Dissertations / Theses: 'Pharmaceutical producers'

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Alev, Isil. "Operational perspectives on extended producer responsibility for durable and consumable products." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54382.

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This thesis consists of three essays that contribute to the understanding of the economic implications of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for certain durable (e.g. electronics) and consumable (e.g. pharmaceuticals) products from an operational perspective. In the first essay, we investigate the effect of EPR-based policy on a durable good producer’s secondary market strategy. Our analysis uncovers possible strategic approach of durable good producers to EPR obligations, which may result in unintended outcomes. We provide insights into how to set EPR obligations to avoid these adverse outcomes. In the second essay, we examine the operational details of market-based EPR implementation on the ground. We analyze whether the advocated premises of the marked-based approach hold by focusing on the Minnesota Electronics Recycling Act. Based on evaluation reports and stakeholder interviews, we find that the Minnesota Act achieves the premises of the market-based approach, but this occurs at the expense of several unintended outcomes, following unforeseen market dynamics and associated stakeholder interactions. In the third essay, we explore how the EPR-based policies can be effectively operationalized for managing pharmaceutical overage by analyzing the interactions between major stakeholders and moderating factors for these interactions. We demonstrate that the preferred policy depends on the healthcare and externality characteristics of the medicine together with collection-related requirements. Additionally, we investigate the perspectives of pharmaceutical stakeholders on the policy choice and identify the influential factors in this context.

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Oliva, Viera Ivette Lorena. "Factores que determinaron el incremento de las importaciones de los productos farmacéuticos chinos en el Perú, entre el 2013 al 2017." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/628116.

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La presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar aquellos factores que generaron el incremento de las importaciones de los productos farmacéuticos chinos en el Perú, entre los años 2013 al 2017. En principio, se analizaron las fuentes secundarias de la industria farmacéutica y las teorías de aplicación para entender mejor la industria y conocer los factores más relevantes que están impulsando el incremento de dichas importaciones chinas, sobre todo por tener un impacto directo con la salud y el bienestar de las personas. De acuerdo a la investigación exhaustiva en el marco teórico, se determinó que el capital y la mano de obra, diversificación, los costos logísticos, el régimen de políticas y la capacidad industrial, son factores determinantes que contribuyen al incremento de las importaciones de los productos farmacéuticos chinos en el Perú. En tanto, la metodología de trabajo aplicada corresponde a un estudio de tipo cualitativo – descriptivo, con diseño no experimental y que utiliza como instrumento de investigación a la entrevista en profundidad, cuyo resultado demostró que cuatro de los cinco factores son considerados determinantes con relación a nuestro tema de estudio. Es decir, el factor de la diversificación no fue considerado determinante para el presente tema de estudio. Debido a la investigación, se recomienda que la industria farmacéutica nacional y privada realice mejores prácticas empresariales con respecto a la utilización de estos factores de modo que puedan no sólo emular lo hecho por China, sino lograr elevar su competitividad en el mercado peruano hacia una industria farmacéutica más fortalecida.
This research aims to determine those factors that generated the increase in imports of Chinese pharmaceutical products in Peru, between 2013 and 2017. In principle, secondary sources of the pharmaceutical industry and application theories were analyzed to better understand the industry and to know the most relevant factors that are driving the increase in these Chinese imports, especially for having a direct impact on health and health. people's well-being According to the exhaustive research in the theoretical framework, it was determined that capital and labor, diversification, logistics costs, policy regime and industrial capacity are determining factors that contribute to the increase in product imports. Chinese pharmacists in Peru. Meanwhile, the applied work methodology corresponds to a qualitative - descriptive study, with a non-experimental design and that uses the in-depth interview as a research instrument, the result of which showed that four of the five factors are considered determinants in relation to Our subject of study. That is, the diversification factor was not considered decisive for the present subject of study. Due to the research, it is recommended that the national and private pharmaceutical industry make better business practices regarding the use of these factors so that they can not only emulate what China has done, but also increase their competitiveness in the Peruvian market towards an industry most strengthened pharmaceutical.
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Adolfsson, Per. "Export of Pharmaceutical Products : An analysis of which factors that affects Sweden’s export of pharmaceutical products." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-951.

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The pharmaceutical industry is one of Sweden’s most important export industries with 6% of total exports. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse which factors affect Sweden’s ex-port of pharmaceutical products. Further, the different pharmaceutical products group Sweden exports will be identified. The modern trade theory, the monopolistic competition model, the product life cycle theory and the gravity equation are used to explain and to un-derstand the problem at hand.

To analyse the problem, data of Swedish export of pharmaceutical products from 1997 to 2003 was used to the 176 destination countries Sweden exported to during the time period. The following factors were used as independent variables; distance, Gross Domestic Prod-uct (GDP) /capita, Area, Population, dummy variable for EU-membership, dummy vari-able for English or Scandinavian speaking countries, dummy variable for bordering to Sweden, dummy variable for same religion as Sweden and a dummy variable for countries that are not land-locked.

The findings coincide with previous studies in the manner that distance and GDP/capita have a major impact on the sales abroad of pharmaceutical products. Also, countries with a larger population are importing more than countries with a smaller population. However, the strong affinities between the exporter and the importing countries found in previous studies were not found in the export of pharmaceutical products. Further, Sweden exports most of the product group that includes medicaments consisting of mixed or unmixed products for therapeutic or prophylactic uses.

Läkemedelsindustrin är en av Sveriges viktigaste exportindustrier med 6 % av den totala exporten. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar dess export. Vidare, de olika exportgrupperna av läkemedel som Sverige exporterar kommer att identifieras. Den moderna handelsteorin, monopolistisk konkurrens, produktcykelteorin och gravitationsmodellen används för att förklara och förstå det uppstådda problemet.

För att analysera problemet så används Sveriges export av läkemedel från 1997 till 2003 för alla 176 destinationer. Följande faktorer används som oberoende variabler; distansen, BNP/capita, arean, folkmängd, dummy variabel för EU-medlemskap, dummy variabel för engelsk- eller skandinaviskspråkiga länder, dummy variabel för gränsande länder till Sverige, dummy variabel för länder som har samma religion som Sverige, samt en dummy variabel för länder som angränsar till vatten.

Resultatet överensstämmer med tidigare forskning att avståndet och BNP/capita har ett stort inflytande av exporten av läkemedel. Likaså länder med ett stort invånarantal importe-rar mer än länder med ett mindre invånarantal. Däremot, det starka släktskapet mellan ex-portören och de importerande länderna som funnits i tidigare studier observerades inte i exporten av läkemedel. Vidare, Sverige exporterar mest av produktgruppen som innehåller medikamenter bestående av blandade eller oblandade produkter för terapeutiskt eller profy-laktiskt bruk.

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Komak, Wagma, Jeremy Smart, and Jennifer White. "Quality Assessment of Internet Pharmaceutical Products." The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624403.

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Class of 2007 Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the quality of study medications obtained without a prescription through international websites. Methods: Samples of levothyroxine, warfarin, and sildenafil were obtained through various websites and compared to U.S. standards. Each sample was physically evaluated for weight, color, shape, and external tablet markings. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to quantify the amount of active ingredient. Results: When physically inspected, only 3 of the 9 lots met FDA labeling requirements. Three of 60 (20 tablets from 3 lots) of the individual levothyroxine tablets were out of the USP acceptable range (90% - 110%). For warfarin, 16 of the 60 samples (20 samples from 3 lots) of the individual tablets were out of the USP acceptable range (95% - 105%). When averaged, each of the lots for both levothyroxine and warfarin were within their USP acceptable ranges. As sildenafil is not available as generic in the U.S., there is no USP standard acceptable range for comparison. All of the sildenafil samples fell within 90%- 105% of Viagra® tablets obtained from a local pharmacy. Conclusions: While there were a few samples outside of the U.S. acceptable range, the majority of samples analyzed for active ingredient were within the range published in the USP. While the outcomes of this study presented interesting findings, further evaluation in larger studies is needed to properly assess the quality of foreign medications purchased over the internet.

