Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceuticals'
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Alajärvi, Lasse, Johanna Timonen, Piia Lavikainen, and Janne Martikainen. "Attitudes and Considerations towards Pharmaceuticals-Related Environmental Issues among Finnish Population." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212930.
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A number of policy recommendations identify the general public as a key participant in environmentally sustainable pharmaceutical policies. However, research into pharmaceuticals-related environmental issues from the population perspective is scarce. We studied the awareness among Finnish adults (n = 2030) of pharmaceutical residues in Finnish waterways, their perceived environmental sources, views on pharmaceuticals-related environmental issues, and their association with background characteristics. Of the respondents, 89.5% were aware of the presence of pharmaceuticals in Finnish waterways. Wastewaters from the pharmaceutical industry were most frequently, and pharmaceuticals excreted by humans least frequently, considered a major environmental source of pharmaceuticals. The vast majority of the respondents were worried about the environmental and health impact of pharmaceutical residues and emphasized issues such as the importance of environmentally sustainable actions by pharmaceutical companies and the recyclability of the pharmaceutical packaging materials. Age, education, use of prescription medicines, and environmental attitude were associated with awareness of pharmaceutical residues, while gender, age, education level, and environmental attitude were associated most frequently with pharmaceuticals-related environmental considerations. These results indicate a need for improved communication about the environmental effects of pharmaceuticals and the significance of different pharmaceutical emission sources in order to promote a more environmentally friendly, effective pharmaceutical policy.
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Khan, Aqib Hassan Ali, and Rocío Barros. "Pharmaceuticals in Water: Risks to Aquatic Life and Remediation Strategies." Hydrobiology 2, no. 2 (June 14, 2023): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2020026.
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The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment presents a challenge to modern science. The most significant impact this can induce is the emergence of antibiotic resistance, which can lead to a global health emergency. It is important to note that the impact of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is not limited to antibiotic resistance. Pharmaceuticals can also affect the behaviour and reproductive systems of aquatic organisms, with cascading effects on entire ecosystems. Numerous studies have reported the emergence of pharmaceuticals due to the uncontrolled disposal of polluted domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewater in water bodies. This work discusses the potential of pharmaceuticals that on one hand are highly important for mankind, yet their non-judicious usage and disposal induce equally intriguing and problematic conditions to the health of aquatic systems. Pathways through which pharmaceutics can make their way into water bodies are discussed. Furthermore, the risk imposed by pharmaceuticals on aquatic life is also elaborated. The possible and pragmatic remediation methods through which pharmaceutical products can be treated are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the potential of phytoremediation and advanced oxidative process, and the factors affecting the efficacy of these remediation methods are discussed.
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Bhoot, Archana J. "Financial Performance Of Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd. & Cipla Pharmaceutical Ltd." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2012/4.
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Li, Z. H., and T. Randak. "Residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic environment – status, toxicity and kinetics: a review." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 7 (August 18, 2009): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/97/2009-vetmed.
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Awareness of residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic ecosystems is growing as research into these pollutants increases and analytical detection techniques improve. For most pharmaceuticals analyzed, the effects on aquatic organisms have usually been investigated by toxic assays in the laboratory. However, little is known about integral analysis of pharmacokinetics in aquatic organisms and specific relations between pharmacokinetic parameters and influence factors. Moreover, the influence of the organisms involved and numerous other external factors complicates development of standard tests for environmental evaluation. Current knowledge about residual pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, including status, toxic effects, and pharmacokinetics in aquatic organisms, are reviewed. Based on the above, we identify major gaps in the current knowledge and some directions for future research, such as improvement of techniques to remove residual pharmaceuticals from wastewater, and the establishment of standard pharmaceutical modes of action.
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Küster, Anette, and Nicole Adler. "Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and its regulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1656 (November 19, 2014): 20130587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0587.
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During the past two decades scientists, regulatory agencies and the European Commission have acknowledged pharmaceuticals to be an emerging environmental problem. In parallel, a regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pharmaceutical products has been developed. Since the regulatory guidelines came into force the German Federal Agency (UBA) has been evaluating ERAs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical products before they are marketed. The results show that approximately 10% of pharmaceutical products are of note regarding their potential environmental risk. For human medicinal products, hormones, antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants and antineoplastics indicated an environmental risk. For veterinary products, hormones, antibiotics and parasiticides were most often discussed as being environmentally relevant. These results are in good correlation with the results within the open scientific literature of prioritization approaches for pharmaceuticals in the environment. UBA results revealed that prospective approaches, such as ERA of pharmaceuticals, play an important role in minimizing problems caused by pharmaceuticals in the environment. However, the regulatory ERA framework could be improved by (i) inclusion of the environment in the risk–benefit analysis for human pharmaceuticals, (ii) improvement of risk management options, (iii) generation of data on existing pharmaceuticals, and (iv) improving the availability of ERA data. In addition, more general and integrative steps of regulation, legislation and research have been developed and are presented in this article. In order to minimize the quantity of pharmaceuticals in the environment these should aim to (i) improve the existing legislation for pharmaceuticals, (ii) prioritize pharmaceuticals in the environment and (iii) improve the availability and collection of pharmaceutical data.
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Nishihata, Yu, Ziang Liu, and Tatsushi Nishi. "Evolutionary-Game-Theory-Based Epidemiological Model for Prediction of Infections with Application to Demand Forecasting in Pharmaceutical Inventory Management Problems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2023): 11308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011308.
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Pharmaceuticals play a critical role in the eradication of infectious diseases. Effective pharmaceutical inventory management is important for controlling epidemics since medical resources such as pharmaceuticals, medical staff, and hospitals are limited. In this study, a novel epidemiological model is proposed to evaluate the resource requirements for pharmaceuticals and is applied to analyze different pharmaceutical inventory management strategies. We formulate the relationship between the number of infected individuals and the risk of infection to account for virus mutation. Evolutionary game theory is integrated into an epidemiological model to represent human behavioral choices. The proposed model can be developed to forecast the demand for pharmaceuticals and analyze how human behavior affects the demand of pharmaceuticals. This study found that making people aware of the risk of disease has a positive impact on both reducing the number of infections and managing the pharmaceutical inventory. The main contribution of this study is to enhance areas of research in pharmaceutical inventory management. This study revealed that the correct recognition of the risk of disease leads to appropriate pharmaceutical management. There are a few studies on the application of infectious disease models to inventory control problems. This study provides clues toward proper pharmaceutical management.
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Huangfu, Yonghao, Qingshan Li, Weiwei Yang, Qingwei Bu, Lei Yang, Jianfeng Tang, and Jie Gan. "Occurrence, Source Apportionment, and Ecological Risk of Typical Pharmaceuticals in Surface Waters of Beijing, China." Toxics 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2024): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030171.
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Various studies have shown that the heavy use of pharmaceuticals poses serious ecological risks, especially in metropolitan areas with intensive human activities. In this study, the spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 29 pharmaceuticals in 82 surface waters collected from the North Canal Basin in Beijing were studied. The results showed that the pharmaceutical concentrations ranged from not detected to 193 ng/L, with ampicillin being undetected while ofloxacin had a 100% detection frequency, which indicates the widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical pollution in the North Canal Basin. In comparison with other freshwater study areas, concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the North Canal Basin were generally at moderate levels. It was found that pharmaceutical concentrations were always higher in rivers that directly received wastewater effluents. Source analysis was conducted using the positive matrix factorization model. Combining the spatial pollution patterns of pharmaceuticals, it has been found that wastewater effluents contributed the most to the loads of pharmaceuticals in the studied basin, while in suburban areas, a possible contribution of untreated wastewater was demonstrated. Risk assessment indicated that approximately 55% of the pharmaceuticals posed low-to-high ecological risks, and combining the results of risk analyses, it is advised that controlling WWTP effluent is probably the most cost-effective measure in treating pharmaceutical pollution.
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Li, Hong, Teresa Dodd-Butera, Margaret L. Beaman, Molly Broderick Pritty, Thomas E. Heitritter, and Richard F. Clark. "Trends in Childhood Poison Exposures and Fatalities: A Retrospective Secondary Data Analysis of the 2009–2019 U.S. National Poison Data System Annual Reports." Pediatric Reports 13, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13040073.
