Journal articles: 'Pharmaceutical water treatment plant'

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Mohd Amin, M. F., S. G. J. Heijman, and L. C. Rietveld. "Clay–starch combination for micropollutants removal from wastewater treatment plant effluent." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 7 (January 4, 2016): 1719–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.001.

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In this study, a new, more effective and cost-effective treatment alternative is investigated for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plant effluent (WWTP-eff). The potential of combining clay with biodegradable polymeric flocculants is further highlighted. Flocculation is viewed as the best method to get the optimum outcome from clay. In addition, flocculation with cationic starch increases the biodegradability and cost of the treatment. Clay is naturally abundantly available and relatively inexpensive compared to conventional adsorbents. Experimental studies were carried out with existing naturally occurring pharmaceutical concentrations found and measured in WWTP-eff with atrazine spiking for comparison between the demineralised water and WWTP-eff matrix. Around 70% of the total measured pharmaceutical compounds were removable by the clay–starch combination. The effect of clay with and without starch addition was also highlighted.

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Tahrani, Leyla, Joris Van Loco, Hedi Ben Mansour, and Tim Reyns. "Occurrence of antibiotics in pharmaceutical industrial wastewater, wastewater treatment plant and sea waters in Tunisia." Journal of Water and Health 14, no. 2 (October 21, 2015): 208–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.224.

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Antibiotics are among the most commonly used group of pharmaceuticals in human medicine. They can therefore reach surface and groundwater bodies through different routes, such as wastewater treatment plant effluents, surface runoff, or infiltration of water used for agricultural purposes. It is well known that antibiotics pose a significant risk to environmental and human health, even at low concentrations. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of aminoglycosides and phenicol antibiotics in municipal wastewaters, sea water and pharmaceutical effluents in Tunisia. All analysed water samples contained detectable levels of aminoglycoside and phenicol antibiotics. The highest concentrations in wastewater influents were observed for neomycin and kanamycin B (16.4ng mL−1 and 7.5 ng mL−1, respectively). Chloramphenicol was found in wastewater influents up to 3 ng mL−1. It was observed that the waste water treatment plants were not efficient in completely removing these antibiotics. Chloramphenicol and florfenicol were found in sea water samples near aquaculture sites at levels up to, respectively, 15.6 ng mL−1 and 18.4 ng mL−1. Also aminoglycoside antibiotics were found near aquaculture sites with the highest concentration of 3.4 ng mL−1 for streptomycin. In pharmaceutical effluents, only gentamycin was found at concentrations up to 19 ng mL−1 over a sampling period of four months.

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Flyborg, Lena, Berndt Björlenius, and Kenneth M. Persson. "Can treated municipal wastewater be reused after ozonation and nanofiltration? Results from a pilot study of pharmaceutical removal in Henriksdal WWTP, Sweden." Water Science and Technology 61, no. 5 (March 1, 2010): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.029.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of nanofiltration (NF) and ozonation for indirect potable reuse in terms of pharmaceutical residuals. To simultaneously obtain a reasonable retentate volume for further treatment, the tests were performed at a high volume reduction factor (VRF) of 60. The feed to the pilot plant was the effluent from a BNR plant with a final process step of chemical precipitation and rapid sand filtration. Two tests were performed 1) nanofiltration of treated wastewater followed by ozonation and 2) ozonated treated wastewater as feed to NF. Of the 95 pharmaceuticals analysed, three were not removed to the quantification limit, oxazepam in the first test and glibenclamide and ketoprofen in the second. The water quality after the two processes was similar, with an overall removal of pharmaceutical residuals of 99%. There are two advantages of ozonated water as feed to NF—a higher specific flux of 35% and a potential removal of ozonation by-products. The retention of some pharmaceuticals by NF was lower than anticipated, the major removal occurring in the ozonation. A tighter NF or RO is required in order to achieve higher pharmaceutical retention for further treatment of the retentate.

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Zhu, Lei, Song Liu, Xun Wang, and Hong Jiao Song. "Study on Pharmaceutical Wastewater by SBBR." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 1380–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.1380.

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A pharmaceutical factory in Wuhan produces many pharmaceutical wastewaters every day. The wastewater raw water quality indexes are: the concentration of COD,BOD5, NH3-N,TP is 300,000mg/L, 200,000mg/L, 450mg/L,900 mg/L ; By the SBBR treatment, the effluent water quality indexes are:750mg/L,350mg/L,1.20mg/L,5mg/L,and the effluent water can accord with Wastewater quality standards for discharge to municipal sewers (CJ 343-2010) and be discharged after treatment in the sewage treatment plant by municipal sewers.

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Andreozzi, R., L. Campanella, B. Fraysse, J. Garric, A. Gonnella, R. Lo Giudice, R. Marotta, G. Pinto, and A. Pollio. "Effects of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) on the toxicity of a mixture of pharmaceuticals." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0304.

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The possibility of applying main AOP techniques, namely ozonation, H2O2/UV photolysis and TiO2 photocatalysis to provide a significant reduction of toxicity of pharmaceutical mixtures has been evaluated. For the preparation of the mixture six pharmaceuticals were chosen among those found at highest concentrations in Sewage Treatment Plant effluents, namely carbamazepine, clofibric acid, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, ofloxacin and propranolol. The blue-green alga Synechococcus leopoliensis and the rotifer Brachyonus calyciflorus were utilised to assess the toxicity of the mixtures after AOP treatments. All the toxicity tests were performed using chronic standardized bioassays. The best results were obtained with ozonation. With this type of treatment a complete removal of mixture toxicity on S. leopolensis was obtained even after the shortest time of application (1 min). The ozonation treatment leads also to removal of all the pharmaceutical mixture toxicity on B. calyciflorus, by applying the oxidizing agent for at least for 2 minutes.

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Chauveheid, Eric, and Sabine Scholdis. "Removal of pharmaceuticals by a surface water treatment plant." Water Supply 19, no. 6 (March 29, 2019): 1793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2019.054.

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Abstract Several pharmaceuticals were followed through a drinking water production process on the river Meuse. Tramadol and levetiracetam were the most common compounds while cytostatics were not detected. All compounds found at that intake point had an annual consumption greater than 90 mg/inhabitant. The tracer substance 1,2,3-benzotriazole allowed estimation of the maximal concentration of pharmaceuticals and the evolution profile for tramadol and sotalol. After pre-ozonation of raw water, most pharmaceuticals were completely removed, except levetiracetam and irbesartan, confirming the efficiency of this advanced oxidation process. Irbesartan and levetiracetam were completely removed by granular activated carbon filtration. Levetiracetam was the most reluctant compound. A conventional multi-barrier treatment combining ozone and activated carbon, already used for several decades before implementation in wastewater treatment, can completely remove most pharmaceuticals. Therefore, drinking water without any significant health-related amount of these pharmaceuticals can be produced from surface water.

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Inanc, B., B. Calli, K. Alp, F. Ciner, B. Mertoglu, and I. Ozturk. "Toxicity assessment on combined biological treatment of pharmaceutical industry effluents." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 12 (June 1, 2002): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0419.