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Sadeghnejad, G. R. "Thermoodynamic properties and characterisation of pharmaceutical materials." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371530.

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Östlund, Martin. "AssistancePlus : 3D-mediated Advice-giving on Pharmaceutical Products." Licentiate thesis, Linköping University, Linköping University, NLPLAB - Natural Language Processing Laboratory, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12159.

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In the use of medication and pharmaceutical products, non‐compliance is a major problem. One thing we can do something about is making sure consumers have the information they need. This thesis investigates how remote communication technology can be used to improve the availability for expressive advice‐giving services. Special attention is given to the balancing of expressiveness and availability. A solution is presented that uses 3D visualisation in combination with audio and video communication to convey advice on complex pharmaceutical products. The solution is tested and evaluated in two user studies. The first study is broad and explorative, the second more focused and evaluative. The solution was well received by participating subjects. They welcomed the sense of personal contact that seeing the communicating party over video link produced and appreciated the expressive power and pedagogical value of the 3D materials. Herbert Clark’s theory of use of language is suggested as a framework for the analysis of the dynamics of the relationship between

consumer and advisor.

Report code: LiU-Tek-Lic-2008:31.

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Östlund, Martin. "AssistancePlus : 3D-mediated advice-giving on pharmaceutical products /." Linköping : Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköpings universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-12159.

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Bara, Carlos Roberto Francisco. "Does humor work in advertising of pharmaceutical products?" reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/8196.

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This thesis aims to evaluate whether humorous television commercials (TVCs) work for non-prescription drugs, known as “over-the-counter” (OTC). The construct humor in advertising is controversial since it involves complex and broad typology, and depends on the audience characteristics. Several studies within different product categories indicated that some consumer goods are better suited for humorous TVCs, while others, such as OTC drugs, may not take advantage from it. Paradoxically, drug announcers spend billions of dollars worldwide in humorous OTC ads. An experiment with real consumers was designed as between-and-within-subjects, to test three hypotheses. Sixty women were exposed to pairs of humorous and non-humorous TVCs, for each of the three drug categories (analgesics, vitamins, and laxatives). We used fictional brand names and real ads, and measured four dependant variables: attitude toward the advertising (AAD), attitude toward the brand (ABR), purchase intention (PI), and brand choice (BC), after subjects being exposed to manipulations of two independent variables: humorous vs. non-humorous TV commercials, for the drug categories. Conditional logit model confirmed that humor does not help to persuade respondents, whose choices, attitudes, and purchase intention were less favorable with humorous TVCs, in comparison to non-humorous executions. Future research is presented regarding marketing for pharmaceutical products.

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Pedrouzo, Lanuza Marta. "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in environmental waters." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9058.

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En la presente Tesis Doctoral se han desarrollado diferentes métodos analíticos para la determinación de pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) en aguas medioambientales. El término PPCPs engloba todos los fármacos, drogas de abuso, hormonas y los excipientes activos incluidos en productos de uso personal, así como los metabolitos, conjugados y sub-productos de transformación. Los métodos desarrollados han estado basados en extracción en fase sólida o extracción con barras magnéticas agitadoras seguidos de la cromatografía líquida acoplada a la espectrometría de masas o de masas en tándem. Debido a los bajos límites de detección alcanzados, estos métodos se pudieron aplicar a la monitorización de estos compuestos en diferentes plantas depuradoras del área de Tarragona, donde la información al respeto era inexistente. Debido a que el principal destino de las aguas residuales son los ríos, se analizaron aguas del Ter, Llobregat y Ebro. Para completar el estudio, la presencia de PPCPs fue determinada en aguas de consumo.
In the framework of the present Doctoral Thesis different analytical methods have been developed to determine pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in environmental waters. The term PPCPs cover all the pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, hormones, the active compounds included in personal care products, and also metabolites, conjugates and transformation sub-products. The developed methods were based on solid-phase extraction and stir bar sorptive extraction followed by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry. Achieving the low limits of detection, these methods could be applied to the monitoring of these compounds in different sewage treatment plants from Tarragona Region, where not data were available. The PPCPs resulting in the effluent sewage waters can achieve rivers. Therefore, waters from three rivers: Ter, Llobregat and Ebro were analyzed. To complete the study, also drinking water was analyzed to determine PPCPs.

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Gibson, Sara Nichols. "Oxidation of pharmaceuticals and personal products by permanganate." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33870.

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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are widely used, resulting in trace amounts being detected in the aquatic environment. This presence is of human health and ecological concern and it is necessary to determine the best methods to eliminate them from our waters. The oxidation of PPCPs by permanganate was evaluated using a spectrophotometer to monitor permanganate reduction. Thirty-nine compounds were chosen to represent numerous classifications, including beta blockers, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenol structures, polypeptides, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and triazines. The reactivity of each compound was determined by measuring the absorbance of permanganate over time as it reacted with an excess of the compound. The absorbance data was fit to a pseudo-first-order reaction model that accounted for the growth of manganese dioxide colloids. The most reactive groups that reduced permanganate within minutes at pH 7.0 were the cephalosporins, phenol structures, and tetracyclines. The majority of the remaining pharmaceuticals and personal care products were moderately or weakly reactive (reducing permanganate within hours). Caffeine, carbadox, monensin, simetone, and tri(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine were poorly reactive (reducing permanganate over days). Metoprolol was the only selected compound that was determined to be potentially non-reactive (no reaction after 1 day). Polarizability and refractive index of the organic compounds showed significant positive correlations (R-squared > 0.50) with the first-order reaction rates for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the phenol structures group. The half-life of each PPCP was determined based on a typical dosage of permanganate used for pre-oxidation. Eleven of the thirty-nine PPCPs had a half-life of less than thirty minutes (a typical contact time), indicating that oxidation by permanganate may be a viable option. There are many opportunities for further research in this area, including investigating more PPCPs, physicochemical property correlations, and the impact of water quality conditions

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Xiao, Ruiyang. "Sonochemical Degradation of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338345410.

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Stute, Katrin. "The pharmaceutical manufacturer's duty to warn, a comparative study between German and Canadian pharmaceutical products liability laws." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0006/MQ45156.pdf.

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Chtourou, Mariem. "Pharmaceutical and personal care products removal by advanced treatment technologies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664966.

