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Dlugolecka, Maja. "Pharmaceutical compounds : a new challenge for wastewater treatment plants /." Licentiate thesis, Stockholm : Mark- och vattenteknik, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-4348.
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Söderbom, Olsson Tobias. "AN EVALUATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL REMOVAL TECHNOLOGIES AND BUSINESS MODEL STRATEGIES : FROM A WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT AND SUPPLIER PERSPECTIVE." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-78869.
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Pharmaceutical residues are passing our wastewater treatment plants and flowing out in to the nature. The medical substances are built to affect different processes in our bodies, but also affect other species and increase the risk of developing multi resistant bacterial strains, not curable with antibiotics. This has made wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) interested in investing in pharmaceutical removal. This study describes what criteria that are important to consider when choosing technology for pharmaceutical removal, and presents a model for the WWTPs to use when choosing pharmaceutical removal technology. Secondly, the study presents a reasoning regarding business model concepts. These concepts are presented to aid suppliers of pharmaceutical removal technology, when designing their business models. The method of choice is a qualitative research study based on interviews and document analysis.Aktiva läkemdelssubstanser passerar idag våra reningsverk oförändrade och rinner ut i naturen. Dessa substanser är tillverkade för att påverka olika biologiska processer i våra kroppar, men de påverkar också andra arter och ökar risken för att utveckla antibiotikaresistenta bakterier som vi inte kan bota oss från. Dessa risker har gjort reningsverk intresserade av att investera i läkemedelsrening. Denna studie beskriver vilka kriterier som är viktiga att överväga vid val av teknik för läkemedelsrening och presenterar sedan en modell som reningsverk kan använda när de väljer teknik för läkemedelsrening. Ett resonemang förs också kring olika affärsmodellskoncept som kan nyttjas av leverantörer av teknik för läkemedelsrening, när de utvecklar sina affärsmodeller. Den valda metoden för studien är baserat på ett kvalitativt förhållningssätt med intervjuer och dokumentanalyser.
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Ademoyegun, Olufemi Temitope. "Evaluation of some pharmaceutical and personal care products and pesticide residues in selected wastewater treatment plants and receiving watersheds in Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2922.
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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) have been the focus of global environmental research for over three decades. EOCs have caused widespread concern due to their extensive use. As EOCs were designed to correct, enhance or protect a specific physiological, their target effects in humans and/or farm stocks are relatively well known and documented. However, there is limited knowledge about their unintended effects in the environment. To address the occurrence, distribution and fate of EOCs in the environment, efficient and reliable analytical methods are needed. The relatively low concentration, high polarity, and thermal lability of some EOCs, together with their interaction with complex environmental matrices, make their analysis challenging. Sample preparation followed by GC or HPLC separation and mass spectrometry (MS) detection has become the standard approach for evaluating EOCs in environmental samples. Physicochemical properties of EOCs range from highly water-soluble (hydrophylic) to highly water-insoluble (hydrophobic). Two groups of these EOCs were considered for study in this work. Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) were comprehensively studied in five wastewater treatment plants and their receiving watersheds in Amathole districts in Eastern C ape, South Africa. PPCPs have been widely reported in wastewater influents, effluents, receiving rivers and biosolids, but reports of their occurrence in all these matrixes have been limited by the difficulty of analysis. Therefore, a comprehensive validation of methods was carried out on the influents, effluents, sludge and soil from the irrigated golf course where the effluent of one of the study sites was being used for over three decades now for irrigation. In all, thirteen PPCPs from five therapeutic groups were selected for study in this work because of their administering rate and availability of analytical instrument. Good limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were achieved for the method used. The LOD for the aqueous Three different technologies were employed for the treatment of wastewater in the five selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and study was carried out to evaluate their ability to eliminate the selected compounds from the influents to the effluents using statistical analysis (ANOVA) at p<0.05 on the percentage removal rate across the three plants. The results had shown eight of the compounds having no significant difference among the treatment operations, whereas the remaining five compounds varied significantly among the treatment technologies under investigation. Principal component analysis was performed on the concentration of PPCPs, their removal rate and also on the physicochemical and treatment operation parameters. Hydraulic retention time (HRT) had correlation coefficient, r = 0.90 with the concentration of PPCPs and removal rates. Furthermore, occurrences, seasonal variation, mean concentration distribution pattern of the compounds, and temporal evaluation of the mean concentration of the pharmaceutical compounds in the five WWTPs during one year of sampling were considered. The results revealed that five products which were diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, triclosan and diethyl toluamide (DDET) were predominant among the PPCPs in all the WWTPs. The removal efficiency was highest in caffeine with 96 percent, and the lowest was obtained with carbamazepine (4 percent). Risk quotient of the concentration of PPCPs in the effluents and receiving waters was determined to assess their chronic toxicity at three trophic levels: fish, algae and matrixes studied ranged from 0.01 μg/L to 0.25 μg/L, and the LOQ from 0.02 μg/L to 0.78 μg/L. In the solid matrixes, LOD varied from 0.01 ng/g to 0.65 ng/g, and the LOQ between 0.08 ng/g and 5.17 ng/g. Better recovery efficiency was obtained with this mixture of solvents, acetone: dichloromethane (1:1), for the recovery of the five therapeutic groups in the solid matrixes using ultrasonication- assisted techniques. The results show percentage recovery values ranging from 68.8 percent to 107.5 percent diaphian. According to the environmental risk assessment results, ibuprofen and triclosan were found to be the most critical compounds due to their high risk quotient values. These findings will, therefore, help in the future evaluation of the efficiency of different treatment technologies in the removal of various PPCPs from the wastewater and their sustainable management in the aquatic resources in Eastern Cape, South Africa. For the lipophilic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), the limits of detection (LODs) of the tested congeners varied from 0.04 ng/g (α-BHC) to 0.49 ng/g (endosulfan sulfate) and the limits of quantification ranging from 0.22 ng/g (aldrin) to 2.17 ng/g (δ-BHC).
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Soulier, Coralie. "Présence et devenir des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés et des composés pharmaceutiques dans les effluents : intérêt des échantillonneurs passifs." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14638/document.
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Le milieu aquatique est le réceptacle ultime de la pollution environnementale. De nombreux micropolluants y sont présents et montrent des effets toxiques envers les systèmes aquatiques. La Directive Cadre Eau (DCE) a comme objectif la restauration du bon état écologique et chimique des milieux aquatiques d’ici 2015. Pour cela, elle impose des Normes de Qualités Environnementales (NQE) faibles et une surveillance accrue des masses d’eau. Au-delà des micropolluants réglementés, certains dits « émergents » ont été détectés à de faibles concentrations (ng.L-1) dans les systèmes aquatiques. Sous ce terme, sont regroupés les composés pharmaceutiques, certains pesticides, les hormones, etc. L’ensemble de ces micropolluants sont introduits dans l’environnement par plusieurs sources : dépôts atmosphériques, lessivage des sols, lixiviation et rejets industriels et/ou domestiques. Ces travaux de thèse ont porté plus précisément sur les alkylphénols, présents sur la liste des contaminants prioritaires dangereux de la DCE, leurs dérivés éthoxylés, le bisphénol A et les composés pharmaceutiques. Dans un premier temps, une attention particulière a été portée à l’analyse de ces composés. Les méthodes analytiques de chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse simple (LC-MS) et en tandem (LC-MS/MS) pour les alkylphénols ont été optimisées en améliorant les contrôles qualités et en portant une attention particulière à l’extraction des composés sensibles aux contaminations extérieures (manipulateur, ambiance, etc.). Pour pallier aux problèmes liés à la contamination des échantillons par ces composés lors de l’extraction, la microextraction sur phase solide (SPME) et une méthode d’analyse par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse simple (GC-MS) ont été dévelopées. Dans un second temps, le devenir et le comportement des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés éthoxylés et des composés pharmaceutiques dans les stations d’épuration (STEP), sources d’introduction dans les systèmes aquatiques avérées, ont été étudiés. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence que les concentrations diminuent au cours des traitements dans les STEP pour tous les composés étudiés sauf pour l’acide alkylphénoxy acétique (NP1EC) qui est formé au cours des traitements secondaires ; la carbamazépine et dans une moindre mesure le diclofénac restent stables. Seuls les traitements tertiaires permettent une élimination significative de ces composés. La présence à plus de 50% des alkylphénols et de leurs dérivés éthoxylés dans la phase particulaire entraînent une adsorption non négligeable de ces composés dans les boues. Dans le but d’améliorer le suivi environnemental, les POCISTM standard (« Polar Organic chemical Integrative SamplersTM ») de configuration « pharmaceutiques » ont été développés lors d’expérimentations menées en laboratoire pour l’échantillonnage des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés éthoxylés, du bisphénol A et des composés pharmaceutiques. Les alkylphénols et leurs dérivés éthoxylés sont accumulés avec un temps de latence dans les POCISTM standard montrant l’influence de la membrane sur le transfert de masse de ces composés. Les POCISTM standards ont été optimisés en changeant la nature des membranes pour l’échantillonnage des alkylphénols et de leurs dérivés éthoxylés. Ces nouveaux outils sont nommés POCISTM-like. Les POCISTM-Nylon 0,1 µm et 30 µm sont les POCISTM-like montrant un fort pouvoir concentrateur des alkylphénols, de leurs dérivés éthoxylés et du Bisphénol A tout en éliminant le temps de latence observé dans leur accumulation dans les POCISTM standards. Ces POCISTM-like ont par la suite été validés en mésocosmes puis dans le milieu naturel afin de mettre en évidence leur caractère intégratif, permettant ainsi de s’affranchir de l’effet matriciel et de détecter certains composés à des concentrations inférieures aux limites de quantificationThe aquatic environment is the ultimate receptacle of environmental pollution. Many micro-pollutants are present and show toxic effects to aquatic systems (bioaccumulation in tissues, inhibition of growth, endocrine dysfunction, etc.). The Water Framework Directive (WFD) aims to restore the good ecological and chemical quality of aquatic environments by 2015. For this, it imposes low Environmental quality standards (EQS) and increased monitoring of water bodies. Beyond regulated micro-pollutants, some "emerging" have been detected at low concentrations (ng L-1) in aquatic systems. Under this term are grouped pharmaceutical compounds, some pesticides, hormones, etc. All of these micro-pollutants are introduced into the environment through several sources: atmospheric deposition, soil leaching and industrial or domestic discharges.This work is specifically focused on alkylphenols, present on the list of priority hazardous compounds in the WFD, their ethoxylated derivatives, bisphenol A and pharmaceutical compounds. As a first step, particular attention was paid to the analysis of these compounds. Analytical methods of liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC / MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for alkylphenols were optimized by improving quality controls and paying attention to the extraction of sensitive compounds toward contamination (manipulator, atmosphere, etc.). To overcome the problems associated with sample contamination by these compounds during the extraction, solid phase microextraction (SPME) and a method of analysis by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. In a second step, the fate and behavior of alkylphenols, their ethoxylated derivatives and pharmaceutical compounds in sewage treatment plants (WWTPs), sources of introduction into aquatic systems proved, were studied. This study has allowed showing the decrease of concentrations during treatment in WWTPs for all compounds studied except for alkylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC) which is formed during secondary treatment, carbamazepine, and to a lesser extent diclofenac remain stable. Only tertiary treatments allow significant removal of these compounds. The presence of more than 50% of alkylphenols and ethoxylated derivatives in the particulate phase lead to significant adsorption of these compounds into sludges. In order to improve environmental monitoring, during experiments conducted in the laboratory POCISTM standard (Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers), "pharmaceuticals" configuration, have been developed for sampling alkylphenols, their ethoxylated derivates, bisphenol A and pharmaceutical compounds. Alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives are accumulated with a lag phase in standard POCISTM showing the influence of the membrane on the mass transfer of these compounds. The standard POCISTM were optimized by changing the nature of the membranes for sampling alkylphenols and their ethoxylated derivatives. These new tools are named POCISTM-like. The POCISTM-Nylon 0.1 µm and 30 µm are POCISTM-like showing a strong power concentrator for alkylphénols, their ethoxylated derivatives and BPA while eliminating the lag phase observed in standard POCISTM. These POCISTM-like were subsequently validated in mesocosms and in the environment in order to highlight their integrative nature, allowing to overcome the matrix effect and to detect some compounds at concentrations below the limits of quantification
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Pouzol, Tanguy. "Monitoring and modelling of pharmaceuticals in wastewater : Daily and hourly loads in both hospital and urban wastewater." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEI009/document.
