Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pharmaceuticals

Academic literature on the topic 'Pharmaceuticals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Pharmaceuticals"

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Alajärvi, Lasse, Johanna Timonen, Piia Lavikainen, and Janne Martikainen. "Attitudes and Considerations towards Pharmaceuticals-Related Environmental Issues among Finnish Population." Sustainability 13, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 12930. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132212930.

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A number of policy recommendations identify the general public as a key participant in environmentally sustainable pharmaceutical policies. However, research into pharmaceuticals-related environmental issues from the population perspective is scarce. We studied the awareness among Finnish adults (n = 2030) of pharmaceutical residues in Finnish waterways, their perceived environmental sources, views on pharmaceuticals-related environmental issues, and their association with background characteristics. Of the respondents, 89.5% were aware of the presence of pharmaceuticals in Finnish waterways. Wastewaters from the pharmaceutical industry were most frequently, and pharmaceuticals excreted by humans least frequently, considered a major environmental source of pharmaceuticals. The vast majority of the respondents were worried about the environmental and health impact of pharmaceutical residues and emphasized issues such as the importance of environmentally sustainable actions by pharmaceutical companies and the recyclability of the pharmaceutical packaging materials. Age, education, use of prescription medicines, and environmental attitude were associated with awareness of pharmaceutical residues, while gender, age, education level, and environmental attitude were associated most frequently with pharmaceuticals-related environmental considerations. These results indicate a need for improved communication about the environmental effects of pharmaceuticals and the significance of different pharmaceutical emission sources in order to promote a more environmentally friendly, effective pharmaceutical policy.
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Khan, Aqib Hassan Ali, and Rocío Barros. "Pharmaceuticals in Water: Risks to Aquatic Life and Remediation Strategies." Hydrobiology 2, no. 2 (June 14, 2023): 395–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrobiology2020026.

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The presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment presents a challenge to modern science. The most significant impact this can induce is the emergence of antibiotic resistance, which can lead to a global health emergency. It is important to note that the impact of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment is not limited to antibiotic resistance. Pharmaceuticals can also affect the behaviour and reproductive systems of aquatic organisms, with cascading effects on entire ecosystems. Numerous studies have reported the emergence of pharmaceuticals due to the uncontrolled disposal of polluted domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastewater in water bodies. This work discusses the potential of pharmaceuticals that on one hand are highly important for mankind, yet their non-judicious usage and disposal induce equally intriguing and problematic conditions to the health of aquatic systems. Pathways through which pharmaceutics can make their way into water bodies are discussed. Furthermore, the risk imposed by pharmaceuticals on aquatic life is also elaborated. The possible and pragmatic remediation methods through which pharmaceutical products can be treated are also discussed. Emphasis is placed on the potential of phytoremediation and advanced oxidative process, and the factors affecting the efficacy of these remediation methods are discussed.
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Bhoot, Archana J. "Financial Performance Of Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd. & Cipla Pharmaceutical Ltd." Indian Journal of Applied Research 1, no. 11 (October 1, 2011): 11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/aug2012/4.

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Li, Z. H., and T. Randak. "Residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic environment – status, toxicity and kinetics: a review." Veterinární Medicína 54, No. 7 (August 18, 2009): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/97/2009-vetmed.

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Awareness of residual pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in aquatic ecosystems is growing as research into these pollutants increases and analytical detection techniques improve. For most pharmaceuticals analyzed, the effects on aquatic organisms have usually been investigated by toxic assays in the laboratory. However, little is known about integral analysis of pharmacokinetics in aquatic organisms and specific relations between pharmacokinetic parameters and influence factors. Moreover, the influence of the organisms involved and numerous other external factors complicates development of standard tests for environmental evaluation. Current knowledge about residual pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, including status, toxic effects, and pharmacokinetics in aquatic organisms, are reviewed. Based on the above, we identify major gaps in the current knowledge and some directions for future research, such as improvement of techniques to remove residual pharmaceuticals from wastewater, and the establishment of standard pharmaceutical modes of action.
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Küster, Anette, and Nicole Adler. "Pharmaceuticals in the environment: scientific evidence of risks and its regulation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1656 (November 19, 2014): 20130587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0587.