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Despite significant prevention efforts, childhood poison exposures remain a serious public health challenge in the United States. This study aimed to assess annual trends of pharmaceutical vs. non-pharmaceutical poison exposures in the US among children 0–19 years and compare the odds of death by children’s age group. Poison exposure and fatality data were retrospectively extracted from 2009 to 2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual reports for children in all reported age groups. Overall, there was a significant reduction in the annual population-adjusted poison exposures in children (annual percentage change = −2.54%, 95% CI = −3.94% to −1.15%, p < 0.01), but not in poisoning-related fatalities. Children 0–5 had similar odds of dying from exposure to non-pharmaceuticals vs. pharmaceuticals. The odds of children 6–12 dying from non-pharmaceuticals vs. pharmaceuticals was 2.38 (95% CI = 1.58, 3.58), χ2 = 18.53, p < 0.001. In contrast, the odds of children 13–19 dying from pharmaceuticals vs. non-pharmaceuticals was 3.04 (95% CI = 2.51, 3.69), χ2 = 141.16, p < 0.001. Suicidal intent accounted for 40.63% of pharmaceutical deaths in children 6–12, as well as 48.66% of pharmaceutical and 31.15% of non-pharmaceutical deaths in children 13–19. While a significant decline in overall childhood poison exposures was reported, a decrease in poisoning-related fatalities was not observed. Children in different age groups had contrasting relative odds of death from pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical exposures. Among older children, a greater proportion of poisoning-related deaths was due to intentional suicide. These findings provide evidence of age-specific trends in childhood poison exposure risk and directions for future poison prevention efforts and behavioral health partnerships.
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Kiefer, David S., Joe C. Chase, Gayle D. Love, and Bruce P. Barrett. "The Overlap of Dietary Supplement and Pharmaceutical Use in the MIDUS National Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/823853.
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Introduction. In the United States, dietary supplement (DS) use is common, often takes place outside of the purview of health care providers, and may involve DS in combination with pharmaceuticals. This situation has led to concerns about interactions between DS and pharmaceuticals, as well as the risks from polypharmacy and polysupplement use.Methods. We used data from the Midlife in the US study (MIDUS 2 Survey) to examine DS and prescription pharmaceutical use in 3876 study participants in order to determine the demographics of high-users (5 or more) of DS and pharmaceuticals and the presence of DS-pharmaceutical co-use.Results. Over 69% of study participants regularly used DS, 49.6% regularly used both DS and pharmaceuticals, and 6.3% and 8.7% were high-users of pharmaceuticals and DS, respectively. High-users of DS, pharmaceuticals, and either were more likely than the whole cohort to be female and of lower income.Conclusions. These findings corroborate those of other national studies with respect to the demographics of DS users but add new information about people at risk of DS-pharmaceutical interactions, not an insignificant proportion of the population examined by this dataset.
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Nastiti, Anindrya, Arlieza Raudhah Riyanto, Ade Supriatin, Dwina Roosmini, Siska WD Kusumah, Rumaisha Milhan, and Gertjan Geerling. "Self-Reported Pharmaceutical Storage, Use, and Improper Disposal to The Environment Among Urban Parents in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1111, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1111/1/012045.
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Abstract Pharmaceuticals are increasingly used to treat and prevent disease globally. However, this trend has the potential to increase pharmaceutical discharge into the environment, especially from households. Pharmaceuticals released into the environment can harm human health, e.g., antimicrobial resistance. Thus, it is important to understand the drivers of pharmaceutical use, storage, and disposal among the community. The main objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to identify the commonly stored and used pharmaceuticals based on its classification; and (2) to identify the disposal method of unused pharmaceuticals at home. In October 2018, an exploratory online survey was conducted on 262 urban parents in the Jabodetabek area and Bandung with children ≤5 years old. This online survey revealed that the most stored medicine at home was acetaminophen. Irrational use of medicines was more common in the treatment-seeking behavior of parents rather than children. Doctor’s prescription is the most factor affecting buying decisions of pharmaceuticals at home, whether for themselves or their children. In most cases, pharmaceutical waste was treated as domestic waste, which was improper disposal. To reduce improper use and disposal, we suggest a targeted campaign to raise awareness of pharmaceutical waste’s unintended health and environmental impacts.
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Lie, Michael, Rubiyatno, Faisal Saud Binhudayb, Nguyen Thi Thanh Thao, and Risky Ayu Kristanti. "Assessing the Impact of Pharmaceutical Contamination in Malaysian Groundwater: Risks, Modelling, and Remediation Strategies." Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 4, no. 1 (June 7, 2024): 43–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v4i1.437.
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Pharmaceuticals in Malaysia’s groundwater are a growing concern as they can potentially affect the environment and human health negatively. Pharmaceuticals are found in abundance in groundwater from sources such as septic tanks, leachates from landfills, wastewater effluents from pharmaceutical-related industries, medical institutions, wastewater treatment plants, and households, agriculture runoff and leakage of effluent wastes in Malaysia. Pharmaceutical contaminant usually travels through advection and dispersion from waterways or soil into the groundwater. The mathematical model of the advection-dispersion equation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are analysed for the prediction of movement and concentration of pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the evolution of pharmaceuticals in the environment, living organisms and human health is assessed. Pharmaceuticals have found their way into the food chain and exhibit toxicity and hazard to aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicity of pharmaceuticals to humans is still not yet much to be researched although strong evidence of possible negative consequences. Moreover, remediation technologies such as activated carbon adsorption, activated sludge, anaerobic treatment and advanced oxidation process are discussed for the mitigation of pharmaceuticals contamination.
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Harsha, Alwin S. Kumar, Srihari Jwalapuram, and Sravan Kumar. "Marketing strategies in the pharmaceutical industry." Scientific Temper 14, no. 04 (December 27, 2023): 1526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.58414/scientifictemper.2023.14.4.67.
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Marketing is believed to maintain a steady supply of customers, which a business requires to survive. Pharmaceuticals are a global force; they include everything from domestic items to drugs and medical supplies that can save lives. Due to the dependence of the pharmaceutical industry on specialized training, pharmaceutical education is now a requirement for medical school. Distribution or marketing of pharmaceuticals makes drugs accessible to the public. Since most customers only actively seek out pharmaceuticals or medical supplies when they have an urgent need, pharma marketing is distinctive. Today, selling medications for a profit confronts this greatest obstacle. This Review article will examine the fundamental values of pharmaceutical marketing to comprehend it better. The study will also evaluate marketing materials for pharmaceuticals. This study draws on the knowledge of various academics and pharmaceutical marketing executives. The research focuses on the marketing balance, consumer drug attitudes, eco-friendly marketing, and pharmaceutical product promotion. The author’s choices and availability may necessitate that the examined articles and literature accurately reflect the study’s implication, and the findings may be suggestive rather than conclusive.
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Vasudha, V., and A. R. Laiju. "A Sustainable Approach Towards Wastewater Treatment in Pharmaceutical Industry: A Review." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1326, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012137.
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Abstract Effluents from the pharmaceutical industry have become more concerned in recent years due to rising worries about the presence and management of pharmaceutical pollutants, raw materials, intermediates, and solvents. The pharmaceutical industry is one of the largest water consumers due to the many processes that require water. Different drug and pharmaceutical production methods result in wastewater containing a wide range of chemicals such as diclofenac, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, and clorfibric acid are commonly found in water and wastewater. As part of wastewater management, it is essential to analyse and design techniques for treating pharmaceutical wastewater in light of the limited available water resources. Furthermore, the industry mandates the reuse of water after impurities such as pharmaceuticals and other toxins. In our study, the main sources of wastewater in the pharmaceutical sector are identified, and the most effective removal technologies are examined and evaluated with the assistance of the study results. Bulk medications, pharmaceutically active substances, and other pharmaceuticals generate wastewater that utilizes much water. This effluent has been analyzed, and solutions for recovering valuable molecules to a considerable extent have been proposed. Finally, the treatment of wastewater has been addressed. Due to the shortcomings of traditional treatment techniques, the authors modified the conventional treatment procedure here using membrane bioreactors and cutting-edge techniques like ozonation, creating a hybrid wastewater treatment technology that may be a better alternative for treating pharmaceutical wastewater.
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Scherer, F. M. "Pricing, Profits, and Technological Progress in the Pharmaceutical Industry." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.3.97.
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The decades-old debate over pharmaceutical industry prices, profits, and innovation has again intensified. A number of events coalesced to refocus public interest on pharmaceuticals. Contributing to public concern were Bureau of Labor Statistics price index increases for pharmaceuticals far outpacing those for the products of other industries. Another prominent characteristic of the pharmaceutical industry has been its extraordinarily high reported profitability. This article examines the phenomena that precipitated the current pharmaceuticals debate, their historical antecedents, and the principal questions at issue. In the author's considered judgment, a pell-mell march toward regulation of pharmaceutical industry pricing could seriously impair the industry's incentives for investment in new products.