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Les flux journaliers et horaires de 15 molécules pharmaceutiques à l'entrée d'une station d'épuration ont été mesurés sur 3 ans et modélisés à la fois pour un bassin urbain de 16 000 habitants et un hôpital de 450 lits. Certaines molécules ne sont jamais ou rarement quantifiées. Les flux journaliers vont de 0,6 à 564 g/jour en fonction de la molécule et de la campagne de mesure 24h. Aucune dynamique saisonnière ou hebdomadaire n’a été identifiées. La dynamique des flux horaires des médicaments se distingue des autres polluants et du débit des eaux usées. Les flux horaires mesurés sont sévèrement impactés par le comportement aléatoire des patients lorsque la masse journalière consommée est faible. Ainsi, la dynamique moyenne est difficile à identifier. L'hypothèse principale pour modéliser les flux de médicaments dans les eaux usées est qu'ils résultent des étapes suivantes: ventes ou distributions de médicaments, consommation humaine, métabolisme et excrétion. Les ventes de médicaments pour le bassin urbain et les distributions de l'hôpital ont été collectées à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles (respectivement 1, 6 et 223 pharmacies et journalières, hebdomadaires et mensuelles). Les plus grandes échelles sont plus fiables pour estimer les niveaux de consommations mais la variabilité des plus petites est plus proche de la variabilité observée dans les mesures. Les quantités de médicaments vendus ou distribués vont de 0,4 à 1 600 patients théoriques par jour en moyenne. En associant les flux journaliers mesurés aux ventes ou aux distributions, aucune corrélation linéaire n'a été trouvée. Un modèle stochastique au pas de temps de la minute est proposé et appliqué aux deux sites. Il produit des résultats fiables et précis pour les flux quotidiens et horaires. Cependant, les résultats sont difficiles à interpréter lorsque seuls quelques patients consomment un médicament. De plus, le modèle ne reproduit pas la spécificité inhérente de l'hôpital. En outre, le modèle est également capable de prédire avec précision le débit des eaux usées domestiques d'un bassin versant urbain, tant pour les volumes quotidiens que pour leurs dynamiquesDaily and hourly loads of 15 pharmaceutical molecules at the inlet of a wastewater treatment plant have been measured over 3 years and modelled for both an urban catchment of 16 000 inhabitants and a hospital of 450 beds. Some molecules are never or rarely quantified. Daily loads range from 0.6 to 564 g/day depending of the molecule and the 24 h measurement campaign. Seasonal or weekly patterns are not identified. Pharmaceuticals hourly loads dynamics are distinctive from one another and from wastewater flow. The measured hourly loads are severely impacted by the random behaviour of the patients when the daily mass consumed is low. Thus, the average dynamics is difficult to identify. The main hypothesis to model pharmaceuticals loads in wastewater is that they result from the following steps: pharmaceuticals sales or distributions, human consumption, metabolism and excretion. Pharmaceuticals sales for the urban catchment and distribution for the hospital have been collected at different space and timescales (respectively 1, 6 and 223 pharmacies and daily, weekly and monthly). Larger scales are more reliable for magnitude but the variability of the smaller ones is closer to the variability observed in the measurements. The quantities of pharmaceuticals sold or distributed range from 0.4 to 1 600 theoretical patients per day. Associating measured daily loads with sales or distributions, no linear correlation is found. A minute time step stochastic model is proposed and applied to both sites. It produces reliable and accurate results for both daily and hourly loads. However, results are difficult to interpret when only a few patients are consuming a pharmaceutical. Also, the model does not reproduce the inherent specificity of the hospital. In addition, the model is also able to predict the domestic wastewater flow of an urban catchment with great accuracy for both daily volumes and dynamics
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Boucher, Alan Raymond. "Management strategies for a water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292247.
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Osorio, Torrens Victoria. "Fate, modeling, and risk of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants and Iberian rivers." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/345227.
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In view of the concerns about the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment, two main lines of research regarding these substances were followed within this thesis:
Their fate was assessed along waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) and Iberian River basins.
Their potential ecotoxicological risks to non-target aquatic organisms were evaluated.
On this basis, the more specific objectives and the subsequent findings achieved within this thesis are reported as follows:
I. The fate and behavior of pharmaceuticals under nitrifying activated sludge treatment in WWTPs and after their release into receiving surface waters (SW) via wastewater (WW) effluent discharge were studied. To that aim, a sensitive analytical protocol based on off-line SPE-LC—MS/MS was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of diclofenac their metabolites and their transformation products (TPs) in WW. The method was further optimized and validated for additional analysis of sulfamethoxazole and its TPs in WW and SW. The method was applied to the analysis of WW and SW reporting the occurrence of the metabolites and TPs of diclofenac and sulfamethoxazole in the ng L-1 range. Additionally, the microbial mediated biotransformation of diclofenac and other related pharmaceutical structures into nitro and nitroso derivates in the nitrifying activated sludge was investigated. The use of HR-MS/MS allowed the identification of tentative chemical structures of nitrosation/nitration TPs confirmed for all compounds to generate via biotic mechanisms.
II. Afterwards, the presence of a list of up to 96 selected pharmaceuticals in SW and sediments from four Iberian River basins characterized by high anthropogenic pressure was assessed. To that, the spatial and temporal distribution of pharmaceuticals were evaluated. pharmaceuticals were widespread and pseudo-persistent micropollutants in the Iberian aquatic environment. Concentration of pharmaceuticals in SW varied from the low to high ng L-1 range; while in sediments they were at the low ng g-1 level. Analgesics/antiinflammatories were the most relevant therapeutic group in SW; while for sediments these were antibiotics. Factors affecting their occurrence (i.e. hydrological conditions and human and animal uses) were also assessed by the application of modeling approaches and statistical tools. Overall, response of pharmaceuticals to river flow was negative, principally due to expected dilution effects. A “plug-flow” model approach was successfully applied to describe the fate of 14 selected pharmaceuticals in terms of attenuation downstream the water course of their main emission source considered as the WWTPs. Significantly positive relationships were found among levels of pharmaceuticals and population density and livestock units in both SW and sediment matrices, thus responding to the anthropic pressures in the catchments. III. Finally, this thesis contributed to the knowledge about the ecotoxicological risk of pharmaceuticals to aquatic ecosystems. To that, individual and combined acute toxicity of pharmaceuticals and other relevant micropollutants to D. magna and V. fischeri were assessed. Individual pharmaceuticals and TPs did not showed acute toxicity to the target aquatic organisms. However PhACs and TPs displayed synergistic effects in mixtures with other toxicants of the same environmental compartments. Additionally, an ecotoxicological risk assessment of 55 pharmaceuticals to D. magna, V. fischeri and fish along four Iberian River basins was conducted. The extensive data presented on the predicted ecotoxicological risk and the computation of pharmaceuticals relative contribution to the whole toxicity of the sample, provided valuable information for further prioritization exercices in the risk assessment of Spanish river basins. Then, the impact of changing pharmaceuticals levels and water flow conditions on the structure and function of river biofilms was studied. PhACs affected the structure and functioning of fluvial biofilms. The biotic response to the two main stressors studied PhACs and hydrology, varied among the different biofilm compartments (photoautotrophs and bacteria).En vista de las preocupaciones acerca de la presencia de productos farmacéuticos en el medio ambiente acuático, dentro de esta tesis se estudiaron y evaluaron: Su destino a lo largo de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y de las cuencas de los ríos Ibéricos. Los riesgos ecotoxicológicos que pueden representar para los organismos acuáticos no diana. Sobre esta base, las investigaciones más específicas en esta tesis fueron: I. Se estudió el destino y el comportamiento de los fármacos durante el tratamiento de lodos activados nitrificantes en las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales y después de su liberación en las aguas superficiales receptoras a través de los efluentes de aguas residuales. Con ese objetivo, se desarrolló y se validó un protocolo de análisis sensible para la determinación simultánea de diclofenaco sus metabolitos y sus productos de transformación en aguas residuales. Posteriormente, el método fue optimizado y validado para el análisis adicional de sulfametoxazol y sus productos de transformación en las aguas residuales y aguas superficiales. Además, se investigó la biotransformación, mediada por la comunidad microbiana del lodo activado nitrificante, de diclofenaco y otras estructuras farmacéuticas relacionadas a nitro y nitroso derivados. II. Se evaluó la presencia de fármacos en las aguas superficiales y sedimentos de cuatro cuencas hidrográficas Ibéricas caracterizadas por una elevada presión antropogénica. Para ese fin, se evaluó la distribución espacial y temporal de los fármacos. También se evaluaron los factores que influyen en su aparición (es decir, las condiciones hidrológicas y uso humano/animal) mediante la aplicación de métodos de modelización y herramientas estadísticas. III. Finalmente, se contribuyó al conocimiento del riesgo ecotoxicológico de los fármacos en los ecosistemas acuáticos. Para esto, se evaluó la toxicidad aguda individual y combinada de fármacos y otros microcontaminantes a Daphnia magna y Vibrio fischeri. Además, se realizó una evaluación del riesgo ecotoxicológico de los fármacos a D. magna, V. fischeri y peces en las cuencas hidrográficas ibéricas. A continuación, se estudió el impacto de los cambios en los niveles de los fármacos y las condiciones de caudal sobre la estructura y función de los biofilms fluviales.
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Fornander, Erik. "Ozone Treatment Targeting Pharmaceutical Residues : Validation and Process Control in a Wastewater Treatment Plant." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Teknisk biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-154012.
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Major studies conducted in Europe and North America has concluded that the current processes in wastewater treatment plants insufficiently degrade micropollutants e.g. pharmaceutical residues. Several sorption and oxidation methods has therefore been investigated with the purpose of removing or degrading micropollutants in wastewater. The main purpose of this project was, firstly, to validate the results from a pilot study conducted by Tekniska verken i Linköping AB (2014) which investigated the use of ozone to degrade pharmaceutical residues. Secondly, to investigate and design a suitable process control strategy for the ozonation process. Four different tests were conducted during the project, a dose-response test, step-response tests, a trace test, and a performance test. A poorer average reduction of pharmaceutical residues was observed in this project compared to the pilot study. An average reduction of approximately 80% was observed at the highest tested dose, 0.67 mg O3/mg DOC, N corr. Whilst an average reduction of 90% was observed at approximately 0.46 mg O3/mg DOC, N corr, in the pilot study. However, the quality of the wastewater was worse during this project compared to the pilot study. ΔUVA254 and offgas concentration of ozone were found to be suitable control parameters for process control. A control strategy based on a combination of these parameters was designed, where ΔUVA254 was used as the main control parameter and the off-gas concentration of ozone was used as a limiting controller to ensure a sufficient mass transfer in the system. In conclusion, a suitable flow proportional base ozone dose valid for current water conditions has been identified, 10 mg/L. Differences in wastewater quality which heavily influence the ozonation process have been identified. Lastly, a control strategy for process control of the ozonation have been identified, designed and is ready for implementation.
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Cumbie, William E. "Effects of storage on water treatment plant sludges." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45542.
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The effects of in-basin storage of sludge on the iron, manganese, and TOC removal of water treatment plant (WTP) clarifiers and on the dewatering characteristics of sludge were examined. The use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant to retard observed detrimental effects was also investigated.
Sludge samples that were stored over a period of 120 days were found to release up to ten times the original supernatant concentration of iron and manganese from the sludge into the overlying supernatant liquor when sludge redox potential values decreased below +100 mV. Organic carbon also increased in the supernatant but to a lesser extent. Sludge dewatering characteristics as measured by specific resistance and capillary suction time were found to improve when sludge redox potential readings remained over 100 mV but varied greatly when readings were below this level.
Field monitoring and sampling of the clarifiers at Lee Hall WTP and Harwood's Mill WTP from April to July showed that the removal efficiencies of the clarifiers was not related to in-basin sludge storage. This conflicted with a later portion of the study and was thought to be due to the lack of standardized sampling techniques.
The final phase of the investigation dealt with the use of chlorine dioxide to retard the negative effects of in-basin storage of sludge. Sludge accumulation in clarifiers resulted in decreased iron and manganese removal efficiencies when chlorine dioxide was not used. Addition of chlorine dioxide improved the iron and manganese removal efficiencies of the clarifiers. Sludge dewatering characteristics were found to improve with the use of chlorine dioxide as a preoxidant.