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During the past two decades scientists, regulatory agencies and the European Commission have acknowledged pharmaceuticals to be an emerging environmental problem. In parallel, a regulatory framework for environmental risk assessment (ERA) of pharmaceutical products has been developed. Since the regulatory guidelines came into force the German Federal Agency (UBA) has been evaluating ERAs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical products before they are marketed. The results show that approximately 10% of pharmaceutical products are of note regarding their potential environmental risk. For human medicinal products, hormones, antibiotics, analgesics, antidepressants and antineoplastics indicated an environmental risk. For veterinary products, hormones, antibiotics and parasiticides were most often discussed as being environmentally relevant. These results are in good correlation with the results within the open scientific literature of prioritization approaches for pharmaceuticals in the environment. UBA results revealed that prospective approaches, such as ERA of pharmaceuticals, play an important role in minimizing problems caused by pharmaceuticals in the environment. However, the regulatory ERA framework could be improved by (i) inclusion of the environment in the risk–benefit analysis for human pharmaceuticals, (ii) improvement of risk management options, (iii) generation of data on existing pharmaceuticals, and (iv) improving the availability of ERA data. In addition, more general and integrative steps of regulation, legislation and research have been developed and are presented in this article. In order to minimize the quantity of pharmaceuticals in the environment these should aim to (i) improve the existing legislation for pharmaceuticals, (ii) prioritize pharmaceuticals in the environment and (iii) improve the availability and collection of pharmaceutical data.
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Nishihata, Yu, Ziang Liu, and Tatsushi Nishi. "Evolutionary-Game-Theory-Based Epidemiological Model for Prediction of Infections with Application to Demand Forecasting in Pharmaceutical Inventory Management Problems." Applied Sciences 13, no. 20 (October 14, 2023): 11308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132011308.

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Pharmaceuticals play a critical role in the eradication of infectious diseases. Effective pharmaceutical inventory management is important for controlling epidemics since medical resources such as pharmaceuticals, medical staff, and hospitals are limited. In this study, a novel epidemiological model is proposed to evaluate the resource requirements for pharmaceuticals and is applied to analyze different pharmaceutical inventory management strategies. We formulate the relationship between the number of infected individuals and the risk of infection to account for virus mutation. Evolutionary game theory is integrated into an epidemiological model to represent human behavioral choices. The proposed model can be developed to forecast the demand for pharmaceuticals and analyze how human behavior affects the demand of pharmaceuticals. This study found that making people aware of the risk of disease has a positive impact on both reducing the number of infections and managing the pharmaceutical inventory. The main contribution of this study is to enhance areas of research in pharmaceutical inventory management. This study revealed that the correct recognition of the risk of disease leads to appropriate pharmaceutical management. There are a few studies on the application of infectious disease models to inventory control problems. This study provides clues toward proper pharmaceutical management.
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Huangfu, Yonghao, Qingshan Li, Weiwei Yang, Qingwei Bu, Lei Yang, Jianfeng Tang, and Jie Gan. "Occurrence, Source Apportionment, and Ecological Risk of Typical Pharmaceuticals in Surface Waters of Beijing, China." Toxics 12, no. 3 (February 23, 2024): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics12030171.

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Various studies have shown that the heavy use of pharmaceuticals poses serious ecological risks, especially in metropolitan areas with intensive human activities. In this study, the spatial distribution, sources, and ecological risks of 29 pharmaceuticals in 82 surface waters collected from the North Canal Basin in Beijing were studied. The results showed that the pharmaceutical concentrations ranged from not detected to 193 ng/L, with ampicillin being undetected while ofloxacin had a 100% detection frequency, which indicates the widespread occurrence of pharmaceutical pollution in the North Canal Basin. In comparison with other freshwater study areas, concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the North Canal Basin were generally at moderate levels. It was found that pharmaceutical concentrations were always higher in rivers that directly received wastewater effluents. Source analysis was conducted using the positive matrix factorization model. Combining the spatial pollution patterns of pharmaceuticals, it has been found that wastewater effluents contributed the most to the loads of pharmaceuticals in the studied basin, while in suburban areas, a possible contribution of untreated wastewater was demonstrated. Risk assessment indicated that approximately 55% of the pharmaceuticals posed low-to-high ecological risks, and combining the results of risk analyses, it is advised that controlling WWTP effluent is probably the most cost-effective measure in treating pharmaceutical pollution.
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Li, Hong, Teresa Dodd-Butera, Margaret L. Beaman, Molly Broderick Pritty, Thomas E. Heitritter, and Richard F. Clark. "Trends in Childhood Poison Exposures and Fatalities: A Retrospective Secondary Data Analysis of the 2009–2019 U.S. National Poison Data System Annual Reports." Pediatric Reports 13, no. 4 (November 15, 2021): 613–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pediatric13040073.