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Mohammed, Solomon Ahmed, Mesfin Haile Kahissay, and Abel Demerew Hailu. "Pharmaceuticals wastage and pharmaceuticals waste management in public health facilities of Dessie town, North East Ethiopia." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 28, 2021): e0259160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259160.
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Background Pharmaceuticals wastes are drugs and medicines that can no longer be used. The improper disposal of unused medicines is a growing problem throughout the world. This study assessed the pharmaceutical wastage rate and pharmaceutical waste management for the year 2015 to 2017 in the public health facility of Dessie, Ethiopia. Methodology A cross-section study design was used to review logistic data retrospectively from health commodity management information systems and manual records in 8 health facilities. Health professionals’ (135) pharmaceutical waste management practices were assessed using the world health organization waste management checklist. Descriptive and inferential statistics were made using a statistical package for social sciences version 20. Result Supplies were the leading class of pharmaceuticals with an overall wastage rate of 37.1%. Tablet and injectable constituted the highest class of pharmaceuticals dosage form with the overall wastage rate of 20.78% and 16.49%. The overall pharmaceutical wastage rate was 3.68% amounting to USD 159,762.66 and expiry (92.05%) was the major reason for wastage. The pharmaceutical wastage rate of health centers was nearly twofold higher than hospitals. Pharmaceutical waste management was practiced by 105 (77%; 95% CI; 69.9%, 84.9%) health professionals. Determinants of pharmaceutical waste management were being male (P value = 0.08, AOR = 3.72), receiving training (P value = 0.01, AOR = 4.34), writing label (P value = 0.02, AOR = 5.04), storage of segregated waste in dispensing unit (P value = 0.01, AOR = 0.72) and the presence of disposal plan (P value = 0.002, AOR = 16.93). Conclusions Supplies and tablets constituted the highest wastage class of pharmaceuticals and dosage form. The pharmaceutical wastage rate was higher than the standard and increasing in successive years. Pharmaceutical waste management was not fully practiced. Appropriate inventory control and waste management are recommended.
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Pereira, André, Etiele Greque de Morais, Liliana Silva, Angelina Pena, Andreia Freitas, Margarida Ribau Teixeira, João Varela, and Luísa Barreira. "Pharmaceuticals Removal from Wastewater with Microalgae: A Pilot Study." Applied Sciences 13, no. 11 (May 24, 2023): 6414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116414.
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Urban wastewaters contain pharmaceuticals that are not appropriately removed in conventional wastewater treatments, limiting treated water reuse. Microalgae have been shown to remove pharmaceuticals from urban wastewater in laboratory trials, but few studies have been conducted under natural conditions. In this work, pharmaceutical removal was assessed in a pilot-scale microalgal tertiary wastewater treatment in real conditions. Even after secondary treatment, the water contained measurable amounts of pharmaceuticals (an average of 218.4 ng/L) that significantly decreased to 39.83 ng/L at the exit of the microalgal system. Pharmaceuticals’ average removal rates were slightly higher in the summer (79.1%) than in autumn (71.1%). Antibiotics and antipsychotics were better removed (88.8 and 86.4%, respectively) than antihypertensives (75.3%) and others (Bezafibrate and Diclofenac; 64.0%). Physicochemical characteristics of the wastewater influenced pharmaceutical removal; significant positive correlations were observed between anti-hypertensive drug removal and ammonium concentration (r = 0.53; p < 0.05), total nitrogen and total pharmaceutical removal (r = 0.46; p < 0.05), and total nitrogen and antipsychotic drug removal (r = 0.47; p < 0.05). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of microalgal tertiary treatment in the removal of pharmaceuticals.
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Phillips, Patrick, Steven Smith, Dana Kolpin, Steven Zaugg, Herbert Buxton, Edward Furlong, Kathleen Esposito, and Beverley Stinson. "Pharmaceutical formulation facilities as sources of pharmaceuticals." Toxicology Letters 211 (June 2012): S16—S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.03.077.
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Arnold, Kathryn E., A. Ross Brown, Gerald T. Ankley, and John P. Sumpter. "Medicating the environment: assessing risks of pharmaceuticals to wildlife and ecosystems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1656 (November 19, 2014): 20130569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0569.
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Global pharmaceutical consumption is rising with the growing and ageing human population and more intensive food production. Recent studies have revealed pharmaceutical residues in a wide range of ecosystems and organisms. Environmental concentrations are often low, but pharmaceuticals typically are designed to have biological effects at low doses, acting on physiological systems that can be evolutionarily conserved across taxa. This Theme Issue introduces the latest research investigating the risks of environmentally relevant concentrations of pharmaceuticals to vertebrate wildlife. We take a holistic, global view of environmental exposure to pharmaceuticals encompassing terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems in high- and low-income countries. Based on both field and laboratory data, the evidence for and relevance of changes to physiology and behaviour, in addition to mortality and reproductive effects, are examined in terms of the population- and community-level consequences of pharmaceutical exposure on wildlife. Studies on uptake, trophic transfer and indirect effects of pharmaceuticals acting via food webs are presented. Given the logistical and ethical complexities of research in this area, several papers focus on techniques for prioritizing which compounds are most likely to harm wildlife and how modelling approaches can make predictions about the bioavailability, metabolism and toxicity of pharmaceuticals in non-target species. This Theme Issue aims to help clarify the uncertainties, highlight opportunities and inform ongoing scientific and policy debates on the impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment.
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González Peña, Omar Israel, Miguel Ángel López Zavala, and Héctor Cabral Ruelas. "Pharmaceuticals Market, Consumption Trends and Disease Incidence Are Not Driving the Pharmaceutical Research on Water and Wastewater." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052532.
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Pharmaceuticals enhance our quality of life; consequently, their consumption is growing as a result of the need to treat ageing-related and chronic diseases and changes in the clinical practice. The market revenues also show an historic growth worldwide motivated by the increase on the drug demand. However, this positivism on the market is fogged because the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites into the environment, including water, also increases due to their inappropriate management, treatment and disposal; now, worldwide, this fact is recognized as an environmental concern and human health risk. Intriguingly, researchers have studied the most effective methods for pharmaceutical removal in wastewater; however, the types of pharmaceuticals investigated in most of these studies do not reflect the most produced and consumed pharmaceuticals on the market. Hence, an attempt was done to analyze the pharmaceutical market, drugs consumption trends and the pharmaceutical research interests worldwide. Notwithstanding, the intensive research work done in different pharmaceutical research fronts such as disposal and fate, environmental impacts and concerns, human health risks, removal, degradation and development of treatment technologies, found that such research is not totally aligned with the market trends and consumption patterns. There are other drivers and interests that promote the pharmaceutical research. Thus, this review is an important contribution to those that are interested not only on the pharmaceutical market and drugs consumption, but also on the links, the drivers and interests that motivate and determine the research work on certain groups of pharmaceuticals on water and wastewater.
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Bu, Qingwei, Qingshan Li, Yun Liu, and Chun Cai. "Performance Comparison between the Specific and Baseline Prediction Models of Ecotoxicity for Pharmaceuticals: Is a Specific QSAR Model Inevitable?" Journal of Chemistry 2021 (October 31, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5563066.
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Assessing the ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals is of urgent need due to the recognition of their possible adverse effects on nontarget organisms in the aquatic environment. The reality of ecotoxicity data scarcity promotes the development and application of quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models. In the present study, we aimed to clarify whether a QSAR model of ecotoxicity specifically for pharmaceuticals is needed considering that pharmaceuticals are a class of chemicals with complex structures, multiple functional groups, and reactive properties. To this end, we conducted a performance comparison of two previously developed and validated QSAR models specifically for pharmaceuticals with the commonly used narcosis toxicity prediction model, i.e., Ecological Structure Activity Relationship (ECOSAR), using a subset of pharmaceuticals produced in China that had not been included in the training datasets of QSAR models under consideration. A variety of statistical measures demonstrated that the pharmaceutical specific model outperformed ECOSAR, indicating the necessity of developing a specific QSAR model of ecotoxicity for the active pharmaceutical contaminants. ECOSAR, which was generally used to predict the baseline or the minimum toxicity of a compound, generally underestimated the ecotoxicity of the analyzed pharmaceuticals. This could possibly be because some pharmaceuticals can react through specific modes of action. Nonetheless, it should be noted that 95% prediction intervals spread over approximately four orders of magnitude for both tested QSAR models specifically for pharmaceuticals.