Master of Science
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Litteken, Garrett Michael. "IMPACT OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT ALUM SLUDGE RESIDUALS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES: A CASE STUDY." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2246.
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Water treatment plant (WTP) residual discharge is considered a pollutant and requires treatment to prevent negative impacts when released to the environment. As regulatory requirement becomes increasingly strict, WTPs are required to find suitable methods for the treatment of sludge residuals. Wastewater treatment plants(WWTP) provide existing treatment methods to remove contaminants from WTP residuals. A case study on the Carbondale Water Treatment Plant (CWTP) and receiving Carbondale Southeast Waste Water Treatment Plant (SEWWTP) provided an opportunity to quantify potential negative impacts for the discharge of residual alum sludge to a biologic sludge digestion plant. The first part of the study focused on quantifying changes to the SEWWTP loading conditions from the addition of metal salt coagulant water treatment residuals discharged by the CWTP. Historic sludge quantities and treatment methodologies for both the CWTP and SEWWTP were used to predict loading conditions and residual concentrations at the SEWWTP. Ammonia, BOD, pH, and TSS concentrations from the CWTP were not identified to significantly impact the existing concentrations at the SEWWTP. Metals concentrations from the CWTP were also found to fall within WWTP regulatory quantities. The second part of the study evaluated potential impacts to beneficial bacteria populations in the SEWWTP oxidation ditch from the receipt of CWTP alum residuals. Studies of residual alum sludge impacts to beneficial bacterial populations are rare, and often do not translate from one treatment plants processes to the next. The SEWWTP employs a multi-ring oxidation ditch with an anoxic outer ring and aerobic middle and inner rings. Biologic Activity Reaction Tests (BART) were used to isolate beneficial bacteria species typically present in oxidation ditches including heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying bacteria. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria are the predominant beneficial bacteria species in the outer ring, while nitrifying bacteria and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria dominate the aerobic inner rings. Heterotrophic aerobic bacteria and denitrifying bacteria populations identified in the outer ring of the oxidation ditch did not demonstrate any population impacts from the receipt of residual alum sludge. In addition, nitrifying bacteria populations and heterotrophic aerobic bacteria population demonstrated no impacts from the introduction of CWTP residual alum waste to the aerobic inner ring of the oxidation ditch. Overall, the study demonstrated the treatment of residual alum sludge from a WTP is possible through the existing biological processes at a WWTP.
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Dong, Wei. "Photoelectrochemical catalysis of waste water in pharmaceutical industry." Магістерська робота, Kyiv National University of Technology and Design, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19552.
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The master’s thesis is devoted to the study of photoelectrochemical treatment of the wastewater from pharmaceutical industrials. The aim is achieved through the new redox hybrid materials with viologen and AuNPs and CdS, respectively. The technical task is focused on the preparation of viologen-based hybrid films and improving their electrochemical and photocatalytic properties. Based on the electrochemical, spectroscopic and microscopic analysis, the materials have shown good redox properties, good stability and good photoelectrochemical performance. The excellent redox properties and good photoelectrochemical performance of the hybrid films have improved their photocatalytic properties in wastewater treatment, and their easy preparation and good stabilities will also extend their application as the new wastewater treatment materials in the future.
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Bodlund, Ida. "Coagulant Protein from plant materials: Potential Water Treatment Agent." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-107335.
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Access to fresh water is a human right, yet more than 780 million people, especially in rural areas, rely on unimproved sources and the need for finding ways of treating water is crucial. Although the use of natural coagulant protein in drinking water treatment has been discussed for a long time, the method is still not in practice, probably due to availability of material and limited knowledge. In this study, about hundred different crude extracts made from plant materials found in Southern India were screened for coagulation activity. Extracts of three Brassica species (Mustard, Cabbage and Cauliflower) were showing activity comparable to that of Moringa oleifera and were further investigated. Their protein content and profile were compared against each other and with coagulant protein from Moringa. Mustard (large) and Moringa seed proteins were also studied for their effect against clinically isolated bacterial strains. The protein profiles of Brassica extract showed predominant bands around 9kDa and 6.5kDa by SDS-PAGE. The peptide sequence analysis of Mustard large identified the 6.5kDa protein as Moringa coagulant protein (MO2.1) and the 9kDa protein band as seed storage protein napin3. Of thirteen clinical strains analysed, Moringa and Mustard large were proven effective in either aggregation activity or growth kinetic method or both in all thirteen and nine strains respectively. To my knowledge this is the first report on the presence of coagulant protein in Brassica seeds. Owing to the promising results Brassica species could possibly be used as a substitute to Moringa coagulating agent and chemicals in drinking water treatment.QC 20121214
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Westöö, Oskar. "Characterization of Coliform Bacteria in Drinking Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Industriell bioteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300164.
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Termen koliforma bakterier beskriver en grupp indikatororganismer som används för att bedöma renligheten och integriteten hos reningsverk samt distributionssystem som nyttjas vid dricksvattenproduktion. För närvarande ställer styrande förvaltningsmyndigheter endast krav på detektion av antalet koliforma bakterier i dricksvatten via odlingsbaserade metoder. Dessa odlingsbaserade metoder särskiljer och upptäcker koliforma bakterier, och Escherichia coli specifikt, baserat på deras tillväxt samt enzymatiska aktivitet på selektiva kromogena och fluorogena agarplattor. Den definition av koliforma bakterier som dessa lagstiftningar ger upphov till identifierar endast koliforma bakterier baserat på deras metabolism och enzymatiska aktivitet, vilket är otillräckligt för att taxonomiskt identifiera olika bakterier inom denna grupp. För att uppnå detta krävs en definition baserad på fylogenetik. Detta masterexamensarbete beskriver undersökandet av metoder för taxonomisk identifiering av koliforma bakterier baserade på en kombination av odlingsbaserade och molekylära metoder. Vattenprover från Mälaren och Lovös vattenverk i Stockholm användes för att isolera koliforma bakterier via membranfiltrering, följt av odling på selektiva medier. De isolerade kolonierna och membranfiltrerna användes för att extrahera genomiskt DNA, följt av amplifiering av specifika gener associerade med E. coli och koliforma bakterier via PCR. Dessa inkluderade lacZ-genen, uidA-genen, yaiO-genen och 16S rRNA-genen. Produkterna från lyckade genamplifieringar sekvenserades för att taxonomiskt klassificera sekvenserna och identifiera olika koliforma bakterier. Två vattenprover med inloppsvatten skickades även för metagenomisk analys av dess mikrobiom. Dessa resulta indikerade att ett odlingssteg var nödvändigt för att producera tillräckligt med biomassa och genomiskt DNA för att lyckas med genamplifieringar utan att behöva filtrera enorma mängder vattenprover. De utvalda primrarna uppvisade även varierande framgång i att amplifiera målgenerna hos koliforma bakterier. Bakteriekoloniernas fysiska utseende på de selektiva agarplattorna och resultaten från genamplifieringarna uppvisade inte sammanhängande resultat, vilket indikerar ett behov av att ytterligare undersöka och optimera de utförda PCR-protokollen. Trots detta visade metoden potential för taxonomisk identifiering av koliforma bakterier. 16S rRNA-gensekvenserna möjliggjorde identifieringen av potentiella kontaminanter som grampositiva bakterier (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) och andra, icke-koliforma, gramnegativa bakterier (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas) på de selektiva agarplattorna. Denna information kombinerat med bakteriekoloniernas utseende på agarplattorna och resultaten från övriga genamplifieringar kan möjliggöra ett sätt att skilja på falska positiva, falska negativa, sanna positiva och sanna negativa resultat från nuvarande detektionsmetoder för koliforma bakterier. Ytterligare optimering av olika aspekter av metoderna och arbetsflödet kring identifiering av koliforma bakterier är nödvändig innan man kan införa ett liknande tillvägagångssätt i ett reningsverk.The term coliform bacteria describes a group of indicator organisms used to measure the cleanliness and integrity of drinking water treatment plants and distribution systems. Currently, the only legal requirement set by government agencies pertains to the detection and enumeration of these bacteria via cultivation-based methods. These methods distinguish coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli based on their growth and enzymatic activity on selective chromogenic and fluorogenic agar plates. However, the legislative definition concerning their metabolism and enzymatic production is insufficient to identify bacteria within this group taxonomically. Instead, a definition based on phylogenetics is required. This master’s thesis describes the exploration of methods for the characterization and identification of coliform bacteria via a combination of cultivation-based and molecular methods. Water samples from Lake Mälaren and the Lovö drinking water treatment plant in Stockholm were used to isolate coliform bacteria via membrane filtration and cultivation on a selective agar medium. The isolated colonies and filtered membranes were subjected to DNA extraction, followed by gene amplification of target genes associated with E. coli and coliform bacteria via PCR. This included the lacZ gene, the uidA gene, the yaiO gene, and the 16S rRNA gene. Successful gene amplicons were sent for sequencing to assign taxonomic values to the sequences and identify coliform bacteria. Two inlet water samples were also sent for metagenomic analysis of the microbiome. An incubation step was necessary to gather enough biomass to extract sufficient genomic DNA for gene amplifications and avoid the need to filtrate large volumes of water. The selected primer pairs exhibited various degrees of success in amplifying the targeted genes of coliform bacteria. The physical appearance of coliform colonies on the selective chromogenic agar plates and the results from the gene amplifications displayed no discernable pattern, indicating the need to further investigate and optimize the PCR procedures. However, the method indicated a potential for coliform bacteria identification. 16S rRNA gene sequences allowed for the distinction of potential contaminants on the selective agar media in gram-positive bacteria (Micrococcus and Staphylococcus) and other non-coliform, gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas and Aeromonas). In conjunction with the physical appearance of bacterial colonies on selective media and successful gene amplicons of the targeted genes, this information could allow one to distinguish between false positive, false negative, true positive, and true negative results from current coliform detection and enumeration methods. Further optimization of various aspects of the coliform bacteria identification methods is necessary before introducing a similar approach to a water treatment plant context.
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Topkaya, Pinar. "Computer Simulation Of A Complete Biological Treatment Plant." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12609708/index.pdf.
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Nitrogen and phosphorus removal is often required before discharge of treated wastewater to sensitive water bodies. Kayseri Wastewater Treatment Plant (KWWTP) is a biological wastewater treatment plant that includes nitrogen and phosphorus removal along with carbon removal. The KWWTP receives both municipal wastewater and industrial wastewaters. In this study, KWWTP was modeled by using a software called GPS-X, which is developed for modeling municipal and industrial wastewaters. The Activated Sludge Model No.2d (ASM2d) developed by the International Association on Water Quality (IAWQ) was used for the simulation of the treatment plant. In this model, carbon oxidation, nitrification, denitrification and biological phosphorus removal are simulated at the same time.
During the calibration of the model, initially, sensitivities of the model parameters were analyzed. After sensitivity analysis, dynamic parameter estimation (DPE) was carried out for the optimization of the sensitive parameters. Real plant data obtained from KWWTP were used for DPE. The calibrated model was validated by using different sets of data taken from various seasons after necessary temperature adjustments made on the model.
Considerably good fits were obtained for removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS) and nitrogen related compounds. However, the results for phosphorus removal were not satisfactory, probably due to lack of information on volatile fatty acids concentration and alkalinity of the influent wastewater.
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Sauter, Paul Kenneth. "A Public Utilities Internship at the Fairfield Water Treatment Plant." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1515672307065945.
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Honer, Badi M. Nazhat Dana. "Developing a water treatment system for Subsea Gas processing plant." Thesis, Curtin University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2532.
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The petroleum industry is currently moving to meet the ever-rising demand for oil and gas production. As onshore fields become depleted and decline in production, exploration and production companies have started venturing further offshore. To support this activity, there is need for new subsea production technologies to develop deepwater and ultra deepwater fields.Woodside Hydrocarbon Research Facility (WHRF) at Curtin University of Technology is working on natural gas dehydration processing using gas hydrate technology. Through the studies, a novel gas dehydration process has been developed and now proposed for subsea application. Natural gas dehydration processes generate both a treated dry gas stream and a waste stream of condensate consisting of both hydrocarbons and water. This condensate can be reinjected to the reservoir formation but this is not always economic or practical. Availability of an alternative means of treatment and disposal of the condensate would be advantageous. This study aims to investigate and to provide a basis for the design of such an alternative scheme by constructing a floating separator for the treatment and disposal of waste condensate from subsea dehydration stage.A model was developed to simulate the process of evaporation of condensate from the proposed floating separator. The calculations were performed taken into account zero wind speed and an ambient temperature around 34 C. The simulation results showed that condensate skimming time was found to be 15 days for flowrate (Qin) of 100 bbd associated with specific separator diameter and total height dimensions. By considering the ratio of diameter to total height of 2.5, the floating separator was designed to enhance the evaporation rate and to get overall structure stability due to the mechanical restrictions that might be encountered in the sea.
