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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical services New Zealand'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Hatah, Ernieda, Rhiannon Braund, Stephen Duffull, and June Tordoff. "General practitioners’ perceptions of pharmacists’ new services in New Zealand." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 34, no. 2 (February 23, 2012): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-012-9617-3.

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2

Gauld, Robin. "Health Care Rationing Policy in New Zealand: Development and Lessons." Social Policy and Society 3, no. 3 (June 22, 2004): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746404001745.

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This article discusses New Zealand's experiences with health care rationing policy. It reviews attempts to define ‘core services’, the development of prioritisation techniques for service access and funding, new technology assessment, and the management of subsidised pharmaceuticals. The New Zealand experience offers various lessons: that rationing policy development is, by nature, a ‘messy’ process; that central coordination of rationing policy is crucial unless differentiation in regional initiatives and service access are desired; and that through ongoing highlighting of the need for it, rationing policy development is likely to become an accepted reality.

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3

Cutting, Rachel B., Angela C. Webster, Nicholas B. Cross, Heather Dunckley, Ben Beaglehole, Ian Dittmer, John Irvine, et al. "AcceSS and Equity in Transplantation (ASSET) New Zealand: Protocol for population-wide data linkage platform to investigate equity in access to kidney failure health services in New Zealand." PLOS ONE 17, no. 8 (August 25, 2022): e0273371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0273371.

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Background Kidney transplantation is considered the ideal treatment for most people with kidney failure, conferring both survival and quality of life advantages, and is more cost effective than dialysis. Yet, current health systems may serve some people better than others, creating inequities in access to kidney failure treatments and health outcomes. AcceSS and Equity in Transplantation (ASSET) investigators aim to create a linked data platform to facilitate research enquiry into equity of health service delivery for people with kidney failure in New Zealand. Methods The New Zealand Ministry of Health will use patients’ National Health Index (NHI) numbers to deterministically link individual records held in existing registry and administrative health databases in New Zealand to create the data platform. The initial data linkage will include a study population of incident patients captured in the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA), New Zealand Blood Service Database and the Australia and New Zealand Living Kidney Donor Registry (ANZLKD) from 2006 to 2019 and their linked health data. Health data sources will include National Non-Admitted Patient Collection Data, National Minimum Dataset, Cancer Registry, Programme for the Integration of Mental Health Data (PRIMHD), Pharmaceutical Claims Database and Mortality Collection Database. Initial exemplar studies include 1) kidney waitlist dynamics and pathway to transplantation; 2) impact of mental illness on accessing kidney waitlist and transplantation; 3) health service use of living donors following donation. Conclusion The AcceSS and Equity in Transplantation (ASSET) linked data platform will provide opportunity for population-based health services research to examine equity in health care delivery and health outcomes in New Zealand. It also offers potential to inform future service planning by identifying where improvements can be made in the current health system to promote equity in access to health services for those in New Zealand.

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Hatah, Ernieda, June Tordoff, Stephen B. Duffull, Claire Cameron, and Rhiannon Braund. "Retrospective examination of selected outcomes of Medicines Use Review (MUR) services in New Zealand." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 36, no. 3 (March 15, 2014): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-014-9913-1.

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Martins, Jo M. "Health Systems in Australia and Four Other Countries: choices and challenges." Asia Pacific Journal of Health Management 11, no. 3 (October 1, 2016): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.24083/apjhm.v11i3.155.

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The purpose of health systems is the pursuit of healthy lives. The performance of the Australian health system over the last decade is compared with the United Kingdom and its three other offshoots: the United States, Canada and New Zealand. In the first instance, system performance is assessed in terms of threats to healthy lives from risk factors and changes that have taken place during the decade. In view of the emphasis of the five systems on the return to health after trauma and illness, and the human-resource intensity of health services, an appraisal is made of changes in the number of the major health professionals in relation to the growing populations. Then related changes in hospital, medical practitioner and dentist services are assessed. Changes in pharmaceutical drug prescriptions in Australian are also examined. The levels of national expenditures arising from the provision health services are then considered in the context of the costs of administration of the varied organisational modes, use of expensive medical technologies, pharmaceutical drug consumption and remuneration of health professionals. Finally, health outcomes in Australia and the other four countries are assessed in accordance with their human development level, life expectancy, potential years of life lost from different causes, as well as healthy life expectancies. Further, gaps in health and life expectancy of Indigenous people in the United States, Canada, New Zealand and Australia are reviewed, as well as health and survival inequalities among people in different social strata in each country. Abbreviations: GDP – Gross Domestic Product; HDI – Human Development Index.

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Abdul Aziz, Yasmin, Susan J. Heydon, Stephen B. Duffull, and Carlo A. Marra. "Are professional pharmacy services being offered for free in pharmacies? A feasibility study exploring the use of a time motion study in New Zealand." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.3.2422.