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Arnold, Kathryn E., Alistair B. A. Boxall, A. Ross Brown, Richard J. Cuthbert, Sally Gaw, Thomas H. Hutchinson, Susan Jobling, et al. "Assessing the exposure risk and impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment on individuals and ecosystems." Biology Letters 9, no. 4 (August 23, 2013): 20130492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0492.
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The use of human and veterinary pharmaceuticals is increasing. Over the past decade, there has been a proliferation of research into potential environmental impacts of pharmaceuticals in the environment. A Royal Society-supported seminar brought together experts from diverse scientific fields to discuss the risks posed by pharmaceuticals to wildlife. Recent analytical advances have revealed that pharmaceuticals are entering habitats via water, sewage, manure and animal carcases, and dispersing through food chains. Pharmaceuticals are designed to alter physiology at low doses and so can be particularly potent contaminants. The near extinction of Asian vultures following exposure to diclofenac is the key example where exposure to a pharmaceutical caused a population-level impact on non-target wildlife. However, more subtle changes to behaviour and physiology are rarely studied and poorly understood. Grand challenges for the future include developing more realistic exposure assessments for wildlife, assessing the impacts of mixtures of pharmaceuticals in combination with other environmental stressors and estimating the risks from pharmaceutical manufacturing and usage in developing countries. We concluded that an integration of diverse approaches is required to predict ‘unexpected’ risks; specifically, ecologically relevant, often long-term and non-lethal, consequences of pharmaceuticals in the environment for wildlife and ecosystems.
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Nilsson, F., M. Ekblad, J. la Cour Jansen, and K. Jönsson. "Removal of pharmaceuticals with ozone at 10 Swedish wastewater treatment plants." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2017): 871–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.087.
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Abstract Pilot-scale tests were run with ozonation for reduction of 24 pharmaceuticals at 10 full-scale wastewater treatment plants in southern Sweden. Reduction was evaluated based on doses of 3, 5 and 7 g O3/m3 at all plants. The reduction of pharmaceuticals reached on average 65% at 3 g O3/m3, 78% at 5 g O3/m3 and 88% for 7 g O3/m3 in terms of total concentration of pharmaceuticals. Specific ozone dose (ratio O3:TOC) was found to be highly influential on pharmaceutical removal. At two WWTPs, the pharmaceutical removal was severely reduced.
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Rahman, Habibur. "Analytical Applications of Permanganate as an Oxidant in the Determination of Pharmaceuticals Using Chemiluminescence and Spectrophotometry: A Review." Current Analytical Chemistry 16, no. 6 (August 13, 2020): 670–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573411015666190617103833.
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Background: Potassium permanganate is a green and versatile industrial oxidizing agent. Due to its high oxidizing ability, it has received considerable attention and has been extensively used for many years for the synthesis, identification, and determination of inorganic and organic compounds. Objective: Potassium permanganate is one of the most applicable oxidants, which has been applied in a number of processes in several industries. Furthermore, it has been widely used in analytical pharmacy to develop analytical methods for pharmaceutically active compounds using chemiluminescence and spectrophotometric techniques. Results: This review covers the importance of potassium permanganate over other common oxidants used in pharmaceuticals and reported its extensive use and analytical applications using direct, indirect and kinetic spectrophotometric methods in different pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples. Chemiluminescent applications of potassium permanganate in the analyses of pharmaceuticals using flow and sequential injection techniques are also discussed. Conclusion: This review summarizes the extensive use of potassium permanganate as a chromogenic and chemiluminescent reagent in the analyses of pharmaceutically active compounds to develop spectrophotometric and chemiluminescence methods since 2000.
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Im, Jong Kwon, Sang Hun Kim, Young Seuk Kim, and Soon Ju Yu. "Spatio-Temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of Human and Veterinary Pharmaceuticals in the Tributary Surface Waters of the Han River Watershed, South Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 7969. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157969.
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Human and veterinary pharmaceuticals are being increasingly used for disease treatment; hence, their distribution and factors influencing them in the aquatic environment need to be investigated. This study observed the effect of human and animal populations, usage, purchasing criteria (prescription vs. non-prescription), and land use to identify the spatio-temporal distribution of eight pharmaceuticals at twenty-four sites of the tributaries of the Han River watershed. In rural areas, the mean concentration (detection frequency) of non-prescription pharmaceuticals (NPPs) was higher (lower) compared to that of prescription pharmaceuticals (PPs); in urban areas, a reverse trend was observed. Pharmaceutical concentrations in urban and rural areas were mainly affected by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and non-point sources, respectively; concentrations were higher downstream (4.9 times) than upstream of the WWTPs. The concentration distribution (according to the target) was as follows: human–veterinary > human > veterinary. Correlation between total concentration and total usage of the pharmaceuticals was high, except for NPPs. Most livestock and land use (except cropland) were significantly positively correlated with pharmaceutical concentrations. Concentrations were mainly higher (1.5 times) during cold seasons than during warm seasons. The results of this study can assist policymakers in managing pharmaceutical pollutants while prioritizing emerging pollutants.
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A. Singleton, Judith, Lisa M. Nissen, Nick Barter, and Malcolm McIntosh. "The global public health issue of pharmaceutical waste: what role for pharmacists?" Journal of Global Responsibility 5, no. 1 (May 6, 2014): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-03-2014-0009.
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Purpose – Pharmaceuticals have played an important role in improving the quality of life of the human population in modern times. However, it must also be acknowledged that both the production and use of pharmaceuticals have a significant, negative impact on the environment and consequently, a negative impact on the health of humans and wildlife. This negative impact is due to the embedded carbon in pharmaceuticals' manufacture and distribution and the waste generated in their manufacture, consumption and disposal. Pharmaceutical waste is comprised of contaminated waste (unwanted pharmaceuticals and their original containers) and non-contaminated waste (non-hazardous packaging waste). The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The article is a literature review. Findings – The article identified a gap in the literature around pharmacist attitudes and behaviour toward the environmentally responsible handling of pharmaceutical waste. Originality/value – Pharmacists, with their professional commitment to the quality use of medicines and their active participation in the medicines management pathway, already play an important role in the more sustainable use of pharmaceuticals. Even so, they have the potential to play an even greater role with the environmentally responsible disposal of pharmaceutical waste (including packaging waste) and the education of other health professionals and the general public on this topic.
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Boguslavskyi, Ye P., H. L. Voskoboynikova, and A. M. Goy. "Analysis of trends in the positioning of pharmaceutical drugs of the SGLT-2 class of gliflozin derivatives at the pharmaceutical market and the application prospects." Social Pharmacy in Health Care 9, no. 1 (May 19, 2023): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/sphhcj.23.282.
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Aim – is to analyze trends in the use and positioning of pharmaceuticals of the class of gliflozin derivatives on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market.
Materials and methods. In the conducted research, the methods of systematic and comparative analysis, generalization, statistical processing and synthesis were used in determining the projected perspectives, tabular and graphic means of presenting the results. To implement the goal and objectives of the research, software and electronic resources of ATX (Anatomical-Therapeutically-Chemical), ATC (Anatomical Therapeutically Chemical Classification System), BSC (Biopharmaceutical Classification System), Vidal, Compendium, and the State Register of Medicinal Products of Ukraine were used.
Results of the research. The results of a systematic analysis of application trends and a comparative analysis of marketing research on the positioning of pharmaceuticals of the class of gliflozin derivatives on regulated markets and the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market are presented. A steady trend in the positioning of the number of appointments in the segments of mono and combined drugs and the number of sales on regulated markets was revealed. It is established that as of the end of 2022, the total number of pharmaceuticals from API class SGLT-2 pharmaceutically acceptable of gliflozin derivatives in the form of solid dosage forms, which are positioned on regulated markets and pharmaceutical campaign research on the pharmaceutical development of new dosage forms of mono and combined drugs is 35, the number of registered pharmaceutical drugs in Ukraine is 4 mono and 2 combined drugs. The segment of this group of drugs - mono and combined drugs - has been systematized, according to the ATX classification by active substances - API - pharmaceutically acceptable salts of gliflozin derivatives on regulated markets and on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine.
Conclusions. The analysis of positioning on regulated markets and statistics of R&D research of pharmaceutical companies for the development of new dosage forms of mono and combined drugs provides grounds to generalize and conclude that SGLT-2 inhibitors are the newest and promising class of antidiabetic drugs, which, according to evidence-based medicine, are used in combination with with insulin and other antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) of I and II types, in combined regimens with metformin and DPP-4 inhibitors, as well as in combinations of all three and TZD drugs. SGLT-2 inhibitors are the second largest group of antidiabetic agents by the volume of clinical trials, which is 12%.