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Honer, Badi M. Nazhat Dana. "Developing a water treatment system for Subsea Gas processing plant." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Chemical Engineering, 2006. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=16991.
Full textAbstract:
The petroleum industry is currently moving to meet the ever-rising demand for oil and gas production. As onshore fields become depleted and decline in production, exploration and production companies have started venturing further offshore. To support this activity, there is need for new subsea production technologies to develop deepwater and ultra deepwater fields.Woodside Hydrocarbon Research Facility (WHRF) at Curtin University of Technology is working on natural gas dehydration processing using gas hydrate technology. Through the studies, a novel gas dehydration process has been developed and now proposed for subsea application. Natural gas dehydration processes generate both a treated dry gas stream and a waste stream of condensate consisting of both hydrocarbons and water. This condensate can be reinjected to the reservoir formation but this is not always economic or practical. Availability of an alternative means of treatment and disposal of the condensate would be advantageous. This study aims to investigate and to provide a basis for the design of such an alternative scheme by constructing a floating separator for the treatment and disposal of waste condensate from subsea dehydration stage.A model was developed to simulate the process of evaporation of condensate from the proposed floating separator. The calculations were performed taken into account zero wind speed and an ambient temperature around 34 C. The simulation results showed that condensate skimming time was found to be 15 days for flowrate (Qin) of 100 bbd associated with specific separator diameter and total height dimensions. By considering the ratio of diameter to total height of 2.5, the floating separator was designed to enhance the evaporation rate and to get overall structure stability due to the mechanical restrictions that might be encountered in the sea.
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Böhme, Thomas Jürgen. "Algorithms and architectures for real-time control of water treatment plant." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312601.
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Lim, Jong hyun M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Assessment of sludge management options in a waste water treatment plant." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74410.
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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).
This thesis is part of a larger project which began in response to a request by the Spanish water agengy, Cadagua, for advice on life cycle assessment (LCA) and environmental impacts of Cadagua operated wastewater treatment plants. The project uses the LCA software GaBi and focuses on La Gavia Wastewater Treatment Plant in Madrid. This thesis analyzes three sludge management options that La Gavia could have implemented: (1) cogeneration and incineration, (2) cogeneration and land application, and (3) Composting. Life cycle impacts of global warming potential, eutrophication, acidification, ozone layer depletion potential were calibrated using GaBi.
by Jong hyun Lim.
M.Eng.
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Oliver, Chantal. "Haemodialysis water pre-treatment plant wireless monitoring system Royal Perth Hospital." Thesis, Oliver, Chantal (2012) Haemodialysis water pre-treatment plant wireless monitoring system Royal Perth Hospital. Other thesis, Murdoch University, 2012. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/10209/.
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Currently most of the remotely monitored equipment at Royal Perth Hospital is hardwired, but is gradually being replaced with wireless systems with the development of cheaper and more reliable solutions.
This thesis tests and compares two wireless systems and analyses which one best fits Royal Perth Hospital’s requirements. Thorough testing and comparison was required because once installed, the selected solution was required to be the main monitoring system used in the future.
From there the selected system was installed and commissioned within the Pre-Treatment Plant of Haemodialysis. Commissioning of the chosen software entailed configuring the manufacturers Web Server with required sensor settings, alarm limits and email addresses. In addition to the installation, this thesis briefly investigates the possibility of a fully automated chlorine analyser for the Pre-Treatment Plant. This would create an excellent long term logging solution with the nurses no longer needing to hand test chlorine levels each day.
Although the Web Server satisfied the hospitals needs in the short term, a longer term solution needed to be found. Perl script was created to communicate from the Web Servers data tables to Royal Perth Hospitals’ server. This script was able to transfer all required data and pass it through to the new server, Fully Automated Nagios. This new script allows for improved data viewing, emailing capabilities, and longer term data storage.
This thesis summarises the work required to install, commission and configure a system that monitors pressures, temperature and contact switches, as well as educate the reader on the development, implementation and testing of such a system.
Since the Technical Services Division has an ISO 9001 accredited QA system, as required a large part of this thesis focused on the development of the project details, such as the development of wiring diagrams, server templates, comment logs, bill of materials and most importantly, the complete service and operator manuals.
Through the research and development of this thesis it was found that the project could be used to monitor other wards and so could be repeated in the future within Royal Perth Hospital and possibly Western Australian Health.
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Young, Kevin Bradley. "Development of Operational Strategies to Minimize Bromate Formation in the Moorhead Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2014. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27277.
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A recent study at the Moorhead water treatment plant (MWTP) determined that bromate formed during ozone disinfection and, at times, exceeded the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 parts per billion (ppb) in the summer months. Operational data showed that bromate formation was directly related to raw water bromide concentration and control of the ozone system. This study was conducted with the purpose of developing and implementing operational strategies to minimize bromate formation in the MWTP. Several operational changes, including selection of source water based on bromide concentration and controlling ozone addition in a manner that reduces the ozone dose used to achieve disinfection, were implemented and were effective at minimizing bromate formation in the ozone chambers. The bromate concentration in the finished drinking water was significantly reduced and only a few samples contained greater than 10 ppb bromate.Moorhead Public Service
American Water Works Association
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Gang, Dianchen. "Modeling of THM and HAA formation in Missouri waters upon chlorination /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025619.
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Sanchez, Morcote Nancy Pilar. "Fluorescence Based Approach to Drinking Water Treatment Plant Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Characterization, Treatment, and Management." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366036528.
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Bales, Dustin William. "Optimization of an Advanced Water Treatment Plant: Bromate Control and Biofiltration Improvement." Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4286.
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The David L. Tippin Water Treatment Facility (DLTWTF) serving the city of Tampa, Florida is an advanced drinking water treatment facility consisting of coagulation/flocculation, ozonation, granular activated carbon biofiltration, and disinfection by chloramine. New regulations and the recent economic crisis pushed the facility to investigate methods to decrease costs and meet regulatory requirements easier.
The two major issues identified as priorities for investigation were the optimization of the biofiltration system and the use of a novel process to reduce the formation of bromate during ozonation.
Optimization of the biofiltration system is needed to remove more of the assorted particles that cause biofilms, nitrification in the distribution system, and high chloramine demand. Previous work improved the removal of particles that cause biofilms and nitrification, but was not able address the removal of particles that cause high chloramine demand to a satisfactory degree. Possible factors affecting this high chloramine decay were identified and evaluated at the pilot scale, including filter depth, chloramination of filter backwash water, media material, and nutrient addition. Non-chlorinated backwash water reduced chloramine demand by approximately 30% for GAC filters, and by approximately 50% for anthracite. Generally, anthracite performed slightly worse than GAC. Nutrient addition showed no effect. Filter depth improved chloramine decay, but not significantly enough to warrant the increased material required
Bromate control is necessary to prevent the formation of bromate, a regulated carcinogen. Traditional bromate control methods use pH depression. While effective, at the DLTWTF, this forces the increased use of more expensive caustic soda over lime for raising the pH of process water. A novel process known as the chlorine-ammonia process was investigated at the bench scale to identify the ideal ratio of chlorine and ammonia to decrease the formation of bromate to ensure regulatory compliance and allow greater use of lime to decrease costs. The best ratio in this study is 0.45 mg/L NH3 to 0.75 mg/L Cl2 which produced 1.09 ppb bromate at a CT of 6.8 min*mg/L, representing a 84% improvement over the control.
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Bramstedt, Sofia. "Temperature optimization of anaerobic digestion at the Käppala Waste Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för bioteknologi (BIO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-187989.
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Ellenberger, Christine Spada. "Water Quality Impacts of Pure Chlorine Dioxide Pretreatment at the Roanoke County (Virginia) Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30807.
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Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) was included in the Spring Hollow Water Treatment Plant (Roanoke County, Virginia) to oxidize manganese and iron, prevent tastes and odors, and avoid the formation of excessive halogenated disinfection by-products. A state-of-the-art, gas:solid ClO₂ generation system manufactured by CDG Technology, Inc. was installed at the plant and is the first full-scale use of this technology in the world. The ClO₂ generator produces a feed stream free of chlorine, chlorite ion (ClO₂⁻), and chlorate ion (ClO₃⁻), resulting in lower by-product concentrations in the treatment system
The objectives of this project were to study ClO₂ persistence and by-product concentrations throughout the treatment plant and distribution system and to evaluate granular activated carbon (GAC) columns for removing ClO₂⁻ from the finished water.
The ClO₂ dosages applied during this study were relatively low (<0.75 mg/L), and, as a result, ClO₂⁻ concentrations never approached the maximum contaminant level (MCL) (1.0 mg/L). Likewise, the plant effluent ClO₂ concentration never approached the maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL) (0.80 mg/L), but concentrations as high as 0.15 mg/L reformed in the distribution system by ClO₂⁻ reaction with chlorine.
Chlorate ion was monitored despite the fact that no ClO₃⁻ MCL has been proposed, and concentrations were quite low (never greater than 0.10 mg/L) throughout the treatment plant and in the distribution system. The reasons for the low concentrations are that ClO₃⁻ is not produced by the gas-solid generator used at the facility and ClO₂⁻ concentrations in the clearwell prior to chlorination were uniformly low.
The average ClO₂⁻ reduction upon passage of treated water through the GAC contactor was approximately 64 percent, but the GAC effectiveness was declining over the six-month study period. Apparently, GAC effectiveness, as shown by others, is short-lived, and if higher ClO₂ dosages are ever applied at the Roanoke County facility, the ClO₂⁻ concentrations will have to be reduced by either ferrous coagulants or reduced-sulfur compounds.
Regenerated ClO₂ concentrations in the distribution system were below 0.2 mg/L, but concentrations as low as 0.03 mg/L were found at homes of customers who complained of odors. During this study, twelve complaints were received from eight customers, and each complainant had recently installed new carpeting, which has been shown to contribute volatile organics that react with ClO₂ to produce odors similar to kerosene and cat urine. While meeting the Cl₂ MCL likely will be no problem if the ClO₂ dose at the plant remains below 1.0 mg/L, the problem of offensive odors in the distribution system will likely continue as long as any ClO₂ is in the finished water when chlorine is present.Master of Science
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Green, Colleen H. "Water treatment residual and vegetative filter strip effects on phosphorus transport dynamics." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 7.55 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131673.
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Rathore, Komal. "Dynamic Modeling of an Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7354.
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Advanced wastewater treatment plants have complex biological kinetics, time variant influent rates and long processing times. The modeling and operation control of wastewater treatment plant gets complicated due to these characteristics. However, a robust operational system for a wastewater treatment plant is necessary to increase the efficiency of the plant, reduce energy cost and achieve environmental discharge limits. These discharge limits are set by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants to limit the amount of nutrients being discharged into the aquatic systems.
This document summarizes the research to develop a supervisory operational and control system for the Valrico Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant (AWWTP) in the Hillsborough County, Florida. The Valrico AWWTP uses biological treatment process and has four oxidation ditches with extended aeration where simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) takes place. Each oxidation ditch has its own anaerobic basin where in the absence of oxygen, the growth of microorganisms is controlled and which in return also helps in biological phosphorus removal. The principle objective of this research was to develop a working model for the Valrico AWWTP using BioWin which mimics the current performance of the plant, predicts the future effluent behavior and allows the operators to take control actions based on the effluent results to maintain the discharge permit limits. Influent and experimental data from online and offline sources were used to tune the BioWin model for the Valrico Plant.
The validation and optimization of the BioWin model with plant data was done by running a series of simulations and carrying out sensitivity analysis on the model which also allowed the development of operation policies and control strategies. The control strategies were developed for the key variables such as aeration requirements in the oxidation ditch, recycle rates and wastage flow rates. A controller that manipulates the wasting flow rate based on the amount of mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) was incorporated in the model. The objective of this controller was to retain about 4500-4600 mg/L of MLSS in the oxidation ditch as it is maintained by the Valrico Plant. The Valrico AWWTP recycles around 80% of their effluent and hence, the split ratios were adjusted accordingly in the model to recycle the desired amount. The effluent concentrations from the BioWin model for the parameters such as Total Nitrogen (TN), Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) complied with the discharge limits which is usually less than 2 mg/L for all the parameters.