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Background: Pharmacists report to be providing patient-focused clinical services for which they receive no remuneration. Limited literature exists about unfunded services leading to difficulties in ascertaining an appropriate study design for such research. Objective: This study aims to assess the appropriateness of a proposed study design before launching a nationwide study to investigate the provision of unfunded patient care services. Methods: A multi-methods approach was utilised consisting of (1) continuous time motion study in community pharmacies (2) semi structured patient interviews (3) patient follow up (4) semi structured interviews with pharmacy owners/managers. All observations of unfunded patient care services were recorded, numerically coded and descriptively analysed. Semi structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. A semantic thematic analysis was carried out. Appropriateness of study design was dictated by the ability to characterise services and obtain patient perceptions. Results: Ten pharmacies took part in the feasibility study, across the city of Dunedin, New Zealand, representing a range of different practice settings and demographics. Ten patients were interviewed and six responded to follow up. Both pharmacy and patient recruitment proved challenging due to concerns around disruption to workflow and patient privacy. A continuous observation time motion study was found to be appropriate as it minimises disruption to workflow with no additional work required from the pharmacy teams. Conclusions: A continuous observation time motion study proved to be an appropriate method to investigate the provision of unfunded services on a national scale. The findings of the study suggest design changes such as length of observation time, increasing patient recruitment and additional patient questions to enhance the nationwide study.

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Donovan, Jacqueline, Ross T. Tsuyuki, Yazid N. Al Hamarneh, and Beata Bajorek. "Barriers to a full scope of pharmacy practice in primary care: A systematic review of pharmacists’ access to laboratory testing." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 152, no. 5 (August 6, 2019): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163519865759.

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Objectives: To describe primary care pharmacists’ current scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. Method: A 2-tiered search of key databases (PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE) and grey literature with the following MeSH headings: prescribing, pharmacist/pharmacy, laboratory test, collaborative practice, protocols/guidelines. We focused on Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia for this review. Results: There is limited literature exploring primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in relation to laboratory testing. The majority of literature is from the United States and Canada, with some from the United Kingdom and New Zealand and none from Australia. Overall, there is a difference in regulations between and within these countries, with the key difference being whether pharmacists access and/or order laboratory testing dependently or independently. Canadian pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests independently or dependently, depending on the province they practise in. US pharmacists can access and/or order laboratory tests dependently within collaborative practice agreements. In the United Kingdom, laboratory testing can be performed by independent prescribing pharmacists or dependently by supplementary prescribing pharmacists. New Zealand prescribing pharmacists can order laboratory testing independently. Most publications do not report on the types of laboratory tests used by pharmacists, but those that do predominantly resulted in positive patient outcomes. Discussion/Conclusion: Primary care pharmacists’ scope of practice in laboratory testing is presently limited to certain jurisdictions and is often performed in a dependent fashion. As such, a full scope of pharmacy services is almost entirely unavailable to patients in the United States, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia. Just as in the case for pharmacists prescribing, evidence indicates better patient outcomes when pharmacists can access/order laboratory tests, but more research needs to be done alongside the implementation of local guidelines and practice standards for pharmacists who practise in that realm. Patients around the world deserve to receive a full scope of pharmacists’ practice, and lack of access to laboratory testing is one of the major obstacles to this. Can Pharm J (Ott) 2019;152:xx-xx.

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Tordoff, June, Michael Bagge, Farina Ali, Samira Ahmed, Jie Ning Choong, Rowena Fu, Annie Joe, and Prasad Nishtala. "Older people's perceptions of prescription medicine costs and related costs: a pilot study in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 6, no. 4 (2014): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc14295.

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INTRODUCTION: Older people tend to take more medicines and prescription medicine costs may influence medicine adherence. AIM: The aim of this pilot study was to identify older people's perceptions of prescription medicine costs and related costs in four major cities across New Zealand. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to people aged 65 years and older visiting pharmacies in Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin to identify their perceptions of costs relating to prescription medicines and related pharmacy and general practice services. Data were compared between cities and examined for associations between participants' views on costs and age, sex, income, ethnicity, number of medicines, and monthly cost. RESULTS: Participants (N=107) received a median of five prescription medicines (range 1–15), at a median cost of NZ$8.00 (range 0–55.30). Median part-charges for medicines only partly funded by the government were NZ$6.25 (range 0.60–100.00), and GP consultations ranged from NZ$0–60.00. Of the participants, 89 (83.2%) thought medicine costs and 63 (58.9%) thought GP consultation costs were reasonable. Participants with median monthly medicine costs of NZ$8.33–87.00 more commonly perceived medicines as expensive or very expensive (p=0.001, Fisher's exact test). DISCUSSION: Older people in this study mostly viewed their prescription medicines and related costs as reasonable; however, 17% and 41%, respectively, found medicines costs and GP consultation costs expensive. Larger, in-depth studies across New Zealand are needed to determine the sections of the population that find these costs expensive, and to explore how this might affect medicine adherence. KEYWORDS: Aged; community health services; costs and cost analysis; New Zealand; pharmaceutical preparations

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Hikaka, Joanna, Carmel Hughes, Rhys Jones, Martin J. Connolly, and Nataly Martini. "A systematic review of pharmacist-led medicines review services in New Zealand – is there equity for Māori older adults?" Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 15, no. 12 (December 2019): 1383–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.01.009.

