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Winslade, Nancy, and Robyn Tamblyn. "Determinants of community pharmacists’ quality of care: a population-based cohort study using pharmacy administrative claims data." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e015877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015877.
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ObjectiveTo determine if a prototype pharmacists’ services evaluation programme that uses linked community pharmacy claims and health administrative data to measure pharmacists’ performance can be used to identify characteristics of pharmacies providing higher quality of care.DesignPopulation-based cohort study using community pharmacy claims from 1 November 2009 to 30 June 2010.SettingAll community pharmacies in Quebec, Canada.Participants1742 pharmacies dispensing 8 655 348 antihypertensive prescriptions to 760 700 patients.Primary outcome measurePatient adherence to antihypertensive medications.PredictorsPharmacy level: dispensing workload, volume of pharmacist-provided professional services (eg, refusals to dispense, pharmacotherapy recommendations), pharmacy location, banner/chain, pharmacist overlap and within-pharmacy continuity of care. Patient level: sex, age, income, patient prescription cost, new/chronic therapy, single/multiple antihypertensive medications, single/multiple prescribers and single/multiple dispensing pharmacies. Dispensing level: prescription duration, time of day dispensed and antihypertensive class. Multivariate alternating logistic regression estimated predictors of the primary outcome, accounting for patient and pharmacy clustering.Results9.2% of dispensings of antihypertensive medications were provided to non-adherent patients. Male sex, decreasing age, new treatment, multiple prescribers and multiple dispensing pharmacies were risk factors for increased non-adherence. Pharmacies that provided more professional services were less likely to dispense to non-adherent hypertensive patients (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.62) as were those with better scores on the Within-Pharmacy Continuity of Care Index. Neither increased pharmacists’ services for improving antihypertensive adherence per se nor increased pharmacist overlap impacted the odds of non-adherence. However, pharmacist overlap was strongly correlated with dispensing workload. There was significant unexplained variability among pharmacies belonging to different banners and chains.ConclusionsPharmacy administrative claims data can be used to calculate pharmacy-level characteristics associated with improved quality of care. This study supports the importance of pharmacist’s professional services and continuity of pharmacist’s care.
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Berry, Melanie, Amy Gustafson, Maya Wai, and Alex J. Luli. "Evaluation of an Outpatient Pharmacist Consult Service at a Large Academic Medical Center." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 2 (April 28, 2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i2.3238.
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Objective: To evaluate a novel outpatient pharmacist consult service in a large academic medical center. Setting: Four outpatient pharmacies that are part of a large academic medical center Methods: An outpatient pharmacist consult order was created and embedded in the electronic medical record (EMR). Medical center providers utilized this consult order when identifying patients in need of specific services provided by outpatient pharmacists. Descriptive data about each individual consult was collected including number completed, type of service, and duration. Rate of accepted pharmacy recommendations and patient cost savings were also evaluated. A survey was administered at the completion of the study period to assess provider and pharmacist satisfaction with the service. Patient demographic information was collected for those who had a documented completed consult. Results: A total of 193 consults were completed: 137 immunizations, 37 care affordability, 15 education, 3 polypharmacy and 1 OTC recommendation. 89% of completed consults took pharmacists 20 minutes or less to complete. Of completed care affordability consults (n=31), 55% of patients saved between $100 - $500 per medication fill. Of providers who completed a survey and utilized the service (n=12), 83.3% were extremely satisfied and 16.7% were satisfied with it. The provider acceptance rate of pharmacist’s recommendations was 74%. Conclusion: Implementation of an outpatient pharmacist consult service provided an alternative method for the utilization of pharmacist provided MTM services in outpatient pharmacies at a large academic medical center. The service was well received by both providers and pharmacists.
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Widowati, I. Gusti Ayu Rai, and Mohammad Zamroni. "Indonesia Facing Challenges of Pharmaceutical Care Implementation in Community Pharmacies: A Legal Perspective." Jurnal Hukum Prasada 10, no. 2 (October 2, 2023): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22225/jhp.10.2.2023.69-79.
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Pharmaceutical Care (PC) is a kind of interactive comprehensive service offered by the pharmacist to the patient, in which the pharmacist's physical presence is expected when providing pharmaceutical services to the patients at the pharmacy. However, pharmacists still prioritized internal management over interacting directly with patients. The objective of this research is to glance at the legal challenges of PC implementation in Indonesian community pharmacies. The normative juridical research method has been used, with a conceptual and legal approach. PC implementation in community pharmacies experiences major-level, mid-level, and minor-level challenges. PC standards in pharmacies are legally stated in Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 73 of 2016, but there are still conflicts between pharmaceutical management and PC implementation. In the incident of a medication error, the pharmacist as the person responsible for PC in the pharmacy, is legally responsible. Pharmacists who do not meet PC standards in community pharmacies encounter administrative, civil, and criminal consequences.
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Asiya, Asiya Saif, Maria Gul, Tangina Malik Tangina, and Mubashra Gul. "EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST INTERVENTIONS IN DIABETES AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT." International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v3i2.28.
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Background: The pharmacist community played a significant role in serving the nation for many years. The total number of registered pharmacists by the provincial pharmacy council is 23029. The role of pharmacists and their services is unrecognized by society. Aims: The intention of this clinical project is to create awareness among the population regarding the pharmacist's role in improving the health of the patients and disease management. The aim is to highlight the importance of pharmacists among patients regarding their medication therapy and lifestyle modification to provide clear evidence of health gain. Methodology: It is a non-experimental based questionnaire study which is performed in community pharmacy and medical stores of Lahore, Islamabad, Gujranwala and Sargodha. Most of the people in Pakistan visit medical stores for the grant of medication without pharmacist advice in rural areas of Punjab Pakistan. But in big cities such as Lahore, Islamabad people visit pharmacies for grant of their medication and in some pharmacies pharmacist counsel the patient regarding their medication and visit a pharmacist are more satisfied and feel improvement in their condition. Results: Patients were divided in two group, one who visited medical store and other who went to pharmacy. We are interested in patients who are visiting the pharmacy and getting the various type of benefits from the presence of pharmacist. Conclusion Diabetes and hypertension are two major chronic diseases and spread widely across the world including Pakistan. In the management of diabetes and hypertension pharmacist interventions are beneficial and literature study provide evidence of it. People who visit a pharmacy also get economic benefit as pharmacist also offer alternatives which costs lesser.
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Soubolsky, Amy, and Katelyn Halpape. "The Time is Now for Mental Health Care: Evaluating the Impact of a Clinical Pharmacist on an Acute Mental Health Unit." Canadian Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 75, no. 4 (October 3, 2022): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4212/cjhp.3210.
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Background: Clinical pharmacists have a significant role in optimizing pharmacotherapy for patients admitted to acute care settings. Patients with mental health disorders are especially vulnerable to polypharmacy, adverse drug effects, medication nonadherence, and misconceptions about medication use. The Royal University Hospital in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, currently lacks resources to provide optimal clinical pharmacy coverage for mental health inpatients. Objectives: To determine the optimal clinical role for a pharmacist providing specialized care to mental health inpatients and to evaluate the potential impact of the pharmacist on medication use and patient care. Methods: A pharmacist with 5 years of mental health–related pharmacy practice experience was temporarily assigned to the Mental Health Short Stay Unit as a practical component of a Master’s program in pharmacy. Clinical activities to be completed by the pharmacist were defined on the basis of available evidence, existing performance and quality assurance indicators, and prior experience. The pharmacist’s activities and recommendations during each shift were tracked and reported. Results: The pharmacist saw 94 patients over a total of 88 hours. The pharmacist made a total of 61 recommendations, of which 55 (90%) were accepted by the psychiatrist, and initiated 42 medication changes. Forty-one patients (44%) received a thorough medication assessment, and individualized, often specialized, education was provided to patients 39 times. The pharmacist was consulted by the psychiatrist 19 times. Conclusions: Pharmacists have an important role in medication management and patient education for psychiatric inpatients, and the health care team values pharmacists’ unique expertise. Additional resources dedicated to defining and expanding clinical pharmacy services on inpatient psychiatry units could further optimize patient care. RÉSUMÉ Contexte : Les pharmaciens cliniciens jouent un rôle important dans l’optimisation de la pharmacothérapie pour les patients admis en milieu de soins aigus. Les patients souffrant de troubles de la santé mentale sont particulièrement vulnérables à la polypharmacie, aux effets indésirables des médicaments, au non-respect de la médication et aux idées fausses circulant sur leur utilisation. L’hôpital Royal University, à Saskatoon (Saskatchewan), manque actuellement de ressources pour offrir une couverture pharmaceutique clinique optimale aux patients hospitalisés en santé mentale. Objectifs : Déterminer le rôle clinique optimal du pharmacien fournissant des soins spécialisés aux patients hospitalisés en santé mentale et évaluer son impact potentiel sur l’utilisation des médicaments et les soins aux patients. Méthodes : Un pharmacien ayant 5 ans d’expérience dans la pratique de la pharmacie liée à la santé mentale a été temporairement affecté à l’unité de séjours de courte durée en santé mentale dans le cadre de la composante pratique d’un programme de maîtrise en pharmacie. Les activités cliniques qu’il devait réaliser ont été définies sur la base des données probantes à disposition, des indicateurs de performance et d’assurance de la qualité existants, ainsi que sur la base de son expérience antérieure. Les activités et les recommandations du pharmacien au cours de chaque quart de travail étaient suivies et signalées. Résultats : Le pharmacien a visité 94 patients sur un total de 88 heures. Au total, il a fait 61 recommandations, dont 55 (90 %) ont été acceptées par le psychiatre, et il a amorcé 42 changements de traitement. Quarante et un patients (44 %) ont reçu une évaluation approfondie concernant le traitement, et des patients ont reçu une explication individualisée, souvent spécialisée, 39 fois. Le psychiatre a consulté le pharmacien 19 fois. Conclusions : Les pharmaciens jouent un rôle important dans la gestion des médicaments et l’éducation des patients hospitalisés en psychiatrie, et l’équipe de soins de santé apprécie leur expertise unique. Des ressources supplémentaires consacrées à la définition et à l’élargissement des services de pharmacie clinique dans les unités de psychiatrie pour patients hospitalisés pourraient optimiser davantage les soins aux patients.