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Moloney, Shane Richard. "The design, build and preliminary testing of a ballast water treatment plant prototype." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.580318.
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Ballast water is indispensable for maritime trade as it is required to operate ships successfully and safely through its various evolutions over the course of a voyage. Ships taking on ballast water also take on the marine organisms present in the water such as phytoplankton, zooplankton and micro organisms. It is estimated that 10 billion tonnes of ballast water is transferred around the world annually and ballast water has been identified as one of the key vectors for the introduction of non-indigenous species The introduction of non-indigenous species can have critical economic, industrial, human health and ecological consequences. Invasive aquatic species are classified as one of the four greatest threats to the world's oceans. The preferred solution is to treat or manage the water itself. The International Maritime Organisation's Ballast Water Management Convention details a performance standard to which ballast water must be treated to. The variability of seawater around the world (e.g. salinity, turbidity) as well as the organisms that are required to be inactivated makes achieving this performance standard technologically challenging. The primary aim of the European Union, Framework Programme 6 funded Sustainable Ballast Water Treatment Plant (BaWaPla) project was "To provide a safe, economically viable, and technically competitive alternative for onboard ballast water management". The concept was to create a hybrid treatment plant utilising filtration, ultraviolet light and an electrochemically generated chlorine based active substance. To investigate the feasibility of the system concept a prototype was developed and tested. The development of the design was aided by the application of engineering design methods. These methods guided the decision making process and made the reasoning behind these decisions traceable. 3-dimensional surface modelling software was used to develop the engineering design, and to reduce the time required for design and construction. The prototype was tested to measure its biological efficacy. The electrochemical system was not included in these tests. Testing was conducted using sea water from the North Sea to mimic the conditions encountered by ships pumping ballast water on board. The results of the tests were inconclusive primarily due to the low number of organisms present in the water. This is believed to be a result of the tests being conducted in winter. However, the data and subsequent statistical analysis indicate that the treatments have an effect on the organisms present and encourage further testing.
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MAGALHAES, PEDRO FRANCA. "VIABILITY STUDY OF INCORPORATION OF WATER TREATMENT PLANT MUD IN RED CERAMIC PRODUCTION." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2003. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=4339@1.
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Nesta dissertação apresenta-se o estudo de viabilidade de
incorporação de lodo proveniente de processos de
clarificação de estações de tratamento de água, na produção
de cerâmica vermelha; resíduo que atualmente é disposto
indiscriminadamente em um manancial de captação,
contribuindo para a alteração da qualidade das águas.
Entende-se que a busca de uma solução viável para a
destinação adequada deste resíduo, traga ganhos ambientais
com baixos custos operacionais; sendo este o objetivo
principal deste estudo. A relevância do assunto está na
implantação de um sistema de gestão que proporcione a
destinação adequada do resíduo e sua viabilização como
insumo para a produção de cerâmica vermelha. Para tal,
optou-se por fazer ensaios de caracterização da argila, do
resíduo gerado em estações de tratamento de água e, por
fim, estudou-se a incorporação a 40%, 50% e 60% do referido
resíduo à argila, resultando em um produto cerâmico do qual
foram estudadas as características físico-químicas e
mecânicas. Os resultados alcançados indicaram a
possibilidade de aproveitamento do resíduo, sendo
necessário, para a adoção desta técnica, que sejam
estabelecidos parâmetros de controle no processo produtivo
de cerâmica vermelha.The Msc thesis, presents a viability study of incorporation the mud generated in the clarification step treatment plants (WTP), for the production of red ceramic. This residue that currently is disposed indiscriminately in the rivers, contributes to degradation of the quality of waters. In view of that, the search of a viable solution for the appropriate destination of this residue should bring environmental benefits with low operational costs, being this the main objective of this study. The relevance of the subject is in the implantation of a management system that provides the appropriate destination of the residue in subject and your viability as raw-material for industrial production. In order to pursue that, physical-chemical and mechanical characterization of the clay used for the manufacturing of red ceramic, as well as of the WTP mud and 40%, 50% and 60% mixtures of the mud into the clay - which resulted in ceramic test samples, were carried out. The results obtained indicated the possibility of incorporating of the residue into the clay, provided specific conditions for red ceramic production are implemented.
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Scardina, Robert P. "Effects of Dissolved Gas Supersaturation and Bubble Formation on Water Treatment Plant Performance." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26497.
Full textAbstract:
Gas bubbles that form within water treatment plants can disrupt drinking water treatment processes. Bubbles may form whenever the total dissolved gas pressure exceeds the local solution pressure, a condition termed dissolved gas â supersaturation.â This project investigated how bubble formation affects conventional drinking water treatment and examined factors that can reduce these problems.
Gas bubbles attached to coagulated floc particles can reduce settling efficiency and create â floating floc.â In laboratory experiments, bubbles formed on the surface of the mixing paddle, since this was the location of minimum pressure within the system. The formation and stability of floating floc was dependent on many different factors including the amount and type of dissolved gas supersaturation and surface chemistry of the mixing paddle. The intensity and duration of rapid mixing also controlled the amount of floating floc.
Bubbles forming in filter media can block pore spaces and create headloss, a process popularly termed â air binding.â During benchscale filtration experiments, bubbles were released upwards from the media in a burping phenomenon, and bubbles could also be pushed downwards by fluid flow. Burping is beneficial since it partly alleviates the bubble induced headloss, but the media disruptions might also decrease filter efficiency (particle capture). Bubble formation within filters can be reduced by increasing the pressure inside the filter via greater submergence (water head above the media), lower hydraulic flow rate, or use of a more porous media. The mode of filter operation (declining or constant flow rate) will also affect the local filter pressure profile.
Dissolved gas supersaturation and bubble formation are detected in on-line turbidity devices and particle counters causing spurious measurements. The use of bubble traps usually reduced these problems, but one device worsened turbidity spikes. Flow disturbances may also release bubbles upstream of the on-line turbidimeter, which can cause spikes in turbidity readings.Ph. D.
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Drew, Margaret Jane. "Optimisation of the Ion exchange juice treatment plant at Ashton Cellars." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52389.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently concern has been raised regarding effluent from wine cellars, as it often does not comply with environmental legislation. It was with this in mind that the effluent problem at Ashton Cellars was addressed. After carrying out a water audit of the plant, described in Chapter 3, it was concluded that the ion exchange plant is a significant contributor to the low pH and high conductivity of the effluent dam. Decreasing the effluent from the ion exchange plant should therefore help in improving the total effluent quality. During the water audit opportunities to improve the effluent by making small process changes in the cellar were identified. The primary objective of this study was to provide guidelines to improve the quality and decrease the volume of the effluent from the ion-exchange plant to more environmentally acceptable levels, whilst maintaining product specifications and production rates. This was achieved by studying the operation of the plant (Chapter 4) and testing the characteristics of the current and alternative resins (Chapter 5). Auditing of the ion exchanges plant included a detailed analysis of the regeneration and loading of the ion exchange columns. It was concluded that the operation of the plant can only be optimised once pH and/or conductivity meters, and preferably an automated control system, are installed on the plant. The results given in this thesis can be used as a guide when setting up such a control system. Laboratory testing of the resins revealed that the cation resin currently being used on the plant has been fouled and loads at a slow rate. When the resins are replaced, the use of Purolite CISO and Purolite A103S should be considered as these resins gave the most favourable results. Some alternative treatment methods for the processing of grape must, have been mentioned in Chapter 6.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Al meer kornrner word deesdae uitgespreek oor wynkelders se afvalwater, omdat dit meerendeels nie aan die vereistes van omgewingswetgewing voldoen nie. Dit was met hierdie probleem in die oog dat die afvalwater probleem by Ashton Kelders ondersoek IS. Nadat 'n wateroudit van die fabriek, soos beskryf in Hoofstuk 3, uitgevoer is, is daar tot die slotsom gekom dat die ioonuitruilsisteem 'n groot bydra tot die lae pH en hoe konduktiwiteit van die afvaldam lewer. Indien die ioonuitruilsisteem se uitvloeisel verminder kon word, sou dit tot 'n groot mate bydrae tot 'n verbetering van die totale uitvloei kwaliteit. Gedurende die wateroudit is verskeie moontlikhede vir die verbetering van die uitvloei deur klein prosesveranderinge aan te bring, geidentifiseer. Hierdie studie het as hoof oogmerk die daarstelling van riglyne vir die verbetering van die kwaliteit en grote van die afvalstrome van die ioonuitruilsisteem om sodeende aan omgewingswetgewing te voldoen, maar ter selfder tyd die produk spesifikasies en tempos te handhaaf. Dit is gedoen deur die huidige bedryf van die fabriek te bestudeer (Hoofstuk 4) en die eienskappe van die huidige en altematiewe ioonuitruilharse te toets (Hoofstuk 5). Die oudit van die ioonuitruilsisteem het 'n gedetaileerde anaIiese van die hergenerasie en lading van die ioonuitruilkolornrne ingesluit. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die bedryf van die sisteem alleenlik geoptirniseer kon word indien pH en/of konduktiwiteitsmeters, en verkieslik 'n automatiese kontrolesisteem geinstalleer word. Die resultate van hierdie tesis kan as basis vir so 'n kontrole sisteem gebruik word. Die laboratoriumtoetse op die harse het aan die lig gebring dat die katioonhars wat tans in gebruik is, baie vervuil is en net teen 'n lae tempo belaai kan word. Wanneer die harse vervang word, word die gebruik van Purolite el50 en Purolite A103S aangeraai, aangesien hierdie harse die beste resultate gelewer het. Altematiewe behandelingsmetodes van druifmos is in Hoofstuk 6 genoem.
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Madikizela, Lawrence Mzukisi. "Determination of selected acidic pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater treatment plants." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22741.
Full textAbstract:
A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the
Witwatersrand in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy. November 2016.This research was directed towards the environmental monitoring and assessment of the most used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) which are naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac. The work involved the development and application of sensitive techniques for the quantification of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in the South African aquatic environment. Based on this information, a multi-templates molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized and applied alongside the commercial available sorbent (Oasis MAX) in the solid-phase extraction (SPE) of target compounds from water samples. The extracted compounds were then quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MIP was synthesized by applying a bulk polymerization approach at 70 ͦ C where all target compounds were used as multi-templates. Other reagents used in synthesis were 2-vinyl pyridine, 1,1’-azobis-(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and toluene as functional monomer, initiator, cross-linker and porogenic solvent, respectively. Synthesis of a non-imprinted polymer (NIP) under similar reaction conditions as MIP was carried out with the omission of templates. Techniques employed in characterization of MIP and NIP were Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method, CHNS analyzer, zeta potential, cross-polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction. Monomer-template interactions were investigated using molecular dynamics. The performance of the MIP was evaluated based on its ability to selectively extract target compounds in organic (acetonitrile, acetone, chloroform and toluene) and aqueous media. The extraction capacity of the MIP in organic solvents for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac increased from high polarity to low polarity solvents. In a low polarity solvent (toluene), the extraction capacity achieved for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 14.4, 11.0 and 14.0 mg/g, respectively. In this case, the selectivity of the MIP where gemfibrozil was employed as the competing species was evident. Selectivity of the MIP collapsed during the adsorption of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac from water using gemfibrozil and fenoprofen as competitors. This resulted in high extraction efficiencies for target compounds and competitors, however, both gemfibrozil and fenoprofen were easily desorbed from the MIP using weak organic solvent due to lack of molecular recognition. During the binding sites characterization, the best fit of pseudo-second-order implied a chemisorption of all target compounds onto MIP sorbent. The data also fitted well in Langmuir isotherm which meant that the adsorption of target pharmaceuticals occurred on the homogeneous binding sites of the MIP. Optimized adsorption conditions in water such as MIP amount of 50 mg, extraction time of 10 min, sample pH of 2.5 and sample volume of 10 mL were applied for the selective adsorption of naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac in contaminated wastewater and river water. In WWTP influent, naproxen recovery was 38%, whereas ibuprofen and diclofenac were 69% and 87%, respectively. MIP was further used as a selective adsorbent in solid-phase extraction (SPE) of three drugs from environmental samples. The selectivity of the MIP in environmental samples was compared to that of the commercially available Oasis MAX sorbent. The application of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) reduced matrix effects and improved the sensitivity of the analytical method. In this case, the detection limits for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 0.2, 1 and 0.6 μg/L, respectively. When deionized water was spiked with 5 and 50 μg/L of target compounds, recoveries greater than 80% were obtained. Thereafter, the developed MISPE was applied for selected acidic drugs from environmental samples. Environmental samples were collected from urban (Durban) and semi-urban/rural areas (Ladysmith) of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. The most abundant compound in the environment was ibuprofen. In river water samples from Durban, the maximum concentrations found for naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac were 6.8, 19 and 9.7 μg/L, respectively. The maximum amounts found for the same drugs in Ladysmith river samples were generally lower with naproxen, ibuprofen and diclofenac detected at 2.8, 6.7 and 2.6 μg/L, respectively. The same trend was observed in wastewater. Further work on the monitoring of acidic compounds in wastewater was conducted using Oasis MAX as the SPE sorbent prior to HPLC analysis. All target compounds were detected in Kingsburg and Umbilo WWTPs located in Durban surroundings. The influent and effluent concentrations detected were in the ranges of 6.4 to 69 μg/L and 0.6 to 4.2 μg/L, respectively. Further to this, the removal efficiency of the target compounds during the WWTP process in Kingsburg and Umbilo was in the range of 69 to 97%. The extent of pollution in the environment was further assessed by the monitoring of ketoprofen and triclosan in wastewater and river water using SPE with Oasis HLB sorbent and HPLC. Traces of both compounds ranging from 1.2 to 9.0 μg/L were detected in wastewater. The maximum concentrations found in river water were 2.0 and 0.9 μg/L for ketprofen and triclosan, respectively. Overall, the analytical methods implemented in this work were highly accurate, precise and sensitive. The synthesized MIP was highly selective and its application in environmental studies led to the development of a less expensive analytical method. This work also gives the overview of the extent of water pollution caused by acidic pharmaceuticals in various water matrices.