Recommended for use by FDA regulatory authorities, EMA is an API of the SGLT-2 class of pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of gliflozin: canagliflozin, dapagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, ipragliflozin, luseogliflozin, tofogliflozin, sotagliflozin, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts; remogliflozin etabonate; sergliflozin etabonate.
It has been established that SGLT-2 API drugs of pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of gliflozin have a constant trend of positioning the number of appointments in the segments of mono and combined drugs and the number of sales on regulated markets, the total amount is 35 in the form of solid dosage forms. Distribution by volume of sales of solid dosage forms of pharmaceutical preparations with API class SGLT-2 of pharmaceutically acceptable of gliflozin derivatives is: tableted monopreparations – 59.2%; combined – 37.2%; mono preparations, hard capsules - 3.6%.
The number of registered pharmaceutical drugs in Ukraine is 4 mono and 2 combined drugs, the level of prices from a pharmacoeconomic point of view, according to the results of price comparison of other antihyperglycemic drugs, are not affordable for Ukrainian patients who need systemic use. Therefore, the increase in the range of SGLT-2 class API drugs of pharmaceutically acceptable gliflozin derivatives on the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market and competitive manufacturers will contribute to the availability of use for the treatment of DM in Ukrainian patients.
Key words: trends; positioning; application; pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives of gliflozin; drug support; best practice; evidence-based medicine; rational pharmacotherapy.
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Lucena, Alex Leandro Andrade de, Daniella Carla Napoleão, Hélder Vinícius Carneiro da Silva, Rayany Magali da Rocha Santana, Beatriz Galdino Ribeiro, and Marta Maria Menezes Bezerra Duarte. "Degradation of the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine using advanced oxidation processes." Ciência e Natura 42 (September 3, 2020): e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40071.
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The existence of pharmaceuticals in nature is a growing environmental problem, turning necessary the use of efficient treatments for the degradation of these substances, as the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this work the AOPs UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton were applied to degrade the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine in an aqueous solution using a bench reactor, composed of three UV-C lamps. It was verified that the UV/H2O2 process presented a degradation of 97.33 ± 0.14% for lamivudine and 93.90 ± 0.33% for zidovudine, after 180 min of treatment and for an initial concentratin of each pharmaceutical of 5 mg.L-1 and [H2O2] of 600 mg.L-1. A methodology by artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to model the photocatalytic process, with the MLP 7-23-2 ANN representing it well, and determining the relative importance (%) of each of the input variables for the pharmaceutical’s degradation process. Kinetic studies for the pharmaceutical degradation and the conversion of organic matter showed good adjustments to the pseudo first-order models with R2 raging from 0.9705 to 0.9980. Toxicity assays for the before treatment solution indicated that the seeds Lactuca sativa and Portulaca grandiflora showed growth inhibition whereas the post-treatment solution inhibited only the growth of Lactuca sativa.
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Lucena, Alex Leandro Andrade de, Daniella Carla Napoleão, Hélder Vinícius Carneiro da Silva, Rayany Magali Da Rocha Santana, Beatriz Galdino Ribeiro, and Marta Maria Menezes Bezerra Duarte. "Degradation of the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine using advanced oxidation processes." Ciência e Natura 42 (September 3, 2020): e30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x40968.
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The existence of pharmaceuticals in nature is a growing environmental problem, turning necessary the use of efficient treatments for the degradation of these substances, as the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this work the AOPs UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton were applied to degrade the pharmaceuticals lamivudine and zidovudine in an aqueous solution using a bench reactor, composed of three UV-C lamps. It was verified that the UV/H2O2 process presented a degradation of 97.33 ± 0.14% for lamivudine and 93.90 ± 0.33% for zidovudine, after 180 min of treatment and for an initial concentratin of each pharmaceutical of 5 mg.L-1 and [H2O2] of 600 mg.L-1. A methodology by artificial neural networks (ANNs) was used to model the photocatalytic process, with the MLP 7-23-2 ANN representing it well, and determining the relative importance (%) of each of the input variables for the pharmaceutical’s degradation process. Kinetic studies for the pharmaceutical degradation and the conversion of organic matter showed good adjustments to the pseudo first-order models with R2 raging from 0.9705 to 0.9980. Toxicity assays for the before treatment solution indicated that the seeds Lactuca sativa and Portulaca grandiflora showed growth inhibition whereas the post-treatment solution inhibited only the growth of Lactuca sativa.
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Tong, Alfred, Rhiannon Braund, David Warren, and Barrie Peake. "TiO2-assisted photodegradation of pharmaceuticals — a review." Open Chemistry 10, no. 4 (August 1, 2012): 989–1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0049-7.
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AbstractPharmaceutical compounds have been detected in the environment and potentially arise from the discharge of excreted and improperly disposed medication from sewage treatment facilities. In order to minimize environmental exposure of pharmaceutical residues, a potential technique to remove pharmaceuticals from water is the use of an advanced oxidation process (AOP) involving titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalysis. To evaluate the extent UV/TiO2 processes have been studied for pharmaceutical degradation, a literature search using the keywords ‘titanium dioxide’, ‘photocatalysis’, ‘advanced oxidation processes’, ‘pharmaceuticals’ and ‘degradation’ were used in the ISI Web of Knowledge TM, Scopus TM and ScienceDirect TM databases up to and including articles published on 23 November 2011. The degradation rates of pharmaceuticals under UV/TiO2 treatment were dependent on type and amount of TiO2 loading, pharmaceutical concentration, the presence of electron acceptors and pH. Complete mineralization under particular experimental conditions were reported for some pharmaceuticals; however, some experiments reported evolution of toxic intermediates during the photocatalytic process. It is concluded that the UV/TiO2 system is potentially a feasible wastewater treatment process, but careful consideration of the treatment time, the loading and the type of TiO2 (doped vs. undoped) used for a particular pharmaceutical is necessary for a successful application (198 words).
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Mubarak, Zobia, Nasir Abbas, Furqan Khurshid Hashmi, Hina Shahbaz, and Nadeem Irfan Bukhari. "Industrial prospects on regulatory gaps and barriers in pharmaceutical exports and their counteraction: Local experiential with global implication." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 19, 2024): e0305989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305989.
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Background The pharmaceutical sector in Pakistan has grown over a period with export potential, however, there are certain barriers in the framework that regulate the growth and export of domestically manufactured pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this study was to highlight the current challenges that hinder the export of pharmaceuticals, especially to the countries with stringent regulatory authorities (SRA), as perceived by the domestic pharmaceutical industry experts, and to highlight the facilitators that may help to resolve the identified challenges. Methods In a qualitative study, the data were collected from the consented experts from the pharmaceutical industries in Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, and Quetta. Industrial experts with a minimum of 10 years of experience and who were serving at managerial levels or above were recruited through purposive sampling. The semi-structured interviews were conducted for the collection of data from industrial experts. Thematic content analysis was applied to conclude the data. Results Data analysis generated 4 themes and 16 codes. The export of pharmaceuticals, despite having greater potential was regarded as poor, which was attributed to the following: (a) inadequate industrial research and development, particularly on new molecules (b) non-compliance with the cGMP standards, (c) absence of high-tech equipment, (d) unwillingness of the pharmaceutical companies for bioequivalence studies on their generics, (e) unavailability of locally manufactured active pharmaceutical ingredients, (f) disruption in the supply of imported raw material, (g) poor international market perception about local pharmaceutical products and (h) lack of support from regulatory in process expedition. The respondents also suggested the measures for overcoming the above challenges to boost the export of domestic pharmaceuticals and expand their international market share in countries with SRA. Conclusion Export from Pakistan to the SRA countries can be enhanced with mandatory bioequivalence studies during generic registration. The pharmaceuticals export could effectively contribute to the national economy.
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de Ridder, D. J., A. R. D. Verliefde, S. G. J. Heijman, J. Q. J. C. Verberk, L. C. Rietveld, L. T. J. van der Aa, G. L. Amy, and J. C. van Dijk. "Influence of natural organic matter on equilibrium adsorption of neutral and charged pharmaceuticals onto activated carbon." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 416–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.237.