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Aspden, Trudi J., Pushkar R. Silwal, Munyaradzi Marowa, and Rhys Ponton. "Why do pharmacists leave the profession? A mixed-method exploratory study." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 3, 2021): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2332.

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Background: Recent New Zealand policy documents aim for pharmacists to be retained, and promote the provision of extended clinical pharmacy services. However, younger pharmacists have expressed dissatisfaction with the profession on informal social for a. Objectives: To explore the characteristics, and perspectives of pharmacy as a career, of recent Bachelor of Pharmacy (BPharm, four-year degree) graduates who have left, or are seriously considering leaving the New Zealand pharmacy profession in the near future and where they have gone, or plan to go. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with a mixed-method explanatory sequential design. An anonymous online survey among those who completed their pharmacy undergraduate degree (BPharm or equivalent) in 2003 or later and who had left or who were seriously considering leaving the New Zealand pharmacy profession in the next five years, was open from 1st December 2018 to 1st February 2019. Recruitment occurred via University alumni databases, pharmacy professional organisations, pharmaceutical print media, social media and word-of-mouth. Ten semi-structured interviews were then conducted with a purposive sample of survey respondents. Descriptive statistics were generated from the quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed using manifest content analysis. Results: We received 327 analysable surveys of which 40.4% (n=132) were from those who had already left the New Zealand pharmacy sector at the time of the data collection and the rest (59.6% n=195) were those working within the sector, but seriously considering leaving the profession. Reasons most commonly reported for studying pharmacy were having an interest in health and wanting to work with people. The most common reasons for leaving, or wanting to leave, were dissatisfaction with the professional environment, including inadequate remuneration, and a perceived lack of career pathways or promotion opportunities. A wide range of career destinations were declared, with medicine being most frequently reported. Conclusions: Most of the reasons for leaving/considering leaving the profession reported relate to the values and features of the pharmacy profession such as the professional environment, remuneration and career pathways. These findings are consistent with other studies and may represent a barrier to achieving the aims of recent health policy documents.

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Kinsey, Hannah, Shane Scahill, Lynne Bye, and Jeff Harrison. "Funding for change: New Zealand pharmacists’ views on, and experiences of, the community pharmacy services agreement." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 24, no. 6 (April 28, 2016): 379–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12266.

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Ng, Jerome, and Jeff Harrison. "Key performance indicators for clinical pharmacy services in New Zealand public hospitals: stakeholder perspectives." Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research 1, no. 2 (July 23, 2010): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-8893.2010.00001.x.

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13

Saxton, Peter J. W., and Susan M. McAllister. "Enumerating the population eligible for funded HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in New Zealand." Sexual Health 16, no. 1 (2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18058.

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Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) became publicly funded in New Zealand (NZ) on 1 March 2018. PrEP could have a substantial population-level effect on HIV transmission if scaled up rapidly. An accurate estimate of the size of the PrEP-eligible population would guide implementation. Methods: We drew on nine sources to estimate the PrEP-eligible population, namely Statistics NZ data, Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) data on adults receiving funded antiretroviral treatment (ART), expert advice, estimates of the HIV care cascade, surveillance of undiagnosed HIV in a community sample of gay and bisexual men (GBM), surveillance of HIV diagnoses, NZ Health Survey data on sexual orientation among males, behavioural surveillance among GBM and behavioural data among people living with HIV (PLWH) from the HIV Futures NZ study. From these sources we derived three estimates relating to GBM, non-GBM and total eligible population. Sensitivity analyses examined different assumptions (GBM denominators, proportion PLWH diagnosed, proportion of diagnosed PLWH treated). Results: We estimated that 17.9% of sexually active HIV-negative GBM would be eligible for PrEP, equating to 5816 individuals. We estimated that 31 non-GBM individuals would be eligible for PrEP. Thus, in total, 5847 individuals would be eligible for PrEP, comprising 99.5% GBM and 0.5% non-GBM. Sensitivity analyses ranged from 3062 to 6718 individuals. Conclusions: Policy makers can use enumeration to monitor the speed and scale in coverage as implementation of publicly funded PrEP proceeds. Sexual health and primary care services can use enumeration to forecast PrEP demand and plan accordingly. Better quality data, especially on transgender adults in NZ, would improve the accuracy of estimates.

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Harrison, Jeff, Minna Janlöv, and Amanda J. Wheeler. "Patterns of clozapine prescribing in a mental health service in New Zealand." Pharmacy World & Science 32, no. 4 (June 6, 2010): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-010-9398-5.

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Saxton, Peter J. W., and Susan M. McAllister. "Corrigendum to: Enumerating the population eligible for funded HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in New Zealand." Sexual Health 16, no. 1 (2019): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh18058_co.