MT2017
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Wang, Yu-Lin, and 王昱琳. "Nitrosamine formation-potential and pharmaceutical concentration variations and multivariate analysis in major drinking water treatment plants of southern Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7qrupx.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
106
Although disinfection for drinking water is considered as one major achievement for public health in the 20th century, the formation of carcinogenic disinfection byproducts including the emerging nitrogenous nitrosamines is a concern. For example, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) classified in Group 2A by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has arisen a widespread concern in the recent decades. Three drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) in southern Taiwan that treat the same surface water source by using different but comparable treatment approaches (e.g., with pre-chlorination or pre-ozonation) were selected as sampling sites in this study. The objective was to investigate the fates of eight nitrosamine formation potentials (nitrosamine-FPs) among different technologies, with the assistance by analyses of typical water quality parameters and multivariate statistical analysis such as principal component analysis (PCA). In addition, two widely used pharmaceuticals in Taiwan including metformin and diclofenac were chosen as the possible precursors and studied for their potentials to form nitrosamines in these DWTPs. In the results, the occurrences of eight nitrosamine-FPs in three DWTPs mainly depended on the organic matter (OM) concentrtations in water, as the OM concentrations greatly varied among the sampling seasons. During the dry season (e.g., in winter), the average concentration of SUVA in the DWTPs was 3 L/m-mg and the nitrosamine-FPs were dominated by the compounds with small molecules that are more likely to form short-chain NDMA. During the wet season (e.g., in spring), the average concentration of SUVA in the DWTPs was 6.7 L/m-mg and the nitrosamine-FPs were dominated by unsaturated or aromatic compounds, which could form cycloalkane nitrosamines such as N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR), N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR), or N-nitrosopiperidine (NPIP). The concentrations of metformin and diclofenac ranged from non-detected (ND) to 800 ng/L. No significant correlation was observed between the pharmaceutical concentrations and nitrosamine-FPs, indicating the presences of other unknown precursors to form nitrosamines in the water. With the correlation analysis between the nitrosamine-FPs and typical water quality parameters, it was shown that the trends of nitrosamine formation in these DWTPs could be divided into: (a) short-chain aliphatic; (b) long-chain aliphatic; and (c) cyclic nitrosamines. With the decrease of the molecular weight, the nitrosamine-FPs such as NDMA-FP and NMEA-FP show similar trends of the correlations with typical water quality parameters. Additionally, the cyclic nitrosamine-FPs appeared to be predictable by certain parameters such as SUVA or UV254 (r = 0.45-0.67). The study aims to understand the environmental fates of eight nitrosamine-FPs and two pharmaceutical concentrations through four sampling seasons in a year. The findings are expected to provide insights into future management of these emerging pharmaceutical pollution and derivative byproducts.
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"Occurrence, fate and effects of selected pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants." 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894636.
Full textAbstract:
Guan, Lijie.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-161).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Table of contents --- p.vii
List of Figures --- p.X
List of Tables --- p.xiii
Abbreviations --- p.xiv
Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Source and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wastewater --- p.2
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sewage sludge and soil --- p.5
Chapter 1.2.3 --- "Surface water, ground water and seawater" --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Drinking water --- p.9
Chapter 1.3 --- Effects on the Environment --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Antibiotic resistance --- p.11
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Ecotoxicity on the aquatic organisms --- p.14
Chapter 1.4 --- Removal in the Environment --- p.19
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Adsorption --- p.20
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Photodegradation and hydrolysis --- p.22
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.23
Chapter 1.5 --- Analytical Method of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Samples --- p.25
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Solid-phase extraction --- p.25
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.30
Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives and Outline of Thesis --- p.33
Chapter 2 --- OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF SELECTED PHARMCEUTICALS IN STPS --- p.35
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35
Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Choice of pharmaceuticals for study --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Description of sewage treatment plants (STPs) --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Experimental approach --- p.49
Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.55
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Occurrence of azithromycin --- p.55
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Fate of azithromycin --- p.59
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Occurrence of erythromycin --- p.63
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Fate of erythromycin --- p.67
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Occurrence of roxithromycin --- p.70
Chapter 2.3.6 --- Fate of roxithromycin --- p.74
Chapter 2.3.7 --- Occurrence of atenolol --- p.75
Chapter 2.3.8 --- Fate of atenolol --- p.79
Chapter 2.3.9 --- Occurrence of simvastatin --- p.81
Chapter 2.3.10 --- Fate of simvastatin --- p.84
Chapter 2.3.11 --- Fate of pharmaceuticals during different treatment process --- p.85
Chapter 2.3.12 --- Contribution of industrial (manufacturing) plants to STPs --- p.87
Chapter 2.3.13 --- Seasonal variation --- p.87
Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.90
Chapter 3 --- EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE BACTERIA --- p.91
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.91
Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.92
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Growth inhibition test --- p.92
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nitrification inhibition test --- p.94
Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.96
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Growth inhibition of activated sludge bacteria --- p.96
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Inhibition of nitrifying bacteria --- p.102
Chapter 4 --- BIODEGRADATION PATHWAYS OF FOUR PHARMACEUTICALS --- p.106
Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.106
Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.107
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Test procedures --- p.107
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Detection method --- p.108
Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.1 --- Degradation of atenolol --- p.109
Chapter 4.3.2 --- Degradation of azithromycin --- p.117
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Degradation of erythromycin --- p.129
Chapter 4.3.4 --- Degradation of roxithromycin --- p.133
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.134
Chapter 5 --- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS --- p.136
References --- p.139
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Lin, I.-Hsin, and 林怡欣. "Acidic pharmaceutical removal in drinking water treatment process." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/58080391413484856761.
Full textAbstract:
碩士臺北醫學大學
公共衛生學研究所
97
In recent years, the contamination of PPCPs (Pharmaceutical and personal care products) in drinking water has become an important issue internationally. Many researchers have used different water treatment processes to remove residual drugs in drinking water. This research evaluated the outcomes of using coagulations, chlorination disinfection and pre-chlorination in the drinking water treatment on removing the four commonly used NSAIDs drugs (Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen and Ketoprofen) in water. Also, this study discussed the relationship of turbidity and the effectiveness of adding Ca2+ in raw water on removing the four NSAIDs. The residual concentrations of drugs in this research were measured by HPLC and the chlorination disinfection by-products were observed with NMR. The results show that under the acidic condition, coagulations helped removing the four NSAIDs drugs better than the basic condition, and the performance of FeCl3 was slightly better than the AlCl3. Chlorination disinfection only can remove Diclofenac and Naproxen but no use for Ibuprofen and Ketoprofen; and the performance of drug removal improved as the chlorination dosage increased and with pH decreased. Pre-chlorination was more effective in removing Diclofenac than the other two methods, and it has about the same performance on eliminating Naproxen as chlorination disinfection; therefore Naproxen is mainly affected by chlorination disinfection and Diclofenac is mainly affected by both coagulation and chlorination. In the experiment of eliminating ketoprofen and Ibuprofen, pre-chlorination had better outcomes than only use coagulations or chlorination disinfection when the pH value was between 6 to 7. Therefore, Fe(OH)3 may be the catalytic agent of acidic medicine being oxidation by free chlorine. Also, after conducting Jar test with mixing coagulations in muddy water, it was found that under the condition that turbidity must be effectively removed; FeCl3 has no use for eliminating the acidic drugs in water even if Ca2+ was added. Therefore, it is strongly recommend that hospitals or pharmaceutical factory should design a treatment process before discharging waste water to prevent the situation where the targeted medicine can not be removed. After analyzing the by-product of chlorination disinfection with HPLC and NMR, the results show that disinfected by-products were produced in the process of chlorination disinfection of Diclofenac and Naproxen, and the by-products chemical structure will become more complex if the response time is longer. Chlorine may attack Naproxen chemical structure at the site around aromatic functional groups, and Diclofenac may be attacked at the NH functional group between the two aromatic functional groups. Whether the disinfected by-products are harmful to human health and environment can be a very important research direction in the future studies.
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Lee, Jiunn-Shing, and 李俊星. "Preliminary Evalution on Water Treatment Plant Performance." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98015427665152286893.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
水資源及環境工程學系
84
The major process units of water treatment in Taiwan are prechlorination,coagulation/floculation, clarification, filteration and post-chlorination. Inorder to maintain the quality of finished water, every country of the worldset up criterions or quides for the design standard of the water treatmentplant.The study is to assess the engineering designs of the Ban-Sin watertreatment plant by the removal efficiency of turbidity and organic matter. Theaverage used coagulant dosage(PAC) is 30 mg/L in the tre atment process,andthe average used chloride dosage(Cl2) is 3.24 mg/L. The results show that theturbidity of raw water changed from 5.0 to 79.9 NTU,and the average is 27.7NTU. The total removal efficiency of turbidity is 97% when each process unitsis in normal treatment quantity, and the total removal efficiency of turbidityis 95% when it is in largest treatment quantity.The finished water turibiditymore than 1 NTU is about 14%. The removal of the organic matter in thistreatment process is limited. Th e average of DOC, TOC, KMnO4 Comsumption andUV254 in raw water is 1.09, 1.38, 4.1 mg/L and 0.023 1/cm. After treatment,the removal efficiency of DOC, TOC, KMnO4 Comsuption, UV254 is 5.5%, 23.2%,47.9%, 39.1%. As the result, we know that the design retention time(0.75-1.11 hr) of solid-contact sedimentation in the treatment processes is short and thesurface loading rate(107.5-161.2 m/d) is too high to make the sludge blanketflow out. So the turbidity of finished water is higher( >10 NTU, 30%).Theefficie nt diameter of fitered media(0.9mm) in filter tank is too big to makethe finish water Turbidity higher than 1.0 NTU(14%) sometimes, although thefiltered layer is more thick(90cm). Because the setting tank can't equip withinclined-plate, we suggest that the efficient diameter of the filtered mediachange to smaller one to improve the finished water turbidity.
