrant media and real estate professionals’ narratives on real estate properties constitute and reproduce a transnational Chinese diasporic space between China and Australia. Although the latest wave of ‘property talk’ is relatively a new concept to the mainstream Australian societies due to the housing price boom since 2012, talking about land and property ownerships has always been integral part of Chinese diasporic culture. Yet, with the advent of digital media technologies, this cultural conversation is increasingly being delivered, processed and experienced through digital platforms such as that of WeChat. Drawing on observations on WeChat and interviews with Chinese media and real estate practitioners in Australia, we conceive that WeChat plays a vital role in forging and reproducing Chinese diasporic spaces in Australia by articulating the intersection of diasporic spatiality and mediasphere. We contend that WeChat’s affordances of the informational, interpersonal and instrumental have aided Chinese migrants and those Chinese real estate practitioners to co-constitute a social space of property talk that enables new social relations to be negotiated and social networks to be established and reinforced across China and Australia.

[Truncated abstract] This thesis investigates the influence the interpersonal relationship between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneur has upon the performance of the venture capitalist's investment. Its aim was to explore how venture capitalists add value (as opposed to what they do) to their investments in order to arrive at a fuller explanation of investment performance than that offered by agency theory – the current paradigm for the value adding relationship. The qualitative study that underpins this thesis found that in Australia, the quality of the interpersonal relationship between the venture capitalist and the entrepreneur during the value adding phase of the venture capital investment cycle positively predicts the performance of the venture capitalist's investment. The study was prompted by the researcher's personal experiences (as both a venture capitalist and as an entrepreneur in Australia) which suggested that the interpersonal relationship may influence the effectiveness of the venture capitalist's attempts to add value. Whilst the prior research had explored in depth the provision of value adding services (e.g. strategic advice, recruitment of key personnel, board participation), less progress appears to have been made in understanding the role of the interpersonal processes. Although several studies have attempted to fit an established social exchange theory to the value adding process, a published explanation of investment performance (process outcome) that includes interpersonal processes has not been identified. ... The exercise of power was found to be a negative predictor of investment performance. Power was typically exercised as the last resort measure in a failed interpersonal relationship and either precipitated or consolidated inferior investment performance. The failure of the venture capitalists to exercise their formal power in time to arrest underperformance was often due to their fear of the 'hold up' power of (threat of abandonment by) the entrepreneur. Agency theory's contribution to the explanation of investment performance was limited to (adverse) selection, at which point the combined competence of the dyad was determined. In addition to the new explanatory theory, some other insights into value adding were provided, including the key role of mutuality and the lack of explanatory power of the contract, information asymmetry, or goal alignment. The thesis offers contributions to knowledge and practice. Its contributions to knowledge include: the generation of new theory about value adding and investment performance in venture capital deals and some new theoretical concepts, the application of a methodological approach that is new to the area of interest, and a new insight into the Australian venture capital sector. It outlines the implications of the study findings for venture capitalists, entrepreneurs and policy makers, providing some fresh ideas for their consideration. It particularly highlights the need for cultural change in value adding relationships and the influence of heritage on the likelihood of the venture capitalist being successful.

This study examined the relationship between male gender role conflict and life satisfaction, once the effects of both psychological symptoms and recent traumatic life events were accounted for. The study comprised 100 male participants, 50 from a clinical sample and 50 from a non-clinical sample. Participants were aged between 19 and 70. Participants were asked to complete 4 questionnaires: the Gender Role Conflict Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), and the Life Events Questionnaire. Results were obtained using standard and multiple regression analyses. Gender role conflict was found to impact on life satisfaction for both the clinical and normal sample groups. Age was predictive of gender role conflict in the normal sample but not the clinical sample. Older men were found to experience more issues with success, power and conflict than younger men in both sample groups. These findings may assist clinicians in the treatment of male clients. Through therapy men could gain greater insight into how they function in society. Such knowledge would provide them with the option of altering their behaviour patterns, and ultimately living more satisfying lives.