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This paper describes the wastewater characterization and aerobic/anaerobic treatability (oxygen uptake rate and biogas production measurement) of chemical-synthesis based pharmaceutical industry effluents in a nearby baker's yeast industry treatment plant. Preliminary experiments by the industry had indicated strong anaerobic toxicity. On the other hand, aerobic treatability was also uncertain due to complexity and unknown composition of the wastewater. The work in this study has indicated that the effluents of the pharmaceutical industry can be treated without toxicity in the aerobic stage of the treatment plant. Methanogenic activity tests with anaerobic sludge from the anaerobic treatment stage of the wastewater treatment plant and acetate as substrate have confirmed the strong toxicity, while showing that 30 min aeration or coagulation with an alum dose of 300 mg/l is sufficient for reducing the toxicity almost completely. Powdered activated carbon, lime and ferric chloride (100-1,000 mg/l) had no effect on reduction of the toxicity. Consequently, the pharmaceutical industry was recommended to treat its effluents in the anaerobic stage of the nearby baker's yeast industry wastewater treatment plan at which there will be no VOC emission and toxicity problem, provided that pretreatment is done.

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Langenhoff, Alette, Nadia Inderfurth, Teun Veuskens, Gosse Schraa, Marco Blokland, Katarzyna Kujawa-Roeleveld, and Huub Rijnaarts. "Microbial Removal of the Pharmaceutical Compounds Ibuprofen and Diclofenac from Wastewater." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/325806.

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Studies on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals show that the widely used pharmaceuticals ibuprofen and diclofenac are present in relevant concentrations in the environment. A pilot plant treating hospital wastewater with relevant concentrations of these pharmaceuticals was evaluated for its performance to reduce the concentration of the pharmaceuticals. Ibuprofen was completely removed, whereas diclofenac yielded a residual concentration, showing the necessity of posttreatment to remove diclofenac, for example, activated carbon. Successively, detailed laboratory experiments with activated sludge from the same wastewater treatment plant showed bioremediation potential in the treatment plant. The biological degradation pathway was studied and showed a mineralisation of ibuprofen and degradation of diclofenac. The present microbes were further studied in laboratory experiments, and DGGE analyses showed the enrichment and isolation of highly purified cultures that degraded either ibuprofen or diclofenac. This research illuminates the importance of the involved bacteria for the effectiveness of the removal of pharmaceuticals in a wastewater treatment plant. A complete removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater will stimulate water reuse, addressing the worldwide increasing demand for clean and safe fresh water.

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Matsuo, H., H. Sakamoto, K. Arizono, and R. Shinohara. "Behavior of Pharmaceuticals in Waste Water Treatment Plant in Japan." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 87, no. 1 (May 12, 2011): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-011-0299-7.

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Konstas, Kosma, Konstantinou, and Albanis. "Photocatalytic Treatment of Pharmaceuticals in Real Hospital Wastewaters for Effluent Quality Amelioration." Water 11, no. 10 (October 17, 2019): 2165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11102165.

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The presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the wastewater effluents has confirmed that conventional wastewater treatment technologies are not sufficiently effective in the pharmaceuticals’ removal. The objective of the present study was to evaluate and compare the photocatalytic degradation of PhACs using TiO2-P25, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4, CN) and a heterojunction of perovskite strodium titanate and graphitic carbon nitride SrTiO3/g-C3N4 (20% g-C3N4, 20CNSTO) photocatalytic materials, in hospital wastewater effluents, by simulated solar irradiation. The experiments were performed by using real wastewater samples collected from the university hospital wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent of Ioannina city (Northwestern Greece) and inherent pharmaceutical concentration levels. The analysis of the samples was accomplished by solid phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the cases of TiO2 and CN, more than 70% of the initial concentration (e.g., venlafaxine) was degraded after 90 min, while 20CNSTO presented lower photocatalytic performance. Furthermore, some compounds were sporadically detected (e.g., fluoxetine) or their concentrations remained stable during the photocatalytic treatment time period (e.g., trimethoprim). In total 11 transformation products (TPs) were formed along the degradation processes and were identified by using liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry.

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Gao, Yanjiao, and Runzhu Huang. "Using ozonation-hydrolysis acidification to the pharmaceutical tail wastewater pretreatment." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 688–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.082.

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In order to solve the problems of poor biodegradability and high concentrations of non-biodegradable substances from pharmaceutical wastewater after preliminary treatment, the organic components of the tail water (effluent from the preliminary treatment devises of the pharmaceutical industry wastewater treatment station) were analyzed and the method of ozonation-hydrolysis acidification was used to treat tail water from the pharmaceutical factory. The ozone dosage, the reaction time and the changes of biodegradability were studied. The results measured by GC-MS showed that there were 51 types of organic substances in tail water which reduce the biodegradability. The results of the tests showed that 30 mg/L of ozone and 60-minutes of oxidation time were suitable conditions. In the ozonation–hydrolysis acidification process the COD removal rate ranged from 20% to 50%. The test results showed that the ozonation-hydrolysis acidification method could effectively improve the biodegradability of wastewater and provide the foundation for the follow treatment in urban sewage treatment plant using biological methods.

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12

Yasojima, M., N. Nakada, K. Komori, Y. Suzuki, and H. Tanaka. "Occurrence of levofloxacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin in wastewater treatment plant in Japan." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 11 (May 1, 2006): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.357.

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Residual pharmaceutical products in sewage and other water environments have recently become a serious social problem in advanced countries. Among these pharmaceutical products, antibiotics have attracted special attention due to their serious impact on the ecosystem and connections to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Our research intended to develop a new method to analyse the three antibiotics estimated to be released out of the body in large amounts in Japan; levofloxacin (LVFX), clarithromycin (CAM) and azithromycin (AZM), and survey the state of pollution in the sewerage. The concentrations of the water-phase antibiotics LVFX, CAM and AZM were measured in each process of activated sludge process in six wastewater treatment plants. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) was used to analyse solutions of the antibiotics after pretreatment with a solid phase extraction. The limits of quantification and the average recoveries for these antibiotics in the influent were 1.2 to 29 ng/L and 46 to 93%, respectively. In the influent, LVFX, CAM and AZM were detected at concentrations of 552, 647 and 260 ng/L, respectively, while their removal efficiencies were 42, 43 and 49%, respectively. Although the CAM and AZM concentrations decreased as the treatment progressed, it was shown that the LVFX concentration increased in activated sludge reactors in some cases. Despite differences in octanol-water partition coefficients among LVFX, CAM and AZM, their removal efficiency showed no major difference. This indicates that this removal phenomenon cannot be explained by simple adsorption by the activated sludge.

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Blöcher, C. "Elimination of micropollutants and hazardous substances at the source in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry." Water Science and Technology 56, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.820.

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Industrial wastewater, especially from chemical and pharmaceutical production, often contains substances that need to be eliminated before being discharged into a biological treatment plant and following water bodies. This can be done within the production itself, in selected waste water streams or in a central treatment plant. Each of these approaches has certain advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, a variety of wastewater treatment processes exist that can be applied at each stage, making it a challenging task to choose the best one in economic and ecological terms. In this work a general approach for that and examples from practice are discussed.

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Schröder, H. Fr, J. L. Tambosi, R. F. Sena, R. F. P. M. Moreira, H. J. José, and J. Pinnekamp. "The removal and degradation of pharmaceutical compounds during membrane bioreactor treatment." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): 833–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.828.