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This thesis evaluates different technologies for treating wastewater with high concentrations of PPCPs. Firstly, a state-of-art revision of advanced treatment technology for removing Triclosan (TCS) from waste water was carried out in an attempt to evaluate the most favourable technologies and discern any major limiting factors. The technological categories evaluated were: (i) adsorption, (ii) advanced oxidation processes, and (iii) membrane technology. The results found in the second chapter are based on treating three PPCP compounds in a cyclic anoxic/aerobic membrane bioreactor. In fact, the target compounds selected for this study were specifically carbamazepine, caffeine and triclosan. The ultrafiltration membrane bioreactor process was an efficient and appropriate technology for chemical oxygen demand removal, as it achieved a removal average of 97%, removal rate for caffeine reaching up to 93.7 ± 9.7 and 89.7 ± 8.3 % for triclosan. In the case of carbamazepine, removal was lower (36.2 ± 6.8%) due to its recalcitrance. Low ammonia removal efficiencies were observed in both experimental systems suggesting that nitrification was inhibited by the presence of triclosan. The deterioration of sludge characteristics induced a fouling increment which forced several chemical cleanings to be carried out. The last section is focused on cork and evaluates its potential as a sorbent material. The cork was firstly characterized to discern its structure. Then a fixed-bed column was chosen as the most suitable technology with which to evaluate the cork adsorption. Four pharmaceuticals (diclofenac, ketoprofen, naproxen and carbamazepine) and two cosmetic compounds (triclosan and methylparaben) were treated in wastewater effluent by using a fixed-bed column. Furthermore, a novel, simple, selective and low-cost method for the pre-concentration sample before chromatography was performed in real wastewater effluent. This methodology is based on a silicone rod micro extraction combined with HPLC-DAD to simultaneous determine the concentration levels of six compounds. The adsorption capacities of cork followed this order: TCS >CBZ and MPB> KET and NAP > DCF. This behaviour could be explained by the fact that the removal of PPCPs by cork is based on hydrophobicity and the charge of the PPCP molecules. Generally, the cork showed a much higher capacity for TCS sorption, minimizing the concentrations of triclosan and avoiding the inhibition effect into biological systems, as well as minimizing fouling in MBRs
Aquesta tesi ha avualuat diferents tractament per l'eliminació d'influent amb alta concentració de fàrmacs i productes cosmètics. Primerament, una estat de l’art sobre els diferents tractaments per eliminar triclosan ha permès establir quines tipologies de tractament podrien ser els més rendibles tant a nivell operacional com de costos. Els tractaments avaluats han estat a) adsorció, b) processos d’oxidació avançada, i c) tractament per filtració amb membrana. La tecnologia de membrana va ser una de les tecnologies escollides per analitzar la capacitat per eliminar els productes farmacèutics i cosmètics, així com per poder establir les causes de l’embrutiment de les membranes. Els compostos escollit en aquest estudi van ser el triclosan, la carbamazepina i la cafeïna. Els rendiments d’eliminació van ser elevats pel triclosan i al cafeïna (>90%), mentre que la carbamazepina va ser molt inferior degut a seu poder recalcitrant (<40%). En l’experimentació també es va detectar una inhibició del procés de nitrificació, degut a la presència de triclosan. Aquesta inhibició és va confirmar en un estudi complementari on es va quantificar la pèrdua de la capacitat nitrificant en un 60%. El darrer capítol es centra en l’avaluació de l’adsorció com a tecnologia de tractament. En aquest cas s’ha utilitzat el suro com a material adsorbent i s’han presentat resultats de caracterització del material i resultats de capacitat d’adsorció. Per dur a terme l’experimentació es va triar la tecnologia de llit fix per tractar quatre composts farmacèutics (diclofenac, fetoprofen, naproxen i carbamazepina) i dos productes cosmètics (triclosan i metilparaben). La metodologia d’anàlisi va ser la micro-extracció en tub de silicona amb HPLC-DAD. Els resultats obtinguts van demostrar que el triclosan era el compost amb major capacitat de ser eliminat i el diclofenac el que presentava menors rendiments. TCS> CBZ i MPB> KET i NAP> DCF

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Bayliss, M. A. "Studies of cyclic nucleotides and pharmaceutical products by mass spectrometry." Thesis, Swansea University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636061.

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Electrospray ionisation, atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and fast atom bombardment ionisation have been discussed in this thesis and applied to the analysis of a number of potentially important pharmaceutical compounds, some in the form of complex mixtures. Combinatorial chemistry, a synthetic method for the mass production of potential drug candidates, has emerged in the last five years finding wide acceptance in the pharmaceutical industry. Using one such library, containing some one hundred compounds, a method was developed with allowed for the screening of the sample using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. A key objective of the project was the minimisation of sample usage during the analytical phase. It has also been demonstrated that it is possible to use mass spectrometry as an analytical tool in the simultaneous detection of more than one analyte important for determining reaction kinetics in biological assays. Key to any process of quantitation has to be an element of structural confirmation which has been carried out on a selection of novel compounds which are to form the basis of a large number of future biological assays. An in-depth study of a compound used in radiography is detailed allowing identification of related products, during initial product manufacture, and scale-up to full manufacturing capacity. Potential degradation compounds have been investigated following stress testing of the drug designed to predict compounds formed during the storage life of the product. Esoteric mobile phases for liquid chromatography sometimes need to be employed in order to achieve selectivity. In many cases these methods involve the use of involatile buffer systems which are not directly compatible with mass spectrometry. Using a system of collecting the separated peaks, trapping and elution, it was demonstrated that it is possible to remove these troublesome buffers and obtain high quality mass spectrometric data.

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Kundu, Jayeeta. "Cross-country study on the promotion of new pharmaceutical products." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/34524.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 170-176).
Detailers are one of the most powerful components of pharmaceutical marketing. Drug manufactures spend a lion's share of their marketing budgets on their detailers, and with direct-to-consumer (DTC) marketing coming under closer scrutiny, it is likely that detailing will receive even more funding in the coming years. This thesis analyzes how differences in detailing regulations in the United States, United Kingdom, Sweden, Italy, and France lead to differences in the promotion and sales of antinausea, antihypertensive, and antipsychotic medications during the time period of 1992 to 2003. In order to determine if promotional efforts vary across generations of medications in the same therapeutic class, antinausea and antipsychotic medications are classified as new and old generations and antihypertensives are classified as new, middle, and old generations in this study. Qualitative and quantitative methods are used to examine population, economic, price, promotional, regulatory, and cultural factors that contribute to the sales of pharamaceutical products. The qualitative discussion includes an overview of all five sample countries' health care systems, health care policies, and the prevalence of hypertension, cancer incidence, and psychosis.
(cont.) Econometric tools are used to conduct the quantitative analysis. The effect on pharmaceutical sales and the diffusion of new generation pharmaceutical products is examined. Chow tests are conducted for cross-country differences. This study finds that there are significant cross-country differences in the diffusion of the three therapeutic classes in the five sample countries examined in this thesis. The different factors examined contribute to diffusion in varying extents in the five sample countries. Culture is found to play an important role in the sale and use of all three therapeutic classes, but an especially crucial role in the case of antipsychotics. The promotional factors appear to play a significant role in the diffusion of new generation products relative to older generation products, but are not found to have a statistically significant effect on the larger therapeutic level.
by Jayeeta Kundu.
S.M.

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Первун, Юлія Валеріївна. "The beekeeping products in the medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic practice." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2020. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/15349.

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Fazel, Robin. "Enforcing Competition in the Pharmaceutical Sector : - A Multi-Perspective Analysis of Restrictions on Parallel Trade with Pharmaceutical Products." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-379628.

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Niesporek, Anna. "Compulsory Licensing of Pharmaceutical Products & Access to Essential Medicines in Developing Countries." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5488.

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For many years pharmaceutical patents and their impact on prices have been at the centre of the international debate over insufficient access to lifesaving HIV/AIDS medicines in developing countries. The conflict has largely revolved around the implementation of an intellectual property system in the developing world, subsequent the adaptation of the TRIPS Agreement, which has made a 20 year pharmaceutical patent protection mandatory for these countries and consequently contributed to high drug prices for patented medicines as well as limited the use of generic drugs.

Developing countries, where patents are already in place, have sought to reduce high drug prices by making use of compulsory licensing, a safeguarding practice allowing the production or importation of a generic medicine without the consent of the patent holder. Compulsory licences are allowed under the TRIPS Agreement, but disagreements about the conditions, under which compulsory licences are available for ‘essential medicines’, have restricted their use. A definition of the extent to which compulsory licensees can export generic drugs to developing countries unable to manufacture their own has been missing, but on 30 August 2003 the WTO announced that it had resolved this problem by lifting the TRIPS Agreement’s restrictions on exports and permitting exports of drugs produced under a compulsory license as an exception to a patent right. The main question is whether the compulsory licensing system as prescribed in the recent Decision is an ample means of improving access to patented AIDS medicines in the developing world.

By means of legal and economic reasoning this master thesis argues that the 30 August Decision on lifting TRIPS’ restrictions on exports of patented pharmaceuticals produced under compulsory licences provides complex and uncertain rules, rendering an unreliable employment of compulsory licensing. It is desirable that further recommendations are given on which generic producing companies should be awarded compulsory licences and also on which premises. In reality, the debate about compulsory licensing is part of a much wider structural problem in development policy. The solution to the inaccessibility problem requires a mix of courses of action with a functioning compulsory licensing system included. However, disagreements such as how necessary funding should be divided equitably between developed countries could protract the reaching of a pragmatic solution.

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Cousineau, Lisa Marie. "Pharmaceutical and personal care product concentrations in the upper Susquehanna River." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.