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Natural organic matter (NOM) can influence pharmaceutical adsorption onto granular activated carbon (GAC) by direct adsorption competition and pore blocking. However, in the literature there is limited information on which of these mechanisms is more important and how this is related to NOM and pharmaceutical properties. Adsorption batch experiments were carried out in ultrapure, waste- and surface water and fresh and NOM preloaded GAC was used. Twenty-one pharmaceuticals were selected with varying hydrophobicity and with neutral, negative or positive charge. The influence of NOM competition and pore blocking could not be separated. However, while reduction in surface area was similar for both preloaded GACs, up to 50% lower pharmaceutical removal was observed on wastewater preloaded GAC. This was attributed to higher hydrophobicity of wastewater NOM, indicating that NOM competition may influence pharmaceutical removal more than pore blocking. Preloaded GAC was negatively charged, which influenced removal of charged pharmaceuticals significantly. At a GAC dose of 6.7 mg/L, negatively charged pharmaceuticals were removed for 0–58%, while removal of positively charged pharmaceuticals was between 32–98%. Charge effects were more pronounced in ultrapure water, as it contained no ions to shield the surface charge. Solutes with higher log D could compete better with NOM, resulting in higher removal.
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Dutta, Avisek, Anupam Banerjee, and Sunil Chaudhry. "Ecopharmacovigilance: Need of the hour." Indian Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijpp.2022.014.
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Pharmaceuticals in the environment have the potential to be hazardous to human beings. With each passing day it is becoming a major source of concern. Due to recent findings showing the availability of pharmaceutical components in the environment, particularly in ground water bodies, pharmaceuticals have gained a growing amount of attention from worldwide health regulatory bodies and have become one of the most significant water pollutants. The aim of this article is to review the environmental hazards of pharmaceuticals that have been reported in various literature sources to promote awareness on safe usage of medicines, to increase pharmaceutical manufacturers’ knowledge on environmental safety aspects and to arrest the attention of pharmacovigilance practitioners to some of the emerging problems caused by medicines. Pharmaceutical waste has been a source of huge concern amongst environmental scientists. Pharmaceutical manufacturers and pharmacovigilance scientists should invest more attention to these increasing environmental concerns caused by medications. Ecopharmacovigilance is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the science and activities concerned with the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse events or other related problems caused by pharmaceuticals in the environment that affect people and other animal species. This review is an attempt to compile information on Ecopharmacovilance, with an emphasis on the Indian perspective.
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Papaioannou, Charikleia, George Geladakis, Vasiliki Kommata, Costas Batargias, and George Lagoumintzis. "Insights in Pharmaceutical Pollution: The Prospective Role of eDNA Metabarcoding." Toxics 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2023): 903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics11110903.
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Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world’s most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity. Their high consumption, insufficient waste treatment, and the incapacity of organisms to completely metabolize them contribute to their accumulation in aquatic environments, posing a threat to all life forms. Various analytical methods have been used to quantify pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology advancements based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, like eDNA metabarcoding, have enabled the development of new methods for assessing and monitoring the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals. eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable biomonitoring tool for pharmaceutical pollution because it (a) provides an efficient method to assess and predict pollution status, (b) identifies pollution sources, (c) tracks changes in pharmaceutical pollution levels over time, (d) assesses the ecological impact of pharmaceutical pollution, (e) helps prioritize cleanup and mitigation efforts, and (f) offers insights into the diversity and composition of microbial and other bioindicator communities. This review highlights the issue of aquatic pharmaceutical pollution while emphasizing the importance of using modern NGS-based biomonitoring actions to assess its environmental effects more consistently and effectively.
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Mansouri, Fatma, Khawla Chouchene, Nicolas Roche, and Mohamed Ksibi. "Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Water by Adsorption and Advanced Oxidation Processes: State of the Art and Trends." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 6659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146659.
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Pharmaceutical products have become a necessary part of life. Several studies have demonstrated that indirect exposure of humans to pharmaceuticals through the water could cause negative effects. Raw sewage and wastewater effluents are the major sources of pharmaceuticals found in surface waters and drinking water. Therefore, it is important to consider and characterize the efficiency of pharmaceutical removal during wastewater and drinking-water treatment processes. Various treatment options have been investigated for the removal/reduction of drugs (e.g., antibiotics, NSAIDs, analgesics) using conventional or biological treatments, such as activated sludge processes or bio-filtration, respectively. The efficiency of these processes ranges from 20–90%. Comparatively, advanced wastewater treatment processes, such as reverse osmosis, ozonation and advanced oxidation technologies, can achieve higher removal rates for drugs. Pharmaceuticals and their metabolites undergo natural attenuation by adsorption and solar oxidation. Therefore, pharmaceuticals in water sources even at trace concentrations would have undergone removal through biological processes and, if applicable, combined adsorption and photocatalytic degradation wastewater treatment processes. This review provides an overview of the conventional and advanced technologies for the removal of pharmaceutical compounds from water sources. It also sheds light on the key points behind adsorption and photocatalysis.
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Chyc, Marek, Jowita Sawczak, and Krzysztof Wiąckowski. "Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in surface waters." Science, Technology and Innovation 9, no. 2 (October 17, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4578.
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This is a short review on the increasing problem of pharmaceutical pollution in surface waters. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are medicines that are widely used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and reduce a high body temperature. The paper presents a literature review on the content of NASIDs in surface waters. Due to the continuous growth of the world's population and the increasing use of pharmaceuticals, the threat to aquatic ecosystems is increasing. Every day, huge loads of pollution are discharged into rivers and seas. Depending on used technology the effectiveness of wastewater treatment varies considerably. The level of removal efficiency by wastewater treatments depends on physicochemical properties of the individual pharmaceutics and on the type of wastewater treatment technology. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct research on removal efficiency of main drug residues in Polish wastewater treatment plants and, if necessary, apply the best available technologies in this area.
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Staryh, D. A., and A. V. Latyntsev. "The improvement of the pharmaceuticals’ sales allowances (margins) to pricesregulatory system on medicine included in The Vital and Essential Drugs List." Russian competition law and economy, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32686/2542-0259-2020-1-84-91.
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The article discusses and supports alternatives to improve the Russian regulatory system of sales allowances to pricing on pharmaceuticals , included in the Vital and Essential Drugs List; which were developed by means of analytical research in order to encourage sales of cheaper pharmaceuticals and price decreases on expensive ones. In addition, based on the world practice, possible ways of the state regulation of pharmaceutical maximum margins are highlighted and suggested the most appropriate for domestic pharmaceuticals distribution system.
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Trajkovic-Jolevska, Suzana, Jasmina Tonic-Ribarska, and Aneta Dimitrovska. "Instabilities of proteins: theoretical aspects, degradation products and methods for their detection." Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin 51 (September 2005): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2005.51.001.
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Recombinant DNA technology has led to a significant increase in the number of peptide and protein based pharmaceuticals, giving a new approach to combat poorly controlled diseases. This particular development has been reached in the last two decades. However, proteins are highly susceptible of physical and chemical degradation resulting in a decrease or complete loss of biological activities. Reasons for their physical and chemical instabilities and the methods for their examination, become a challenge for the pharmaceutical scientists for successful development of stabile protein - based pharmaceuticals. The stability of protein - based pharmaceuticals is significant in terms of their pharmaceutical quality and biological activity. In addition, a right choice of suitable analytical methods is needed in order to detect an early formation of degradation products or modified forms.
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Bulgakov, A. L., and R. V. Kosmakov. "PHARMACEUTICAL PARTNERSHIPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW PHARMACEUTICALS." Pharmacy & Pharmacology 6, no. 1 (March 3, 2018): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.19163/2307-9266-2018-6-1-86-98.
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He, Ming-Cyuan, Sian-Jhang Lin, Tao-Cheng Huang, Guan-Fu Chen, Yen-Ping Peng, and Wei-Hsiang Chen. "The Influences of Pore Blockage by Natural Organic Matter and Pore Dimension Tuning on Pharmaceutical Adsorption onto GO-Fe3O4." Nanomaterials 13, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 2063. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13142063.
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The ubiquitous presence of pharmaceutical pollution in the environment and its adverse impacts on public health and aquatic ecosystems have recently attracted increasing attention. Graphene oxide coated with magnetite (GO-Fe3O4) is effective at removing pharmaceuticals in water by adsorption. However, the myriad compositions in real water are known to adversely impact the adsorption performance. One objective of this study was to investigate the influence of pore blockage by natural organic matter (NOM) with different sizes on pharmaceutical adsorption onto GO-Fe3O4. Meanwhile, the feasibility of pore dimension tuning of GO-Fe3O4 for selective adsorption of pharmaceuticals with different structural characteristics was explored. It was shown in the batch experiments that the adsorbed pharmaceutical concentrations onto GO-Fe3O4 were significantly affected (dropped by 2–86%) by NOM that had size ranges similar to the pore dimensions of GO-Fe3O4, as the impact was enhanced when the adsorption occurred at acidic pHs (e.g., pH 3). Specific surface areas, zeta potentials, pore volumes, and pore-size distributions of GO-Fe3O4 were influenced by the Fe content forming different-sized Fe3O4 between GO layers. Low Fe contents in GO-Fe3O4 increased the formation of nano-sized pores (2.0–12.5 nm) that were efficient in the adsorption of pharmaceuticals with low molecular weights (e.g., 129 kDa) or planar structures via size discrimination or inter-planar π-π interaction, respectively. As excess larger-sized pores (e.g., >50 nm) were formed on the surface of GO-Fe3O4 due to higher Fe contents, pharmaceuticals with larger molecular weights (e.g., 296 kDa) or those removed by electrostatic attraction between the adsorbate and adsorbent dominated on the GO-Fe3O4 surface. Given these observations, the surface characteristics of GO-Fe3O4 were alterable to selectively remove different pharmaceuticals in water by adsorption, and the critical factors determining the adsorption performance were discussed. These findings provide useful views on the feasibility of treating pharmaceutical wastewater, recycling valuable pharmaceuticals, or removing those with risks to public health and ecosystems.