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Background:Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) became publicly funded in New Zealand (NZ) on 1 March 2018. PrEP could have a substantial population-level effect on HIV transmission if scaled up rapidly. An accurate estimate of the size of the PrEP-eligible population would guide implementation. Methods: We drew on nine sources to estimate the PrEP-eligible population, namely Statistics NZ data, Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) data on adults receiving funded antiretroviral treatment (ART), expert advice, estimates of the HIV care cascade, surveillance of undiagnosed HIV in a community sample of gay and bisexual men (GBM), surveillance of HIV diagnoses, NZ Health Survey data on sexual orientation among males, behavioural surveillance among GBM and behavioural data among people living with HIV (PLWH) from the HIV Futures NZ study. From these sources we derived three estimates relating to GBM, non-GBM and total eligible population. Sensitivity analyses examined different assumptions (GBM denominators, proportion PLWH diagnosed, proportion of diagnosed PLWH treated). Results: We estimated that 17.9% of sexually active HIV-negative GBM would be eligible for PrEP, equating to 5816 individuals. We estimated that 31 non-GBM individuals would be eligible for PrEP. Thus, in total, 5847 individuals would be eligible for PrEP, comprising 99.5% GBM and 0.5% non-GBM. Sensitivity analyses ranged from 3062 to 6718 individuals. Conclusions: Policy makers can use enumeration to monitor the speed and scale in coverage as implementation of publicly funded PrEP proceeds. Sexual health and primary care services can use enumeration to forecast PrEP demand and plan accordingly. Better quality data, especially on transgender adults in NZ, would improve the accuracy of estimates.

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Kharjul, Mangesh D., Claire Cameron, and Rhiannon Braund. "Using the Pharmaceutical Collection Database to identify patient adherence to oral hypoglycaemic medicines." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 3 (2019): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19017.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONPoor adherence to oral hypoglycaemic medicines is a key contributor to therapy failure and sub-optimal glycaemic control among people with type 2 diabetes. It is unclear how commonly non-adherence to oral hypoglycaemics occurs in the general population. This information is essential to design and implement local adherence strategies. AIMThis study aimed to determine levels of sub-optimal adherence and identify patient groups who may need additional adherence support. METHODSThe dispensing data of 340,283 patients from one District Health Board was obtained from the Pharmaceutical Collection Database for the period 2008–15. Of these, 12,405 patients received oral hypoglycaemic therapy during the study period. The proportion of days covered (PDC) was calculated for patients with complete data and a PDC value of ≥80% was used to indicate sufficient adherence. Patient demographics (gender, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status) and therapy type (mono- or combination) were described. RESULTSOverall, 54.5% of the patients were found to have a PDC of <80% and so were considered non-adherent. Non-adherence was significantly higher in patients receiving combination oral hypoglycaemic therapy than monotherapy; in male patients; in New Zealand Māori patients; and in patients with higher socioeconomic deprivation. DISCUSSIONIn the study region, non-adherence to oral hypoglycaemic medicines was significant and widespread. Identification of such patients is important so that strategies to enhance adherence can be implemented. Prescribers need to be encouraged to optimise monotherapy before the addition of another oral hypoglycaemic, and adherence support services should be offered not only to older patients.

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Shaw, John, Jeff Harrison, and Jenny Harrison. "A community pharmacist-led anticoagulation management service: attitudes towards a new collaborative model of care in New Zealand." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 22, no. 6 (February 24, 2014): 397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12097.

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Lessing, Charon, Toni Ashton, and Peter Davis. "The impact on health outcome measures of switching to generic medicines consequent to reference pricing: the case of olanzapine in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 7, no. 2 (2015): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc15094.

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INTRODUCTION: New Zealand's Pharmaceutical Management Agency (PHARMAC) manages the list of medicines available for prescribing with government subsidy, within a fixed annual medicines budget. PHARMAC achieves this through a mix of pricing strategies including reference pricing. In 2011, PHARMAC applied generic reference pricing to olanzapine tablets. AIM: This study sought to evaluate change in outcome measures of patients switching from originator to generic olanzapine consequent to the introduction of the policy. METHODS: A retrospective study using national health data collections was conducted. Outcome measures included medicines indicators (change in dosage, concomitant therapy and treatment cessation), health care service indicators (use of emergency departments, hospitals and specialist services), surveillance reports of adverse events, and mortality. RESULTS: Subsequent to the removal of funding for originator brand olanzapine tablets, 99.7% of patients meeting the inclusion criteria switched to using generic olanzapine. Limited case reports of suspected therapeutic loss were received in the study time period. No increase in use of additional oral or injectable antipsychotic medication was observed after switching, nor any increase in other unique, non-antipsychotic prescription items. However, a high incidence of multiple switching between available brands was found. No net impact of switching brands on health service utilisation or mortality was found. DISCUSSION: The study shows that a switch can be made safely from originator olanzapine to a generic brand, and suggests that switching to generics should generally be viewed more positively. Generic reference pricing achieves considerable savings and, as a pricing policy, could be applied more widely. KEYWORDS: Antipsychotic agents; drug costs; drugs, generic; olanzapine

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Ruhe, Troy, Nick Bowden, Reremoana Theodore, Brittany Stanley-Wishart, Sarah Hetrick, Hiran Thabrew, Matt Hobbs, et al. "Identification of mental health and substance use-related conditions among Pasifika young people in Aotearoa New Zealand - a national cross-sectional study using the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI)." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 10 (December 20, 2022): 663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2022.147.