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Tsanwani, Mutshutshu. "Application of sequential injection systems in the assay of pharmaceutical products." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11212005-165303/.

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Ramsey, E. D. "Studies of pharmaceutical products and peptides by chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.482906.

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Patnala, Satya Siva Rama Ranganath Srinivas. "Pharmaceutical analysis and quality of complementary medicines : sceletium and associated products." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1018263.

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There has been an upsurge in the use of Complementary and Alternate Medicines (CAMs) in both developed and developing countries. Although herbal medicines have been in use for many centuries, their quality, safety and efficacy are still of major concern. Many countries are in the process of integrating CAMs into conventional health care systems based on the knowledge and use of traditional medicines. The quality control (QC) of herbal products usually presents a formidable analytical challenge in view of the complexity of the constituents in plant material and the commercial non-availability of appropriate qualified reference standards. Sceletium, a genus belonging to the family Aizoaceae, has been reported to contain psychoactive alkaloids, specifically mesembrine, mesembrenone, mesembrenol and some other related alkaloids. Sceletium is marketed as dried plant powder and as phyto-pharmaceutical dosage forms. Sceletium products and plant material marketed through health shops and on the internet are associated with unjustified claims of specific therapeutic efficacy and may be of dubious quality. Validated analytical methods to estimate Sceletium alkaloids have not previously been reported in the scientific literature and the available methods have focused only on qualitative estimation. Furthermore, since appropriate markers were not commercially available for use as reference standards, a primary objective of this study was to isolate relevant compounds, qualify them as reference standards which could be applied to develop appropriate validated qualitative and quantitative analytical methods for fingerprinting and assay of Sceletium plant material and dosage forms. The alkaloidal markers mesembrine, mesembrenone and ∆⁷ mesembrenone were isolated by solvent extraction and chromatography from dried plant material. Mesembranol and epimesembranol were synthesised by hydrogenation of the isolated mesembrine using the catalyst platinum (IV) oxide and then further purified by semi-preparative column chromatography. All compounds were subjected to analysis by ¹H, ¹³C, 2-D nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Mesembrine was converted to hydrochloride crystals and mesembranol was isolated as crystals from the hydrogenation reaction mass. These compounds were analysed and characterised by X-ray crystallography. A relatively simple HPLC method for the separation and quantitative analysis of five relevant alkaloidal components in Sceletium was developed and validated. The method was applied to determine the alkaloids in plant material and dosage forms containing Sceletium. An LCMS method developed during the study provided accurate identification of the five relevant Sceletium alkaloids. The method was applied for the quantitative analysis and QC of Sceletium plant material and its dosage forms. This LCMS method was found to efficiently ionize the relevant alkaloidal markers in order to facilitate their detection, identification and quantification in Sceletium plant material as well as for the assay and QC of dosage forms containing Sceletium. The chemotaxonomy of some Sceletium species and commercially available Sceletium dosage forms were successfully studied by the LCMS method. The HPLC and LCMS methods were also used to monitor the bio-conversion of some of the alkaloids while processing the plant material as per traditional method of fermentation. Additionally a high resolution CZE method was developed for the separation of several Sceletium alkaloids in relatively short analysis times. This analytical method was used successfully to fingerprint the alkaloids and quantify mesembrine in Sceletium and its products. Sceletium species grown under varying conditions at different locations, when analyzed, showed major differences in their composition of alkaloids and an enormous difference was found to exist between the various species with respect to the presence and content of alkaloids. Sceletium and its products marketed through health shops and the internet may thus have problems with respect to the quality and related therapeutic efficacy. The QC of Sceletium presents a formidable challenge as Sceletium plants and products contain a complex mixture of compounds. The work presented herein contributes to a growing body of scientific knowledge to improve the QC standards of herbal medicines and also to provide vital information regarding the selection of plant species and information on the specific alkaloidal constituents to the cultivators of Sceletium and the manufacturers of its products.

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23

Ferrão, Ângela Filipa Machado. "Clinical research in a pharmaceutical industry." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14880.

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Mestrado em Biomedicina Farmacêutica
This training report describes the knowledge and experience gained during the curricular internship at the Medical Affairs unit of the Research Department of Bluepharma Indústria S.A.. The main activities addressed are related with the conduction of phase I clinical trials by a sponsor, namely bioequivalence clinical trials. In this context, is described the main applicable regulations, the management process of a clinical trial and a reflection about the main challenges in the field. Furthermore, are outlined the activities related with the management of Research, Development and Innovation projects, particularly the analysis of ideas of new pharmaceutical products, where I contribute with several researches. This first contact with the pharmaceutical industry allowed me to integrate the knowledge and skills gained in the Pharmaceutical Sciences degree with those gained in the master’s course of pharmaceutical medicine, fulfilling one of the main objectives that I define for myself: the growth and acquisition of skills, coupled with the access to a different professional reality.
O presente relatório de estágio propõe-se relatar o conhecimento e a experiência adquirida durante o estágio curricular no setor de Assuntos Médicos do departamento de Investigação da Bluepharma Indústria, S.A.. Nele são abordadas as principais atividades realizadas, inerentes à condução de ensaios clínicos de fase I por parte de um promotor, nomeadamente de ensaios de bioequivalência. Neste contexto é feita uma descrição da legislação aplicável, do processo de gestão de um ensaio clínico e uma reflexão acerca dos principais desafios nesta área. Para além disso, são também descritas atividades relacionadas com a gestão de projetos de Investigação, Desenvolvimento e Inovação, particularmente na análise de ideias de novos produtos farmacêuticos para as quais contribuí com diversas pesquisas. Este meu primeiro contacto com a indústria farmacêutica permitiu-me integrar os conhecimentos e competências da licenciatura em Ciências Farmacêuticas com os adquiridos no mestrado de Biomedicina Farmacêutica, cumprindo um dos principais objetivos que estabeleci para mim: o do crescimento e aquisição de competências aliado ao acesso a uma diferente realidade profissional.

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24

Wang, Xiaowen. "Pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the environment in China." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13460/.

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The introduction of bioactive chemicals from pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (hereafter ‘PPCPs’) may pose a threat to ecosystems and human health. With advances in monitoring and detection, Chinese scientists have established PPCPs as pervasive pollutants in water bodies. While the full effects of PPCPs are not yet fully understood, concern is growing about the implications of PPCPs in the environment. This research employed a combination of environmental, social, and economic data to better understand the ecological risks and policy options, as well as the general publics’ behavior, preferences and willingness to pay for measures aimed at preventing pollution by PPCPs in China. To achieve these aims, I conducted a structured review of the published scientific literature, took a series of qualitative interviews with Chinese scientists’ working in this field and finally collected original survey data from residents living in China. The first section of my thesis is based on the results from the structured review of the published scientific literature relating to PPCP pollution in China. This chapter provides the basis for understanding perceptions of risk among scientists and the public, and highlight what further research is needed. The second section describes the results from a series of semi-structured interviews with Chinese scientists and explores in depth their perspectives, opinions, and attitudes on current PPCP research and on future needs in the field. The third section is based on the analysis of results from a custom designed survey of Chinese residents. Results highlight that disposal of unwanted PPCPs in the trash is by far the most common disposal method and identifies significant heterogeneity in attitudes towards a proposed hypothetical disposal program. Finally the results from the contingent valuation experiment suggest a substantial willingness to pay for policy measures aimed at reducing PPCP pollution.

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25

Goetz, Kristen, and Jennifer Vogel. "A Comparison of Pharmaceutical Products Obtained from the United States and Mexico." The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624398.