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Mikhael, Ehab Mudher, and Haydar F. Al-Tukmagi. "The compliance of Iraqi pharmacists with ethical principles in applying the pharmaceutical care for diabetic patients." Clinical Ethics 11, no. 4 (July 18, 2016): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477750916657659.
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Pharmacists play a central role in caring of diabetic patients. During patient-centered care, important ethical issues and conflicts may arise, which makes ethical skills for pharmacist important toward conflict-resolution so this study aimed to assess compliance of Iraqi pharmacists with ethical principles while providing their care to diabetic patients. A cross sectional study by a validated questionnaire format was given to a convenient sample of 95 community pharmacists in Baghdad—Iraq. The questionnaire assesses the ethical practices of each pharmacist by using indirect questions through a simulated case which is commonly encountered in private pharmacies in Iraq. Most participated pharmacists failed to respect patient autonomy and they are not encouraging their patients to participate in decision making about their treatment. Participated pharmacists also failed in applying ethical principle of veracity during educating the patient about serious drug side effects. Furthermore most pharmacists had financial conflict of interests that undermine the pharmacist ability to fulfill the primary professional and ethical obligation to ensure patient's beneficence, justice and autonomy. Meanwhile most participated pharmacist may be good in maintaining their professional competence, yet the majority failed to develop their competence by keeping their knowledge up to-dated. In conclusion pharmacists failed to apply ethical principles during their usual care for diabetic patients.
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Lorensia, Amelia, and Jessica Nathania. "STUDI KELENGKAPAN PENJELASAN INFORMASI CARA PENGGUNAAN CONTROLLERMETERED-DOSE INHALER (MDI) YANG MENGANDUNG KORTIKOSTEROID SEBAGAI TERAPI ASMA DI APOTEK KABUPATEN TUBAN." Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 3, no. 1 (June 21, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51352/jim.v3i1.86.
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This experiment centred in metered dose inhaler (MDI) device which used routinely by asthma patient as controller therapy. MDI used ask patient’s skill more when using their medication. MDI technique informnation provided by pharmachist are important to achive optimal medication in asthma therapy. By a non experimental study, mysterious patient collect MDI technique gived by pharmacist in Tuban pharmacy using observacional and cross sectional method. Information about MDI technique comprehensive collected by two ratter as mysterious patient which assessed with checklist that got measseured by kappa to know ratter aggrement percentage. The result showed from a total sampling under 41 pharmachist which represent each 41 pharmacy in Tuban, by purposive sampling Pharmacists as pharmaceutical personnel responsible for information services at pharmacies, including information on how to use MDI. Most of the apothecary's ability level in providing information is still lacking, then continued with adequate technique, and optimal technique in providing complete information of MDI use for asthma patient. Pharmacists know how to use MDI and no pharmacist is unexpected or not familiar with MDI as an asthma therapy. Pharmacists in Tuban district have a tendency to inform only four stages of the nine stages of MDI use from Osman et al (2012), ie at the 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 6th stages of MDI use
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Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.
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The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.
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Olufemi-Yusuf, Damilola, Sophie Gabriel, Tatiana Makhinova, and Lisa Guirguis. "“Being in Control of My Asthma Myself” Patient Experience of Asthma Management: A Qualitative Interpretive Description." Pharmacy 6, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6040121.
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Asthma control can be achieved with effective and safe medication use; however, many patients are not controlled. Patients’ perceptions of asthma, asthma treatment, and pharmacist roles can impact patient outcomes. The purpose of this study was to explore patients’ experiences and patient–pharmacist relationships in asthma care. Qualitative Interpretive Description method guided the study. Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 11 patients recruited from personal contacts, pharmacies, and asthma clinics. Categories and themes were identified using inductive constant comparison. Themes indicated patients had a personalized common sense approach to asthma management, “go-to” health care provider, and prioritized patient–pharmacist relationships. Patients described their illness experiences and asthma control based on personal markers similar to the common sense model of self-regulation. Patients chose a family physician, asthma specialist, respiratory therapist, or pharmacist as an expert resource for asthma management. Patient perceived pharmacists’ roles as information provider, adviser, or care provider. Pharmacists who develop a collaborative relationship with their asthma patients are better positioned to provide tailored education and self-management support. Inviting patients to share their perspective could increase patient engagement and uptake of personalised asthma action plans to achieve asthma control.
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Lau, Kimberly M., Ila M. Saunders, Assuntina G. Sacco, and Linda C. Barnachea. "Evaluation of pharmacist interventions in a head and neck medical oncology clinic." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 6 (January 14, 2020): 1390–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155219897129.
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Introduction Head and neck cancers (HNC) are a complex and heterogeneous group of cancers, often necessitating a multidisciplinary approach across the care continuum. Oncology pharmacists are uniquely qualified to play a vital role on a multidisciplinary team and provide specialized care to optimize medication therapy. Methods This was a retrospective chart review evaluating the role of a board-certified oncology pharmacist in the head and neck oncology clinic at an academic, comprehensive cancer center from April 2017 through March 2018. The primary objective of the study was to describe the types of interventions made by the oncology pharmacists. Secondary objectives included quantifying time spent on patient education and number of prescriptions sent to pharmacies. Results The pharmacist had 873 encounters with 151 patients, resulting in 2080 interventions. Approximately 57% of the interventions were performed in the clinic. Patient education (58%), facilitation of new prescriptions or refill requests (49.9%), and supportive care management (32.6%) were the most frequent interventions. The oncology pharmacist spent 154.1 h on patient education and sent 811 prescriptions to pharmacies, with 63.6% of prescriptions sent to the institution’s cancer center pharmacy. Conclusion The incorporation of an oncology pharmacist in the HNC team optimized patient care through comprehensive and timely interventions across the care continuum. Our study is the first to highlight the vital role oncology pharmacists have in improving the overall quality of care of HNC patients. Future directions include exploring the impact of oncology pharmacist interventions on select Quality Oncology Practice Initiative measures by the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
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Mohiuddin, Abdul. "Patient Care Management (Handbook for Hospital and Community Pharmacists)." Clinical Research Notes 1, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/010.
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Most people on the outside of the health care profession are not familiar with this new role of the pharmacist. The general public has created a stereotypical pharmacist's picture as being a person who stands behind a counter, dispenses medicine with some instructions to the respective consumer. Pharmacy practice has changed substantially in recent years. Today’s pharmacists have unique training and expertise in the appropriate use of medications and provide a wide array of patient care services in many different practice settings. As doctors are busy with the diagnosis and treatment of patients, the pharmacist can assist them by selecting the most appropriate drug for a patient. Interventions by the pharmacists have always been considered as a valuable input by the health care community in the patient care process by reducing the medication errors, rationalizing the therapy and reducing the cost of therapy. The development and approval of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners and incorporation of the Process into the 2016 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards has the potential to lead to important changes in the practice of pharmacy, and to the enhanced acknowledgment, acceptance, and reimbursement for pharmacy and pharmacist services. As an author, it is my heartiest believe that the book will adjoin significant apprehension to future pharmacists in patient care as most of the portion created from recently published articles focusing pharmacists in patient care settings.
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Khanfar, Nile M., Antonia Zapantis, Fadi M. Alkhateeb, Kevin A. Clauson, and Cherylyn Beckey. "Patient Attitudes Toward Community Pharmacist Attire." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 4 (November 26, 2012): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190012465956.
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The white coat has symbolized professionalism, while representing provider–patient fiduciary relationship. Although well described in the literature for physicians, few studies examine the impact of pharmacist attire on patients’ opinions regarding professionalism and trust. Therefore, understanding patient perceptions regarding pharmacist’s attire and its influence on comfort, confidence, trust, and professionalism may provide guidance on ways to enhance the quality of the provider–patient relationship. A 43-item Likert-type questionnaire was administered to 347 adults in a community pharmacy setting to determine preferences about the pharmacist’s attire, accessories, and body art incorporating 8 photographs depicting a male pharmacist in various degrees of dress formality (ie, casual to professional). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarize and analyze the data. Survey respondents reported it was desirable/strongly desirable that pharmacists be dressed in a shirt and tie, dress shoes, white coat, and name tag (mean 4.21-4.72), whereas they should not be dressed in jeans, casual shoes, or have visible body art (mean 2.17-2.78). Over 86% of the respondents felt that a pharmacist with a white coat instilled feelings of comfort, confidence, trust, and professionalism. In a community pharmacy setting, a pharmacist wearing a white coat appears to be the mainstay in displaying professionalism and inspiring trust in adult patients.
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Al-Rusasi, Ahmad. "Patient-Centeredness in Pharmaceutical Care." Jordan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 16, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjps.v16i2.1490.
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Background information: Pharmacy is a longstanding profession, although there have been changes in pharmacists’ roles over time. The change toward a patient-centered approach is recognized as an entirely different concept from the technical concept of dispensing.
The pharmacist’s natural attitude primarily relies on pharmacologic knowledge of medications, the product, the use of counseling as the major approach with patients, and an emphasis on medication adherence as a goal. Though, besides a pharmacologic understanding, the knowledge of the patient and the knowledge of the experience of the patient, from his or her own perspective, are essential to help the pharmacist assess and ensure that a medication is indicated, effective, safe, and convenient. Therefore, to be able to work with patients in a patient-centered manner, the pharmacist must acknowledge a broader scope of knowledge that will account for a more comprehensive approach.
Conclusion: To practice in a truly patient-centered manner, pharmacist must understand that patients want to be heard and seen as individuals with unique experiences and responses to medications. This knowledge is needed to enhance pharmacists’ basic pharmacotherapeutic understanding and provide for care of patients as individuals with unique experiences and stories and situated in community, culture, and society. Likewise, to help patients with their medications, pharmacist must begin to understand medications as patients experience them. This includes understanding their experiences with illness as well as their feelings about medications.