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Hopefl, Alan W. "Costs of Pharmaceutical Care: Can the Profession do Anything?" Annals of Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 12 (December 1992): 1585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809202601219.
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OBJECTIVE: To review some of the factors that influence the cost of pharmaceuticals and the delivery of pharmaceutical care as well as some possible measures for decreasing these costs. DATA SYNTHESIS: Clinical studies have been selected to illustrate factors that may add to the overall cost of pharmaceutical care. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the perceived problems resulting from the introduction of new, expensive pharmaceuticals, possible means of controlling the costs of individual products are discussed. In addition, recommendations for achieving cooperation between pharmaceutical manufacturers and pharmacy practitioners in demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of new products are provided.
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Lee, E., S. Lee, J. Park, Y. Kim, and J. Cho. "Removal and transformation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and constructed wetlands." Drinking Water Engineering and Science 6, no. 2 (August 12, 2013): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/dwes-6-89-2013.
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Abstract. Since trace organic compounds such as pharmaceuticals in surface water have been a relevant threat to drinking water supplies, in this study removal of pharmaceuticals and transformation of pharmaceuticals into metabolites were investigated in the main source of micropollutants such as WWTPs and engineered constructed wetlands. Pharmaceuticals were effectively removed by different WWTP processes and wetlands. Pharmaceutical metabolites with relatively low log D value were resulted in the low removal efficiencies compared to parent compounds with relatively high log D value, indicating the stability of metabolites. And the constructed wetlands fed with wastewater effluent were encouraged to prevent direct release of micropollutants into surface waters. Among various pharmaceuticals, different transformation pattern of ibuprofen was observed with significant formation of 1-hydroxy-ibuprofen during biological treatment in WWTP, indicating preferential biotransformation of ibuprofen. Lastly, transformation of pharmaceuticals depending on their structural position was investigated in terms of electron density, and, the electron rich C1 = C2 bond of carbamazepine was revealed as an initial transformation position.
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Savitha, S., and K. Devi. "Quality By Design: A Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2-S (April 20, 2022): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2-s.5451.
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Quality by Design is the most recent quality-related trend in pharmaceutical manufacturing (QbD). This paper discusses Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) as a way to guarantee high-quality pharmaceuticals. Details about Quality by Design are given in addition to a list of its components. The quality parameters and attributes of each unit operation are unique. Pharmaceutical products can benefit from Quality by Design and the steps that can be taken to implement it. High-quality pharmaceuticals and their manufacturing processes form the core of pharmaceutical R&D. It is impossible to verify the quality of a product because this document includes a breakdown of the product's quality profile and the most important aspects of Quality by Design. Comparing the quality of various products can be done in two ways: through Quality by Design and end-product testing (QbD). Quality by Design is based on the ICH Guidelines. ICH guidelines govern the development of pharmaceuticals and the implementation of quality assurance systems. Pharmaceutical development and production can benefit from Quality by Design (QbD).
Keywords: Concept & background of QbD, Traditional vs QbD Approach, Key elements, PAT, Challenges, Current & Future perspective.
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Savitha, S., and K. Devi. "Quality By Design: A Review." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 12, no. 2-S (April 20, 2022): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v12i2-s.5451.
Full textAbstract:
Quality by Design is the most recent quality-related trend in pharmaceutical manufacturing (QbD). This paper discusses Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) as a way to guarantee high-quality pharmaceuticals. Details about Quality by Design are given in addition to a list of its components. The quality parameters and attributes of each unit operation are unique. Pharmaceutical products can benefit from Quality by Design and the steps that can be taken to implement it. High-quality pharmaceuticals and their manufacturing processes form the core of pharmaceutical R&D. It is impossible to verify the quality of a product because this document includes a breakdown of the product's quality profile and the most important aspects of Quality by Design. Comparing the quality of various products can be done in two ways: through Quality by Design and end-product testing (QbD). Quality by Design is based on the ICH Guidelines. ICH guidelines govern the development of pharmaceuticals and the implementation of quality assurance systems. Pharmaceutical development and production can benefit from Quality by Design (QbD).
Keywords: Concept & background of QbD, Traditional vs QbD Approach, Key elements, PAT, Challenges, Current & Future perspective.
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Lingaratnam, Senthil M., Sue W. Kirsa, James D. Mellor, John Jackson, Wallace Crellin, Michael Fitzsimons, and John R. Zalcberg. "A survey of reimbursement practices of private health insurance companies for pharmaceuticals not covered under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme 2008." Australian Health Review 35, no. 2 (2011): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah10894.
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Objective. To describe the current practices and policy of Australian private health insurance (PHI) companies with respect to cover for pharmaceuticals not subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Design, setting and participants. A 2008 review of web-published policy statements for top-level hospital and comprehensive general treatment insurance, and survey of reimbursement practices by way of questionnaire, of 31 Australian-registered, open-membership PHI companies. Main outcome measures(s). Description of the level of pharmaceutical cover and important considerations identified by PHI companies for funding non-PBS pharmaceuticals through benefit entitlements or ex-gratia payments. Results. Nine of thirty-one PHI companies (29%) provided responses accounting for ~60% market share of PHI. The majority of smaller PHI firms either declined participation or did not respond. The maximum limits offered for non-PBS pharmaceuticals, under comprehensive general treatment insurance, varied significantly and typically did not adequately cover high-cost pharmaceuticals. Some companies occasionally offered ex-gratia payments (or discretionary payments in excess of the policyholder’s entitlement benefits) for high cost-pharmaceuticals. Factors considered important in their decision to approve or reject ex-gratia requests were provided. All results were de-identified. Conclusions. There is little consistency across PHI companies in the manner in which they handle requests for high-cost pharmaceuticals in excess of the defined benefit limits. Such information and processes are not transparent to consumers. What is known about the topic? Pharmaceuticals that are not accessible via the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) may be subsidised through private health insurance. The level of cover through general treatment insurance and hospital insurance varies according to the insurer or policy type and hospital–insurer agreement respectively. What does this paper add? An increasing proportion of lower cost, high volume pharmaceuticals that are available to consumers without any form of Commonwealth subsidy, under current arrangements, also do not attract any form of PHI cover. There is also little consistency across PHI companies in the manner in which they handle requests for high-cost pharmaceuticals in excess of the defined benefit limits and that such information and processes are not transparent to consumers. What are the implications for practitioners? PHI could be better engaged to play a more significant role in helping maintain consumer access to essential medicines.
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Teran-Velasquez, Geovanni, Björn Helm, and Peter Krebs. "High Spatiotemporal Model-Based Tracking and Environmental Risk-Exposure of Wastewater-Derived Pharmaceuticals across River Networks in Saxony, Germany." Water 15, no. 11 (May 25, 2023): 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15112001.
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Wastewater treatment plants represent relevant point sources of environmental-adverse pharmaceuticals in river systems. Extensive monitoring and substance-routing models are crucial for environmental risk assessment and river planning. However, most current models assume long-term and large spatial averaged values of pharmaceutical consumption and river discharge flows. This study describes a detailed tracking of pharmaceutical occurrence across river networks with high spatiotemporal resolution to assist better environmental risk assessments. Using high spatiotemporal prescription data of four (pseudo-) persistent pharmaceuticals and river discharge characterization, an adjusted graph-theory-based model was implemented to efficiently evaluate the impact of the effluents of 626 wastewater treatment plants across nine river networks located in Saxony, Germany. Multisite calibration results demonstrated the model capability to satisfactorily predict daily pharmaceutical loads and concentrations with high spatial discretization. Based on minimal river dilution and mean predicted concentrations, the risk exposure revealed carbamazepine and ciprofloxacin as the most critical pharmaceuticals and Vereinigte Mulde as the most risk-exposed river network with up to 34.0% and 23.7% of its river length exceeding half and the total of ecotoxicological criteria, respectively. In comparison, other river networks showed less than 23.5% and 15.0% of their river lengths exceeding half and the total of ecotoxicological criteria of all four selected pharmaceuticals, respectively.