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Class of 2007 Abstract
Objectives: Despite the growing attention to the issue of patient utilizing foreign pharmaceuticals, the lack of scientific evidence makes it impossible to reach a conclusion about the topic. The objective of this study was to test the content of the active ingredient in three medications (warfarin, levothyroxine, and Viagra/sildenafil), obtained from the United States and Mexico, according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) standards. Methods: The identification and quantification of the pharmaceutical products was determined utilizing normal and reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Each individual tablet was weighed , dissolved in an appropriate solvent, and sonicated to produce a sample for HPLC analysis. Twenty, ten, or six individual samples of each medication were analyzed twice via an appropriate HPLC method, depending on the number of tablets available. In addition, a bulk sample of twenty tablets was analyzed for both warfarin and levothyroxine to assess an average concentration for each sample. Results: The content of levothyroxine in the three Mexico medications was 87.0±2.3%, 104.7±3.1%, and 100.5±14.2%; compared to 98.4±1.4% in the US sample. Warfarin content analysis for the Mexican products resulted in an average of 98.5±2.6%, 95.9±1.1% and 94.8±1.8%; compared to 97.4±2.3% in the US sample. The sildenafil samples from Mexico were found to contain only 67.8±3.8% and 71.1±1.0% of what the US sample contained. Conclusions: Six out of the eight samples collected from Mexican pharmacies contained lower amounts of active ingredient than their US equivalents. In terms of the average concentration, many of the medications from Mexico fell within the USP range but there was great variation in the content of each individual tablet.

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Are, Celeste. "Una estrategia unificada para la síntesis enantioselectiva de los alcaloides del grupo de las madangaminas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663395.

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El presente trabajo se centra en los alcaloides del grupo de las madangaminas, un pequeño grupo de alcaloides diaminopentacíclicos, aislados de esponjas marinas pertenecientes al orden Haplosclerida y derivados biogenéticamente de precursores con estructura de 3-alquilpiperidina. Estructuralmente, las madangaminas se caracterizan por la presencia de un núcleo diazatricílico (anillos ABC), sin precedentes entre los productos naturales, y dos puentes de carbono lineales que conectan el nitrógeno N-7 al carbono de la posición C-9 (anillo D) y el nitrógeno N-1 al carbono de la posición C-3 (anillo E). El anillo macrocíclico D varía en cada madangamina, tanto en tamaño (de 13 a 15 miembros) como en posición y grado de insaturación, mientras que el anillo E es idéntico en las madangaminas A-E (dos insaturaciones y 11 miembros) pero es diferente en la madangamina F (cuatro insaturaciones; 13 miembros). Además, la madangamina F incorpora una función hidroxilo en la posición C-4. Tras alcanzar la primera síntesis total de un alcaloide del grupo de las madangaminas, llevada a cabo por nuestro grupo en el 2014,1 en la presente Tesis Doctoral nos propusimos abordar la síntesis de otros alcaloides de esta familia. Para ello, centramos nuestra atención en las madangaminas A, B, C y E, para las que, al inicio de la presente Tesis Doctoral, no se había descrito ninguna síntesis total. Nuestra estrategia sintética se basa en la construcción enantioselectiva de un núcleo diazatricíclico altamente funcionalizado a partir de una lactama quiral derivada del R- fenilglicinol y en la posterior formación de los macrociclos D y E. La síntesis del sistema tricíclico 16 se ha logrado de forma satisfactoria y a gran escala (multigramos) mediante una secuencia sintética de 13 etapas con un rendimiento global del 15% a partir de la lactama derivada del feniglicinol 1a. A partir de este intermedio se ha estudiado la construcción del sistema ABCE común a las madangaminas A-E. En concreto, la estrategia basada en una reacción de Wittig con el iluro derivado de la sal de fosfonio 47 con posterior macrolactamización ha mostrado ser la más eficiente para la construcción del anillo macrocíclico E común a todas las madangaminas. De esta manera se ha sintetizado el tetraciclo ABCE de forma satisfactoria. Por otro lado, también a partir del compuesto tricíclico 16 se ha explorado la construcción de los macrociclos D de las madangaminas A, B, C y E. Un proceso de ring closing metathesis altamente eficiente (90% de rendimiento) ha permitido la construcción del anillo D de la madangamina C de trece miembros, aunque como mezcla inseparable de isómeros. Por hidrogenación del anterior se ha podido acceder al sistema tetracíclico ABCD de la madangamina E. Por otra parte, una estrategia basada en una reacción de coupling entre un alquino terminal y un ioduro diinico y posterior reducción del triple enlace resultante a trans- alqueno ha permitido por primera vez alcanzar la construcción del complejo macrociclo D de la madangamina B en una piperidina modelo. Finalmente, se ha descrito una nueva aproximación enantioselectiva a la síntesis de la madangamina A. La síntesis del sistema pentacíclico 111 representa la síntesis formal del alcaloide.
Madangamines alkaloids constitute a small group of complex pentacyclic alkaloids isolated from marine sponges of the order Haposclerida. Structurally, these alkaloids have an unprecedented skeletal type, characterized by a diazatricyclic core (ABC rings) and two linear carbon bridges. The peripheral macrocyclic ring D is different in each madangamine, in size as well as in degree and position of unsaturation, whereas ring E is identical in madangamines A-E. In the context of our studies on the enantioselective synthesis of complex piperidine-containing natural products from phenylglycinol- derived bicyclic lactams, we have developed a unified strategy to access the variety of alkaloids of this group. Appling this strategy, that involves the formation of the macrocyclic rings after the construction of the highly functionalized central core, recently in our group was carried out the enantioselective synthesis of madangamine D, which represents the first total synthesis of an alkaloid of the madangamine group.1 In this Doctoral Thesis we focused our attention in the total synthesis of other members of the family: madangamines A, B, C and E. Starting from tricyclic intermediate 16, which was prepared by 13 steps, we performed the construction of the complex E ring, common to madangamines A-E. The construction of the different D rings was explored in model compounds as well in the tricyclic and tetracyclic intermediates; these studies allowed to accomplish the synthesis of the ring of madangamine B in a piperidine derivative, the ABCD system of madangamines C and E and the pentacyclic system of madangamine A, which represent the formal synthesis of this alkaloid.

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27

Fichana, Daniel. "Green engineering and gate-to gate life cycle assessments for pharmaceutical products /." Full text available online, 2005. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.

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28

Fidora, Aldo F. "Knowledge and Barriers to Safe Disposal of Pharmaceutical Products Entering the Environment." Thesis, Walden University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10689631.

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The use of pharmaceutical products has steadily increased in the United States from 2 billion prescriptions in 1999 to 3.9 billion in 2009. Half of patients do not comply with the recommended prescription regimen and dispose of unused drugs in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and many researchers have highlighted the human-health risks associated with improperly disposing of pharmaceutical products. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined the potential correlations between people’s actual disposal practices and their knowledge of the impact of disposal practices on the environment and human health, and availability of disposal options. The conceptual framework selected for this study comprised 2 models: the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Respondents to an online survey were 485 residents of the northeast United States, polled from the general population. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to model responses from the dependent variable actual disposal practice (ADP) across the independent variables, and analysis of variance explored whether ADP differed across demographic variables. Statistically significant associations emerged among individuals’ knowledge of environment and human-health impact, recommended disposal practices, disposal options, and that person’s likelihood to practice recommended disposal. Demographic variables did not impact disposal behavior. To promote positive social change, it is recommended that policymakers plan and implement the expansion of convenient drug disposal options, as well as information campaigns on proper disposal practices. In parallel, health care professionals should stress to their patients the importance of complying with prescribed regimens, thus minimizing the amount of unused or expired medications.

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29

Cheasty, A. G. "Investigation of combined separation-mass spectrometry for the analysis of pharmaceutical products." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.636237.