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Pharmaceutical compounds such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antibiotics have been detected in sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents, surface and ground water and even in drinking water all over the world, and therefore have developed as compounds of concern. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment has gained significant popularity as an advanced wastewater treatment technology and might be effective for an advanced removal of these pollutants. This paper evaluates the treatment of wastewater containing three NSAIDs (acetaminophen, ketoprofen and naproxen) and three antibiotics (roxithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) performed in two MBRs with sludge retention times (SRTs) of 15 (MBR-15) and 30 (MBR-30) days over a period of four weeks. It was observed that NSAIDs were removed with higher efficiencies than the antibiotics for both MBRs, and the MBR-30 presented higher removal efficiencies for all the compounds than obtained by MBR-15. Removal rates ranged from 55% (sulfamethoxazole) up to 100% (acetaminophen, ketoprofen). Besides mineralisation biological transformation products of ketoprofen and naproxen produced by wastewater biocoenosis were identified in both MBR permeates using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The results indicated the importance of investigating the environmental fate of pharmaceuticals and their transformation products reaching the environment.

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Ek, Mats, Christian Baresel, Jörgen Magnér, Rune Bergström, and Mila Harding. "Activated carbon for the removal of pharmaceutical residues from treated wastewater." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 11 (April 2, 2014): 2372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.172.

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Pharmaceutical residues, which pass naturally through the human body into sewage, are in many cases virtually unaffected by conventional wastewater treatment. Accumulated in the environment, however, they can significantly impact aquatic life. The present study indicates that many pharmaceutical residues found in wastewater can be removed with activated carbon in a cost-efficient system that delivers higher resource utilisation and security than other carbon systems. The experiment revealed a substantial separation of the analysed compounds, notwithstanding their relatively high solubility in water and dissimilar chemical structures. This implies that beds of activated carbon may be a competitive alternative to treatment with ozone. The effluent water used for the tests, performed over 20 months, originated from Stockholm's largest sewage treatment plant. Passing through a number of different filters with activated carbon removed 90–98% of the pharmaceutical residues from the water. This paper describes pilot-scale tests performed by IVL and the implications for an actual treatment plant that has to treat up to several thousand litres of wastewater per second. In addition, the advantages, disadvantages and costs of the method are discussed. This includes, for example, the clogging of carbon filters and the associated hydraulic capacity limits of the activated carbon.

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Kabdaşlı, I., M. Gürel, and O. Tünay. "Pollution prevention and waste treatment in chemical synthesis processes for pharmaceutical industry." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0666.

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Chemical synthesis processes of the pharmaceuticals industry produce wastewaters which are variable in character and highly strong. In-plant controls are important and highly effective in determining the final wastewater quality. At any rate several stages of treatment comprised of physical, chemical and biological are required to obtain a reasonable degree of treatment. The problem is further complicated in small-scale plants due to low volume of wastewaters and dilution requirements. In this study, a small-scale pharmaceuticals plant producing three common active materials was experimentally evaluated to assess the waste management alternatives. The processes were evaluated and a source-based pollution profile was prepared. Paracetamol wastewaters were found to be readily biodegradable. Omeprazole wastewaters could be biologically treated only after significant chemical treatment. Mephenoxalone wastewaters were in no case biologically degradable. Paracetamol and pretreated Omeprazole wastewaters could be biologically treated down to several hundreds of ppm COD at as high as 0.5 g COD/g VSS day FM ratio after several fold dilution. Results of the study were evaluated and discussed.

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dos Santos, Darline B. dos, Janaina A. Lemos, Sued E. M. Miranda, Leonardo D. Di Di Filippo, Jonatas L. Duarte, Lucas A. M. Ferreira, Andre L. B. Barros, and Anna E. M. F. M. Oliveira. "Current Applications of Plant-Based Drug Delivery Nano Systems for Leishmaniasis Treatment." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 2339. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112339.

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Leishmania is a trypanosomatid that causes leishmaniasis. It is transmitted to vertebrate hosts during the blood meal of phlebotomine sandflies. The clinical manifestations of the disease are associated with several factors, such as the Leishmania species, virulence and pathogenicity, the host–parasite relationship, and the host’s immune system. Although its causative agents have been known and studied for decades, there have been few advances in the chemotherapy of leishmaniasis. The urgency of more selective and less toxic alternatives for the treatment of leishmaniasis leads to research focused on the study of new pharmaceuticals, improvement of existing drugs, and new routes of drug administration. Natural resources of plant origin are promising sources of bioactive substances, and the use of ethnopharmacology and folk medicine leads to interest in studying new medications from phytocomplexes. However, the intrinsic low water solubility of plant derivatives is an obstacle to developing a therapeutic product. Nanotechnology could help overcome these obstacles by improving the availability of common substances in water. To contribute to this scenario, this article provides a review of nanocarriers developed for delivering plant-extracted compounds to treat clinical forms of leishmaniasis and critically analyzing them and pointing out the future perspectives for their application.

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Soliman, Mary A., Joel A. Pedersen, Heesu Park, Angelica Castaneda-Jimenez, Michael K. Stenstrom, and I. H. Mel Suffet. "Human Pharmaceuticals, Antioxidants, and Plasticizers in Wastewater Treatment Plant and Water Reclamation Plant Effluents." Water Environment Research 79, no. 2 (February 2007): 156–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143006x111961.

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Szabová, Petra, Michaela Plekancová, Nikolas Gróf, and Igor Bodík. "Slovak natural zeolites as a suitable medium for antibiotics elimination from wastewater." Acta Chimica Slovaca 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2019-0022.

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Abstract Pharmaceuticals are one of the most used compounds present in various environmental compartments. Due to their high consumption and possible unhealthy effect on ecosystems, pharmaceuticals have been identified as “emerging organic contaminants”. Since these compounds have medium to high polarity, they end up in the water compartment after being used. This work deals with the sorption of three pharmaceutical substances from the therapeutic group of antibiotics. Specifically we have focused on Azithromycin, Clarithromycin and Erythromycin. Three fractions of the natural Slovak zeolites (200 μm, 0.5—1 mm and 1.5—2 mm) were used as the sorption medium. Experimental results have proven very effective sorption of antibiotics by zeolites. Azithromycin removal of over 99 % for all three zeolite fractions from wastewater treatment plant Stupava and wastewater treatment plant Devínska Nová Ves was achieved. Clarithromycin removal of 79 % for fraction 1—2.5 mm, 87.3 % for fraction 0.5—1 mm and of 99.8 % for fraction 200 μm from the effluent of wastewater treatment plant Stupava was observed. Erythromycin removal of 31.3 % for fraction 1—2.5 mm, 66.9 % for fraction 0.5—1mm and of 94.7 % for fraction 200 μm from effluent of wastewater treatment plant Stupava was measured. More than 95 % of Clarithromycin and Erythromycin were eliminated from the effluent of wastewater treatment plant Devínska Nová Ves. The highest elimination percentage was observed for the smallest zeolite fraction due to the highest specific surface area.

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Stackelberg, Paul E., Edward T. Furlong, Michael T. Meyer, Steven D. Zaugg, Alden K. Henderson, and Dori B. Reissman. "Persistence of pharmaceutical compounds and other organic wastewater contaminants in a conventional drinking-water-treatment plant." Science of The Total Environment 329, no. 1-3 (August 2004): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.03.015.

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Burcea, Alexandru, Ioana Boeraş, Claudia-Maria Mihuţ, Doru Bănăduc, Claudiu Matei, and Angela Curtean-Bănăduc. "Adding the Mureş River Basin (Transylvania, Romania) to the List of Hotspots with High Contamination with Pharmaceuticals." Sustainability 12, no. 23 (December 7, 2020): 10197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122310197.