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Kryuchkova, Marina, Svetlana Batasheva, Farida Akhatova, Vasily Babaev, Daina Buzyurova, Anna Vikulina, Dmitry Volodkin, Rawil Fakhrullin, and Elvira Rozhina. "Pharmaceuticals Removal by Adsorption with Montmorillonite Nanoclay." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 9670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189670.
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The problem of purifying domestic and hospital wastewater from pharmaceutical compounds is becoming more and more urgent every year, because of the continuous accumulation of chemical pollutants in the environment and the limited availability of freshwater resources. Clay adsorbents have been repeatedly proposed as adsorbents for treatment purposes, but natural clays are hydrophilic and can be inefficient for catching hydrophobic pharmaceuticals. In this paper, a comparison of adsorption properties of pristine montmorillonite (MMT) and montmorillonite modified with stearyl trimethyl ammonium (hydrophobic MMT-STA) towards carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and paracetamol pharmaceuticals was performed. The efficiency of adsorption was investigated under varying solution pH, temperature, contact time, initial concentration of pharmaceuticals, and adsorbate/adsorbent mass ratio. MMT-STA was better than pristine MMT at removing all the pharmaceuticals studied. The adsorption capacity of hydrophobic montmorillonite to pharmaceuticals decreased in the following order: carbamazepine (97%) > ibuprofen (95%) > paracetamol (63–67%). Adsorption isotherms were best described by Freundlich model. Within the pharmaceutical concentration range of 10–50 µg/mL, the most optimal mass ratio of adsorbates to adsorbents was 1:300, pH 6, and a temperature of 25 °C. Thus, MMT-STA could be used as an efficient adsorbent for deconta×ating water of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and paracetamol.
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Hu, Xia-Lin, Yi-Fan Bao, Jun-Jian Hu, You-Yu Liu, and Da-Qiang Yin. "Occurrence of 25 pharmaceuticals in Taihu Lake and their removal from two urban drinking water treatment plants and a constructed wetland." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24, no. 17 (May 6, 2017): 14889–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8830-y.
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Abstract Pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources have raised significant concerns due to their persistent input and potential human health risks. The seasonal occurrence of 25 pharmaceuticals including 23 antibiotics, paracetamol (PAR), and carbamazepine (CMZ) in Taihu Lake was investigated; meanwhile, the distribution and removal of these pharmaceuticals in two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and a constructed wetland were evaluated. A high detection frequency (>70%) in the Taihu Lake was observed for nearly all the 25 pharmaceutics. Chlortetracycline (234.7 ng L−1), chloramphenicol (27.1 ng L−1), erythromycin (72.6 ng L−1), PAR (71.7 ng L−1), and CMZP (23.6 ng L−1) are compounds with both a high detection frequency (100%) and the highest concentrations, suggesting their wide use in the Taihu Basin. Higher concentrations of chloramphenicols, macrolides, PAR, and CMZP were observed in dry season than in wet season, probably due to the low flow conditions of the lake in winter and the properties of pharmaceuticals. The overall contamination levels of antibiotic pharmaceutics (0.2–74.9 ng L−1) in the Taihu Lake were lower than or comparable to those reported worldwide. However, for nonantibiotic pharmaceutics, PAR (45.0 ng L−1) and CMZP (14.5 ng L−1), significantly higher concentrations were observed in the Taihu Lake than at a global scale. High detection frequencies of 25 pharmaceuticals were observed in both the two DWTPs (100%) and the wetland (>60%) except for florfenicol and sulfapyridine. The removal efficacies of the studied pharmaceuticals in DWTP B with advanced treatment processes including ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration (16.7–100%) were superior to DWTP A with conventional treatment processes (2.9–100%), except for sulfonamides. Wetland C with the constructed root channel technology was efficient (24.2–100%) for removing most pharmaceuticals. This work suggests that the application of cost-effective technologies such as constructed wetlands should be considered as an efficient alternative for removing pharmaceuticals from water supply sources.
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Karnon, Jonathan, Laura Edney, and Michael Sorich. "Costs of paying higher prices for equivalent effects on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Australian Health Review 41, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah15122.
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Objective The aims of the present study were to illustrate and discuss the effects of the non-maintenance of equivalent prices when the comparators of pharmaceuticals listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Schedule (PBS) on a cost-minimisation basis come off-patent and are subject to statutory price reductions, as well as further potential price reductions because of the effects of price disclosure. Methods Service use, benefits paid, and price data were analysed for a selected sample of pharmaceuticals recommended for listing on a cost-minimisation basis between 2008 and 2011, and their comparators, to estimate the cost savings to the PBS of maintaining equivalent prices. Results Potential cost savings for 12 pharmaceuticals, including alternative compounds and combination products across nine therapeutic groups, ranged from A$570 000 to A$40 million to April 2015. Potential savings increased significantly following recent amendments to the price disclosure process. Conclusions Potential savings from maintaining equivalent prices for all pharmaceuticals listed on the PBS on a cost-minimisation basis could be over A$500 million per year. Actions to reduce these costs can be taken within existing policy frameworks, but legislative and political barriers may need to be addressed to minimise these costs, which are incurred by the taxpayer for no additional benefit. What is known about the topic? Pharmaceuticals listed on the PBS must provide value for money. Many pharmaceuticals achieve this by demonstrating equal effectiveness to an already listed pharmaceutical and requesting the same price as this comparator; that is, listing on a cost-minimisation basis. When the comparator moves off-patent, the price of the still-patented pharmaceutical is protected, whereas the off-patent drug is subject to price disclosure and often steep price reductions. What does this paper add? This paper adds to recent evidence on the costs to government of paying different prices for two or more pharmaceuticals that are equally effective. Between 2008 and 2011, the direct comparators for 68 pharmaceuticals listed on a cost-minimisation basis have moved onto the price disclosure list. Across 12 of these listings, the potential cost savings in the 10 months to April 2015 were A$73 million. What are the implications for practitioners? The PBS costs the Australian government over A$9 billion per year. Annual savings over A$500 million per year could be achieved by maintaining cost-minimisation across equally effective pharmaceuticals. This would improve the efficiency of the PBS at no risk to patients. Legislation is required to remove the existing F1 and F2 categorisation of listed pharmaceuticals, but the proposed changes would remove the need for therapeutic group premiums and simplify the pricing of PBS items.
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Hertig, John B., Libby Baney, and Robert J. Weber. "Current Threats to Maintaining a Secure Pharmaceutical Supply Chain in an Online World." Hospital Pharmacy 55, no. 2 (August 16, 2019): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0018578719868406.
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Background: Maintaining integrity of the pharmaceutical supply chain is critical to providing medications that are free from adulteration (counterfeit, substandard or unapproved medications), making them safe for patient use. Purchasing pharmaceuticals through the Internet can be associated with a risk of receiving adulterated medicines. Objective: The objective of this study was to review the current threats to maintaining a secure pharmaceutical supply chain, specifically focused on Internet-based procurement of medications. Methods: A review of the literature was conducted along with collating important up to date resources and other publications that provide foundational information to understanding the risks and prevention strategies for online purchasing of pharmaceuticals. Conclusion: The information provided in this article helps to properly inform pharmacy leaders to the resources available to protect against the risks of on-line purchasing of pharmaceuticals.
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Bróżek, Patrycja. "Sprawozdanie z Ogólnopolskiej Konferencji Naukowej „Farmaceutyki – sport – przestępstwo” (13–14 kwietnia 2023 r.)." Problemy Prawa Karnego 7, no. 2 (December 29, 2023): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/ppk.2023.07.02.01.
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The article is a report from the course of the National Scientific Conference “Pharmaceuticals – sports – crime” that took place at the Faculty of Law and Administration in Toruń on the 13th–14th of April 2023. The subject of the meeting was the issue of the broadly understood pharmaceutical crime and the abuse of substances that are not allowed in contemporary sports. The report characterizes the proceedings of the conference, including the presentations of speakers on the various aspects of it, such as: “Pharmaceuticals and sport – the voice of practitioners”, “Pharmaceuticals and sport – the problems of criminal law and criminology”, “Pharmaceuticals and sport – foreign experience”, “Doping in sport and standards of its combating”, “Doping in sport – practical aspects”.