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Despite significant prevention efforts, childhood poison exposures remain a serious public health challenge in the United States. This study aimed to assess annual trends of pharmaceutical vs. non-pharmaceutical poison exposures in the US among children 0–19 years and compare the odds of death by children’s age group. Poison exposure and fatality data were retrospectively extracted from 2009 to 2019 National Poison Data System (NPDS) annual reports for children in all reported age groups. Overall, there was a significant reduction in the annual population-adjusted poison exposures in children (annual percentage change = −2.54%, 95% CI = −3.94% to −1.15%, p < 0.01), but not in poisoning-related fatalities. Children 0–5 had similar odds of dying from exposure to non-pharmaceuticals vs. pharmaceuticals. The odds of children 6–12 dying from non-pharmaceuticals vs. pharmaceuticals was 2.38 (95% CI = 1.58, 3.58), χ2 = 18.53, p < 0.001. In contrast, the odds of children 13–19 dying from pharmaceuticals vs. non-pharmaceuticals was 3.04 (95% CI = 2.51, 3.69), χ2 = 141.16, p < 0.001. Suicidal intent accounted for 40.63% of pharmaceutical deaths in children 6–12, as well as 48.66% of pharmaceutical and 31.15% of non-pharmaceutical deaths in children 13–19. While a significant decline in overall childhood poison exposures was reported, a decrease in poisoning-related fatalities was not observed. Children in different age groups had contrasting relative odds of death from pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical exposures. Among older children, a greater proportion of poisoning-related deaths was due to intentional suicide. These findings provide evidence of age-specific trends in childhood poison exposure risk and directions for future poison prevention efforts and behavioral health partnerships.
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Kiefer, David S., Joe C. Chase, Gayle D. Love, and Bruce P. Barrett. "The Overlap of Dietary Supplement and Pharmaceutical Use in the MIDUS National Study." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/823853.

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Introduction. In the United States, dietary supplement (DS) use is common, often takes place outside of the purview of health care providers, and may involve DS in combination with pharmaceuticals. This situation has led to concerns about interactions between DS and pharmaceuticals, as well as the risks from polypharmacy and polysupplement use.Methods. We used data from the Midlife in the US study (MIDUS 2 Survey) to examine DS and prescription pharmaceutical use in 3876 study participants in order to determine the demographics of high-users (5 or more) of DS and pharmaceuticals and the presence of DS-pharmaceutical co-use.Results. Over 69% of study participants regularly used DS, 49.6% regularly used both DS and pharmaceuticals, and 6.3% and 8.7% were high-users of pharmaceuticals and DS, respectively. High-users of DS, pharmaceuticals, and either were more likely than the whole cohort to be female and of lower income.Conclusions. These findings corroborate those of other national studies with respect to the demographics of DS users but add new information about people at risk of DS-pharmaceutical interactions, not an insignificant proportion of the population examined by this dataset.
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Nastiti, Anindrya, Arlieza Raudhah Riyanto, Ade Supriatin, Dwina Roosmini, Siska WD Kusumah, Rumaisha Milhan, and Gertjan Geerling. "Self-Reported Pharmaceutical Storage, Use, and Improper Disposal to The Environment Among Urban Parents in Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1111, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1111/1/012045.

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Abstract Pharmaceuticals are increasingly used to treat and prevent disease globally. However, this trend has the potential to increase pharmaceutical discharge into the environment, especially from households. Pharmaceuticals released into the environment can harm human health, e.g., antimicrobial resistance. Thus, it is important to understand the drivers of pharmaceutical use, storage, and disposal among the community. The main objectives of this study are twofold: (1) to identify the commonly stored and used pharmaceuticals based on its classification; and (2) to identify the disposal method of unused pharmaceuticals at home. In October 2018, an exploratory online survey was conducted on 262 urban parents in the Jabodetabek area and Bandung with children ≤5 years old. This online survey revealed that the most stored medicine at home was acetaminophen. Irrational use of medicines was more common in the treatment-seeking behavior of parents rather than children. Doctor’s prescription is the most factor affecting buying decisions of pharmaceuticals at home, whether for themselves or their children. In most cases, pharmaceutical waste was treated as domestic waste, which was improper disposal. To reduce improper use and disposal, we suggest a targeted campaign to raise awareness of pharmaceutical waste’s unintended health and environmental impacts.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pharmaceuticals"

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Walsh, William M. "Ethical pharmaceuticals? : a deeper look at the ethics in pharmaceutical public relations /." Full text available online, 2006. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.

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Tibshraeny, Alexa Frances. "ENTREPRENEURIAL PROFILE: King Pharmaceuticals." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193004.

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Hernandez, Abdel. "Pharmaceuticals in Southern Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/245084.