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Background: The Mureș River Basin is a long-term heavily polluted watershed, in a situation of climate changes with decreasing water flow and related decreasing dilution capacity. Here, a mixture of emerging pollutants such as pharmaceuticals were targeted to reveal potential risks regarding the natural lotic ecosystems. Due to the continuous discharge into the environment, pharmaceuticals are gaining persistent organic pollutant characteristics and are considered emerging pollutants. Based on the hazard quotient, this research highlights the dangerous concentrations of carbamazepine, ibuprofen, furosemide, and enalapril in river water. Results: High levels of four pharmaceutical compounds (carbamazepine, ibuprofen, furosemide, and enalapril) and some of their derived metabolites (enalaprilat, carboxyibuprofen, 1-hydroxyibuprofen, and 2-hydroxyibuprofen) were reported in our study in the Mureș River Basin. Overall, pharmaceutical concentrations were found to be highest in the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, median downstream of the WWTP, and lowest upstream of the WWTP, as was expected. For all pharmaceutical compounds tested, we recorded concentrations above the limit of quantification (LOQ) in at least one of the sites tested. Carbamazepine exhibited the highest mean values upstream, downstream, and at the WWTP. As expected, the highest concentrations for all the studied pharmaceutical compounds were detected in the WWTP effluent. All Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were below one (on a logarithmic scale in base 10), with the highest values in the WWTP and the lowest in the river upstream of the WWTP. The HQ intervals were in the same range for furosemide, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen at each of the three different sites: upstream WWTP effluent, and downstream. The interval for enalapril stands out as having the lowest HQ at all three sites. Conclusions: Based on these results, the large and complex hydrographical system Mureș River Basin was transformed from a grey area, with little information about pharmaceutical contamination, to a hotspot in terms of contamination with emerging pollutants. Pharmaceutical compound concentrations were found to be the highest in WWTP effluents. The WWTP effluent concentrations were among the highest in Europe, indicating that treatment plants are the primary source of water pollution with pharmaceuticals compounds. The detected levels were higher than the safety limit for carbamazepine and ibuprofen. The determined HQ values imply that the measured levels do pose a threat to the environment for the studied pharmaceuticals. Based on the obtained results, human communities can assess, monitor, predict, and adapt in time to these already-present regional challenges and risks for sustainable use of natural resources, including water and associated products and services.

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Bruchet, A., C. Prompsy, G. Filippi, and A. Souali. "A broad spectrum analytical scheme for the screening of endocrine disruptors (EDs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewaters and natural waters." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0063.

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This paper describes the implementation of a broad-spectrum analytical scheme which was used at three wastewater plants for the screening of organic micropollutants. The more than 200 compounds identified comprised a variety of endocrine disrupters, pharmaceutical compounds and personal care products. Glycol ethers which have well established effects on the development of the embryo were outstanding in all plants investigated. The first plant, which was investigated at various stages of treatment, was quite efficient at removing undesirable compounds. The second plant, which received 50% of effluents from pharmaceutical industries, released low but significant levels of drugs. An antibiotic, cyclamidomycine, was identified in the effluent from the third plant.

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Gu, Fu Guang, Zhao Bo Chen, Xiao Yu Wang, Hong Cheng Wang, and Jin Yang Hao. "The Study on the Impact of Microbial Community Structure by the Different Intermediate Concentration of Pharmaceutical Wastewater." Advanced Materials Research 647 (January 2013): 430–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.647.430.

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There is a certain amount of intermediate and other ingredient in pharmaceutical wastewater .These pharmaceutical will have a big effect on microorganism in sewage treatment plant. So this article discussed the study one impact of microbial community structure by the different intermediate concentration of Pharmaceutical waste water .The study shows that Microbial community structure are diversity in the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant.With the change of the environment some microbes are reduced or even disappear and some microbes are gradually produce. The microbes which have a big effect by different environment have adapt to 7-ACA, won the resistance and become a part of microbial community in stationary phase.

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Rosén, M., T. Welander, A. Löfqvist, and J. Holmgren. "Development of a new process for treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0364.

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In this study a process for biological treatment of toxic wastewater from a pharmaceutical company was developed. By simulations on a laboratory scale, the contribution of organic material and toxicity in wastewater from different sources was determined and the degradability of specific compounds were studied. The information obtained from these tests was used to improve the treatability of the wastewater at the sources. As an example a persistent organic phosphorous compound could be degraded after pre-treatment with chemical hydrolysis. By further simulations on a laboratory scale it was possible to screen through a large number of process configurations to determine the best working biological treatment. A combination of fungal and bacterial treatment was found to remove toxicity from the wastewater more than a conventional bacterial treatment. The results from the laboratory studies were confirmed in pilot tests. A full scale treatment plant, which design is based on the results from these studies are presently under construction.

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R, Sri Indah, Ari Susilowati, Yuli Widyastuti, and Ahmad Yunus. "ARTEMISININ CONTENT ON ARTEMISIA ANNUA L. TREATED BY GLORIOSA SUPERBA SEEDS’ WATER EXTRACT." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 11, no. 8 (August 7, 2018): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.25738.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the artemisinin content on Artemisia annua L. treated by water extract of Gloriosa superba seeds.Methods: G. superba seeds obtained naturally on Krakal Beach, Gunung Kidul, and extraction used a maceration method by water solvent (1:1). A. annua L. sprouts were obtained from B2P2TOOT Tawangmangu. Treatment variables done on sprouts using various water extract concentration of G. superba seeds and soaking time on A. annua L. sprouts. Determination of artemisinin content in leaf extract of A. annua L. was done using KLT-densitometric method with n-hexane:ethyl acetate (4:1) as mobile phase.Result: The result showed that artemisinin content in plant treatment of G. superba seed water extract was higher (9.78 μg/μl [±3.21]–16.60 μg/μl [±1.39]) compared to control plants (6.39 μg/μl [±1.40]). The concentration water extract of G. superba seed affected the level of artemisinin in the treatment plant. On the other hand, the soaking of A. annua L. sprouts using the water extract of G. superba seed did not affect the level of artemisinin content.Conclusion: Artemisinin content in treatment plant by G. superba seed water extract treatment was higher compared to control plants.

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Adewuyi, Adewale. "Chemically Modified Biosorbents and Their Role in the Removal of Emerging Pharmaceutical Waste in the Water System." Water 12, no. 6 (May 29, 2020): 1551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061551.

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Presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PACs) as emerging contaminants in water is a major concern. Recent reports have confirmed the presence of PACs in natural and wastewater systems, which have caused several problems indicating the urgent need for their removal. The current review evaluates the role of chemically modified biosorbents in the removal of PACs in water. Reported biosorbents include plant and animal solid waste, microorganisms and bio-composite. Bio-composites exhibited better prospects when compared with other biosorbents. Types of chemical treatment reported include acid, alkaline, solvent extraction, metal salt impregnation and surface grafting, with alkaline treatment exhibiting better results when compared with other treatments. The biosorption processes mostly obeyed the pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir isotherm model in a process described mainly by ionic interaction. Desorption and regeneration capacity are very important in selecting an appropriate biosorbent for the biosorption process. Depending on the type of biosorbent, the cost of water treatment per million liters of water was estimated as US $10–US $200, which presents biosorption as a cheap process compared to other known water treatment processes. However, there is a need to conduct large-scale studies on the biosorption process for removing PACs in water.