This thesis explores the question of intercultural personhood in two 'mainstream' Australian cases within interpersonal, intercultural relations in Australian contexts in the second half of the twentieth century. The problem is viewed through three disciplinary lenses: those of communication, psychology and sociology. A qualitative, interdisciplinary approach integrates these through an inductive biographical research design. Within cross-cultural communication studies, a host culture such as that of the Anglo-Australian majority is seen in a monolithic and static way to which Australians of other cultural backgrounds are seen to adapt. These studies give no place to the changes which members of the majority undergo. 'Intercultural personhood', a term coined by Kim (1988, 2001), describes the kinds of 'ethnic' individuals who through negotiating their identities within personal, social and mass communication contexts, both host and ethnic, move beyond the bounds of their own cultural heritage to embrace both their former cultural identity and the new 'host' (viz Australian) identity. In this thesis, the elements of cross-cultural adaptation theory and of 'intercultural personhood' are applied to the intercultural experience of 'mainstream' Australians. From preliminary memory work workshops and focus groups, the cases of two mainstream individuals who show some evidence of 'intercultural personhood' and make identity claims comparable with 'ethnic' adapters are then developed through biographical method. Their life accounts are drawn on for the exploration of issues of identity and personhood within interpersonal, intercultural relations. Major focus is given to the social psychology of Harre (1983, 1993, 1998), whose work provided both a conceptualisation and a methodological tool for the problem. In Harre's work, three dimensions of personhood, namely consciousness, agency and biography are identified together with the psycho-social processes through which an individual's identity and orientation to their culture is appropriated, transformed and publicised. This publication is then rejected or incorporated into the culture through processes of conventionalisation. These four psycho-social processes are explored in my study through an adaptation of assisted biography method (De Waele & Harre, 1979). The strength of the psycho-social approach of Harre lies in its ability to get below the surface behaviours to an analysis of the theory of self which individuals, as 'singular' beings, bring into play in their interactions within themselves and with one another. While this approach draws on social contexts to support the transformations, it is not designed to explicate to a sufficient degree the conditions under which such theories of self are activated and within which changes in identity occur and are maintained. For this reason it is essential to incorporate a sociological framework to understand the influence of the conditions within which such experiences are played out. Bourdieu's (1984, 1987) cultural, relational sociology is coupled with Harre's (1983, 1993, 1998) theory of personal and social being in that it brings together the individual and the society in a way which proves fruitful for ongoing analysis of the biographical data collected within the communication and psycho-social framework of the earlier research. Bourdieu's critique of a methodology based on biography points to the 'illusion' that is created through a biographical interview process. Taking this critique of biography into the study of interpersonal, intercultural relations meant a shift from the communication interactions and psycho-social analysis undertaken to an analysis of the various social constructions evident within the elements of the life account and a search for the cognitive imprint of social structures as durable dispositions within the persons. These dispositions are evident from within a social trajectory of the life and they are applied to the intercultural encounters recounted by the participants in their autobiographies. The addition of Bourdieu's (1984, 1987) sociology strengthens the ability to view the individual and the society through a single lens and to position the individual life course as secondary within a broader and primary analysis of social structure and social structuring as a means of interpreting lives. Its weakness lies in the degree of 'voluntariness' brought into effect as individuals both chart their course through life and are pushed and pulled by the various social forces at work within their trajectories. Within the scope of this thesis, these two approaches, that is, a psychological and a sociological one, are illustrated and incorporated into an interdisciplinary model for the study of interpersonal, intercultural relations. Further rigorous research to validate the components and the relationships of the model and to investigate these strengths and weaknesses more thoroughly is foreshadowed. This interdisciplinary model of interpersonal, intercultural relations is the major contribution of this work to the field of intercultural communication. Advances which are achieved through use of psychology, sociology and biographical research method as a tool through this study are also identified. The thesis concludes with a review of the contributions of the thesis and a discussion of the implications for future research on interpersonal, intercultural relations.

Adolescence is a rapidly changing relational and emotional landscape where the foundations for future healthy adjustment are established. The importance of interpersonal relationships for promoting positive development during adolescence has seen adolescent developmental processes increasingly re-conceptualized in relational terms. Attachment theory proposes that emotional and psychological wellbeing are intimately linked with attachment figures that provide support and security, and provides an ideal framework from which to explore the influences of interpersonal relationships on the normative developmental processes in adolescence. However, the relative importance of interpersonal relationships for adolescent psychological health has seldom been investigated collectively as an attachment network. Thus, the aims of the present dissertation were to examine developmental differences in the utility of attachment figures in a sample of early and late Australian adolescents, to investigate the changes that occur to these adolescent attachment relationships over twelve months, and to investigate the influence of these relationships for adolescent adjustment. Five hundred and twenty-two high school students from the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) participated in the initial study examining developmental differences in attachment reorganization and the effects of attachment figures on psychological health. Cross-sectional results demonstrated that adolescents differentially used attachment figures for various needs depending on their age, gender, romantic status, and attachment expectancies. Romantic partners were incorporated into attachment networks rather than supplanting existing network members. Higher attachment strength reported to attachment figures did not necessarily indicate greater influence on adolescent wellbeing, with the influences of attachment figures more nuanced and moderated by age and choice of attachment target. Global, dimensional attachment expectancies (Anxiety and Avoidance) were most indicative of adolescent adjustment. Contrary to Hazan and Zeifman's (1994) proposed sequential model of attachment formation, attachment relationships were not found to evolve consistently over twelve months for a subsample of 156 adolescents who re-participated in the longitudinal study. A significant minority reverted back to mothers from friends and romantic partners for attachment needs even though normative trends to specific attachment figures were demonstrated longitudinally. The normative reorganization of attachment needs was not shown to influence adolescent wellbeing longitudinally with one exception. Older adolescents with pre-existing positive school attitudes and who had reoriented towards their peers reported increased positive attitudes towards the school environment. Similar to the cross-sectional analysis, attachment expectancies were more predictive of adolescent adjustment. Although suggesting that changes in attachment relationships have few implications for psychological health, the relative volatility in attachment relationships apparent during adolescence may instead be reflective of other behavioral systems such as the affiliative, sexual or exploratory systems. These findings highlight the methodological limitations of current measures of attachment strength and need for markers exclusive to adolescent attachment. Attachment formation in adolescence appears unique compared with infancy or adulthood, and has implications for the application of attachment theory towards understanding the normative development of interpersonal relationships during adolescence. The importance of accounting for both normative changes in attachment relationships and individual differences in attachment expectancies when predicting adolescent adjustment is also discussed.