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Introduction: Pasifika young people of Aotearoa New Zealand are known to experience higher rates of mental health and addiction conditions (especially anxiety and depression), compared with young non-Māori/non-Pasifika (NMNP). However, there is little information about how well these issues are identified by mental health services. Aim: We compared rates of diagnosis of common mental health and substance use-related conditions between Pasifika and NMNP young people (aged 10-24 years) and examined how these diagnoses varied with deprivation. Method: This national, cross-sectional study was undertaken using 2017/18 fiscal year data from a national database known as the Integrated Data Infrastructure. Specialist mental health service use, hospitalisations and pharmaceutical dispensing for any mental health condition, emotional condition (depression and/or anxiety), substance use-related conditions, and self-harm were examined. Results: A total of 982,305 young people (12.4%, Pasifika and 63.9%, NMNP) were identified. Compared with NMNP, Pasifika young people were significantly less likely to be diagnosed by specialist mental health services with any mental health condition (adjusted Risk Ratio (aRR) = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.78); any emotional condition (aRR= 0.44, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.43 to 0.45); or to be hospitalised for self-harm (aRR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.82 to 0.94). However, they were significantly more likely than NMNP to be diagnosed with substance use-related conditions (aRR = 1.68, 95% CI = 1.63 to 1.74). Although the overall rate of mental health issues remained relatively stable across deprivation levels, emotional conditions were much less frequently diagnosed in those with greater deprivation. Discussion: Discrepancies between expected and identified rates of diagnoses of common mental health and substance use-related conditions might indicate different patterns of service access by Pasifika young people, or they may reflect the bias of an inequitable and less than culturally appropriate health system.

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Vicary, Dianne, Sara Salman, Nicolas Jones, and Trudi Aspden. "Hawke’s Bay pharmacists’ activities during a campylobacter contamination of public water supply in Havelock North during 2016." Journal of Primary Health Care 12, no. 2 (2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19110.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONIn August 2016 contamination of the local water supply resulted in a significant gastroenteritis outbreak in Hawke’s Bay. The significance of the initial test result was recognised early, partly as a result of information provided by a Havelock North pharmacist to health authorities about an unusual number of requests for anti-diarrhoeal medication. AIMTo describe the breadth of activities undertaken by pharmacists working in Hawke’s Bay in August 2016, following Campylobacter jejuni contamination of the public water supply in Havelock North, New Zealand. METHODSAll pharmacists and hospital pharmacy management staff working in Hawke’s Bay in 2017 were eligible to complete the qualitative online questionnaire. Additionally, information was requested from stakeholders with known relevant experiences. Free-text responses were thematically analysed using a general inductive approach. RESULTSThirteen pharmacists and two ancillary staff from community pharmacy, hospital pharmacy, general practice, management, emergency response and dispensary management responded to the survey. Analysis of responses revealed three overarching themes and six sub-themes. The first was public wellbeing, with sub-themes of community information, local emergency response and pharmacy operational management. The second was pharmaceutical distribution, with a sub-theme of stock management. The third theme was clinical medicine management, with sub-themes of acute symptom management and medicine management. DISCUSSIONThe pharmacy profession appears to have played an important role in public wellbeing, pharmaceutical distribution and medicine therapy management during the outbreak. It is likely that through their actions, responding pharmacists reduced demand on other primary care services and prevented hospitalisations. Further research directions include exploring the effectiveness of community pharmacists in public health surveillance and the use of endorsed public health information to ensure consistent delivery of health messages.

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Shetty, Anil, Clair Mills, and Kyle Eggleton. "Primary care management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis in Northland." Journal of Primary Health Care 6, no. 3 (2014): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc14189.

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INTRODUCTION: Reducing the rate of acute rheumatic fever nationally by two-thirds by 2017 is a New Zealand Ministry of Health priority. Northland District Health Board (DHB) has high rates of rheumatic fever, disproportionately impacting on Maori children and young people. School-based programmes and general practice both contribute to rheumatic fever prevention in detecting and appropriately treating group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. AIM: The aim of this study was to assess adherence by general practitioners and school-based sore throat programmes to national guidelines for the management of GAS pharyngitis in Northland. METHODS: Laboratory and pharmaceutical data were obtained for children and young people aged 320 years who had GAS positive throat swabs in Northland laboratory services between 1 April and 31 July 2012. Data were analysed separately for general practice and the school programmes for rheumatic fever prevention. RESULTS: One in five of those children presenting to general practice with a positive throat swab and complete prescription data did not receive treatment according to national guidelines, while appropriate treatment was offered to more than 98% of children accessing school-based programmes. A significant proportion of those seen in general practice received antibiotics not recommended by guidelines, an inadequate length of treatment or no prescription. There were no significant differences in the management of Maori and non-Maori children. DISCUSSION: There is room for improvement in general practice management of GAS pharyngitis in Northland. School-based management of sore throat provides high-quality management for children at high risk of rheumatic fever. KEYWORDS: Pharyngitis; prevention and control; primary health care; rheumatic fever; school health services; Streptococcus pyogenes

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Wong, Lun Shen, Sanya Ram, and Shane Scahill. "Community Pharmacists’ Beliefs about Suboptimal Practice during the Times of COVID-19." Pharmacy 10, no. 6 (October 26, 2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10060140.