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Wang, Q., K. Dölle, and J. Tong. "Pharmaceuticals in Surface Water and Waste Water Treatment Plant Effluent around the World – A Review." Asian Journal of Environment & Ecology 3, no. 3 (January 10, 2017): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajee/2017/33947.

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Khan, S. J., T. Wintgens, P. Sherman, J. Zaricky, and A. I. Schäfer. "Removal of hormones and pharmaceuticals in the Advanced Water Recycling Demonstration Plant in Queensland, Australia." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 5 (September 1, 2004): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0303.

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An advanced water recycling demonstration plant was employed to investigate the effectiveness of a number of treatment technologies in the removal of some residuals of commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals as well as natural and synthetic hormones found in sewage. Analysis of targeted compounds was carried out by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initial tests were undertaken to determine the background concentrations of the analytes during various stages of treatment. Subsequent tests, undertaken by spiking with standard solutions of the target compounds provided further information on the removal efficiencies of some selected treatment modules. The results of the study indicate that while ozonation, microfiltration and nanofiltration were partially effective, treatment by reverse osmosis was the most universally successful in the removal of the target residuals. While significantly more data is required for a full evaluation, this initial investigation suggests that reverse osmosis may be an effective means of removing a wider range of pharmaceutically active residuals and hormones from treated sewage.

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He, Xuemeng, Lili Ding, Wenbo Su, Haijun Ma, Hui Huang, Yanru Wang, and Hongqiang Ren. "Distribution of endotoxins in full scale pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants and its relationship with microbial community structure." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 10 (April 12, 2018): 2397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.162.

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Abstract Endotoxins are potential toxics impacting human health through respiration derived in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), yet the formation of endotoxins during wastewater treatment processes is still lacking research. In our study, the distribution of endotoxins and bacterial community structure in the wastewater of three full scale pharmaceutical WWTPs were explored using the limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test and MiSeq technique. Results showed that higher endotoxin activities in the influent of Plant A and Plant C (560 and 1140 EU/mL), stemming from the fermentation process, were found compared to that of Plant B (135 EU/mL), coming from the process of chemical synthesis. During the anaerobic treatment and the cyclic activated sludge system (CASS) in the three WWTPs, the endotoxin activity increased, while it declined in the aerobic treatment system. In all bioreactors, the relative abundance of Gram-negative bacteria accounted for 50.0–94.6%. Bacteria with high lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in LAL assay were found at the genus level of Bacteroides, Enterococcus, Desulfovibrio, and Megasphaera.

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Mohd Hanafiah, Zarimah, Wan Hanna Melini Wan Mohtar, Nur Aina Bachi', Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid, Teh Sabariah Abd Manan, and Antonius Indarto. "Pharmaceutical Compounds in Malaysian Urban Domestic Wastewater." Jurnal Kejuruteraan 34, no. 2 (March 30, 2022): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2022-34(2)-11.

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The emerging contaminants (ECs) is detected at trace concentration in the discharge of sewage treatment plant (STP) to the water bodies indicate incomplete removal during the treatment process. The presence of the ECs in the water has a potential impact on the ecological and human health associated with long-term ingestion of the mixture ECs compounds, and this includes the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, aquatic toxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption. In this study, we investigate the presence of ECs and review the occurrence of mainly of four pharmaceutical active compounds belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in influent and effluent of the STP. The target analytes (ibuprofen (IBU), diclofenac (DIC), ketoprofen (KET), and naproxen (NAP)) are extracted from the wastewater using the solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by the identification and quantification using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The GC-MS detection was improved by the derivatisation technique using N-Methyl-N-(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (MSTFA) and an internal standard of Ibuprofen-D3 used as the internal standard. The targeted analytes were detected in both influent and effluent wastewater in the range 5.04±5.9 to 37.4±28.4 µg/L with removal efficiency between 11 - 86% using the current activated sludge treatment process in the STP. This concentration of compounds shows inadequate current treatment techniques to eliminate the emerging contaminants in the wastewater.

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Smook, T. M., H. Zho, and R. G. Zytner. "Removal of ibuprofen from wastewater: comparing biodegradation in conventional, membrane bioreactor, and biological nutrient removal treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.658.

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Pharmaceuticals are continually being introduced into the influent of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Developing a better understanding of pharmaceutical removal mechanisms within the different treatment processes is vital in preventing downstream contamination of our water resources. In this study, ibuprofen, a popular over-the-counter pain reliever, was monitored by taking wastewater samples throughout the City of Guelph municipal WWTP. Greater than 95% of ibuprofen was found to be removed in the aeration tank, with aerobic biodegradation being the dominant mechanism. For comparison, first-order kinetics were used to quantify ibuprofen biodegradation in a conventional WWTP aeration tank and in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant. The rate constants, kbiol, for the conventional tank and the MBR were determined to be (−6.8±3.3) L/g SS*d and (−8.4±4.0) L/g SS*d, respectively. These two rate constants were found to be statistically similar. Preliminary study of a biological nutrient removal pilot system also suggests that ibuprofen can be anaerobically degraded.

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Luján-Facundo, M. J., M. I. Iborra-Clar, J. A. Mendoza-Roca, and M. I. Alcaina-Miranda. "Pharmaceutical compounds removal by adsorption with commercial and reused carbon coming from a drinking water treatment plant." Journal of Cleaner Production 238 (November 2019): 117866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.117866.

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Wu, Dao Ji, Cong Wei Luo, Wei Jie Zheng, Xue Dong Zhai, and Juan Fang Liu. "Ultrasound-Enhanced Coagulation Pilot Plant for Micro-Polluted Water of Huaihe River." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 2820–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.2820.

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The method to remove natural organic matter in water at low tempreture of the status of the Huaihe River water was studied .Through 10t/h in a pilot scale, ultrasound-enhanced coagulation treatment was used to simulate the micro-polluted water. For the role of Ultrasound, different pharmaceutical dosage control、the control of different HRT ,select the optimal HRT and the dosage of drugs. Also investigated whether the design parameters is reasonable. The effectiveness of the tested coagulation was evaluated by measurements of turbidity, CODMn, UV254and NH3-N.Results showed that: when accordance with 10t/h processing load operation, settled water turbidity is high, the removal of organic matter was poor results. However, when accordance with 8t/h processing load operation, PAC dosage of 5.4mg/l were added,The removal efficiency of turbidity, NH3-N, CODMnand UV254were respectively 93.29%, 7.91%, 37% and 41.63%.On this basis, when open Ultrasonic mixer, the CODMnand UV254removal rates were increased by 9.12% and 7.86% compared with conventional treatment (PAC 5.4 mg/L)but had little effect on the removal of ammonia.

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Reyes, Nash Jett D. G., Franz Kevin F. Geronimo, Kimberly Ann V. Yano, Heidi B. Guerra, and Lee-Hyung Kim. "Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in Different Matrices: Occurrence, Pathways, and Treatment Processes." Water 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091159.