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The pharmaceutical industry is a potentially powerful but untapped industry in Southern Arizona. One such company in this industry is Topical Technologies, which develops topical solutions to treat skin cancer, and was founded by University of Arizona Cancer Center researchers. We conducted our primary research in the form of one-on-one interviews with diverse experts in a variety of fields; Dr. Robert Dorr, Co-Founder of Topical Technologies, Dr. Steve Stratton, Associate Professor of Medicine at AZCC, Robert Morrison, the Executive Director of the Desert Angels, Marie Wesselhoft, former Director of the Arizona Center for Innovation, and Dr. Debra Hanna, Associate Director of C-Path. We also conducted secondary research into the pharmaceutical industry. After conducting our research and analyzing the data, we formulated several recommendations to Tech Launch Arizona including: *Fostering relationships between the University leadership, business school, and BIO5 Institute *Forming long-term relationships with corporations *Building a venture portfolio that invests in multiple industries *Partnering with the Critical Path Institute We believe these recommendations will help create a more efficient environment for pharmaceutical companies to be successful.
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HU, MUYANG. "GLOBAL PHARMACEUTICAL OUTSOURCING STRATEGY REPORT FOR SMALL PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1463662432.

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Makowski, Marcin. "Solvent nanofiltration for purifying pharmaceuticals." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/29227.

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The projections recently published by the United Nations (UN) suggest that the global population may reach 8.9 billion people by the year 2050. Life expectancy is assumed to rise constantly with no upper limit and by the year 2100 is expected to vary from 66 to 97 years. As the population ages the demand for effective medicines is rising. At the same time the pharmaceutical industry keeps applying pressure to shorten development timelines for new chemical entities, so that new medicines can reach patients much faster. In the development and manufacturing of drugs the purification steps often consume the highest proportion of the processing time and costs. In parallel, there has been a surge in the expectations of patients regarding the purity of the desired pharmaceuticals. There are several processes available for yielding purified product: liquid chromatography, crystallization or distillation among others most of them, however have limitations. Therefore, progress is required in innovative technologies and processes characterized by higher stability, better selectivity and lower energy requirements. Applying membrane technology in the separation and purification of compounds can result in lower operating temperatures being needed, and less harsh conditions required, when compared to other processes. Thus it is of interest for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) manufacturing. Polymeric membranes are the most widely used for industrial membrane applications. However, an important challenge is to apply the existing polymeric membranes (suitable for aqueous operations) to non-aqueous solutions. Recent progress has led to the development of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration (OSN). OSN utilises solvent-resistant polymeric membranes to selectively retain solutes, and simultaneously allows smaller molecules to pass through the membrane. Nevertheless, ways in which membrane performance impacts the overall purification process have not yet been fully studied. Developing mathematical models of purification processes might help to better understand, and therefore better predict and control, the membrane process. Knowing the importance of a membrane in a filtration process, one should try to identify the areas where new membranes are desired. At the same time, one should try to understand how factors influencing membrane formation will affect membrane's final performance. As a benefit of the research conducted, by the end of this study the knowledge gained should result in the fabrication of membranes with enhanced capabilities.
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Gauthier, Herve. "Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals by microorganisms." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32347.

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The presence of pharmaceutical residues in water poses a serious treat to human health. The fate of many of these pharmaceuticals in the environment has not been thoroughly investigated. Sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethizole, trimethoprim and carbamazepine are among these pharmaceuticals with significant bioactivity that are considered to be persistent pollutants. The biodegradation of these compounds has been studied in this project in order to assess the fate of these pharmaceuticals in the environment. An easily degradable carbon source was added in these biodegradation experiments to optimize co-metabolism as a removal mechanism. Five microorganisms were used to determine if the selected drugs were biodegradable and, also, to identify the metabolites arising from their biodegradation. It was demonstrated that biodegradation occurred for sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethizole and carbamazepine. Trimethoprim showed a high resistance to biodegradation. It appeared that the microorganism Rhodococcus rhodochrous showed a particular ability to degrade the pharmaceuticals. The presence of metabolites was confirmed by HPLC and mass spectra analyses.
La présence de résidus de produits pharmaceutiques dans l'eau représente une sérieuse menace pour l'environnement et la santé humaine. Le devenir de ces produits pharmaceutiques dans l'environnement n'a pas été adéquatement étudié. Le sulfaméthoxazole, le sulfaméthizole, le triméthoprime ainsi que le carbamazepine sont parmi ces composés pharmaceutiques qui ont une importante bioactivité et sont considérés comme polluants persistants. Dans ce projet, la biodégradation des ces produits à été étudiée afin d'évaluer le devenir de ceux-ci dans l'environnement. Une source de carbone facilement biodégradable a été utilisé lors des expériences afin de stimuler le mécanisme d`élimination par co-métabolisme. Cinq microorganismes ont été utilisés afin d'évaluer la biodégradabilité des produits pharmaceutiques sélectionnés et aussi identifier les métabolites résultant de leur biodégradation. Il a été démontré que la biodégradation est survenue pour le sulfaméthoxazole, le sulfaméthizole ainsi que le carbamazépine. Le triméthoprime à quant lui démontré une forte résistance à la biodégradation. Le microorganisme Rhodococcus rhodochrous a démontré une habileté particulière à dégrader les produits pharmaceutiques. La présence de métabolites a également été confirmée par analyse HPLC et spectrometrie de masse.
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CAPOZZI, LUIGI CARLO. "Continuous Freeze-Drying of Pharmaceuticals." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2749555.