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Introduction: Community pharmacies are high-performance workplaces; if the environment is not conducive to safe practice, mistakes can occur. There has been increasing demand for pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic as they have become integral to the response. Suboptimal practices in the work environment and with pharmacists and their teams can impact the safe delivery of services. New Zealand pharmacists’ perceptions of the current work environment and beliefs around whether suboptimal practice have increased within the last five years and the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on their practices are unknown. Aim/Objectives: To assess what New Zealand pharmacists associate with suboptimal practice in their workplace and investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on pharmacists and their workplaces. Methods: We employed an anonymous online questionnaire derived from a human factors framework utilised in the aviation industry to explore the potential environment, team and organisational factors as the determinants of suboptimal work practices. The software, hardware, environment and liveware (S.H.E.L.L) model was adapted to create questions classifying the risk factors to potentially identify aspects of work systems that are vulnerable and may provide risks to optimal practice. Additional perceptions around the effect of COVID-19 on their workplace and roles as pharmacists were explored. Participants were community pharmacists working in New Zealand contacted via a mailing list of the responsible authority for the profession. Findings: We received responses from 260 participants. Most participants indicated that suboptimal practice had increased in the last 5 years (79.8%). The majority of participants indicated that COVID-19 had impacted their workplaces (96%) and their roles as pharmacists (92.1%). Participants perceived that suboptimal practice was associated with a lack of leadership and appropriate management; poor access to resourcing, such as adequate staff and narrow time constraints for work tasks; a lack of procedures; competition; and stress. A lack of experience, professionalism and poor communication between staff, patients and external agencies were also issues. COVID-19 has affected pharmacists personally and their work environments. Further study in this area is required. Conclusions: We have identified that pharmacists across all sectors of New Zealand agreed that suboptimal practices had increased in the last 5 years. A human factors S.H.E.L.L framework can be used to classify themes to understand the increases in suboptimal practice and the role of COVID-19 on pharmacist practice. Many of these themes build on the growing body of the international literature around the effect of the pandemic on pharmacist practice. Areas for which there are less historical data to compare longitudinally include pharmacist wellbeing and the impact of COVID-19.

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Gibb, Sheree, Barry Milne, Nichola Shackleton, Barry J. Taylor, and Richard Audas. "How universal are universal preschool health checks? An observational study using routine data from New Zealand’s B4 School Check." BMJ Open 9, no. 4 (April 2019): e025535. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025535.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to estimate how many children were attending a universal preschool health screen and to identify characteristics associated with non-participation.DesignAnalysis of population-level linked administrative data.ParticipantsChildren were considered eligible for a B4 School Check for a given year if:(1) they were ever resident in New Zealand (NZ),(2) lived in NZ for at least 6 months during the reference year, (3) were alive at the end of the reference year, (4) either appeared in any hospital (including emergency) admissions, community pharmaceutical dispensing or general practitioner enrolment datasets during the reference year or (5) had a registered birth in NZ. We analysed 252 273 records over 4 years, from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2015.ResultsWe found that participation rates varied for each component of the B4 School Check (in 2014/2015 91.8% for vision and hearing tests (VHTs), 87.2% for nurse checks (including height, weight, oral health, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] and parental evaluation of development status) and 62.1% for SDQ – Teacher [SDQ-T]), but participation rates for all components increased over time. Māori and Pacific children were less likely to complete the checks than non-Māori and non-Pacific children (for VHTs: Māori: OR=0.60[95% CI 0.61 to 0.58], Pacific: OR=0.58[95% CI 0.60 to 0.56], for nurse checks: Māori: OR=0.63[95% CI 0.64 to 0.61], Pacific: OR=0.67[95% CI 0.69 to0.65] and for SDQ-T: Māori: OR=0.76[95% CI 0.78 to 0.75], Pacific: OR=0.37[95% CI 0.38 to 0.36]). Children from socioeconomically deprived areas, with younger mothers, from rented homes, residing in larger households, with worse health status and with higher rates of residential mobility were less likely to participate in the B4 School Check than other children.ConclusionThe patterns of non-participation suggest a reinforcing of existing disparities, whereby the children most in need are not getting the services they potentially require. There needs to be an increased effort by public health organisations, community and whānau/family to ensure that all children are tested and screened.

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Gao, Lan, Ralph Maddison, Jonathan Rawstorn, Kylie Ball, Brian Oldenburg, Clara Chow, Sarah McNaughton, et al. "Economic evaluation protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial to compare Smartphone Cardiac Rehabilitation, Assisted self-Management (SCRAM) versus usual care cardiac rehabilitation among people with coronary heart disease." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e038178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038178.