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The procedures for analyzing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are typically tedious and expensive and thus, it is necessary to synthesize all available information from previously conducted research. An extensive collection of PPCP data from the published literature was compiled to determine the occurrence, pathways, and the effectiveness of current treatment technologies for the removal of PPCPs in water and wastewater. Approximately 90% of the compiled published papers originated from Asia, Europe, and the North American regions. The incomplete removal of PPCPs in different water and wastewater treatment processes was widely reported, thus resulting in the occurrence of PPCP compounds in various environmental compartments. Caffeine, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, triclosan, and triclocarban were among the most commonly reported compounds detected in water and solid matrices. Trace concentrations of PPCPs were also detected on plants and animal tissues, indicating the bioaccumulative properties of some PPCP compounds. A significant lack of studies regarding the presence of PPCPs in animal and plant samples was identified in the review. Furthermore, there were still knowledge gaps on the ecotoxicity, sub-lethal effects, and effective treatment processes for PPCPs. The knowledge gaps identified in this study can be used to devise a more effective research paradigm and guidelines for PPCP management.

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Orhon, D., R. Ilhan, and S. Gökçen. "Treatment of Strong Fermentation Wastes by Activated Sludge." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0068.

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This paper reports a comprehensive wastewater pollution abatement program implemented at a plant producing pharmaceutical products by fermentation. The production is mainly devoted to tetracycline, oxytetracycline derivatives and to gentamicin sulfate, using different agricultural sources. The studies were undertaken in a context that covered all the principal components necessary for an industrial control program: wastewater characterization and pollution profile, treatability evaluation, description of the most suitable technology. Extensive studies were carried out to assess the treatability characteristics of process wastes as well as waste combinations. Pertinent kinetic constants were determined in lab-scale experiments. The availability of air regularly discharged from the processing plant made an aerobic process an economically attractive treatment system.A fraction of the cooling discharges was mixed with process wastes in the planning and design of the treatment flow scheme (a) to lower the BOD concentration below 2000 mgl−1, and (b) to provide an equalization and buffering capacity for hydraulic and toxic shocks.

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Akintoroye, Mayowa, Robert Ato Newton, Sylvie Kříženecká, Stanislav Hejda, Pavel Krystyník, Markus Ahnert, Josef Trögl, Peter Krebs, and Karim Suhail Al Souki. "Utilization of Biochar for Eliminating Residual Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater Used in Agricultural Irrigation: Application to Ryegrass." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12122987.

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Biochar is known to be a promising material for the treatment of contaminants in wastewater and soil. In this research, wastewater samples collected at the tertiary stage from a WWTP located in the North Bohemia region of Czechia and containing 20 pharmaceutical contaminants were treated with the same biochar (wood and maize cob feedstocks, pyrolysis temperature of 470 °C), but of different doses (0.1 g L−1, 0.25 g L−1, 0.5 g L−1). In this case study, we aimed to verify the impacts of biochar application and/or concentration on the sorption of pharmaceuticals in water. The treated water was later used for irrigating planted (ryegrass taken as the plant model) and unplanted agricultural soils in a pot experiment. Soils and ryegrass samples were examined again for potential pharmaceutical existence, and the soil microbial activities were determined through fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activities (FDHA). Results showed that most pharmaceuticals concentrations were significantly, but not totally, reduced from the wastewater upon biochar addition. Contaminants such as 3-hydroxycarbamazepine and metoprolol were entirely removed from the wastewater after 0.25 g L−1, whilst bezafibrate did not decline even at 0.5 g L−1. Moreover, the concentrations of pharmaceuticals in ryegrass biomass and soils were dominantly below detection limits or at very low doses. Finally, there were no significant differences in the microbial activities of the soils. This implicates that biochar could be approached as a good substrate for eliminating pharmaceuticals from wastewaters used for agricultural irrigation; however, more similar studies need to be carried out.

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Ponce-Robles, Laura, Aránzazu Pagán-Muñoz, Andrés Jesús Lara-Guillén, Beatriz Masdemont-Hernández, Teresa Munuera-Pérez, Pedro Antonio Nortes-Tortosa, and Juan José Alarcón-Cabañero. "Full-Scale O3/Micro-Nano Bubbles System Based Advanced Oxidation as Alternative Tertiary Treatment in WWTP Effluents." Catalysts 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13010188.

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Wastewater treatment plant effluents can be an important source of contamination in agricultural reuse practices, as pharmaceuticals are poorly degraded by conventional treatments and can enter crops, thereby becoming a toxicological risk. Therefore, advanced tertiary treatments are required. Ozone (O3) is a promising alternative due to its capacity to degrade pharmaceutical compounds, together with its disinfecting power. However, mass transfer from the gas to the liquid phase can be a limiting step. A novel alternative for increased ozone efficiency is the combination of micro-nano bubbles (MNBs). However, this is still a fairly unknown method, and there are also many uncertainties regarding their implementation in large-scale systems. In this work, a combined O3/MNBs full-scale system was installed in a WWTP to evaluate the removal efficiency of 12 pharmaceuticals, including COVID-19-related compounds. The results clearly showed that the use of MNBs had a significantly positive contribution to the effects of ozone, reducing energy costs with respect to conventional O3 processes. Workflow and ozone production were key factors for optimizing the system, with the highest efficiencies achieved at 2000 L/h and 15.9 gO3/h, resulting in high agronomic water quality effluents. A first estimation of the transformation products generated was described, jointly with the energy costs required.

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Demey, D., B. Vanderhaegen, H. Vanhooren, J. Liessens, L. Van Eyck, L. Hopkins, and P. A. Vanrolleghem. "Validation and implementation of model based control strategies at an industrial wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 2-3 (July 1, 2001): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0764.

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In this paper, the practical implementation and validation of advanced control strategies, designed using model based techniques, at an industrial wastewater treatment plant is demonstrated. The plant under study is treating the wastewater of a large pharmaceutical production facility. The process characteristics of the wastewater treatment were quantified by means of tracer tests, intensive measurement campaigns and the use of on-line sensors. In parallel, a dynamical model of the complete wastewater plant was developed according to the specific kinetic characteristics of the sludge and the highly varying composition of the industrial wastewater. Based on real-time data and dynamic models, control strategies for the equalisation system, the polymer dosing and phosphorus addition were established. The control strategies are being integrated in the existing SCADA system combining traditional PLC technology with robust PC based control calculations. The use of intelligent control in wastewater treatment offers a wide spectrum of possibilities to upgrade existing plants, to increase the capacity of the plant and to eliminate peaks. This can result in a more stable and secure overall performance and, finally, in cost savings. The use of on-line sensors has a potential not only for monitoring concentrations, but also for manipulating flows and concentrations. This way the performance of the plant can be secured.

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Hu, Jingyi, Ran Shang, Marta Frolova, Bas Heijman, and Luuk Rietveld. "Pharmaceutical adsorption from the primary and secondary effluents of a wastewater treatment plant by powdered activated carbon." Desalination and Water Treatment 57, no. 45 (December 14, 2015): 21304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1123197.

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Carballa, M., F. Omil, J. M. Lema, M. Llompart, C. García, I. Rodriguez, M. Gómez, and T. Ternes. "Behaviour of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a sewage treatment plant of northwest Spain." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 8 (October 1, 2005): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0218.