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Du, Plooy Hilde. "Measuring brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry of South Africa / Hilde du Plooy." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8685.

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Brands are recognised as one of the most valuable assets that a company can possess and therefore brands are key role-players in the business strategies of organisations. The rivalry amongst competitors in the pharmaceutical industry is fierce and companies should design their strategies in such a way in order to achieve competitive advantage. Brand loyalty is regarded as a powerful tool in the development of pharmaceutical brands. The main aim of this study was to measure brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry of South Africa and to establish whether patients are brand loyal to original pharmaceutical brands and the influence of generics on pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The measurement of brand loyalty in the pharmaceutical industry is based on Moolla’s brand loyalty framework for the FMCG (fast moving consumer goods) industry. This study also aimed to determine whether Moolla’s FMCG brand loyalty framework is applicable to the pharmaceutical industry. The twelve brand loyalty influences identified by Moolla are: Customer satisfaction; Switching costs; Brand trust; Repeat purchase; Involvement; Perceived value; Commitment; Relationship proneness; Brand affect; Brand relevance; Brand performance and Culture. The empirical study was conducted among 250 over-the-counter medicine consumers with different demographic profiles. The methodology included the sampling procedure, data collection, questionnaire development and statistical techniques used. Results were analysed with regards to Factor analysis; the Kaiser- Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy; Cronbach Alpha coefficients; Bartlett’s test of sphericity, mean values and effect sizes. The Empirical results through quantitative analysis included the validity of the research instruments, the calculation of the reliability coefficients which reported on the significance of the research variables. The results were presented in a conceptual framework to measure pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The results of this study concluded that the brand loyalty influences as identified by Moolla are important for measuring pharmaceutical brand loyalty. The results of this study also concluded that patients are indeed brand loyal and do prefer branded pharmaceuticals to generic pharmaceuticals in the over-the-counter medicine industry of South Africa. The importance of this study is the contribution of a brand loyalty framework to measure pharmaceutical brand loyalty which will aid pharmaceutical companies in the strategic management thereof.
Thesis (MBA)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Cruz, Morató Carles. "Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals by Trametes versicolor." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283222.