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Khanam, B. K. "The Role of the Pharmacist in Patient Care (Book Review)." Clinical Research Notes 2, no. 1 (September 6, 2021): 01–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/031.
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Most people on the outside of the health care profession are not familiar with this new role of the pharmacist. The general public has created a stereotypical pharmacist's picture as being a person who stands behind a counter, dispenses medicine with some instructions to the respective consumer. Pharmacy practice has changed substantially in recent years. Today’s pharmacists have unique training and expertise in the appropriate use of medications and provide a wide array of patient care services in many different practice settings. As doctors are busy with the diagnosis and treatment of patients, the pharmacist can assist them by selecting the most appropriate drug for a patient. Interventions by the pharmacists have always been considered as a valuable input by the health care community in the patient care process by reducing the medication errors, rationalizing the therapy and reducing the cost of therapy. The development and approval of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners and incorporation of the Process into the 2016 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards has the potential to lead to important changes in the practice of pharmacy, and to the enhanced acknowledgment, acceptance, and reimbursement for pharmacy and pharmacist services. As an author, it is my heartiest believe that the book will adjoin significant apprehension to future pharmacists in patient care as most of the portion created from recently published articles focusing pharmacists in patient care settings.
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Putu Satrya, Dewa Ayu, Putu Eka Arimbawa, and Abdul Khodir Jaelani. "HUBUNGAN FASILITATOR DENGAN PELAKSANAAN GOOD PHARMACY PRACTICE (GPP) DI APOTEK DENPASAR." Jurnal Endurance 2, no. 3 (October 13, 2017): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jen.v2i3.2031.
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<p><em>Pharmaceutical service is said to be good if it meets the criteria of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) which is patient oriented or often called pharmaceutical care. GPP implementation on community pharmacy proved to be slower than expected, although many pharmacists have agreed with the GPP concept. The purpose of this research is to accelerate the achievement of GPP by applying the facilitator which has high influence on pharmacist attitude in GPP implementation, so as to improve the quality assurance of pharmaceutical service in community pharmacy. GPP implementation also aims to improve the quality of patients, because the service focus on the patient or often known as patient oriented. The research method used cross sectional survey design. Quantitative data with questionnaires were taken prospectively for patients. The sampling technique used is random sampling to 70 pharmacists in charge of pharmacies in pharmacies of Denpasar City Bali. The result of the research shows the influence of facilitator to GPP implementation in Apotek Denpasar-Bali. The attitudes of facilitators in the implementation of the influential GPP in this study were Doctor Relationship with Pharmacist (p = 0,010), Human Resources (p = 0,023), and teamwork (p = 0.012) had a positive and significant effect on pharmacist attitude in GPP implementation. The facilitator variable of physician and pharmacist relationship is the most influential variable (r = 0,340) on pharmacist attitude in implementing Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP).</em></p>
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King, Philip K., Steven J. Martin, and Eric M. Betka. "Patient Awareness and Expectations of Pharmacist Services During Hospital Stay." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, no. 5 (August 31, 2016): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190016665541.
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Background: There are insufficient data in the United States regarding patient awareness and expectations of hospital pharmacist availability and services. Objective: The objective of this research is to assess patient awareness and expectations of hospital pharmacist services and to determine whether a marketing campaign for pharmacist services increases patient awareness and expectations. Methods: Eligible inpatients were surveyed before and after implementation of a hospital-wide pharmacist services marketing campaign (12 items; Likert scale of 1 [strongly disagree] to 4 [strongly agree]; maximum total score of 48) regarding awareness of pharmacist services. The primary outcome was the change in median total survey scores from baseline. Other outcomes included the frequency of patient requests for pharmacists. Results: Similar numbers of patients completed the survey before and after the campaign (intervention, n = 140, vs control, n = 147). Awareness of pharmacist availability and services was increased (41 [interquartile ranges, IQRs: 36-46] vs 37 [IQR 31-43]; P < .001). Patients were 7 times more likely to request a pharmacist following the marketing campaign implementation. Conclusion: Awareness among inpatients of pharmacist services is low. Marketing pharmacist availability and services to patients in the hospital improves awareness and expectations for pharmacist-provided care and increases the frequency of patient-initiated interaction between pharmacists and patients. This could improve patient outcomes as pharmacists become more integrally involved in direct patient care.
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Kumaki, Ryota, Chika Kiyozuka, Mika Naganuma, Satoshi Yuge, Ryota Tsukioka, Hidehiko Sakurai, and Keiko Kishimoto. "Recognition of Community Pharmacists’ Behaviors Related to Information Sharing: A Cross-Sectional Study." Pharmacy 12, no. 2 (April 6, 2024): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy12020063.
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With the recent shift in community pharmacist services toward in-person services and the growing need for centralized and continuous medication management/monitoring, pharmacist–patient information sharing is crucial. This study investigated the pharmacist–patient gap in the recognition of pharmacists’ behaviors regarding information sharing and assessed the potential impact of such recognition on patient trust and willingness to self-disclose. This cross-sectional study included 600 patients (aged 21–85 years) using pharmacy services (surveyed online in December 2020) and 591 community pharmacists with ≥1 year of experience (surveyed from September to November 2021). Both groups responded to items on the recognition of pharmacists’ behaviors regarding information sharing. There were patient-specific items on trust in community pharmacists and willingness to self-disclose. For all items on the recognition of pharmacists’ behaviors, patients’ scores were significantly lower (4–5) than pharmacists’ own scores (≥5), revealing a notable perception gap. Patients’ recognition had a positive, direct effect on trust and willingness, and trust had a positive, direct effect on willingness. Patients’ recognition and trust positively influenced their willingness to self-disclose. Pharmacist communication with clear intent is important to bridge the gaps in pharmacist–patient recognition and foster effective patient–pharmacist relationships.
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Zimmermann, Agnieszka, Jakub Płaczek, Natalia Wrzosek, and Artur Owczarek. "Assessment of Pharmacists Prescribing Practices in Poland—A Descriptive Study." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111505.
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Pharmacists play a beneficial role in supplying medicines to patients. Pharmacist prescribing practices were introduced into law in Poland in 2002, permitting pharmacists to prescribe medications in emergency situations and in 2020 the new law allowed to prescribe in all situation where it is needed because of the health risks reasons. Our aim was to analyze pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland and confirm the useful of pharmacists’ activity in this area. Additionally, pharmacists were also authorized to issue reimbursed prescriptions for themselves or their family members. Since January 2020, only e-prescriptions are allowed in Poland. A retrospective analysis of the inspection written reports from 842 community pharmacies in the representative region of Poland with a population of two million, carried out in the time period from 2002 to 2016 was performed (2189 prescriptions) to assess the emergency pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland. The second part of the research was based on digital data on pharmacists prescriptions (18,529) provided by the e-Health Centre (a governmental organization under the Ministry of Health responsible for the development of health care information systems in Poland), enabling to conduct the analysis of pharmacist’s prescribing from 1 of April 2020 to 31 of October 2020. The analysis gave the insight of the evolution of the pharmacy prescribing patterns. In general, pharmaceutical prescriptions were issued in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, in town- or city center pharmacies, and in pharmacies in residential areas. The most common reason for a pharmaceutical prescription was that the patient was running out of a medicine and was unable to contact their physician. Cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatological, and digestive medications were most frequently prescribed. An analysis of pharmacists’ prescribing data from 1 April 2020 to 31 October 2020 confirmed the rapid increase of pharmaceutical prescriptions following implementation of the new legislative act during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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McConnell, Macy, Dan Mobley, Alexander Gidal, and Michael Nagy. "Population Health Management during Student Pharmacist Introductory Experiential Education to Expand Clinical Pharmacist Impact." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i4.2231.
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Objective: To evaluate the impact of incorporating pre-advanced pharmacy practice experience (pre-APPE) student pharmacists into three different population health management (PHM) projects.
Methods: The prospective quality improvement projects incorporated three third-year student pharmacists who developed and conducted individual PHM projects over the course of three to seven months. The projects included hypoglycemia screening, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus screening, and statin use evaluations for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk reduction. Under the guidance of a clinical pharmacist, students developed project materials, conducted patient chart reviews, and contacted patients to make interventions such as recommendations for therapy, ambulatory patient monitoring, patient education, and arranging provider follow-up. Student impact was evaluated through the number of patients screened, the number of eligible patients contacted, and the total number of interventions or recommendations made. Student time spent was tracked throughout the projects.
Results: Out of 244 patients screened, 198 patients met inclusion criteria and 162 patients were contacted or assessed by a student pharmacist. Students made a total of 319 interventions, including patient education (132), patient monitoring (132), pharmacotherapy recommendations (28), and arranging follow-up (27). On average students screened 33 patients per month, and, per patient, required 8.6 minutes for eligibility assessment and approximately 6 minutes for telephone interviews.
Conclusion: This report demonstrates that pre-APPE student pharmacists are well-equipped to design and implement PHM projects. Utilization of student pharmacists in similar PHM programs can expand the pharmacist’s impact on patient care in the ambulatory care setting.
Article Type: Original Research
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Fritsch, Michelle A., and Kenneth C. Lamp. "Low Pharmacist Counseling Rates in the Kansas City, Missouri, Metropolitan Area." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 9 (September 1997): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100905.