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Thirteen pharmaceutical and cosmetic compounds have been surveyed along the different units of a municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) to study their fate across each step and the overall removal efficiency. The STP studied corresponds to a population of approximately 100,000 inhabitants located in Galicia (northwest Spain), including three main sections: pre-treatment (coarse and fine screening, grit and fat removal); primary treatment (sedimentation tanks); and secondary treatment (conventional activated sludge). Among all the substances considered (galaxolide, tonalide, carbamazepine, diazepam, diclofenac, ibuprofen, naproxen, estrone, estradiol, ethinylestradiol, roxitromycin, sulfamethoxazole and iopromide), only significant concentrations were found for two musks (galaxolide and tonalide), two antiphlogistics (ibuprofen and naproxen), two natural estrogens (estrone, estradiol), one antibiotic (sulfamethoxazole) and the X-ray contrast media (iopromide), being the other compounds below the quantification level. In the primary treatment, only the fragrances were partly removed, with efficiencies of 20–50% for galaxolide and tonalide. However, the aerobic treatment caused an important reduction in all compounds detected, between 35 and 75%, with the exception of iopromide. The overall removal efficiency of the STP ranged between 70 and 90% for the fragrances, 45 and 70% for the acidic compounds, around 67% for estradiol and 57% for the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole.

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Drewes, J. E., J. A. McDonald, T. Trinh, M. V. Storey, and S. J. Khan. "Chemical monitoring strategy for the assessment of advanced water treatment plant performance." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 573–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.260.

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A pilot-scale plant was employed to validate the performance of a proposed full-scale advanced water treatment plant (AWTP) in Sydney, Australia. The primary aim of this study was to develop a chemical monitoring program that can demonstrate proper plant operation resulting in the removal of priority chemical constituents in the product water. The feed water quality to the pilot plant was tertiary-treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The unit processes of the AWTP were comprised of an integrated membrane system (ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) followed by final chlorination generating a water quality that does not present a source of human or environmental health concern. The chemical monitoring program was undertaken over 6 weeks during pilot plant operation and involved the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroidal hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, N-nitrosamines and halomethanes. The first phase consisted of baseline monitoring of target compounds to quantify influent concentrations in feed waters to the plant. This was followed by a period of validation monitoring utilising indicator chemicals and surrogate measures suitable to assess proper process performance at various stages of the AWTP. This effort was supported by challenge testing experiments to further validate removal of a series of indicator chemicals by reverse osmosis. This pilot-scale study demonstrated a simplified analytical approach that can be employed to assure proper operation of advanced water treatment processes and the absence of trace organic chemicals.

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Drewes, J. E., J. A. McDonald, T. Trinh, M. V. Storey, and S. J. Khan. "Chemical monitoring strategy for the assessment of advanced water treatment plant performance." Water Supply 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2010): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2010.635.

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A pilot-scale plant was employed to validate the performance of a proposed full-scale advanced water treatment plant (AWTP) in Sydney, Australia. The primary aim of this study was to develop a chemical monitoring program that can demonstrate proper plant operation resulting in the removal of priority chemical constituents in the product water. The feed water quality to the pilot plant was tertiary-treated effluent from a wastewater treatment plant. The unit processes of the AWTP were comprised of an integrated membrane system (ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis) followed by final chlorination generating a water quality that does not present a source of human or environmental health concern. The chemical monitoring program was undertaken over 6 weeks during pilot plant operation and involved the quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals and personal care products, steroidal hormones, industrial chemicals, pesticides, N-nitrosamines and halomethanes. The first phase consisted of baseline monitoring of target compounds to quantify influent concentrations in feed waters to the plant. This was followed by a period of validation monitoring utilising indicator chemicals and surrogate measures suitable to assess proper process performance at various stages of the AWTP. This effort was supported by challenge testing experiments to further validate removal of a series of indicator chemicals by reverse osmosis. This pilot-scale study demonstrated a simplified analytical approach that can be employed to assure proper operation of advanced water treatment processes and the absence of trace organic chemicals.

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Vieno, Niina M., Heli Härkki, Tuula Tuhkanen, and Leif Kronberg. "Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in River Water and Their Elimination in a Pilot-Scale Drinking Water Treatment Plant." Environmental Science & Technology 41, no. 14 (July 2007): 5077–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es062720x.

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Baresel, Christian, Jonas Malmborg, Mats Ek, and Robert Sehlén. "Removal of pharmaceutical residues using ozonation as intermediate process step at Linköping WWTP, Sweden." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 8 (January 27, 2016): 2017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.045.

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Pilot tests as basis for the design, implementation and operation of a future full-scale oxidation plant completing the existing sewage treatment in Linköping, Sweden, were performed. Using an ozonation step between bio-sedimentation and post-denitrification processes, the primary goal was the removal of the highest priority substances to effluent water levels that will not cause adverse effects in the recipient considering the natural dilution. The study included initial emission screenings, dose control trials, treatment performance studies and eco-toxicity studies. At an ozone dose of 5 mg O3/L, most substances could be removed. Ecotoxicological tests showed no negative effect for the tested ozone doses. High levels of oxygen into the denitrification could be rapidly reduced in the biology. The number of bacteria in the treated water could be significantly reduced even at relatively low ozone doses. Based on these results, the planning for the full-scale implementation of the treatment system was initiated in 2015.

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Igos, Elorri, Enrico Benetto, Silvia Venditti, Christian Köhler, and Alex Cornelissen. "Comparative and integrative environmental assessment of advanced wastewater treatment processes based on an average removal of pharmaceuticals." Water Science and Technology 67, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.581.

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Pharmaceuticals are normally barely removed by conventional wastewater treatments. Advanced technologies as a post-treatment, could prevent these pollutants reaching the environment and could be included in a centralized treatment plant or, alternatively, at the primary point source, e.g. hospitals. In this study, the environmental impacts of different options, as a function of several advanced treatments as well as the centralized/decentralized implementation options, have been evaluated using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. In previous publications, the characterization of the toxicity of pharmaceuticals within LCA suffers from high uncertainties. In our study, LCA was therefore only used to quantify the generated impacts (electricity, chemicals, etc.) of different treatment scenarios. These impacts are then weighted by the average removal rate of pharmaceuticals using a new Eco-efficiency Indicator EFI. This new way of comparing the scenarios shows significant advantages of upgrading a centralized plant with ozonation as the post-treatment. The decentralized treatment option reveals no significant improvement on the avoided environmental impact, due to the comparatively small pollutant load coming from the hospital and the uncertainties in the average removal of the decentralized scenarios. When comparing the post-treatment technologies, UV radiation has a lower performance than both ozonation and activated carbon adsorption.

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da Silva, Fabricio Roosevelt Melo, Diego Antonio de Moura Fonsêca, Werbet Luiz Almeida da Silva, Elmer Rolando Llanos Villarreal, German Alberto Echaiz Espinoza, and Andrés Ortiz Salazar. "System of Sensors and Actuators for the Production of Water Used in the Manufacture of Medicines." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 16, 2019): 4488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204488.

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This paper presents the development and implementation of a centralized industrial network for an automatic purified water production system used in the pharmaceutical industry. This implementation is part of a project to adapt an industrial plant to cope with advances in industrial technology to achieve the level of Industry 4.0. The adequacy of the instruments and the interconnection of the controllers made it possible to monitor the process steps by transforming a manual plant, with discontinuous production into an automated plant, improving the efficiency and quality of the produced water. The development of a supervisory system provides the operator with a panoramic view of the process, informing in real-time the behavior of the variables in the process steps, as well as storing data, event history and alarms. This system also prevented the collection of erroneous or manipulated data, making the process more transparent and reliable. Accordingly, we have been able to tailor this water treatment plant to operate within the minimum requirements required by the regulator.