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IntroductionIt is important to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of alternative services to traditional cardiac rehabilitation while the economic credentials of the Smartphone Cardiac Rehabilitation, Assisted self-Management (SCRAM) programme among people with coronary heart disease (CHD) are unknown. This economic protocol outlines the methods for undertaking a trial-based economic evaluation of SCRAM in the real-world setting in Australia.Methods and analysisThe within-trial economic evaluation will be undertaken alongside a randomised controlled trial (RCT) designed to determine the effectiveness of SCRAM in comparison with the usual care cardiac rehabilitation (UC) alone in people with CHD. Pathway analysis will be performed to identify all the costs related to the delivery of SCRAM and UC. Both a healthcare system and a limited societal perspective will be adopted to gauge all costs associated with health resource utilisation and productivity loss. Healthcare resource use over the 6-month participation period will be extracted from administrative databases (ie, Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and Medical Benefits Schedule). Productivity loss will be measured by absenteeism from work (valued by human capital approach). The primary outcomes for the economic evaluation are maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max, mL/kg/min, primary RCT outcome) and quality-adjusted life years estimated from health-related quality of life as assessed by the Assessment of Quality of Life-8D instrument. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio will be calculated using the differences in costs and benefits (ie, primary and secondary outcomes) between the two randomised groups from both perspectives with no discounting. All costs will be valued in Australian dollars for year 2020.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol has been approved under Australia’s National Mutual Acceptance agreement by the Melbourne Health Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/18/MH/119). It is anticipated that SCRAM is a cost-effective cardiac telerehabilitation programme for people with CHD from both a healthcare and a limited societal perspective in Australia. The evaluation will provide evidence to underpin national scale-up of the programme to a wider population. The results of the economic analysis will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001458224).

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Lexchin, Joel. "PHARMACEUTICAL PROMOTION IN NEW ZEALAND." Community Health Studies 12, no. 3 (February 12, 2010): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-6405.1988.tb00586.x.

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Cumming, Jacqueline. "Defining Core Services: New Zealand Experiences." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 2, no. 1 (January 1997): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581969700200108.

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A key aspect of the New Zealand health reforms was the proposed development of an explicit core of services to which all New Zealanders would have access. A range of approaches has been taken by the government, its advisers, purchasers and providers to describe sets of services to which New Zealanders are to have access. The development of an explicit core aims to promote equity of access to services, to ensure that those services available are those that are the most cost-effective and the services New Zealanders feel to be the most important, and to clarify entitlements to publicly funded health care. This paper describes the current approaches that are being used to define core services in New Zealand, discusses the reasons behind some of the choices made and notes some key issues for further policy debate.

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Mellsop, Graham W., Bridget Taumoepeau, and Don A. R. Smith. "Mental Health Services in New Zealand." International Journal of Mental Health 22, no. 1 (March 1993): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1993.11449249.

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Coe, Graham. "Electronic information services in New Zealand." Electronic Library 7, no. 4 (April 1989): 239–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb044898.

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Coney, Sandra. "Privatising infertility services in New Zealand." Lancet 345, no. 8960 (May 1995): 1298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)90940-0.

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Coney, Sandra. "New Zealand investigates mental health services." Lancet 346, no. 8990 (December 1995): 1620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91946-5.

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Wilson, Janice. "Mental Health Services in New Zealand." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 23, no. 3-4 (May 2000): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-2527(00)00032-7.

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Lichter, Ivan. "Palliative care services in New Zealand." Palliative Medicine 4, no. 3 (July 1990): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921639000400310.

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Simpson, Alexander I. F., and D. G. Chaplow. "Forensic Psychiatry Services in New Zealand." Psychiatric Services 52, no. 7 (July 2001): 973—a—974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.52.7.973-a.

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Parker, John. "Pharmaceutical patent reform in New Zealand." New Zealand Economic Papers 31, no. 1 (June 1997): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779959709544267.

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Manthei, Robert J. "Who Uses Counseling Services in New Zealand?" International Journal of Mental Health 32, no. 2 (June 2003): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207411.2003.11449584.

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Carroll, Roy. "Multicultural Library Services: A New Zealand View." Collection Building 10, no. 3/4 (March 1990): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb023282.

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Durie, Mason. "Indigenizing mental health services: New Zealand experience." Transcultural Psychiatry 48, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461510383182.

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Oakley, Amanda M. M. "Teledermatology in New Zealand." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 5, no. 2 (March 2001): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347540100500203.

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Background: Teledermatology is the delivery of specialist dermatological services at a distance. It has become possible because of technological advances in digital imaging and telecommunications. Consultations may be “interactive” using video-conferencing equipment or “store-and-forward” using prerecorded text and images. The best method to deliver teledermatology services is unknown. Objective: Studies were designed to determine (a) if it was possible to diagnose and manage skin diseases using video-conferencing equipment, (b) if teledermatology was acceptable to patients and medical practitioners, and (c) whether it offered any economic advantages. We have also compared interactive and store-and-forward techniques. Method: The trials were conducted in collaboration with the Institute of Telemedicine & Telecare, Queen's University, Belfast, as part of the UK Teledermatology Trials. Remits: The trials have involved more than 300 teledermatology consultations. Having established that a diagnosis can be made in more than two-thirds of the cases, the majority of video consultations have resulted in satisfactory management, with only small numbers of patients requiring face-to-face review. Teledermatology is generally popular with patients and can save them considerable time and money. Routine clinics continue in three centers. We have found that effective store-and-forward teledermatology requires very good images and comprehensive historical referral data.