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Objective To quantify the percentage of patients counseled by community-based pharmacists. Methods Phase I consisted of a 15-minute observational period of pharmacist counseling in 50 randomly selected pharmacies in the Kansas City, MO, area. In phase II, a survey was mailed to the same pharmacies to obtain policies, self-reported rates of counseling, baseline workload, and personnel information, as well as perceived communication barriers. Results Forty-six of 50 pharmacies were observed in phase I after excluding 10 ineligible pharmacies and adding 6 replacement pharmacies. Pharmacists provided counseling in only 14 of the 46 pharmacies (30%). Nineteen percent (20/106) of all patients received pharmacist-initiated counseling. Pharmacists in independent pharmacies were observed counseling a significantly higher percentage of patients than were pharmacists in chain pharmacies (44% vs. 11%; p = 0.014). Technicians were observed counseling 5 patients in chain pharmacies. Detailed verbal counseling, defined as four or more of a group of major counseling components, was provided to only 8 of the 20 patients who were counseled by a pharmacist (40%; 8% of all patients). In phase II, 31 of 51 surveys (61%) were returned. During the requested survey time period, pharmacies estimated that approximately five prescriptions were filled every 15 minutes, 51.5% of which were new. Pharmacists in chain pharmacies reported dispensing greater numbers of prescriptions than did pharmacists in independent pharmacies. These data and the reported counseling rates indicated that 50% of all patient prescriptions should be counseled. This is a higher rate than actually observed. All pharmacies reported that pharmacists completed the counseling; however, 10% of the respondents reported that technicians also counseled patients. Contrary to the findings in phase I, slightly more than 50% of the pharmacists reported using detailed verbal counseling. Conclusions The overall observed rate of counseling in community pharmacies is low. In the Kansas City area, independent pharmacists counsel a greater than average percentage of their patients. Even if the national counseling rate is double what was observed, millions of patients are leaving pharmacies without the benefit of pharmacotherapeutic guidance. If pharmacists are slow to meet these challenges, other service providers will relieve pharmacists of that responsibility.
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Beahm, Nathan P., Daniel J. Smyth, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Outcomes of Urinary Tract Infection Management by Pharmacists (RxOUTMAP): A study of pharmacist prescribing and care in patients with uncomplicated urinary tract infections in the community." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 151, no. 5 (June 3, 2018): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163518781175.
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Background: Pharmacists have the authorization to prescribe medications for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTI) in some provinces. However, there are limited data on the outcomes of this care by pharmacists. Our objective was to evaluate the effectiveness, safety and patient satisfaction with pharmacist prescribing and care in patients with uncomplicated UTI. Methods: We conducted a prospective registry trial in 39 community pharmacies in the Canadian province of New Brunswick. Adult patients were enrolled if they presented to the pharmacy with either symptoms of UTI with no current antibacterial treatment (Pharmacist-Initial Arm) or if they presented with a prescription for an antibacterial to treat UTI from another health care provider (Physician-Initial Arm). Pharmacists assessed patients and if they had complicating factors or red flags for systemic illness or pyelonephritis, they were excluded from the study. Pharmacists either prescribed antibacterial therapy, modified antibacterial therapy, provided education only or referred to physician, as appropriate. The primary outcome was clinical cure at 2 weeks and the secondary outcomes included adverse events and patient satisfaction. Results: A total of 750 patients were enrolled (87.4% in the Pharmacist-Initial Arm), average age was 40.9 (SD 16.0) years. Clinical cure was achieved in 88.9% of patients. Of those that did not have sustained symptom resolution, most (5.5% overall) had symptom recurrence after completion of therapy. Adverse events were reported by 7.2% of patients and 88.9% of those continued their medication. Most adverse events were gastrointestinal-related and transient. The patient satisfaction survey reflected very high levels of satisfaction for the care they received, as well as for trust and accessibility of the pharmacist. Conclusion: Pharmacist management of uncomplicated UTI is effective, safe, and patient satisfaction appears very high.
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Raisch, Dennis W. "Patient Counseling in Community Pharmacy and its Relationship with Prescription Payment Methods and Practice Settings." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 10 (October 1993): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701002.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patient counseling activities in community pharmacies are related to payment method and practice setting. DESIGN: Randomly selected pharmacists voluntarily performed self-data collection (39 percent participation rate) of counseling activities for 40 hours. Observational data were also collected by trained observers. SETTING: Community pharmacies. RESULTS: Forty-seven pharmacists in national chain pharmacies and 26 in independent pharmacies collected data on 3766 counseling events. Patient counseling rates, defined as percentage of patients counseled per prescription per pharmacist, were significantly higher (p<0.05) for self-pay (median 12.9 percent) and Medicaid (median 13.0 percent) than for capitation patients (median 7.9 percent). Rates were somewhat higher (p=0.06) for chain (median 17.7 percent) than for independent pharmacists (10.7 percent). Although there was no difference in terms of pharmacist-initiated counseling, chain pharmacists had higher rates of patient-initiated counseling per prescription (median 4.3 percent) than independent pharmacists (median 2.7 percent) (p<0.01). Counseling information was related to payment method and practice setting. A significantly higher percentage (p<0.01) of counseling events for capitation patients pertained to chronic therapies (33.6 percent) compared with counseling events involving patients using other payment methods (21.8–24.8 percent). A strong correlation between observational data and self-reported data was found (Pearson r=0.696, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The finding that pharmacists counsel capitation patients less frequently may be attributable to financial incentives or to pharmacists' perception that these patients do not need to be counseled. Independent pharmacists' higher number of capitation patients and increased workloads may have affected their counseling activities. These findings have implications for pharmacy service reimbursement programs, practice conditions, and continuing education programs.
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Shafie, Asrul Akmal, Bee Ying Tan, Adrianna Wong Azman, and Siew Chin Ong. "Community Pharmacist Attire and Its Impact on Patient Preference in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 1 (May 25, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.4.
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Different attires may bring different perceptions, level of trust, status and transmits social signals towards pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. The objectives of the study were to explore the public perception of community pharmacist attire and the association of respondents’ sociodemographics with their preferences for community pharmacist attire. This was a cross-sectional, convenience sampling study among 200 general public adults (> 18 years old) in community pharmacies setting in Malaysia. A face validated Likert-type questionnaire was administered to assess the public perceptions and their preferences on community pharmacist attire. Four sets of model photographs with variation in gender, ethnicity and attire formality (i.e., formal wear with lab coat to casual attire) were used to assess respondents’ preferences. The most preferred attire of pharmacists was formal wear with a lab coat compared to other styles of attire (74% versus 36%). The older the respondents were, the more likely they prefer pharmacists in the formal wear with lab coat attire compared to formal (OR: 0.943; 95% CI: 0.899, 0.989; p < 0.05) and semi-formal wear (OR: 0.912; 95% CI: 0.840, 0.989; p < 0.05). Male respondents prefer pharmacists in formal wear without the lab coat (OR: 3.893; 95% CI: 1.449,10.491; p < 0.01) compared to female. A neat and proper attired pharmacist will gain a positive impression from patients. Respondents favour pharmacists in formal attire with a lab coat. Pharmacists in formal wear with a lab coat able to display professionalism and instil feelings of trust, confidence and comfort among the public in a community pharmacy setting.
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Albasri, Ali, Suman Prinjha, Richard J. McManus, and James P. Sheppard. "Hypertension referrals from community pharmacy to general practice: multivariate logistic regression analysis of 131 419 patients." British Journal of General Practice 68, no. 673 (July 2, 2018): e541-e550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x697925.
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BackgroundThe burden of hypertension in primary care is high, and alternative models of care, such as pharmacist management, have shown promise. However, data describing outcomes from routine consultations between pharmacists and patients with hypertension are lacking.AimTo identify factors associated with referral of patients from pharmacies to general practice within the first 2 weeks of starting a new antihypertensive medication.Design and settingMultivariate logistic regression conducted on data from community pharmacies in England.MethodData were obtained from the New Medicine Service between 2011 and 2012. Analyses were conducted on 131 419 patients. In all, 15 predictors were included in the model, grouped into three categories: patient-reported factors, demographic factors, and medication-related factors.ResultsMean patient age was 65 years (±13 years), and 85% of patients were of white ethnicity. A total of 5895 (4.5%) patients were referred by a pharmacist to a GP within the first 2 weeks of starting a new antihypertensive medication. Patients reporting side effects (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 11.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.85 to 12.41) were most likely to be referred. Prescriptions for alpha-blockers were associated with referral (adjusted OR 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.47), whereas patients receiving angiotensin-II receptor blockers were less likely to be referred (adjusted OR 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.99).ConclusionMost patients were followed up by pharmacists without the need for referral. Patient-reported side effects, medication-related concerns, and the medication class prescribed influenced referral. These data are reassuring, in that additional pharmacist involvement does not increase medical workload appreciably, and support further development of pharmacist-led hypertension interventions.
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Kernodle, Amanda R., Caitlin K. Frail, Stephanie A. Gernant, Karen S. Pater, Brad N. Doebbeling, and Margie E. Snyder. "Patients’ Experiences Using a Brief Screening Tool for Medication-Related Problems in a Community Pharmacy Setting." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190015605015.
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Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore patient perceptions and the practical implication of using a brief 9-item scale to screen for medication-related problems in community pharmacies. Methods: Semistructured, audio-recorded, telephonic interviews were conducted with 40 patients who completed the scale and reviewed its results with their pharmacist. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative methods to identify themes. Results: Patients generally reported the scale was simple to complete and could be used easily in other community pharmacies. Participants shared they had increased understanding of their medications and confidence that their medication therapy was appropriate. Several patients reported having actual medication-related problems identified and resolved through the use of the scale. Patients also reported improved relationships with pharmacists and heightened belief in the value provided by pharmacists. Conclusions: This screening tool may have value in increasing patients’ understanding of and confidence in their medications, enhancing pharmacist–patient relationships, and identifying problems requiring additional interventions.
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Knockel, Laura E., Yury Kim, Kelly Kent, and William R. Doucette. "Medication-Related Problems and Interventions Identified and Addressed by Pharmacists Conducting Enhanced Medication Therapy Management Services." Pharmacy 10, no. 5 (September 4, 2022): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10050111.
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Pharmacists identify, resolve, and document medication-related problems (MRPs) in community pharmacies. Enhanced medication therapy management (eMTM) targets specific situations, such as high-risk medications, while continuous medication monitoring (CoMM) occurs for every patient and is integrated into the dispensing process. This study describes types and frequencies of MRPs and interventions for health plan-directed eMTM and pharmacist-identified CoMM for a cohort of Medicare Part D patients. Pharmacy dispensing and clinical records from one independent community pharmacy in the Midwest were reviewed for patients eligible for eMTM in 2019. Data were coded for medication-related problems and interventions; descriptive statistics were calculated. Forty-seven patients were included in the study, resulting in 439 health plan-directed and 775 pharmacist-identified MRPs and corresponding interventions for a total of 1214 over 12 months. The average age of the patients was 77; they received an average of about 14 medications dispensed over 25 dates. Nonadherence was the most common MRP overall, as well as for the two categories separately. Patient Counseling and Lab Values Needed MRPs were found more often by pharmacists. Continue to Monitor was the most common intervention flagged overall. Medication Discontinued was found more often in health plan-directed interventions; Patient Counseling occurred more frequently in pharmacist-identified interventions. Using pharmacists to identify MRPs can complement health plan-driven eMTM, which can provide more complete medication management. Future work is needed to determine if this approach is reproducible in other pharmacies.