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Els fàrmacs (PhACs) són un important grup de contaminants emergents que degut a la seva presència en el medi ambient i la seva difícil degradació han aixecat un gran interès en la comunitat científica. Alguns d’aquests PhACs són àmpliament utilitzats sense recepta i després de la seva ingestió son excretats per la orina i els fems, ja sigui en forma de compost actiu o com a metabòlit. Aquests productes entren a les estacions depuradores d’aigües residuals, on alguns d’aquests compostos no són eliminats eficaçment, sent capaços d’arribar a les aigües superficials, subterrànies i, posteriorment, a l’aigua potable. El present treball avalua la viabilitat de la bioremeïació dels PhACs per fongs de podridura blanca. Aquests fongs tenen el potencial de degradar una àmplia gamma de contaminants xenobiòtics i recalcitrants degut al seu sistema enzimàtic inespecífic, capaç d’actuar sobre diversos substrats a través de l’acció d’enzims intracel·lulars (com el citocrom P450) i extracel·lulars (com la lacasa i peroxidasas). De tots els fongs, s’ha escollit Trametes versicolor per dur a terme l’estudi sobre la degradació d’analgèsics i anti-inflamatoris (ketoprofen i diclofenac), antiepilèptics (carbamazepina), reguladors de lípids (àcid clofibric), antibiotics (ofloxacina) i un agent de contrast per rajos X (iopromida). El primer pas en la investigació va consistir en el estudi de la degradació de PhACs de forma individual per T. versicolor a escala Erlenmeyer i en condicions estèrils. Per tal d’obtenir més coneixements en el mecanisme de degradació dels PhACs pel fong, es va estudiar en detall la transformació dels fàrmacs anteriorment esmentats i en alguns casos es va proposar la via de degradació. Paral·lelament es va estudiar els enzims implicats en la degradació dels PhACs. També es va avaluar la toxicitat del brou de cultiu, on els productes de degradació estaven presents i d’aquesta manera poder observar si els compostos produïts son més tòxics que el propi fàrmac. Posteriorment, amb l’objectiu d’escalar el procés de la degradació de PhACs, es va utilitzar un bioreactor de llit fluïditzat per la eliminació de la carbamazepina i de l’àcid clofibric, operat tant en continu com discontinu. En els resultats també es va incloure la identificació dels productes de transformació, junt amb l’avaluació de la toxicitat dels efluents. D’altra banda, a causa del gran nombre de publicacions sobre la degradació de PhACs individuals per fongs publicats durant el transcurs d’aquesta tesis, es va realitzar una revisió bibliogràfica sobre aquest camp de recerca. Per últim, en un intent d’escalar el procés a nivells més reals i per tant proporcionar una millor estimació del possible impacte ambiental de l’aplicació d’aquest procés, es va tractar una aigua residual urbana i d’hospital en un bioreactor operat en discontinu. El tractament de l’aigua residual es va fer en condicions no estèrils, on altres microorganismes estan presents, i a les concentracions preexistents dels contaminants, és a dir, sense afegir cap contaminant. En un experiment preliminar amb l’aigua residual urbana, es va observar la necessitat d’afegir una font addicional de carboni i nitrogen per mantenir l’activitat del fong. Per altra banda, els resultats obtinguts van ser positius ja que es va observar l’eliminació de gairebé tots els PhACs detectats en les aigües urbanes i d’hospital, juntament amb una notable reducció de la toxicitat global després del tractament, el que fa concloure que pot ser un tractament adequat i cal seguir investigant en altres aspectes per desenvolupar i optimitzar el procés abans de implementar-lo a escala real.
Pharmaceutical active compounds (PhACs) are an important group of emerging contaminants that have raised an increasing interest in the scientific community due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and their difficult degradation. Some of these drugs are extensively used as non-prescription drugs and after their intake, are excreted with urine and faeces either as active substances or metabolites. These substances come into wastewater treatment plants where some compounds are not efficiently removed, being able to reach surface, groundwater and subsequently, drinking water. The present work assesses the feasibility of PhACs bioremediation by white-rot fungi (WRF). WRF have the potential to degrade a wide range of xenobiotic and recalcitrant contaminants due to their unspecific enzymatic system, able to act on diverse substrates through the action of intracellular (i.e. cytrochrome P450 system) and extracellular (i.e laccases and peroxidases) enzymes. The fungus Trametes versicolor has been chosen to carry out the degradation study of some analgesics and anti-inflammatory (ketoprofen and diclofenac), anti-epileptics (carbamazepine), lipid regulators (clofibric acid), antibiotics (ofloxacin) and a X-ray contrast agent (iopramide). The first step in the research deals with the preliminary assessment of the individual PhACs degradation by T. versicolor at Erlenmeyer scale and sterile conditions. To obtain further insights in the mechanism of PhACs degradation by the fungus, the transformation products were identified as well as the enzyme responsible for the degradation of the parent compound with the aim of proposing a degradation pathway. In addition, an assessment of the toxicity of the broth, where transformation products were present, was included. Furthermore, with the aim of scale up the PhACs degradation process, a fluidized bed bioreactor was employed for the degradation of carbamazepine and clofibric acid, operated in both continuous and batch mode. Results also include the identification of transformation products and the toxicity assessment.On the other hand, due to the great number of publications about the degradation of pharmaceuticals by white-rot fungi that appeared over the course of this thesis, it was decided to include a literature review to evaluate the current state of the art in this topic. Finally, in an attempt to scale up the process to real approaches and thus provide a better estimation of the potential environmental impact of the application of such process, T. versicolor was used in a non-sterile batch bioreactor treatment for the removal of pre-existent PhACs from urban and hospital wastewater, where many contaminants and other microorganism are present. In preliminary experiments with urban wastewater, it was found the necessity of an extra source of carbon and nitrogen to maintain the activity of the fungus in the wastewater. Moreover, an important removal was observed for almost all drugs detected in both urban and hospital wastewater, together with a remarkable reduction of the overall toxicity.
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Supriyanto, Ganden. "Chromatomembrane method applied in pharmaceuticals analysis." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2005/22/index.html.

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Books on the topic "Pharmaceuticals"

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South Carolina. Dept. of Commerce., ed. Pharmaceuticals. Columbia, S.C: South Carolina Department of Commerce, 1995.

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Barclays Bank. Economics Department., ed. Pharmaceuticals. Poole: Barclays Bank Economic Department, 1993.

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Canada. Industry, Science and Technology Canada. Pharmaceuticals. Ottawa: Industry, Science and Technology Canada, 1992.

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Raggett, Tom. Generic pharmaceuticals: Implications for the global pharmaceutical industry. London: Financial Times Business Information, 1994.

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Welch, Mary F., Esther K. Palevsky, Diana E. Kole, and Dawn J. Trebec. Biotechnology pharmaceuticals. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 2000.