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McGeorge, A. P. "Mental health in New Zealand." International Psychiatry 5, no. 1 (January 2008): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005415.

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New Zealand's healthcare system has undergone significant changes in recent times, among them being the establishment in 1993 of a purchaser/provider split and the specific attention given to the development of mental health services. Funding for mental health services (Fig. 1) increased from NZ$270 million in 1993/94 to NZ$866.6 million per annum in 2004/05, a real increase (adjusted for inflation) of 154% (Mental Health Commission, 2006). The bi-partisan political commitment sustaining this funding has had a major impact on the development of recovery-based and culturally specific models of care unrivalled by few countries in the world. However, recent reports (Mental Health Commission, 2006) indicate that, particularly with regard to access, much still remains to be done to address the mental health needs of New Zealanders.

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Parker, John. "Pharmaceutical Patent Term Restoration in New Zealand." Prometheus 18, no. 3 (September 2000): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713692072.

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Shahtahmasebi, Said. "Suicide in New Zealand." Scientific World JOURNAL 5 (2005): 527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2005.74.

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This paper explores and questions some of the notions associated with suicide including mental illness. On average, about two-thirds of suicide cases do not come into contact with mental health services, therefore, we have no objective assessment of their mental status or their life events. One method of improving our objective understanding of suicide would be to use data mining techniques in order to build life event histories on all deaths due to suicide. Although such an exercise would require major funding, partial case histories became publicly available from a coroner's inquest on cases of suicide during a period of three months in Christchurch, New Zealand. The case histories were accompanied by a newspaper article reporting comments from some of the families involved. A straightforward contextual analysis of this information suggests that (i) only five cases had contact with mental health services, in two of the cases this was due to a previous suicide attempt and in the other three it was due to drug and alcohol dependency; (ii) mental illness as the cause of suicide is fixed in the public mindset, (iii) this in turn makes psychological autopsy type studies that seek information from families and friends questionable; (iv) proportionally more females attempt, but more men tend to complete suicide; and (v) not only is the mental health-suicide relationship tenuous, but suicide also appears to be a process outcome. It is hoped that this will stimulate debate and the collaboration of international experts regardless of their school of thought.

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Shergill, G. S., and Wenli Sun. "Tourists' Perceptions Towards Hotel Services in New Zealand." International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration 5, no. 4 (December 2004): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j149v05n04_01.

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CAMPBELL, ALASTAIR V. "DEFINING CORE HEALTH SERVICES: THE NEW ZEALAND EXPERIENCE." Bioethics 9, no. 3 (July 1995): 252–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.1995.tb00359.x.

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Cooper, M. H. "Core services and the New Zealand health reforms." British Medical Bulletin 51, no. 4 (1995): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072995.

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Neve, M. J., G. B. Rowe, K. W. Sowerby, A. G. Williamson, and M. Shafi. "Wireless personal communications services: a New Zealand perspective." IEEE Personal Communications 4, no. 2 (April 1997): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/98.590672.

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Pearman, G. "Supervisory Development in the New Zealand Social Services." Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources 30, no. 1 (September 1, 1992): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841119203000108.

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Furbish, Dale. "An Overview of New Zealand Career Development Services." Australian Journal of Career Development 21, no. 2 (July 2012): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103841621202100203.

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Jackson, Christopher GCA, Ian Bissett, Scott Macfarlane, and Shaun Costello. "Improving cancer services and survival in New Zealand." Journal of Cancer Policy 23 (March 2020): 100216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpo.2020.100216.

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Bassett, Bruce. "New Zealand Country Report : Quitline Smoking Cessation Services." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 17, sup2 (April 25, 2016): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.s2.25.

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Gynnerstedt, Kerstin, and Mike O'Brien. "Welfare services in Sweden – with New Zealand comments." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 23, no. 1-2 (July 8, 2016): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol23iss1-2id165.

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Two countries on the opposite side of the globe – Sweden and New Zealand– similarities and differences! This article is an introduction to the following articles about aspects of social services in Sweden. These articles, written from a Swedish perspectives and context, give some pictures of the welfare sector in the areas of elderly care, psychiatric care and disability care which hopefully will be of interest especially for New Zealand readers. To build the understanding of the Swedish model this introductory article starts with a theoretical approach to welfare systems. To understand the context in which services are delivered, it is necessary to both give some basic facts about the countries and about services – regulation, conditions, or- ganisations and implementation, including how services have developed historically and influenced the current situation – and to include comments and reflections from a New Zealand perspective. These external comments and reflections are also a way to broaden the interest and value for New Zealand readers as well as for international readers in general and, not least, Swedish readers.

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