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Stone, Rebecca H., Sally Rafie, Dennia Ernest, and Brielle Scutt. "Emergency Contraception Access and Counseling in Urban Pharmacies: A Comparison between States with and without Pharmacist Prescribing." Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020105.
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Pharmacists are often the primary source of emergency contraception (EC) access and patient information. This study aims to identify differences in pharmacist-reported EC access and counseling between states which do or do not permit pharmacist-prescribed EC. This prospective, mystery caller study was completed in California (CA), which permits pharmacist-prescribed EC after completion of continuing education, and Georgia (GA), which does not. All community pharmacies that were open to the public in San Diego and San Francisco, CA, and Atlanta, GA were called by researchers who posed as adult females inquiring about EC via a structured script. Primary endpoints were EC availability and counseling. Statistical analyses completed with SPSS. Researchers called 395 pharmacies, 98.2% were reached and included. Regarding levonorgestrel (LNG), CA pharmacists more frequently discussed (CA 90.4% vs. GA 81.2%, p = 0.02), stocked (CA 89.5% vs. GA 67.8%, p < 0.01), and correctly indicated it “will work” or “will work but may be less effective” 4 days after intercourse (CA 67.5% vs. GA 17.5%, p < 0.01). Ulipristal was infrequently discussed (CA 22.6% vs. GA 3.4%, p < 0.01) and rarely stocked (CA 9.6% vs. GA 0.7%, p < 0.01). Pharmacists practicing in states which permit pharmacist-prescribed EC with completion of required continuing education may be associated with improved patient access to oral EC and more accurate patient counseling.
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Sudeshika, Thilini, Mark Naunton, Kwang C. Yee, Louise S. Deeks, Gregory M. Peterson, and Sam Kosari. "Patients’ Opinions towards the Services of Pharmacists Based in General Practice." Pharmacy 10, no. 4 (July 7, 2022): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10040078.
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Pharmacists have been included in general practice teams to provide non-dispensing services for patients. In Australia, pharmacists’ role in general practice has been slowly expanding. However, there is a paucity of research to explore patients’ opinions toward pharmacist-led services in general practice. This study aimed to assess patient awareness, perceived needs, and satisfaction with these services. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a purposeful sample of patients who visited six general practices in the Australian Capital Territory that included pharmacists in their team. The survey was informed by the literature and pre-tested. The survey was distributed to two samples: patients who had seen a pharmacist and those who had not seen a pharmacist. Of 100 responses received, 86 responses were included in the analysis: patients who had seen a pharmacist (n = 46) and patients who had not seen a pharmacist (n = 40). Almost all the patients who utilised pharmacist-led services were highly satisfied with those services. Among patients who had not seen a pharmacist, 50% were aware of the existence of general practice pharmacists. Patients who had visited the pharmacist rated higher scores for perceived needs. Patient satisfaction towards the pharmacist-led services in general practices was very high, and patients supported the expansion of these services. However, awareness of the availability of general practice pharmacist services could be improved.
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Singh, Gurkamal, Rachel Nesaraj, Nicolas Bchara, Benjamin Kop, Alan Leeb, Lisa Nissen, Ian Peters, Danae Perry, Sandra Salter, and Kenneth Lee. "Immunisation provider experiences with an automated short message service-based active surveillance system for monitoring adverse events following immunisation: A qualitative descriptive study." DIGITAL HEALTH 7 (January 2021): 205520762110381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076211038165.
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Objective Currently, active surveillance systems to monitor adverse events following immunisation are limited to hospitals, and medical and immunisation clinics. Globally, community pharmacies represent a significant destination for immunisation services. However, until recently, pharmacies lacked active surveillance systems. We therefore wished to explore pharmacists’ experiences with SmartVax: an active surveillance system that has recently been integrated for use in Australian community pharmacies. Specifically, we wished to explore pharmacists’ perceived (1) benefits of using SmartVax, (2) areas for improvement in the system, and (3) issues with future/ongoing access to the system. Methods The present study forms the qualitative arm of a convergent mixed-methods pilot study. In the present study, we performed semi-structured interviews with pharmacist immunisers after a 21- to 22-week trial period with SmartVax. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was performed independently by two researchers in QSR NVivo 12, using the framework method. Results Fifteen participants completed the semi-structured interviews. A broad range of perceived benefits were cited by participants, including the usability of SmartVax, the ease of patient follow-up facilitated by the system, and enhancement to the patient–pharmacist relationship. Participants voiced a desire for the system to have more granularity and a faster response time in the report generated for pharmacies. When asked about issues with future/ongoing access to SmartVax, cost concerns of the system were the prevailing theme. Conclusions The present study suggests that, among pharmacist immuniser end-users of SmartVax, the system is perceived to be easy-to-use, facilitates patient follow-up, and enhances the patient–pharmacist relationship.
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Mackler, Emily R., Julie Wietzke, Ashley Schwartz, Katie Young, David Reyes-Gastelum, Jennifer J. Griggs, Hae Mi Choe, and Karen B. Farris. "Characterization of an embedded clinical oncology pharmacy model across the State of Michigan." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 28_suppl (October 1, 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.28_suppl.058.
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58 Background: The oncology pharmacist role has evolved to address implications of newer cancer therapies by increased integration in direct patient care and management of cancer therapy side effects and adherence. Despite the ability of oncology pharmacists to provide high-value, high-quality care to patients with cancer, it remains difficult for community oncology practices to justify the cost of the pharmacist. The purpose of this study is to characterize a model, Pharmacists Optimizing Oncology Care Excellence in Michigan (POEM), that supports the integration of clinical oncology pharmacists into community practices via financial support to the practices, clinical support to the pharmacist team, and outcomes assessment. The results will provide insight into how pharmacists support patient care and how to substantiate a pharmacist in practices. Methods: This multicenter, retrospective analysis was conducted between October 2020 – March 2022. POEM pharmacists received support in the development of collaborative practice agreements, billing guidance, and ongoing oncology continuing education. Practices received support via a percentage of salary support for the pharmacist the first 3 years and value-based reimbursement for participation. A standardized method for collecting patient demographics, pharmacist encounter characteristics, and intervention information was created via RedCap. Patients receiving care by the pharmacist were provided a 4-item survey to rate their experience. Results: As of March 2022, POEM has 6 clinical oncology pharmacists representing 8 physician organizations, 24 oncology clinics, and 72 physicians. 1944 patients have been seen via 4296 encounters and 4380 interventions. 49% of patients were female, 93% white, and 74% > 60 years. The primary reasons for pharmacist care were treatment with oral anticancer agents (OAA) (52%), non-immunotherapy IV (22%), and immunotherapy (20%). Pharmacists recorded an average of 77 patient encounters/week over the last year and 108/week over the past quarter. 47% of these encounters were billed using care management codes. Additionally, pharmacists recorded an average of 82 interventions/week over the past year and 101/week over the last quarter. Interventions were Education and Referrals (49%), Medication Modification (24%), and Comprehensive Medication Review or Medication Reconciliation (20%). Patients were satisfied with the pharmacists’ care and felt it was important to meet with a pharmacist before beginning their cancer treatment. Conclusions: Early results indicate positive patient experiences from education sessions and medication interventions to improve patient symptoms. Future outcome analyses will quantify the return on investment of clinical pharmacist integration into oncology community practices by measuring pre- and post-intervention healthcare utilization and patient clinical outcomes.
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Lorensia, Amelia, Ananda Yudiarso, and Nurul Safina. "Persepsi Apoteker terhadap Hambatan dalam Pelayanan Kefarmasian Penyakit Asma Di Apotek." Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan 2, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/jsk.v2i4.127.
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One to improve the services of asthma pharmacy at pharmacies is to know the barrier (pharmacy) pharmacists in the pharmacy services of asthma itself. However, there is still a pharmacist barrier in providing pharmaceutical services of asthma namely Perceived barrier on self-efficacy pharmacist, Perceived barrier on counseling, Perceived barrier on knowledge of the patient, and Perceived barrier on the role of pharmacist. The aim of this research is to know deksriptif and to explore perception of pharmacist to barrier of pharmacy service of pharmacy at pharmacy in Surabaya. This research is a research of mixed methods with sequential explanatory research design. Instruments in this study using questionnaires and interviews. Sampling with non-random sampling method with purposive sampling technique, then the data will be processed descriptively. The sample of research were 53 pharmacists representing 1 pharmacist, 41 pharmacists willing to fill out questionnaires but not willing to interview and 12 pharmacists willing to fill out questionnaires and interviews. Barrier data based on Kritikos et al. (2010), was examined with the most commonly used approach, HBM (Health Believe Model), which is a model of individual health trust in determining the attitude of doing or not doing health behavior. The results of the study show that pharmacists still have barriers in pharmacy services from 4 dimensions, including: self-efficacy, pharmaceutical counseling, perceived knowledge of patients, and the role of pharmacists..
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Tiggelaar, John M. "Protocols for the Treatment of Essential Hypertension and Type II Diabetes Mellitus by Pharmacists in Ambulatory Care Clinics." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 21, no. 6 (June 1987): 521–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808702100609.