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Mycotoxins, by definition are the secondary metabolites of moulds and are toxic to man and animal. It is important, within the fermentation industry, to monitor their production. Traditionally, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography have been applied to the analysis of these compounds. Unfortunately, drawbacks with respect to speed of analysis, selectivity and detection were encountered. To overcome this, methodologies, for the analysis of the triglyceride components of vegetable oils and mycotoxin standards, have been designed with state-of-the-art chromatographic (supercritical fluid chromatography), separation (capillary electrophoresis) and detection (mass spectrometry) techniques and reported herein. The application of capillary SFC to the analysis of several vegetable oils yielded a rapid and powerful screening method that allows for differentiation between various oils. The development of a packed SFC methodology for the analysis of mycotoxins, based on retention indices, failed due to the lack of column selectivity for the mycotoxins and the retention standards. Nevertheless, a fast, efficient separation of mycotoxins was obtained. MS detection via thermospray ionisation provided the specificity necessary for peak elucidation. HPLC/MS with thermospray, electrospray and particle beam ionisation was applied to the analysis of the mycotoxins. Particle beam with electron ionisation and thermospray were found to be universal ionisation methods. Whilst the former yielded structural information, sensitivity was poor due to poor transport properties of this interface. Electrospray provided the best sensitivity. With capillary electrophoresis, MECC was required to enable the separation of both the neutral and ionic mycotoxins. Unfortunately, the use of non-volatile buffers and surfactants rendered this methodology unsuitable for coupling to the mass spectrometer.

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Krishnamurthy, Prashanth M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Amit Prasad. "Inventory strategies for patented and generic products for a pharmaceutical supply chain." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77540.

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Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-77).
This thesis presents a model to determine safety stock considering the distinct planning parameters for a pharmaceutical company. Traditional parameters such as forecast accuracy, service level requirements and average lead-time are combined with a nontraditional upstream uncertainty parameter defined as supply reliability. In this instance, supply reliability measures uncertainty in the supply quantity delivered rather than variability in the lead-time for delivery. We consider the impact of the safety stock using two products: a proprietary product that is patented and a generic product that recently went off patent. Sensitivity analysis is performed to provide insights on the impact of variations in input parameters. The study shows that there is a significant difference in safety stock between the proposed model and the current model used by the company.
by Prashanth Krishnamurthy and Amit Prasad.
M.Eng.in Logistics

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31

Conislla-Murquia, Teresa, Anait Saico-Sulla, Claudia León-Chavarri, Jose Maria Alvarez, and Carlos Raymundo-Ibañez. "Lean healthcare model for increasing the availability of products in pharmaceutical SMEs." Association for Computing Machinery, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/656252.

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El texto completo de este trabajo no está disponible en el Repositorio Académico UPC por restricciones de la casa editorial donde ha sido publicado.
Nowadays, retailers in the trade industry are focused on meeting customers’ needs, as their priority is to make as many sales per day as possible. Stockouts lead to unattended sales, which mean loss of income. This endangers the place of the MSBs in the industry. This paper aims to prove that proposing a supply management model will reduce the number of lost sales due to stockouts. For this study, we analyzed three key processes (purchasing, storage and distribution), where we identified problems such as incomplete shipments and unfulfilled POs and replacement requests. To prove the viability of our proposal, a pilot was carried out in a pharmacy that has five dispensing premises and a central warehouse, which improved its stock availability from 82% to 89.5%.

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32

Bell, Charlotte. "Advanced analytical and microbial methods for biopharmaceutical and pharmaceutical products and processes." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2736.

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In recent years, pharmaceutical research has begun to shift from the development of small molecule chemical entities, to complex high value, low volume biologics. The cost of batch losses or product recall due to the presence of microbial, chemical or physical contaminants can have serious implications for a business. It is therefore important that as the complexity of pharmaceutical products increases, the techniques utilised in the analysis and characterisation of these products and their excipients also moves forward, thereby ensuring product quality and patient safety. This research explores three areas of analysis and characterisation relating to pharmaceutical products: microbial testing; oxidative stability testing and container integrity testing. The detection and identification of microbiological contamination using traditional microbial methods (TMMs) have a number of limitations such as long testing times and reliance on subjective assessment leading to operator error. More recently developed rapid microbial methods (RMMs) have been designed to overcome these limitations and their uptake would enable microbial testing to align with the process analytical technology (PAT) approach to process monitoring and control. A review of available techniques and those implemented by a large pharmaceutical company, GlaxoSmithKline has highlighted that a number of RMMs are being utilised, but their widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry faces several barriers including: economic and financial; institutional; legislative and regulatory; and technical. Another important area of pharmaceutical product analysis is that of oxidative stability testing. A comparison was undertaken of two machines for measuring oxidative stability (the Rancimat (Metrohm)) and the ACL Instrument (ACL Instruments, Switzerland) to investigate their performance and assess their applicability for the testing of pharmaceutical excipients. The testing of corn oil, selected as a model substance, revealed a strong correlation between the results from the two machines. An aspect of oxidative stability testing is concerned with residual levels of peroxides therefore the ACL Instrument was compared to iodometric titration, a highly empirical traditional approach, for the quantification of peroxides in corn and Menhaden oil. Good correlation was found between peroxide levels measured by the two methods, but the results from the ACL Instrument showed a dependence on oil type, meaning that a standard would be required each oil type. Additional testing was carried out on polysorbates, pharmaceutical excipients that are known to pose stability issues in final formulations, due to containing residual amounts of peroxides. Using the ACL Instrument it was possible to detect differences in oxidative stability between grades and types of polysorbate. It was not possible to discriminate between batches of the same grade. The final testing that is carried out on pharmaceutical products stored in glass vials, is container integrity testing. High voltage leak detection (HVLD) is one method utilised and concerns exist as to whether the high voltages present can cause ozone formation in the container headspace, leading to degradation of the drug product. A method involving potassium indigo trisulphonate was developed for the detection of ozone and a test protocol implemented. This approach showed that ozone was produced in containers with a low fill volume, but at a very low concentration and hence it should not affect the stability of the final product. The research carried out in this thesis has drawn together evidence on RMMs; furthered understanding of the applicability of oxidative stability testing for pharmaceutical excipients; and has highlighted the importance of investigating the effect of container integrity testing methods on the final pharmaceutical product.

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33

Fidora, Aldo Francesco. "Knowledge and Barriers to Safe Disposal of Pharmaceutical Products Entering the Environment." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4624.

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The use of pharmaceutical products has steadily increased in the United States from 2 billion prescriptions in 1999 to 3.9 billion in 2009. Half of patients do not comply with the recommended prescription regimen and dispose of unused drugs in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and many researchers have highlighted the human-health risks associated with improperly disposing of pharmaceutical products. This quantitative cross-sectional study examined the potential correlations between people's actual disposal practices and their knowledge of the impact of disposal practices on the environment and human health, and availability of disposal options. The conceptual framework selected for this study comprised 2 models: the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior. Respondents to an online survey were 485 residents of the northeast United States, polled from the general population. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to model responses from the dependent variable actual disposal practice (ADP) across the independent variables, and analysis of variance explored whether ADP differed across demographic variables. Statistically significant associations emerged among individuals' knowledge of environment and human-health impact, recommended disposal practices, disposal options, and that person's likelihood to practice recommended disposal. Demographic variables did not impact disposal behavior. To promote positive social change, it is recommended that policymakers plan and implement the expansion of convenient drug disposal options, as well as information campaigns on proper disposal practices. In parallel, health care professionals should stress to their patients the importance of complying with prescribed regimens, thus minimizing the amount of unused or expired medications.

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34

Vesper, James. "Developing expertise of those handling temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical products using e-learning." Thesis, Vesper, James (2014) Developing expertise of those handling temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical products using e-learning. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/24443/.