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Liang, Shan-Ming, and 梁善茗. "A Study on Monitoring Water Treatment Operation in Water Plant." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/d92zzc.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立彰化師範大學
電機工程學系
107
With the rapid development of the high technology industry, more and more population migrates from countryside to the city. As a result, the water consumption for the livelihood as well as for the industry is increasing in the city. Therefore, it is necessary to provide sufficient and sanitation water for the city. How to improve operation and monitoring efficiency of the water treatment is a big challenge in the water plant. In this thesis, a remote monitor and control system is proposed. The remote monitoring technology is used to analyze the water treatment data. Thus the water level of the rapid filter pool can be known. Besides, the electric control valve is used to execute the remote operation. Thus the inverse washing procedure of the rapid filter pool can be monitor and control. It ensures the rapid filter pool operation normally and speed-up the filter efficiency of the rapid filters pool. The proposed water treatment remote monitor and control system decrease the time of transportation intercourse of the operator. Moreover, it decreases the probability of traffic accident while on duty. After experiment, it can found that, the proposed system is cost-effective. It makes the operation and management of the water treatment plant become fast and convenience. It deserves to be promotion. Keywords: remote monitor and control system, remote monitoring technology, water treatment data, electric control valve.
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Chen, Wei-Jen, and 陳偉仁. "The Risk on Influencing Water Supply Safety of Water Treatment Plant-An Example of One Large-Scale Water Treatment Plant on South Taiwan." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5n93m9.
Full textAbstract:
碩士崑山科技大學
環境工程研究所
96
The major influence factors of water security in Taiwan are unclean raw water in water treatment plant, feckless purifying water and the polluted cycle of supplying water. According to the investigation into aggravating water source of twenty-one fundamental reservoirs in Taiwan in recent years, forty percentages of them are eutrophic. Besides, due to the unaverage distribution of annual rainfall, the pollutants (such as Fe and Mn) and nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are bathed into water source by rain and increase the concentration of nutrients in the reservoirs. So, these will debase the efficiency of purifying in water treatment plant. Although the normal solutions to increase the efficiency of purifying water are building new water treatment plant, extending original one or improving inner facilities, there are some risks of them. In fact, the operation of water treatment plant risked itself because the results of operation are not usually equal to the original functional design. The bad efficiency of purifying water may increase the loading of filtration, decrease the ability of purifying heavily and even more supply unsafety or nonqualified water. Therefore, how to strengthen the security of supplying water is worthy to study. The paper is focus on the security of supplying water and uncertain factors of one large-scale water treatment plant in south Taiwan. Our target is to providing some statistics to prove if supplying water after the operation of water treatment plant is safe or not. A special statistic characteristic of water after deluges is turbidity. Usually the turbidity will lower to 100NTU below after one or two days, but it will take around forty days to lower to 10NTU below. Sometimes the removal rate of turbidity is under zero, especially for low rainfall days. Additionally, when the alga exists in water, the operation of water treatment plant will have influence on the security of supplying water. Another characteristic is the measurement of residual chlorine. The decay of residual chlorine in summer and fall is usually higher than in spring and winter. The interesting thing is the highest average turbidity (40.39NTU), the lowest removal rate of turbidity (83.06%) in fast filtration and the highest decay of residual chlorine (0.1mg/L) in supplying water are all measured in fall. So, the three measurements can be the indicators of the security of supplying water in water treatment plant.
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Lawrence, Sikhitha Ntuweleni. "Treatment of waste water from nitrates explosive plant." Thesis, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/10539/27055.
Full textAbstract:
A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the
Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of Masters of Science, Johannesburg January 2019Nitrate waste water usually contains high concentrations of ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), which is known to hinder nitrification during biological treatment processes. In this study, removal of ammonium nitrogen from nitrate waste water was studied. Various purification processes such as using coagulation/flocculation and precipitation of magnesium ammonium phosphate was tested. Optimum parameters such as optimum pH, precipitation by pH adjustment and molar ratio were studied and precipitated crystals that formed were characterized. Sequential flocculation with two cationic flocculants reduced the turbidity of the nitrate waste water from 163 Neupholetric Turbidity units to 15 NTU. An optimum pH of 9 could remove ammonium nitrogen in nitrate waste water, as pointed out by evidence. Mg2+: NH4+-N: PO43--P with a 1:1:1.1 molar ratio was found to be the most effective ratio for maximum ammonium nitrogen removal, with quite a low residual concentration of PO43--P. MgCl2.6H2O + 85% H3PO4 combination was found to be more efficient combination for ammonium Nitrogen removal from nitrate waste water, with a low residual concentration of PO43--P. Precipitate crystals formed were found to be pure struvite crystals. Approximately 69.9% of ammonium nitrogen was recovered as struvite. Struvite precipitation is deemed to be an efficient for the treatment of ammonium nitrogen removal from nitrate waste water.
XL2019
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Lin, Yi-Heng, and 林義衡. "The optimal treatment method of water turbiditypurification in tap-water plant." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39461272985093064148.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中山大學
應用數學系研究所
98
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the water turbidity purification result with raw water turbidity, raw water pH value and PAC dosage, and find the optimal treatment dosage level. A regression model between the response and treatment variables has been built with a two-stage procedure. In the first stage, the regression model treats a given raw water turbidity as the explanatory variable and the best treatment effect dosage level, among the six experimental dosage levels as the response. Later the model is used to find the second stage regression model where the water turbidity purification result is treated as the response, and the other three variables mentioned above as explanatory variables. According to the results of the second stage regression model about the best dosage level with a given raw water turbidity, the optimal PAC dosage is estimated for the optimization in water turbidity purification, which may be used as a way for future purification of water turbidity.
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Clements, Michele. "Granular activated carbon management at a water treatment plant." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/2155.
Full textAbstract:
M.Ing.The Rietvlei Water Treatment Plant was extended with a granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration system after an exhaustive series of tests, which were started in 1994. Upon commissioning towards the middle of 1999, a year of close monitoring followed to measure the GAC performance at full-scale. After verification that the GAC does indeed ensure a high quality product under all conditions, the emphasis shifted to the optimisation of the GAC handling and regeneration system. Frequently moving the entire GAC inventory from the filters to an off-site regeneration plant and back requires significant operational effort and contributes a major part of the total cost of the GAC system. A number of systematic investigations were carried out in response to a number of practical questions that arose at Rietvlei. The first part of the study was directed towards tracking and quantifying the GAC on and off site. The main findings were that 10.0% of the GAC is lost from the filter during backwashing (0.3%) and removal of GAC from the filter for regeneration (9.7%). The sump traps not all this GAC and 2.3% of the total inventory is lost to the river. Inserting a sieve at the outlet of the sump can eliminate this loss. A further 80.3% of the GAC in a filter is removed for regeneration, of which 18.7% is lost during the regeneration process. The minimising off this loss can only be achieved through the optimisation of the regeneration process, which falls within the domain of the regeneration contractor. The second part of the study was directed at the behaviour of the GAC whilst within the filter bed. The porosity and sphericity was determined by laboratory tests and calculations. The porosity was found to be 0.69 for the 12 x 40 size carbon and 0.66 for the 8 x 30 size carbon and the sphericity was found to be 0.67 for the 12 x 40 size carbon and 0.66 for the 8 x 30 size carbon. By using a calibrated bed expansion model, the bed expansion could be calculated at 9°C and 23°C for the two carbons gradings; the maximum temperature range experienced at Rietvlei. The main finding of this part of the study was that the average available freeboard is 650 mm for the 12 x 40 grading and 430 mm for the 8 x 30 grading, and therefore no GAC should wash over the weir at all during backwashing. The third part of the study measured the physical changes of the GAC found at different points in the GAC cycle. The main findings were that the small fraction of GAC washed out of the bed during backwashing and removal has a finer grading, higher apparent density and lower adsorption capacity than the GAC in the filter bed. There seems to be no marked attrition of the carbon or generation of fines during the removal and transport of the GAC to the regeneration plant. After regeneration, there was a 7% decrease in apparent density and a 30% increase in adsorption capacity. The final part of the study correlated the adsorption capacity of the GAC with its time in use as well as UV254 removal. After regeneration, UV254 removal begins at approximately 20% and declines to 14% after 400 days of operation, and to 10% after 600 days. After regeneration, the iodine number begins at approximately 800, declines to 600 after 400 days of operation, and to 500 after 600 days.
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Liu, Yin-Chuan, and 劉穎川. "Biological Nutrient Removal and Sludge Biological Reduction in Waste Water Treatment Plant for Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/fxfwtm.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
96
The most common method of biological nitrogen removal is by combining the nitrification of the autotrophic nitrobacter and nitrosomonas with the denitrification of heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria. Autotrophic bacteria nitrify the organic nitrogen and ammonia, which are hydrolyzed amino acids or dead cells of microorganisms, into nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Subsequently, heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria are utilized in turn to reduce the total nitrate nitrogen to generate nitrite nitrogen and nitrogen gas. The latter evaporates out of water, thus completes the nitrogen removal process. However, due to the lack of carbon source after nitrification in the aeration tank, carbon source must be added during denitrification. The volatile materials in the sewage sludge make up approximately 60 ~ 80 % of total solids; the principal volatile composition consists of C, H. N and P. The water content and organic content of the resulted sewage sludge are very high; hence, they have features of large volume and are difficult to combust. In the process of reduction of sewage sludge, the process of converting sewage sludge to soluble state or ultra fine solids is called sewage sludge hydrolysis. The hydrolyzed products would then undergo further biological degradation, which would convert organic carbon to inorganic carbon, such as carbon dioxide and methane, to achieve the effect of reduction of sewage sludge. This study combined the two abovementioned principles of biological degradation. The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant, for example, elevates the carbon source required by denitrification using reverse flow of anaerobically digested sewage sludge into bioreactor to achieve the purpose of reduction of sewage sludge. The bio-reactive systems of the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant do not have nitrified fluid reverse flow design, but has the anaerobic sludge digestive system. Upon digestive process, the anaerobically digested sewage sludge is transformed into soluble or ultra fine materials; however, they are still in form of organic carbon, which is a favorable carbon source required by heterotrophic microorganisms in denitrification. In addition, it can further undergo a second bio-reaction to reduce the sludge amount, and the cost of subsequent sludge treatment and disposition in the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant. However, the present actual operation in the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant is to treat approximately 500 thousand tons of sewage daily, the water quality of which must meet the actual release criteria in order to reduce the total pollution load of the receiving water body (Tamshui River), and therefore, the experiment on reverse flow of nitrified sewage sludge to the bio-reactor can not be easily conducted. Accordingly, a simulation is conducted in this study using Bio Win Sewage Program Analysis Software developed by Canadian EnvironSim Corporation. Moreover, this study suggests utilizing the reference operation parameters under which the dual goals of optimal denitrification effect and sludge reduction are achieved by the Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant. The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant have low influent concentration and do not have nitrified fluid reverse flow design. So those pH、dissolved oxygen、carbon source in anaerobic area can not do going denitrification. Presently the best parameter of The Dihua Sewage Treatment Plant biological treatmwnt is MLSS：1,500mg/L、dissolved oxygen：2.0mg/L、influent percentage：0.8：0.1：0.1、hydraulic residence time：4.7hr. The effluent quality is BOD：3.34 mg/L、COD：14.5 mg/L、SS：6.31 mg/L、TN：20.75 mg/L、Filtered TKN： 3.10 mg/L、 NH3-N：1.32 mg/L、NO3--N：2.65 mg/L、NO2--N：14.6 mg/L 、TP：1.56 mg/L. When the reverse percentage of anaerobically digested sludge is 0.2%, The effluent chemical oxygen demand be raised 0.6mg/L, sludge cake be decreased 4,634.1 kg/day. If influent percentage use 1.0：0.0：0.0, The effluent anmonia attenuate percentage from 91.32% be raised 94.46%.
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Lee, Tsung-Hao, and 李宗浩. "Modeling of the Blanket Clarifier of Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75300899346208443457.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
93
In this thesis, the geometry of the blanket clarifier was established, the meshes were constructed, and the boundary conditions were set, then the velocity field of the clarifier was calculated. Three models were computed individually: 1. the flow filed of the whole clarifier is pure water; 2. the flow filed contains a homogeneous blanket of permeability k and pure water; 3. multiphase flow of pure water and solid particles with different sizes and densities. The results showed that when the inlet velocity decreased from υx=0.3 m/s to 0.1 m/s, the effect of channel flow or break-through of blanket decreased. And decreasing of the rotation velocity of the impeller could decrease the effect of the reversed flow in the secondary reactor. In the case of a uniform blanket on the bottom of the clarifier, the high permeability of the blanket indicates the similar velocity filed with those of pure water. While the clarifier with a low permeability blanket, the break-through of the blanket is seriously. In the multiphase flow modeling, the effect of density of the solid particle on the distribution of the particles is more obviously than particle size.