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Rickwood, Sarah. Global pharmaceuticals. London: Financial Times Business Information, 1993.

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John, Austin. Fisons Pharmaceuticals. Loughborough, Leics: Loughborough University BusinessSchool, 1995.

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Simon, Howitt, and Key Note Ltd, eds. OTC pharmaceuticals. 7th ed. Hampton: Key Note Ltd., 1996.

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Phillippa, Smith, and Key Note Publications, eds. Prescribed pharmaceuticals. Hampton: Key Note Publications, 1994.

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Dominic, Fenn, and Key Note Publications, eds. OTC pharmaceuticals. 9th ed. Hampton: Key Note, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pharmaceuticals"

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Schiermeyer, Andreas, and Stefan Schillberg. "Pharmaceuticals." In Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, 221–35. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02391-0_12.

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Schaefer, Bernd. "Pharmaceuticals." In Natural Products in the Chemical Industry, 209–518. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54461-3_5.

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Silberston, Aubrey, and Christopher P. Raymond. "Pharmaceuticals." In The Changing Industrial Map of Europe, 43–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24357-0_3.

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Dew, Kevin, Anne Scott, and Allison Kirkman. "Pharmaceuticals." In Social, Political and Cultural Dimensions of Health, 111–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31508-9_9.

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Karsa, David R., J. Michael Goode, and Peter J. Donnelly. "Pharmaceuticals." In Surfactants Applications Directory, 213–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3038-7_13.

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Hatje, Vanessa. "Pharmaceuticals." In Encyclopedia of Estuaries, 481–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8801-4_141.

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Limoeiro, Danilo Rocha. "Pharmaceuticals." In Economic Growth, Inequality and Crony Capitalism, 126–53. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003020332-5.

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Theodore, Louis, and R. Ryan Dupont. "Pharmaceuticals." In Chemical Process Industries, 273–84. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003283454-19.

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Adams, Craig D. "Pharmaceuticals." In Contaminants of Emerging Environmental Concern, 56–85. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784410141.ch03.

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Bellmann, Klaus, and Frank Himpel. "Pharmaceuticals." In Fallstudien zum Produktionsmanagement, 313–20. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-8349-9680-0_33.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pharmaceuticals"

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Arpagaus, Cordin. "Nano spray drying of pharmaceuticals." In 21st International Drying Symposium. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ids2018.2018.7356.

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Spray drying plays a crucial role in the processing of pharmaceutical products such as pills, capsules, and tablets as it is used to convert drug containing liquids into dried powdered forms. Nano spray drying is in particular used to improve drug formulation by encapsulating active ingredients in polymeric wall materials for protection and delivering the drugs to the right place and time in the body. The nano spray dryer developed in the recent years extends the spectrum of produced powder particles to the submicron- and nanoscale with very narrow size distributions and sample quantities in the milligram scale at high product yields. This enables the economical use of expensive active pharmaceutical ingredients and pure drugs. The present paper explains the concept of nano spray drying and discusses the influence of the main process parameters on the final powder properties like particle size, morphology, encapsulation efficiency, and drug loading. Application results of nano spray drying for the formulation and encapsulation of different drugs are reviewed. Keywords: nano spray drying; pharmaceuticals; drug encapsulation; particle size; powder
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Gholoom, Sheikha Ishaq Abdallah, and Panagiotis D. Zervopoulos. "The Effect of Mergers and Acquisitions on Efficiency: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry." In International Symposium on Engineering and Business Administration. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-qlbab6.

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This study emphasizes the assessment of efficiency and the degree of operating efficiency of mergers and acquisitions in the pharmaceutical industry worldwide. This industry encounters various challenges such as expiring patents, the rise of genetics pharmaceuticals, the entrance of biotechnology companies in the pharmaceutical market, the increasing research and development expenses, government regulations of the pharmaceutical industry, distribution channels, and drug prices. All these challenges result in an intensely competitive environment in which pharmaceuticals suffering from shortcomings (e.g., operational and/or financial inefficiencies) are not easy to catch up with the competition. Mergers and acquisitions are major activities to overcome shortcomings and achieve growth. Mergers and acquisitions have been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for many years and are expected to accelerate. The objective of this work is to identify whether mergers and acquisitions between pharmaceutical companies can be successful and to highlight the most favourable consolidations. The assessment of mergers and acquisitions is realized through conventional and stochastic data envelopment analysis approaches. The empirical analysis draws on a sample of 371 pharmaceutical companies. The original sample was extended by 870 possible combinations between firms. Our empirical analysis reveals a positive impact of mergers and acquisitions on the efficiency of pharmaceutical companies.
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Lember, Erki, Karin Pachel, and Enn Loigu. "Adsorption of Diclofenac, Sulfamethoxazole and Levofloxacin with Powdered Activated Carbon." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.082.