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The use of e-learning as a means of providing academic and professional education and training continues to expand. New technologies allow for innovative instructional approaches, while different instructional approaches catalyze the development of alternative technologies or the repurposing of existing ones. The effort and expense of creating e-learning courses demand that instead of a haphazard design approach or simply duplicating a course using a model that currently exists, developers consider and incorporate a valid theoretical foundation for what they produce. The purpose of this research was to create an e-learning course—based on theoretical design principles derived from the research literature—that would contribute to the expertise of those handling time- and temperature-sensitive pharmaceutical products (such as vaccines). The e-learning course was based on an existing physical course conducted annually by the World Health Organization in Turkey, but the approach adopted was based on theory and practice more appropriate to online learning. Three learning theories provided the theoretical underpinnings for the study: cognitive apprenticeship, authentic learning, and community of learners. A design-based research approach was used to conduct the study and create the e-learning solution. Draft design principles were established from the literature and consultations with practitioners, and incorporated and refined throughout the study as the e-learning solution moved from early sketches, a working “alpha” version,” and finally a field test of the working prototype. At each stage, formative evaluations were conducted with the results used to improve the subsequent iterations of the e-learning course. Interviews and surveys of the learners (participants) and instructors (mentors), learning assignments, diary entries, and researcher observations formed the data that were used and analyzed using semi-quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results were applied to improve subsequent iterations of the course design, including the user interface, learner tasks and activities, and the interactions between the mentors and participants. Additionally, the results supported the refinement and restructuring of the design principles, which was a major outcome of the research. The results of this study showed that an e-learning course could be based on an existing physical course, but in doing so, efforts should be made not to simply mirror the new course to the old, but rather to take maximum advantage of the affordances of each mode. Creating an authentic environment with authentic tasks and activities requires close consultation with practitioners in the field and a degree of suspension of disbelief by the learners which is accomplished by effectively communicating the context (or backstory) and the role(s) that they must take in accomplishing the task. While many e-learning design and development efforts emphasize the technologies to be used, the findings here place a higher emphasis on the importance of relationships that participants and mentors establish and develop as they work virtually together to accomplish authentic tasks. The outcomes of the study include an effective e-learning environment ready for implementation under real world conditions and a set of 13 refined design principles. Implications for practice cohere around the refined design principles that will provide a theoretical and practical foundation for those who develop e-learning solutions in other education and training contexts, and to assist them to incorporate authentic activities in their own e-learning solutions.

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Jaén, Gil Adrián. "Removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater combining different treatment technologies: suspect screening identification and risk assessment of transformation products." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673419.

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The low efficiency of wastewater treatment plants to achieve the complete removal of micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, has motivated the development of alternative water technologies to improve their efficiency, sustainability, and operational costs. However, even when the complete elimination of these contaminants is attained, they can be transformed into new and unknown intermediates which might be even more persistent and toxic than their parent compounds. In this doctoral thesis, the development of advanced suspect screening methodologies has been applied for the identification of the transformation products generated along biological and physical and/or chemical treatments. Additionally, their potential environmental effects were evaluated using in silico methods and in vitro bioassays in treated effluents. Finally, their removal efficiency was investigated in combined water treatment technologies. This doctoral thesis demonstrates that multidisciplinary research is needed to properly evaluate the best water treatment technology to use
La baja eficiencia de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales para lograr la completa eliminación de microcontaminantes, incluidos los fármacos, ha motivado el desarrollo de tecnologías alternativas para mejorar su eficiencia, sostenibilidad y costos operativos. Sin embargo, incluso cuando la eliminación completa de estos contaminantes es alcanzada, éstos pueden transformarse en intermedios nuevos y desconocidos que podrían ser más persistentes y tóxicos que sus compuestos originales. En esta tesis doctoral, se han desarrollado metodologías analíticas avanzadas para la identificación de los productos de transformación generados a lo largo de tratamientos biológicos y físicos y/o químicos. Además, se han evaluado sus posibles efectos ambientales mediante métodos in silico y bioensayos in vitro en efluentes tratados. Por último, se ha investigado su eficiencia de eliminación en tecnologías de agua combinadas. Esta tesis doctoral demuestra que la investigación multidisciplinaria es necesaria para evaluar la mejor tecnología de tratamiento de agua a utilizar
Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia de l'Aigua

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36

Anderson, Margaret Marie. "Cytotoxic and antimalarial natural products." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.320404.

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37

Wild, Tracy Joy. "Pharmaceutical analysis and aspects of the quality control of St. John's Wort products." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003282.

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Most complementary medicines contain a multitude of chemical components, some of which are claimed to contribute to the biological activity of such products. Use of complementary medicines for preventative and therapeutic purposes is increasing rapidly worldwide. Unfortunately, although control of these products is essential to ensure quality, safety, and efficacy, the quality control of most herbal preparations is currently poor to non-existent, with little or no safety and efficacy data required to support the marketing and use of these products. The objective of this study was therefore to develop suitable analytical methods to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the relevant components (rutin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin, kaempferol, hypericin, pseudohypericin and hyperforin) in St John's Wort dosage forms for quality control purposes. A gradient HPLC method using a Luna 5·mC₁₈(2) 150 x 2.00mm internal diameter (i.d.) column and UV detection, was developed for the separation of six of the relevant flavonoid compounds in St John's Wort, namely rutin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin and kaempferol. The development process involved a systematic investigation of gradient conditions, flow rate, and temperature. This method was subsequently applied to assay selected commercially available St John's Wort products. This system provided the necessary accuracy, precision and reproducibility and was associated with several advantages when compared to using standard bore (4.60 mm i.d.) HPLC columns. The method developed is currently the only known method that separates all six relevant flavonoids in a reasonable run time (less than 20 minutes). It is also one of the few methods that has sufficient separation between rutin, isoquercitrin and hyperoside. A qualitative method for the fingerprinting of flavonoid components was also developed, using capillary electrophoresis (CE). CE is a rapidly growing powerful analytical technique for the separation of charged compounds. Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is a very powerful electrophoretic technique that is capable of selectively resolving both neutral and ionic solutes in a single run. A MEKC method suitable for the separation and determination of various flavonoid constituents used as marker compounds in Hypericum perforatum was developed. Investigations into the effect of pH, ionic strength, applied voltage and capillary dimensions on separation were performed. The optimised method was then applied to qualitatively analyse various St John's Wort products on the market. This method was found to be advantageous in that it was simple, cost-effective, required minimal sample preparation and utilised very small quantities of sample. Due to the vast differences in chemical properties between the various marker and active components in St John's Wort, it was necessary to develop separate analytical methods for the flavonoids and for the other three relevant compounds (hypericin, pseudohypericin and hyperforin). An isocratic HPLC method using a Luna 5·mC₁₈(2) 150 x 2.00mm (i.d.) column and UV detection was developed for the separation of hypericin, pseudohypericin and hyperforin. The development process involved a systematic investigation of buffer molarity, mobile phase composition, pH, flow rate, and temperature. This method was subsequently applied to assay selected commercially available St John's Wort products on the South African market. This system also provided the necessary accuracy, precision and reproducibility, as well as the advantages associated with the use of a narrow bore column as opposed to the use of the more commonly used wider bore columns. This method was validated and used to quantitate these three compounds in various commercial St John's Wort products. By applying this method to liquid chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS), qualitative analyses of the same products was performed to obtain confirmation of the quantitative HPLC results. Mass spectrometry is a powerful detection tool that is more selective and specific than many detection systems used with HPLC. Natural medicines usually constitute a multitude of constituents with much potential interference. In this regard LC-MS-MS is a powerful tool, with its ability to unequivocally identify target analytes regardless of the presence of interferences or complex matrices. ESI-MS-MS was used for the qualitative analysis of the content of the naphthodianthrones and hyperforin in the respective tablet products assayed with HPLC. LC-MS-MS analyses were performed in order to identify the constituents and to verify the specificity of the HPLC method. High inter-product and inter-batch variability was observed for all nine compounds assayed. These quantitative results were confirmed with the respective qualitative analyses. This study confirms the need for strict quality control of herbal medicinal products commercially available to consumers.

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Marques, Pereira M. L. "Analysis of pharmaceutical products and nucleotides by LC-MS and tandem mass spectrometry." Thesis, Swansea University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.638005.