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Sharifi-Nistanak, Mehdi. "Reuse of Biosolids from a Waste Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2014. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/978509/4/Sharifi%2DNistanak_MSc_S2014.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Since the limit of resources has been realized, preventing from waste of resources became an important issue. Sludge is a source of nutrients and organic materials and has the capability of use as a fertilizer but unfortunately disposal of the sludge is the most current approach in WWTPs including Montreal WWTP. At the Jean. R. Marcotte waste water treatment plant, the sludge is incinerated and sent for disposal. In this study an attempt has been made to solve this issue by recycling the sludge.
The mentioned sludge has high concentrations of cadmium, copper, cobalt and selenium and therefore a treatment process is needed to pass Quebec regulations before use as fertilizer. Among all treatment methods, leaching was selected in this research. Leaching has high efficiency for heavy metal removal but nutrient loss is also its disadvantage. In this thesis, preserving nutrients and removing heavy metals are performed at the same time.
To meet the mentioned goals, a new leaching agent is proposed, K2HPO4, and its effects and removal efficiency on the sludge was investigated. The correlation of heavy metal removal and preserved nutrient concentration with time and pH is shown.
Based on the result, the removal efficiencies of cadmium, copper, cobalt and selenium are respectively 80%, 44%, 70% and 93%. Also the remaining concentrations of primary nutrients in the biosolids including nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are respectively 17%, 17% and 25%.
To conclude, using dipotassium phosphate as a leaching agent is an effective method to remove heavy metals and increase primary macro nutrients at the same time. The efficiency of this method has indirect correlation with pH and direct correlation with time and considering the product properties, its price is acceptable.
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Ndlovu, Vuyani. "Waste water treatment of effluents from corn processing plant." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11095.
Full textAbstract:
South Africa is facing numerous challenges that pertain to increasing water deficit and pollution of water resources. Only 40 out of 821 wastewater treatment works in South Africa achieved Green Drop certifications in the 2010 Green Drop assessments (DWA, 2011). This is not only threatening net water availability but also human health. South African water sources are comprised of 77 % surface water, 14 % return flows and 9 % groundwater (van Vuuren, 2009). This study was therefore intended to explore the quality, quantity and treatability of corn wet milling effluent resulting from Tongaat Hulett Starch Pty Ltd (THS) operations.
THS is a major producer of corn derived starch and glucose in Africa. Amongst its three corn wet milling plants in Gauteng (Kliprivier, Germiston and Meyerton) and one in Western Cape (Bellville), 600000 tonnes of maize were processed in the 2011/2012 financial year.
The objective of the study was to establish the wastewater footprint of the corn wet milling process. To achieve this, qualitative and quantitative characterisation studies were completed on effluents generated from the Germiston and Meyerton corn wet milling plants, respectively. This characterisation study was focused on volumetric and organic load analyses of the various sections of the corn wet milling process. A full scale anaerobic digestion treatability study of the Meyerton plant effluent was also conducted.
The study results indicated that the combined effluent discharged to the Municipal sewer averaged between 2.9 and 3.1 m3/tonne of corn processed. The effluent generated resulted in an average chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentrations of between 6211 and 7790 mg/L, with suspended solid concentrations of between 635 and 899 mg/L. From the full scale anaerobic treatability study, a minimum of 87 % COD removal at organic volumetric loading rates (OLR) of between 0.3 and 3.9 kg COD/m3.d was achieved.
It was concluded that corn wet milling effluent can be categorised as high strength in terms of COD concentrations. This type of effluent proved to be amenable to anaerobic digestion treatment. Anaerobic pretreatment of corn wet milling effluent can proportionately reduce pollution loading into the receiving municipal conventional wastewater treatment systems.Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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薛志宏. "Study of dewatering characteristics of water treatment plant sludge." Thesis, 1992. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09437329934162090575.
Full text
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Wen, Jheng-Yan, and 溫鉦晏. "Modeling of a Reaction Clarifier of Water Treatment Plant." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40131212200786752312.
Full textAbstract:
碩士淡江大學
化學工程與材料工程學系碩士班
97
This study uses the software FLUENT(used for computational fluid dynamics) to simulate reaction clarifier blanket inside Bansin water treatment plant. We first establish the geometric structure and mesh of the clarifier blanket, then provide feed velocity, concentration, impeller rotation, and operation conditions for the sludge blanket. Then we use the Eulerian multiphased turbulent model to calculate and analyze the flow field inside the water treatment plant. Next we explore flow field alterations and compare it with the clarifier researches in the past. 1.the compare in different feed concentration 2.the compare in different impeller rotational velocity 3.the compare in sludge blanket height, 4 simulate particle’s path by DPM 5.the compare in clarifier blanket structure 6.simulate the flow field in the clarifier by the viscosity function defined myself. Using the above calculations and analysis, we hope to obtain better water quality. This study shows that turbulent model isn’t easy agitate than laminar model. High impeller rotational velocity causes the sludge blanket easily to agitate. With high concentration feed, the sludge blanket to agitate fast.; The height blanket the sludge blanket to agitate fast.; Regarding changes in the geometric structure, we find the longer the solid particles stay in the reaction well. A parameter called particle dissipation energy control the viscosity calculation that the defined viscosity function.
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Swarts, R. J. (Raymond Joseph). "An investigation into a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei water treatment plant." Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27308.
Full textAbstract:
Since the demand for fresh potable water increases every year, it is important to have future water demand strategies in place. People expect a secure, high quality, water supply and the water supply industry is governed by increasingly stringent water quality guidelines and legislation. The Cape Metropolitan Area (CMA) faces the challenge of an increasing demand for fresh water in excess of the existing supply. The City is responsible for the planning and development of the local water supply resources as well as managing the water demand in the CMA and to supplement the water supply to the City of Cape Town from local sources. The ‘Voëlvlei Augmentation Scheme’ was identified as one of the options to augment the water supply to the CMA. This option would involve pumping winter water from the Berg River via a pipeline to the Voëlvlei water treatment plant (WTP). The Voëlvlei WTP was designed to treat water from the adjacent Voëlvlei Dam. This Voëlvlei WTP raw water has a higher turbidity and a lower colour in comparison to the Berg River water. The plant’s treatment conditions were optimized to remove this high turbidity. The Voëlvlei WTP raw water also contains a relatively high manganese concentration and coagulation therefore occurs at a high pH with ferric sulphate to remove the manganese during the initial stages of the water treatment process. As the quality of the Berg River water is different to that of the Voëlvlei WTP raw water, it might not be possible to treat the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants current treatment parameters. The Berg River water could possibly be blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water before treatment at the WTP. If the Berg River water, or its blends, could not be treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants current treatment parameters, then this water would have to be pre-treated before entering the plant. Various forms of pre-treatment could be used, e.g., conventional water treatment using either aluminium or ferric sulphate as primary coagulants or ion-exchange water treatment using the MIEX® resin or even a combination of both. The main objective of this study was to determine a treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP. It is therefore important to determine if the Berg River water could be treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the current treatment regime. Also, if the Berg River water should be blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water, this study would determine which blend would be the most suited for treatment at the Voëlvlei WTP. If the Berg River water could not be treated directly at the Voëlvlei WTP, a pre-treatment strategy for this water should be determined. The cost of pretreatment of the Berg River water as compared to the cost of direct treatment at the Voëlvlei WTP should also be evaluated. In order to determine the best treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP, it was important to sample the Berg River water and the Voelvlei WTP raw water at regular intervals over a period of at least a year to determine its quality and the impact of seasonal changes. Various laboratory physical (e.g., turbidity) and chemical (e.g., total alkalinity) analyses were conducted on the Berg River water and Voëlvlei WTP raw water to determine its quality. The experimental procedure focused mainly on the Jar test which simulates the coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation processes at the Voëlvlei WTP. Jar tests were conducted on the Berg River water and the Voëlvlei WTP raw water using ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate as coagulants to determine the optimum pH and optimum coagulant dosage concentration for each coagulant. The Berg River water was also blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water in three different proportions and Jar tests were conducted on these blends using ferric sulphate as the coagulant at a coagulation pH of 5.0 and a Fe3+ dosage of 5.0 mg/L. Jar tests were also conducted on these blends with the Voëlvlei WTP treatment parameters using ferric sulphate as the coagulant at a coagulation pH of 9.2 and a Fe3+ dosage of 3.5 mg/L. The analytical results showed a similar pattern for the characterization of the Berg River water and the Voëlvlei WTP raw water. The iron and aluminium concentrations were consistently low during the summer months with significant increases during the winter months. There were no significant seasonal impact on the UV absorbance and colour. The Jar test results of the Voëlvlei WTP raw water and the Berg River water with ferric sulphate as the coagulant showed an optimum Fe3+dosage of 3.0 to 4.0 mg/L and 4.0 to 6.0 mg/L, respectively, with an optimum coagulation pH range of 6.6 to 9.5 and 5.0 to 10.0, respectively. The Jar test results of the Voëlvlei WTP raw water and the Berg River water with aluminium sulphate as the coagulant showed an optimum Al3+ dosage of 2.5 to 3.0 mg/L and 4.0 to 5.0 mg/L, respectively, with an optimum coagulation pH of 6.0 to 7.0 and 6.0, respectively. The Jar test results obtained for all 3 blends were similar to each other. The UV absorbance of the treated water was consistently below the operational specification, while the turbidities were inconsistent and did not always comply with the SANS 241:2006 Specification (Class I) for drinking water. The iron of the treated water was also consistently above the specified value of <0.200 mg/L. The Jar tests conducted on all 3 blends, with the Voëlvlei WTP treatment parameters, also yielded similar results. The UV absorbance of the treated water was consistently above the maximum operational specification of 0.100, while the turbidities were also consistently above the SANS 241:2006 Specification of <1 NTU. Both ferric sulphate and aluminium sulphate can be used as coagulants to treat the Berg River water, although ferric sulphate would be the preferred choice due to its wide coagulation pH range and also because of differences in their health effects. The Voëlvlei WTP coagulates at a pH of 9.2 to remove turbidity and any manganese that might be present in the raw water. The manganese would not be removed at the low coagulation pH of aluminium sulphate. The specified treatment parameters, including the Voëlvlei WTP treatment parameters, used in treating the raw water blends were not effective and further investigation and research is necessary to determine its optimum treatment parameters. This study concluded that the Berg River water cannot be effectively treated at the Voëlvlei WTP using the plants treatment parameters, even if it is blended with the Voëlvlei WTP raw water. Therefore, the best treatment strategy for the Berg River water at the Voëlvlei WTP would be pre-treatment of the water before entering the Voëlvlei WTP. Although there are various ways of pre-treating the Berg River water, this study has identified the following possible pre-treatment strategies:- pre-treatment with ferric sulphate and lime
- pre-treatment with ferric sulphate and lime in conjunction with MIEX® resin
- pre-treatment with MIEX® resin only
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Chemical Engineering
unrestricted
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Hsu, Wu-Shih, and 吳世旭. "Study of Optimal Residual aluminum Reduction in Drinking Water Treatment Plant–Case Study of Nan-Yu Water Plant." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/98334592158509159115.
Full textAbstract:
碩士嘉南藥理科技大學
環境工程與科學系
101
Taiwan's drinking water quality standards are not currently set given aluminum content limits, EPA is one of the objectives have been included in the quality of drinking water contaminants for screening, According to the research results, part of the water purification plant in the water distribution mainsthe network included in the total aluminum concentrations exceeding 0.2 mg / L. Nan jade water purification plant, the research for the study, conduct on-site investigations to operating technical documents and the establishment of the assessment tasks on the field with major unit operations assessment, the main unit of this field, the project contains the raw water quality characteristics, coagulation / gelling unit specifications, coagulant type and usage, coagulation / gelation unit operating conditions. Draw new dosing bottle cup test results according to the turbidity of the research carried out under the curve updated the dosing curve to reduce the total residual aluminum content. Add another two ferric chloride in a sink of water purification water treatment and water unit unit only in the submerged unit of more than 0.2 mg / L, two other water treatment and water unit residual aluminum volume of less than 0.05 mg / L. Via Nan jade water purification plant ferric chloride dosing trial results found that the switch to ferric chloride coagulant can reduce the amount of residual aluminum in the water.