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The presence of pharmaceutical residues in the receiving waterbodies of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and in the environment has become a global concern. We can now say for certain that, having metabolised in our bodies, partially modified or unmodified pharmaceuticals will reach WWTP. However, WWTP are not designed for the removal of such com-pounds. Only a small fraction of pharmaceuticals decompose during biological treatment or are adsorbed in sediment. There-fore, it is essential to find a treatment process that is capable of removing pharmaceutical residues. The aim of the present study was to research the removal of three pharmaceuticals found in the environment, namely diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and levofloxacin (LFX), through the use of powdered activated carbon (PAC). To this end, adsorption tests were con-ducted where the adsorption capacity was estimated according to the adsorbent dose and the residence time of the process. LFX had the highest adsorption rate: the removal effectiveness was 77% in a residence time of 5 minutes and in 60 minutes a stable indicator was achieved whereby 94% of LFX had become adsorbed. The worst adsorption property was observed for SMX, as 68% of SMX was adsorbed in a residence time of 60 minutes. According to the conducted tests, the Freundlich adsorption isotherms and constants characterising the adsorption were found where the DCF K was 23.8, the SMX K was 34.3 and the LFX K was 106.1. This test demonstrated that the pharmaceuticals selected for the experiment could easily be subjected to adsorption processes and could be removed by means of PAC.
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Delvia, Fila, Aditya Fridayanti, and Arsyik Ibrahim. "ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI ASAM LAKTAT (BAL) DARI BUAH MANGGA (Mangifera indica L.)." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.16.

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Mamonto, Kartika Damasanti, Adam M. Ramadhan, and Laode Rijai. "Profil Kromatografi Lapis Tipis Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Fraksi etil asetat Daun Alpukat (Persea americana Mill) Hasil Pemisahan Kromatografi Kolom Gravitasi." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.14.

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Dise Rahmawati, Dise, Riski Sulistiarini, and Muhammad Amir Masruhim. "AKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN BANGUN-BANGUN (COLEUS AMBOINICUS LOUR) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI PADA TIKUS PUTIH (RATTUS NORVEGICUS)." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.1.

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Hidayanti, Utami Wahyu, Jaka Fadraersada, and Arsyik Ibrahim. "FORMULASI DAN OPTIMASI BASIS GEL CARBOPOL 940 DENGAN BERBAGAI VARIASI KONSENTRASI." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.10.

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Edita, Elsa, Islamudin Ahmad, and Rolan Rusli. "ANALISIS CEMARAN MIKROBA PADA IKAN ASIN AIR TAWAR DI SAMARINDA." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.11.

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Oktaviani, Nia, Wisnu Cahyo Prabowo, and Laode Rijai. "ANALISIS PROFIL KROMATOGRAFI LAPIS TIPIS DAN AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT HERBA KEROKOT (Lygodium microphyllum Cav. R. Br)." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.12.

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Puspitasari, Indah, Niken Indriyati, Victoria Yulita Fitriani, and Rolan Rusli. "PENGUJIAN KUALITAS ASPEK MIKROBIOLOGI AIR MINUM ISI ULANG." In Mulawarman Pharmaceuticals Conferences. Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.25026/mpc.v1i1.13.

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Reports on the topic "Pharmaceuticals"

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Besanko, David, David Dranove, and Craig Garthwaite. Insurance and the High Prices of Pharmaceuticals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w22353.

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Hellerstein, Judith. The Demand for Post-Patent Prescription Pharmaceuticals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w4981.

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Frank, Richard, and David Salkever. "Generic Entry and the Pricing of Pharmaceuticals". Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5306.

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Hughes, James, Michael Moore, and Edward Snyder. "Napsterizing" Pharmaceuticals: Access, Innovation, and Consumer Welfare. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9229.

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Kyle, Margaret, and Anita McGahan. Investments in Pharmaceuticals Before and After TRIPS. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15468.

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Bairoliya, Neha, Pinar Karaca-Mandic, Jeffrey McCullough, and Amil Petrin. Consumer Learning and the Entry of Generic Pharmaceuticals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w23662.

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Frank, Richard, and David Salkever. Pricing, Patent Loss and the Market For Pharmaceuticals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3803.

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Coderre, J. A., and B. Spielvogel. Medical Applications of Gadolinium and/or Boron-Labeled Pharmaceuticals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/770463.

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Marcotte, Dave, and Sara Markowitz. A Cure for Crime? Psycho-Pharmaceuticals and Crime Trends. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15354.

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Sinkinson, Michael, and Amanda Starc. Ask Your Doctor? Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Pharmaceuticals. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w21045.

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