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Pablos, Cristina, Rafael van Grieken, Javier Marugán, and Alejandra Muñoz. "Simultaneous photocatalytic oxidation of pharmaceuticals and inactivation of Escherichia coli in wastewater treatment plant effluents with suspended and immobilised TiO2." Water Science and Technology 65, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 2016–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.868.

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Simultaneous Escherichia coli inactivation and oxidation of pharmaceuticals in simulated wastewater treatment plant effluents has been investigated using a photocatalytic treatment with TiO2 in suspension and immobilised onto a fixed-bed reactor. Non-photocatalytic reference experiments of dark adsorption and photolysis showed a higher sensitivity of E. coli towards the chemical composition of water in comparison with the concentration of pharmaceuticals that remains unaffected. Moreover, it must be underlined that the presence of pharmaceuticals (including antibiotics) did not seem to affect the bacterial viability at such low concentrations. Concerning photocatalytic experiments, both suspended and immobilised TiO2 were able to simultaneously inactivate and oxidise both kinds of pollutants (bacteria and pharmaceuticals). The fixed-bed reactor showed similar activity to that of the slurry without deactivation after several cycles of reuse. That makes TiO2 photocatalysis a quite interesting technology for the treatment of drinking water supplies or wastewater plant effluents, allowing the removal of emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals during the disinfection treatment.

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Parthiban, Kugalur Ganesan, Senthil Kumar Natesan, Ganesan Sekar, and Krishnamoorthi Mahalakshm. "Assessment of analgesic and antipyretic activity of traditional formula used in the treatment of seasonal infections." International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2, no. 9 (August 4, 2013): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i9.16075.

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Traditional treatments and medicines are the main sometimes the only source of health care for millions of people living in rural areas of developing countries. The aim of the present study is to investigate the analgesic and antipyretic activity of individual plant extracts and poly-herbal formula [PHF] made in to liquid dosage form of three different doses in albino rats. The plant materials were extracted in boiling distilled water for six hours, filtered, concentrated and dried. The aqueous extracts were prepared in to poly-herbal liquid dosage form by using water, glycerol mixture and acacia 2% in three different preparation of varying extract doses.1ml of above preparations orally fed for investigation. Pentozocine and paracetamol was used as standard drugs respectively. For individual plants the extracts were suspended in 2% acacia solution and performed. The results of analgesic and anti-pyretic activity of PHF 1 and PHF 2 showed significant results (P<0.01 and P<0.05 respectively) and PHF3 did not show any significant results. In the individual plant extracts slightly significant activity (P<0.05) was observed.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v2i9.16075 International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, August 2013, 2(9): 143-147

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Seo, Chang-Dong, Hoon-Sik Yoom, Mi-Jeong Song, Kyung-A. Kim, Si-Young Kim, and Heejong Son. "Occurrence and Behavior of Residual Pharmaceuticals in the Nakdong River Basin." Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 42, no. 4 (April 30, 2020): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4491/ksee.2020.42.4.177.

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Objectives:This study was conducted to evaluate the detection characteristics of Nakdong River basin (wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents, tributaries and main streams) by selecting 18 kinds of pharmaceuticals which were detected frequently. It was intended to be used as basic data for advanced treatment of WWTP and securing safe water source.Methods:The selected 18 pharmaceuticals investigated in this study were acetaminophen, atenolol, carbamazepine, caffeine, diclofenac, iopromide, lincomycin, metoprolol, primidone, propranolol, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, trimethoprim, chlorotetracycline, oxytetracycline and sulfathiazole. The residual pharmaceuticals was analyzed LC-MS/MS equipped with on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) system and the limit of quantifications (LOQ) of 18 residual pharmaceuticals were 1~5 ng/L. Sampling points were 27 from the upstream to the downstream, including mainstream, tributary, and WWTP effluents. Sampling was conducted four times in Feb., Jun., Aug. and Nov. 2018.Results and Discussion:The most frequently detected residual pharmaceutical in all WWTP effluents, tributaries and mainstream sites was caffeine, followed by carbamazepine, lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole and iopromide. In addition, iopromide was detected as the highest mean concentration of 44.9~985.4 ng/L followed by caffeine (63.2~337.1 ng/L) and carbamazepine (13.8~145.0 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (12.3~114.8 ng/L) and diclofenac (3.1~144.1 ng/L). In particular, the proportion ratio of caffeine gradually decreased as going to the downstream, whereas iopromide gradually increased. However, the concentrations of caffeine in the sampling sites of the downstream were higher than those of the upstream sites. The total concentrations of detected residual pharmaceuticals gradually increased from the upstream to the middle stream, showed the highest detected concentration at the Goryeong area in the middle stream of the Nakdong River, and then gradually decreased due to the dilution effect. Residual pharmaceuticals in the Nakdong River basin, which could not be completely removed from the WWTPs, entered into the water system and contaminated source water of the downstream. This process is a typical contaminant pattern of the source water by the emerging micropollutants.Conclusions:The most frequently detected residual pharmaceutical in all WWTP effluents, tributaries and mainstream sites was caffeine, followed by carbamazepine, lincomycin, sulfamethoxazole and iopromide. In addition, iopromide was detected as 44.9~985.4 ng/L, showing the highest mean concentration at the sampling points, and caffeine (63.2~337.1 ng/L) and carbamazepine (13.8~145.0 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (12.3~114.8 ng/L) and diclofenac (3.1~144.1 ng/L) in order. The total concentrations of detected residual pharmaceuticals gradually increased from the upstream to the middle stream, showed the highest concentration at the Goryeong area in the middle stream of the Nakdong River basin, and then gradually decreased due to the dilution effect.

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Singh, Sunita, Pragya Singh, Aman Saifi, Shalini G. Pratap, and Pramod K. Singh. "Plant-based Enzyme-mediated Biodegradation of Azo dyes: A Review." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 7, no. 03 (November 25, 2021): 187–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v7i03.2.

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Azo dyes are a popular group of dyes in the printing, food, leather, cosmetic, textile, and pharmaceutical sectors and are the largest and most important group of colored chemicals due to their facile production procedure. It is characterized by the presence of an azo group (-N=N-). The stability of azo dyes makes it recalcitrant. Discharge of untreated waste water that contains colored compounds with azo dye reaches water streams and affects the organisms due to the toxicity of the dyes. Many physicochemical and chemical approaches have been used for the removal of dye from polluted water. Although these procedures effectively treat polluted water but become costly and may result in the formation of hazardous compounds. A microbial enzymatic decolorization is an environment-friendly approach that shows excellent removal efficiency at low operating costs however, it has certain downsides, such as a slow process rate and a longer assimilation phase. Alternatively, enzymes derived from various sources can be employed to biodegrade and decolorize azo dyes. For the treatment of dye-based chemicals, enzymes extracted from plants have benefits over other approaches. They are believed to have a significant potential to degrade the recalcitrant pollutants present in the effluent from industries i.e., laccases, polyphenol oxidases, azoreductases, and different peroxidases like manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidases, and decolorizing peroxidases, are the common enzymes that are isolated from plants and have the potential in the biodegradation of colored compounds. The importance of these enzymes in the treatment of industrial wastewater is unquestionable.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical water treatment plant'

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