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During the last several years, the pharmacist has acted as a primary-care provider for patients with selected chronic illnesses at an urban county health department. The pharmacist's responsibilities include examining patients, ordering laboratory tests and X-rays, and adjusting or prescribing medication. In order to comply with health department regulations requiring the use of protocols by non-physician practitioners, and to better define the pharmacist's role, pharmacy protocols for the treatment of essential hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus have been developed. The protocols provide specific guidelines for the pharmacist involved in primary patient care. In addition, they describe a procedure for the selection and referral of patients. These protocols can serve as a sound foundation by which other pharmacists involved with primary patient care treat essential hypertension and type II diabetes mellitus. They can easily be modified to suit a pharmacist's particular needs and situation.
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Banh, Hoan Linh, and Andrew J. Cave. "A De Novo Pharmacist-Family Physician Collaboration Model in a Family Medicine Clinic in Alberta, Canada." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020107.
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Collaborative practice in health-care has proven to be an effective and efficient method for the management of chronic diseases. This study describes a de novo collaborative practice between a pharmacist and a family physician. The primary objective of the study is to describe the collaboration model between a pharmacist and family physician. The secondary objective is to describe the pharmacist workload. A list of patients who had at least one interaction with the pharmacist was generated and printed from the electronic medical record. There were 389 patients on the patient panel. The pharmacist had at least one encounter with 159 patients. There were 83 females. The most common medical condition seen by the pharmacist was hypertension. A total of 583 patient consultations were made by the pharmacist and 219 of those were independent visits. The pharmacist wrote 1361 prescriptions. The expanded scope of practice for pharmacists in Alberta includes additional prescribing authority. The pharmacists’ education and clinical experience gained trust from the family physician. These, coupled with the family physician’s previous positive experience working with pharmacists made the collaboration achievable.
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Andreski, Michael, Erica Martin, Victoria Valentine Brouner, and Sarah Sorum. "Advancing Community Pharmacy Practice – A Technician Product Verification Pilot to Optimize Care." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 11, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i2.2340.
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Elevating the technical role of pharmacy technicians to perform Technician Product Verification (TPV) is one strategy that has shown promise to optimize pharmacy practice models. This is done by better positioning pharmacists to provide clinical care, in line with their education and expertise. TPV permits a Validated Pharmacy Technician, as defined by the Wisconsin Pharmacy Examining Board, to verify the accuracy of a product filled by another technician. The pharmacist maintains responsibility for assessing the clinical appropriateness of the prescription, including drug utilization review, data entry, and patient counseling.
During the study period, 12,891 pharmacist-verified prescriptions (baseline) and 27,447 Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions were audited for accuracy. The aggregate verification error rate for pharmacist-verified prescriptions was 0.16% and 0.01% for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions. The mean error rate was significantly less for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions than for pharmacist-verified prescriptions (0.19 ± 0.174 % vs 0.03 ± 0.089 %, p=0.020) (Figure 3).
This suggests TPV in the community pharmacy setting maintained patient safety. In this study, Validated Pharmacy Technicians were shown to be more accurate than pharmacists at performing product verification. The ability to delegate the product verification task holds the potential to free up pharmacist time for increased direct patient care. Increasing direct patient care by pharmacists in community pharmacies may have significant implications for improving patient outcomes and pharmacy quality.
Article Type: Original Research
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Holleran, Michael J. "Avoiding Civil Liability Under OBRA 1990: Documentation is the Key." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 8, no. 2 (April 1995): 48–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009500800202.
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The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 (OBRA 90) and the various state regulations enacted in response to that act have already required a substantial change in the daily activities of pharmacists while performing their professional duties. OBRA 90 requires pharmacists to engage in patient counseling efforts and sets forth specific topics that pharmacists must discuss with the patient or primary caregiver. From a civil liability perspective, however, OBRA 90 requires pharmacists to do far more than counsel patients with regard to those patients' pharmaceutical care. It is anticipated that the requirements of OBRA 90 will establish minimum standards of care which must be met by all pharmacists. Courts will likely view a pharmacist's failure to adhere to the requirements of OBRA 90 as a failure to meet the standard of care applicable to pharmacists. Such failure to meet the applicable standard of care may lead to civil liability under the tort theories of ordinary negligence and negligence per se. Although OBRA 90 mandates that certain records be created and maintained, the prudent pharmacist in today's litigious world must develop a more comprehensive, accurate, and detailed system for documentation of the various counseling activities in which he or she engages. Because most pharmacies employ more than one pharmacist, and because memories of both patients and pharmacists can fail, creating and maintaining accurate records that exceed the documentation requirements of OBRA 90 and are admissible in court may well be the key to avoiding civil liability for an alleged failure to comply with the requirements of OBRA 90. Copyright © 1995 by W.B. Saunders Company
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Madeeha Malik, Usman Aslam, Azhar Hussain, and Ayisha Hashmi. "Assessment of Pharmacist Led Patient Counseling Program for Hypertension Management: The Transformative Role of Community Pharmacies in Chronic Disease Management." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 6, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol06-i02/1038.
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Background: Effective management of hypertension depends on efficacy of therapy as well as patient adherence to medication therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. As one of the important member of primary healthcare team, community pharmacists can play a key role in counseling patients and managing their chronic illnesses. Aim: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of pharmacist counseling on management of hypertension of patients attending community pharmacies in twin cities of Pakistan. Methodology: A randomized, controlled, single blinded, pre-post intervention study design was used. Pharmacists working at community pharmacies included in group A (intervention) were targeted for training while no training was given to the pharmacists working at community pharmacies included in group B (control). The total numbers of patients were 40 in each group while estimating a drop-out rate of 25%. Patients in the intervention group received special counseling sessions by the community pharmacist whereas those in the control group received the usual pharmacy services for six months. Pre-validated tool hypertension knowledge level scale was used to assess disease knowledge. The questionnaire was administered by the pharmacists to the respondents at baseline and after 6 months. Data was cleaned, coded and analyzed in SPSS 21. Results: The results of the present study showed that respondents having hypertension since the past one year had comparatively better knowledge (23.83, ±0.40) after six months of counseling. Mean knowledge scores regarding hypertension among intervention group at baseline was (15.60, ±3.33) which was improved after six months (18.35, ±2.31). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure also improved in intervention group after 6 months of counseling. Significant difference was observed (p≤0.05) in pre-post intervention knowledge regarding hypertension management. Knowledge of patients was improved regarding different aspects of hypertension management after counseling by community pharmacists. Conclusion: The results of the current study concluded that counseling by community pharmacist had a positive impact on hypertension management. Educational programs should be initiated by community pharmacists as this can lead to improvement in blood pressure goals, disease knowledge and medication adherence and enhance the image of pharmacist as a key health care member in management of chronic diseases.
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Iqbal, Mir Javid, Geer Mohammad Ishaq, and Abdullah A. Assiri. "Connecting Pharmacists and Other Health Care Providers (HCPs) towards Drug Therapy Optimization: A Pharmaceutical Care Approach." International Journal of Clinical Practice 2023 (January 14, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3336736.
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Background. Pharmaceutical care services offered by pharmacists rationalize drug therapy, improve patient quality of life, and save patients’ lives. This study was designed to optimize patient drug therapy through pharmaceutical care services offered by a pharmacist in consultation with other health care providers (HCPs) at a tertiary care hospital. Methods. This descriptive study was conducted to assess the role and effectiveness of pharmacists in optimizing drug therapy outcomes. The study was carried out at an internal and pulmonary medicine unit of a tertiary care hospital in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India, with a total of 50 health care providers (HCPs) (24 doctors, 16 nurses, and 10 pharmacists). A total of 182 patients (males and females) of all age groups were recruited into the study over a period of nine months. Patient-specific pharmaceutical care plans initiated by the pharmacist based on drug therapy-related needs and problems were used to address and optimize drug therapy outcomes in consultation with other HCPs. Results. A total of 388 drug-related problems (DRPs) with an average of 2.29 DRPs per patient were identified, for which 258 pharmaceutical care plans as interventions were proposed, out of which 233 (90.31%) were accepted and implemented. Preassessment and postassessment by HCPs on services rendered by the pharmacist showed a positive change in attitude among HCPs with respect to their endorsement and acceptance of the pharmacist’s services in providing direct patient care. Conclusions. Pharmaceutical care services offered by pharmacists helped in optimizing drug therapy and patient care.
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Elnur Nasibli, Mahbuba Veliyeva, Elnur Nasibli, Mahbuba Veliyeva. "PHARMACISTS’ VIEWS ON PHARMACIST-PHYSICIAN-PATIENT COOPERATION IN AZERBAIJAN." PIRETC-Proceeding of The International Research Education & Training Centre 19, no. 02 (May 18, 2022): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/piretc19022022-28.
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Purpose: In order to increase the level of care provided to patients, it is important to develop a pharmacist-doctor-patient relationship. However, there are a number of obstacles to the full implementation of this cooperation. Methods: In this study, we use a survey to learn the current state of the pharmacist-physician-patient relationship in Azerbaijan. Results: The survey results firstly suggest that communication between pharmacists and physicians is unilateral, nevertheless working pharmacists are young, but experienced enough to adapt this process, and psychological barriers that prevent them from working with physicians are minimal. Secondly, patients easily communicate with pharmacists, get enough information from them and rely on their professional advice. Conclusion: Compared to other studies, these indicators are very good and can reach even better levels with the introduction of new opportunities. Novelty of the work: In this study, the level of pharmacist-doctor-patient relations in Azerbaijan was determined for the first time. Keywords: pharmacist-physician-patient, collaboration, cooperation, relationship
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Rafie, Sally, Emily Richards, Samantha Rafie, Sharon Landau, and Tracey Wilkinson. "Pharmacist Outlooks on Prescribing Hormonal Contraception Following Statewide Scope of Practice Expansion." Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030096.
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In an effort to increase access to contraception, the pharmacist scope of practice is being expanded to allow prescribing. While this is being accomplished in the United States by a variety of models, legislation that allows pharmacists to prescribe hormonal contraception under a statewide protocol is the most common. This study was designed to explore the outlooks of pharmacists regarding prescribing contraception in the period following the first state legislation and prior to statewide protocol development and availability. A qualitative study of community pharmacists in California using structured phone interviews explored their opinions regarding access to contraception in pharmacies and outlooks regarding prescribing. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach to identify themes. Among the thirty participants, the majority worked in a chain pharmacy. Themes were identified in five overarching domains: Pharmacist barriers, system barriers, patient issues, safety concerns, and pharmacist role. Most were unfamiliar with the new law, yet were interested in expanding access for patient benefit despite foreseeing challenges with implementing the service in community pharmacies. Barriers will need to be addressed and requisite training disseminated widely to facilitate successful implementation and thus improve access on a broad scale. Further research following protocol implementation is needed to understand service implementation, as well as patient utilization and satisfaction.
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Iancu, Mihaela Ela, Camelia Bucsa, Andreea Maria Farcas, Daniel Corneliu Leucuta, Adriana Dincu, and Marius Traian Bojita. "Counseling provided by the pharmacist in Romanian community pharmacy: the patients’ perspective." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 87, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-257.
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Background and aims. Patient education is a critical task that may be carried out by the pharmacists, especially in the context of contemporary pharmacists’ roles, which tend to be closer to patients and their needs. This study aimed to evaluate the counseling provided by the pharmacist in the community pharmacy, from the patient’s perspective.Patients and methods. We conducted a prospective, non-interventional study in 520 pharmacies from 10 Romanian counties across the country. The first 10 visitors of the pharmacy on a given day were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the counseling provided by the pharmacist during the visit.Results. More than 90% of patients received advice from the pharmacist on the route of administration, use in relation to meals, dosage and length of treatment. More than 80% of the patients were counseled on the medicine contraindications and precautions, interactions with other medicines and food, side effects, additional changes in lifestyle and diet appropriate to the condition and the necessity to immediately consult a doctor/pharmacist in case of adverse drug reactions. Lower percentages were registered for advising the patient on the obligation to return to pharmacy the unused psychotropic drugs (38.04%) and the ability of the drug to modify the laboratory results (47.66).Conclusions. The results of the present study showed that the counseling activity in the community pharmacy is carried out by the pharmacists in a high proportion, according to the patients’ feedback.
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McKeirnan, Kimberly, Kyle Frazier, and Beau Keown. "Implementing Pharmacist-Led Patient Home Visits." Journal of Contemporary Pharmacy Practice 66, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37901/jcphp18-00028.
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Introduction Patients with chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes often experience difficulties managing complex medication regimens. A promising method for identifying and addressing medication-related problems is pharmacist provision of patient home visits. Pharmacist home visits could alleviate the burden on both patients and providers for the purposes of maintenance medication and goal-achievement assessment. Methods A pharmacist home visit program was developed utilizing social workers to identify patients who would most benefit from a pharmacist home visit. The two pharmacists met with these patients in their homes to evaluate their current medication regimens, adherence, medical condition status, and potential drug-related problems (DRPs). Upon conclusion of the home visit, the pharmacists provided a summary of findings and proposed solutions for identified drug related problems to the patient's primary care provider. Results Fourteen patients participated in pharmacist-provided home visits. During these home visits, 98 unique DRPs were identified. Drug-related problems were grouped into four categories: adherence (n=26, 27%), effectiveness (n=25, 26%), indication (n=24, 24%), and safety (n=23, 23%). Between the initial visit and the final visit, there was a resolution of 25 (26%) drug related problems. Conclusion This project demonstrated a novel referral pathway for identifying patients to participate in pharmacist-led home visits. By providing patient home visits, pharmacists were able to identify and resolve some drug-related problems, but many problems remain unresolved due, in large part, to lack of provider engagement.
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Deeks, Louise S., Sam Kosari, Mark Naunton, Gabrielle Cooper, Julie Porritt, Rachel Davey, Paresh Dawda, John Goss, and Gregory Kyle. "Stakeholder perspectives about general practice pharmacists in the Australian Capital Territory: a qualitative pilot study." Australian Journal of Primary Health 24, no. 3 (2018): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py17086.
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Previous studies have found that integrating non-dispensing pharmacists in general practice may improve patient safety, improve patient outcomes, deliver health system efficiencies and generate savings. However, the employment of pharmacists in general practice is not common in Australia. A naturalistic study was conducted in the Australian Capital Territory with three general practices, each employing a part-time pharmacist for 12 months. This study reports on stakeholder perspectives of the benefits, barriers and enablers for integrating pharmacists into general practice. Patients, practice staff and community pharmacists that had interacted with a practice pharmacist were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Patient questionnaire respondents (n=44) reported that a practice pharmacist was beneficial and wanted to see this continue. Practice pharmacists were also perceived beneficial by primary healthcare employees surveyed (n=42). Opinions were further explored by individual semi-structured interviews (n=20). The qualitative data explored five themes: perception of the practice pharmacist, collaboration with doctors, pharmacist roles, sustainability and community pharmacy aspects. Patients welcomed improved understanding about their medication, whereas general practice staff appreciated pharmaceutical advice about patients with chronic conditions. Participants discussed options to fund practice pharmacists longer term, which was identified as the main barrier to widespread roll out.
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Schommer, Jon, William Doucette, Matthew Witry, Vibhuti Arya, Brianne Bakken, Caroline Gaither, David Kreling, and David Mott. "Pharmacist Segments Identified from 2009, 2014, and 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Surveys: Implications for Pharmacy Organizations and Personnel." Pharmacy 8, no. 2 (March 26, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8020049.
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Background/Objective: Findings from the 2009 and 2014 National Pharmacist Workforce Surveys showed that approximately 40% of U.S. pharmacists devoted their time primarily to medication providing, 40% contributed a significant portion of their time to patient care service provision, and the remaining 20% contributed most of their time to other health-system improvement activities. The objective of this study was to characterize the U.S. pharmacist workforce into segments based on the proportion of time they spend in medication providing and patient care services and compare changes in these segments between 2009, 2014, and 2019. Methods: Data from 2009, 2014, and 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Surveys were analyzed. Responses from 1200 pharmacists in 2009, 1382 in 2014, and 4766 in 2019 were used for analysis. Respondents working in the pharmacy or pharmacy-related fields reported both their percent time devoted to medication providing and to patient care services. Medication providing included preparing, distributing, and administering medication products, including associated professional services. Patient care services were professional services designed for assessing and evaluating medication-related needs, monitoring and adjusting patient’s treatments, and other services designed for patient care. For each year of data, pharmacist segments were identified using a two-step cluster analysis. Descriptive statistics were used for describing the characteristics of the segments. Results: For each year, five segments of pharmacists were identified. The proportions of pharmacists in each segment for the three surveys (2009, 2014, 2019) were: (1) medication providers (41%, 40%, 34%), (2) medication providers who also provide patient care (25%, 22%, 25%), (3) other activity pharmacists (16%, 18%, 14%), (4) patient care providers who also provide medication (12%, 13%, 15%), and (5) patient care providers (6%, 7%, 12%). In 2019, other activity pharmacists worked over 45 hours per week, on average, with 12 of these hours worked remotely. Patient care providers worked 41 hours per week, on average, with six of these hours worked remotely. Medication providers worked less than 40 hours per week, on average, with just one of these hours worked remotely. Regarding the number of patients with whom a respondent interacted on a typical day, medication providers reported 18 per day, patient care providers reported 11 per day, and other activity pharmacists reported 6 per day. In 2009, 8% of patient care providers worked in a setting that was not licensed as a pharmacy. In 2019, this grew to 17%. Implications/Conclusions: The 2019 findings showed that 34% of U.S. pharmacists devoted their time primarily to medication providing (compared to 40% in 2009 and 2014), 52% contributed a significant portion of their time to patient care service provision (compared to 40% in 2009 and 2014), and the remaining 14% contributed most of their time to other health-system improvement activities. Distinguishing characteristics of the segments suggested that recent growth in the pharmacist workforce has been in the patient care services, with more being provided through remote means in organizations that are not licensed as pharmacies. The findings have implications for pharmacist training, continuing education, labor monitoring, regulations, work systems, and process designs. These changes will create new roles and tasks for pharmacy organizations and personnel that will be needed to support emerging patient care services provided by pharmacists.
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Richardson, Willis M., and Albert I. Wertheimer. "A Review of the Pharmacist as Vaccinator." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i3.940.
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Objective: The aim of this study is to review literature about how the pharmacist’s role as vaccination providers has been financially and clinically measured.
Methods: A broad literature search was conducted up to May 2016 to identify economic or clinical data on pharmacy vaccinations. MEDLINE® and PUBMED databases were searched for publications useful or potentially useful for this review. The NIH and CDC websites were also searched for relevant materials. Search terms included vaccination, pharmacist, economic, pharmacoeconomics, cost, benefits cost-effectiveness, physicians, immunizations, vaccinations, pharmacy vaccines, cost, physician vaccines, financial, benefit, ambulatory pharmacist vaccination, clinical pharmacist, economics, pharmacist vaccine impact.
Results: The search yielded a total of 68 articles of which 12 met the criteria to be included in this review. After examining articles for relevance to pharmacy vaccinations, two tables were created to highlight the clinical and economic advantages of the pharmacist as a vaccinator.
Conclusion: Pharmacists who administer vaccines are an underutilized provider. This literature review reveals a pattern among studies measuring the pharmacist’s impact on vaccination rates, patient preferences, and cost savings. Pharmacists have a history of demonstrated dependability, accuracy, and cost effectiveness. State laws, collaborative agreements, and health plans have continued to prevent patients from using the pharmacy to receive the CDC recommended vaccines. These barriers ultimately delay the Healthy People 2020 goals.
Article Type: Review
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Adelson, Kerin B., Martha Stutsky, Monica Fradkin, Michelle Renee Harrison, Osama Abdelghany, Bret Morrow, Mandeep Smith, et al. "Should Cancer Centers start their own specialty pharmacy? Quality and economic data from the oral chemotherapy program at Smilow Cancer Hospital and Yale New Haven Health System." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 8_suppl (March 10, 2017): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.8_suppl.108.
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108 Background: Recent focus has shown that oral chemotherapy is high risk for medical error. Our QOPI certification process identified that oral oncologic processes were marked by: lack of documentation in the EMR, patients receiving refills from third party pharmacies after prescription discontinuation, incorrect self-administration of medications due to lack of education, delivery delays, high copays, and underuse of available patient assistance programs. Methods: A multidisciplinary task force developed a program to expedite drug access, standardize consent, and ensure clinical support including education, adherence and toxicity monitoring. We expanded an existing health-system pharmacy to provide specialty services. Treatment protocols were created for every oral oncologic drug, which are routed to a clinical oncology pharmacist and the specialty pharmacy. Nursing and pharmacist verify all orders. Medication Assistance Program for copay support. Day 1, 5 and 21 pharmacist to patient calls. Multidisciplinary flow sheet documentation. Results: Today, 80% of our patients receive medication within 72 hours. Specialty pharmacists monitor toxicity even for patients whose prescriptions are filled by other pharmacies. Pharmacists have prevented more than 400 prescription errors. Today, monthly revenue before cost for the oral chemotherapy program is nearly than $4 million. The total revenue since initiation in February 2015 is over $44 million, yielding an approximately $9 million margin after costs. Funding through the medication assistance program exceeded $1 million thus far in 2016, with an average of 140 patients receiving assistance each month. Conclusions: A patient-centered multidisciplinary model integrating clinical, operational, financial, and IT resources optimized care for patients receiving oral oncologic therapy. This project transferred revenue from for-profit third party pharmacies to our non-profit health system, and revenue is used to provide enhanced education, monitoring, and patient assistance. Our collaborative improvement model can be adapted to many practice settings.
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Mae Trinidad, PharmD, Denisse, and Puja R. Patel, PharmD, BCOP. "The Impact of an Embedded Oncology Pharmacist in an Outpatient Oncology Center in the Treatment of Hematologic Malignancies." Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology 13, no. 7 (September 1, 2022): 673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jadpro.2022.13.7.3.
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Background: The growing demand for clinicians in the ambulatory oncology setting to reduce fragmentation of care and improve patient outcomes represents a need for oncology pharmacists as advanced practitioners in the provision of direct patient-centered care. These provisions can include supportive care management, drug-drug interaction evaluation, and selection of appropriate chemotherapy regimens to reduce physician workload in a cost-effective manner, while increasing physician and patient satisfaction. However, robust data are currently lacking to support the impact of pharmacists in the ambulatory oncology setting. The primary objective of this study is to justify the benefit of a full-time clinical pharmacist in the ambulatory oncology setting through documenting pharmacist-driven clinical interventions, correspondence of those interventions with cost avoidance, and perceived benefit from provider and patient satisfaction surveys. Methods: In this observational single-center pilot study, pharmacist interventions were documented and quantified from March 4, 2019, to March 9, 2021. This study evaluated the impact of these interventions through correlating cost avoidance and overall patient and provider satisfaction surveys regarding oncology pharmacists embedded in the outpatient clinic. Results: During the study period, a total of 545 diverse interventions were made by pharmacists. The estimated cost avoidance during the study period was $363,760, resulting in a net benefit of $753,150 per year. Both provider (n = 5) and patient (n = 8) surveys indicated strong agreement to the benefits of an oncology pharmacist’s involvement in clinic. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the clinical impact, financial benefit, and positive humanistic outcomes of an embedded oncology pharmacist within the ambulatory oncology setting.
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Shibley, Michelle CH, and Carol B. Pugh. "Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care Services for Patients with Hyperlipidemias by Independent Community Pharmacy Practitioners." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 6 (June 1997): 713–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100608.
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OBJECTIVE: To implement and evaluate pharmaceutical care services for patients with hyperlipidemias in the community pharmacy setting, to evaluate the results of a pharmaceutical care training process for pharmacists by using an assessment quiz, and to measure patient outcomes resulting from provision of pharmaceutical care to patients with hyperlipidemia. DESIGN: A prospective study was conducted over a 1 -year period. Patients served as their own controls. SETTING: Two independent community pharmacies in Richmond, Virginia. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five adult patients with confirmed dyslipidemias completed the study. INTERVENTIONS: Study pharmacists assessed each patient and assisted in setting therapeutic goals; patients also completed a visit with a registered dietitian. Drug therapy recommendations were made to physicians by the pharmacist when appropriate. Follow-up was scheduled with the pharmacist to ensure positive outcomes and reduce adverse effects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting lipoprotein profiles were measured initially and at 6 and 12 months. The SF-36 survey, the MacKeigan-Larson satisfaction survey, and a patient opinion survey were administered initially and at the conclusion of the study. RESULTS: Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were significantly decreased at 12 months compared with either the baseline or 6-month values (p < 0.02). Significant improvement was found in several domains of the surveys; quality of life, patient satisfaction with pharmacy services, and patient opinions on the role of the pharmacist improved after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmaceutical care may positively affect lipid values, quality of life, and patient satisfaction.
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Thompson, J., S. Al-Attbi, and B. Patel. "Patient perceptions of clinical pharmacists in general practice." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i37—i38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac019.052.
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Abstract Introduction As a result of changes in the demands and pressures on the NHS, the role of the pharmacist has advanced from purely dispensing and compounding medicines to a more clinical and patient-centred approach to care (1). Since 2015, NHS England set a target of recruiting practice-based pharmacists into 20% of practices by 2020-2021 as a way of reducing these pressures (2). Conducting evaluations of clinical pharmacists in individual practices is essential for role integration and evolution. Aim To explore patient perceptions of clinical pharmacists across three general practices. Methods A paper-based questionnaire consisting of open and closed questions was used to gather patient perceptions on the role of a clinical pharmacist and their consultation experiences. Participants included patients over the age of 18 who had attended a face-to-face appointment with a clinical pharmacist from one of three general practice surgeries in England between November and December 2019. The clinical pharmacists were used as a gateway to recruit participants; post-consultation, the pharmacist asked patients if they would complete a questionnaire. Patients were provided with an information sheet and consent form prior to completion of the questionnaire. The questionnaire was anonymous. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Results A total of 39 participants completed the questionnaire. Most participants were elderly (28%) and female (64%). The primary reason for the consultations was due to an acute illness (79%), and the most common outcome was the supply of a prescription (83%). Patients were predominantly unfamiliar with the role of a clinical pharmacist (56%) and 31% of patients reportedly thought their appointment had been with a doctor. All patients were positive about their experience and reported they would “be more than happy to see a pharmacist in the future” and that the role was “a very necessary addition to the practice”. All patients reported that their consultation was the same (51%) or better than they have had with a doctor (49%). Patients commented on the pharmacists’ consultation skills, making statements such as [they] “listened to me”, “asked me questions”, “were really good at explaining” and “spoke in a way I understood”. Clinical pharmacists were reported as being “very professional” and knowledgeable as “[they] knew more about my medication [than the doctor] and prescribed me something to help”. Patients reported that they would recommend the clinical pharmacist to their family and friends when seeking an appointment. Conclusion This research highlights patient acceptance towards consultations with a clinical pharmacist and reinforces the competence of pharmacists to undertake this role. A key finding related to the effective consultation skills of the pharmacists and involving the patients in their care. The number of patients who participated limits the generalisability of the findings, and the patient responses may have been a reaction to the individual clinical pharmacists rather than their thoughts on the role overall. Increased publicity and patient education of the role of a clinical pharmacist may promote a greater integration into the multidisciplinary team. References (1) Robertson R, Wenzel L, Thompson J, Charles A. Understanding NHS financial pressures. How are they affecting patient care. 2017. The Kings Fund. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/field_publication_file/Understanding%20NHS%20financial%20pressures%20-%20full%20report.pdf (2) NHS England 2016. General Practice Forward View. https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gpfv.pdf
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Wang, Longyun. "Chinese Pharmacists Law Modification, How to Protect Patients‘ Interests？." Health Informatics - An International Journal 11, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/hiij.2022.11401.
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The pharmacy profession is relatively new in China. Recently, the demand for pharmacists has increased as China's hospital system has been unable to support a large patient population due to the increasing demand for health care. This paper discusses how to improve the Chinese pharmacist law. To make reasonable laws on pharmacists, used to regulate and manage communication between pharmacists and patients, the ethical relationships, financial support and degree requirement, and governance of pharmacists. Improving pharmacist laws can help improve the quality of pharmacists' work, protect patient privacy, and enhance pharmacists' work efficiency. I will use government reports and authoritative data collected by myself as examples to analyze what needs to be improved in pharmacist law.
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Fredrickson, Mary E., Hayley Terlizzi, Rikki L. Horne, and Stanley Dannemiller. "The role of the community pharmacist in veterinary patient care: a cross-sectional study of pharmacist and veterinarian viewpoints." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.1928.
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Background: The role of the community pharmacist is rapidly expanding to encompass the care of veterinary patients in the United States of America This change makes it imperative for pharmacists and veterinarians who practice in community settings to establish mutual agreement on the roles of pharmacists in the care of these patients.
Objective: To examine community-based pharmacist and veterinarian viewpoints on interprofessional collaboration and the role of the community pharmacist in veterinary patient care.
Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were sent to pharmacists and veterinarians who practice in a community setting in Ohio. Surveys collected demographic information and addressed the following themes: attitudes toward collaboration, perceived roles of the pharmacist, expectations of the pharmacist, and previous collaborative experiences. A chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: In total, 357 pharmacists and 232 veterinarians participated in the study. Both professions agreed that pharmacist-veterinarian collaboration is important in order to optimize veterinary patient care (chi-square (1, N=589)=7.7, p=0.006). Overall, veterinarians were more likely to identify an important role of the community pharmacist to be compounding medications (chi-square (1, N=589)=26.7, p<0.001) compared to counseling pet owners (chi-square (1, N=589)=171.7, p<0.001). Both groups reported similar levels of agreement regarding the importance for pharmacists to have adequate knowledge of veterinary medicine.
Conclusions: Our study found that while both pharmacists and veterinarians conveyed a positive attitude regarding interprofessional collaboration, they disagreed on what role the pharmacist should play in the care of veterinary patients. Rectifying the discordant perceptions of these health care professionals may be critical to developing collaborative initiatives and optimizing veterinary patient care.