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Tandem mass spectrometry and chromatographic techniques coupled with mass spectrometry are demonstrated to be extremely useful in independent investigations of biochemical and pharmacological compounds. The first chapter gives some insight into the theory behind the chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques used. Cyclic nucleotides are vital components in biochemical signal transduction and regulation, and thus the enzymes which regulate their intracellular levels are of great interest as pharmacological targets. In chapter 2, fast atom bombardment - collision induced dissociation and mass analysed ion kinetic energy spectrometry is compared with electrospray - tandem mass spectrometry, in a quadrupole ion trap, for the structural characterisation of cyclic nucleotides and cyclic nucleotide analogues. These are used as site selective activators of cyclic nucleotide - dependent protein kinases. The activity of a multifunctional phosphodiesterase is analysed in chapter 3, using electrospray - tandem mass spectrometric techniques. This includes the differentiation and relative quantification of the isomeric products of the active enzyme preparation and the effect of several cyclic nucleotide binding agents on the enzyme activity. In chapter 4 mass spectrometric data is obtained for two lots of a diagnostic drug, manufactured by two distinct synthetic routes, and for a number of related substances, the aim being to help the manufacturer to optimise the synthetic process. Micro liquid chromatography - atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation - mass spectrometry proved to be the technique of choice for the screening of residues of sulphonamides in milk. In chapter 5, this technique is compared with conventional high performance liquid chromatography with atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation - mass spectrometric detection and capillary zone electrophoresis with electrospray - mass spectrometric detection. The former technique is sensitive and selective allowing the quantification and confirmation of the presence of 10 sulphonamides at levels below the regulatory levels in milk.

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Shakoor, Omar. "Some aspects of the quality of certain pharmaceutical products from Nigeria and Thailand." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243784.

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Kok, Yixiong. "The production planning and inventory management of intermediate products for a pharmaceutical company." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/42319.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 66).
TCG is a multinational pharmaceutical company. As part of its drive to stay lean and competitive, TCG hopes to effectively maximize its capital assets by reducing warehouse inventory. This thesis aims to reduce the inventory of intermediate products through the use of fixed demand rate production planning and inventory controls. The production planning model attempts to derive the optimal production cycle time based on demand rates, production rates and setup times to prevent stock outs. The optimal cycle time should provide the optimal inventory levels for the intermediate products. The production planning model stabilizes the fluctuations in inventory levels and outperforms TCG's production plan in 2008 by 115 pallet spaces. With an order-up-to policy, the inventory level is capped at a maximum level, preventing uncontrolled accumulation of inventory of the intermediate products. This will prevent stock outs and stabilize inventory levels. Using an order-up-to policy to minimize the inventory, a reduction of up to 1.8% can be achieved.
by Yixiong Kok.
M.Eng.

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Brown, Stacy D., Loren M. Kirk, and Paul Lewis. "Using Metabolomic Tools to Study Impurity Profiles in Vancomycin Products." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5280.

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Pleasance, S. "Studies of pharmaceuticals and food products by combined chromatographic/mass spectrometric techniques." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384630.

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He, Kai. "Removal mechanisms of pharmaceuticals and personal care products during soil aquifer treatment." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/217162.

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Karlsson, Maja V. "Uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from sediments into aquatic organisms." Thesis, University of York, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4173/.

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Over the past fifteen years there has been increasing interest in the environmental occurrence, fate and effects of substances used as pharmaceuticals or personal care products. While the understanding of the environmental fate and ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals is now well developed, less information is available on the uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into aquatic organisms and, in particular, into sediment-dwelling organisms. This study was therefore performed to develop an understanding of the factors and processes affecting the uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into the sediment dwelling oligochaete worm, Lumbriculus variegatus. The study combined experimental studies into the distribution of a range of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in sediment-water systems and studies into the uptake of the study compounds under a range of conditions. The results were used to parameterize and evaluate a model for estimating uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products into benthic organisms. Adsorption of the study compounds from water to sediment solids increased in the order diclofenac < chloramphenicol < salicylic acid < naproxen < caffeine < sulfamethazine < triclosan < fluoxetine. Comparison of the sorption results with estimations from available models for predicting sorption from chemical properties indicated that relationships developed for neutral organic chemicals were not appropriate for use on ionisable pharmaceuticals and personal care products. While predictive models, developed specifically for ionisable chemicals, produced improved predictions of sorption, even these predictions were not perfect. Bioconcentration factors for the study compounds from water into L. variegatus were found to increase in the order chloramphenicol < diclofenac < salicylic acid < fluoxetine < naproxen < triclosan. The differences in bioconcentration factors could not be explained by differences in log Kow and log Dow which are descriptors that have previously been used to predict the uptake of neutral organic substances and ionisable substances in other species of invertebrates. There was also disagreement between the uptake measurements and predictions obtained from models developed for estimating the uptake of ionisable chemicals into aquatic organisms. The uptake of four of the study compounds (caffeine, diclofenac, fluoxetine and triclosan) was further evaluated at different water pH values. For three of these compounds (diclofenac, fluoxetine and triclosan), the potential for metabolism by L. variegatus was also assessed as was the uptake and route of uptake from whole sediments. Uptake of diclofenac and fluoxetine was found to be highly sensitive to changes in pH with bioconcentration factors varying by over two orders of magnitude (diclofenac) and four orders of magnitude (fluoxetine) across three pH units. Tissue analysis indicated that while diclofenac is not metabolized by the worms, fluoxetine and triclosan are heavily metabolized. The whole sediment studies demonstrated that uptake of diclofenac and fluoxetine occurs primarily from the sediment pore-water whereas for triclosan, sediment ingestion provides a small contribution to the uptake. Results from the different components of the study were used to parameterize and evaluate a model for estimating uptake of pharmaceuticals and personal care products from sediments into benthic organisms. Comparison of predictions from this model for diclofenac, fluoxetine and triclosan were compared to measurements from whole sediment studies. While the model was found to under-predict the uptake of triclosan, good predictions were obtained for diclofenac and fluoxetine. With further development and evaluation, the uptake modeling approach could provide a valuable tool for use in the risk assessment of ionisable compounds such as many pharmaceuticals and personal care products.

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Lafferty, Susan Vera. "Evaluation of the properties of polymers used as controlled release membranes." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391523.

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Sun, Dong. "Virtualization and real-time analysis of pharmaceutical and food products by near infrared spectroscopy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/459155.

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La realización de la fábrica inteligente ha sido investigada en esta Tesis. La fábrica inteligente es una tendencia de desarrollo en la era de la información. Los seres humanos pueden recibir mucha ayuda de las herramientas inteligentes que permiten realizar los trabajos de un modo de alta calidad. Las industrias con elevada carga en tecnología, como las farmacéuticas y las industrias alimentarias modernas, son pioneras en el uso de los conceptos de fábrica inteligente. Hoy en día, la calidad del producto es un factor clave que determina la cuota de mercado. Con el fin de asegurar una alta calidad tanto en el proceso como en el producto final, varias instituciones han publicado algunas pautas. La Calidad por Diseño (QbD) y la Tecnología Analítica de Procesos (PAT) fueron dos pautas utilizadas en esta tesis para los métodos farmacéuticos. La espectroscopía de infrarrojo cercano (NIRS) puede virtualizar la información física y química del producto de proceso en tiempo real. Por lo tanto, se tomó como la herramienta inteligente para realizar estos conceptos en la industria farmacéutica y estudiar la mejora de la calidad de los alimentos. Se utilizó un espectrofotómetro portátil MicroNIR para determinar atributos críticos de calidad en diferentes etapas del proceso farmacéutico para la fabricación de formulaciones sólidas. Se calcularon y validaron modelos cuantitativos de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales. El MicroNIR tiene un tamaño miniaturizado, bajo consumo de energía y un sistema óptico resistente. Por lo tanto, ha demostrado una buena robustez en el proceso de operación. El diseño del experimento ha ofrecido una forma sencilla de calcular los modelos sin un método de referencia complejo. Los buenos resultados de validación revelan que el MicroNIR es una excelente herramienta PAT en la industria farmacéutica. El MicroNIR también se adoptó para calcular y validar una biblioteca espectral para identificar 223 formulaciones farmacéuticas. Las validaciones internas y externas han demostrado que todas las formulaciones pueden identificarse de forma única. Este método simple y no destructivo ha ofrecido al cliente una herramienta sencilla para calificar el producto farmacéutico en las tiendas minoristas. Además, se utilizó un espectrofotómetro NIR de sobremesa para analizar diversos parámetros químicos y sensoriales del tomate. El análisis se realizó en modo de tiempo real sin pretratamiento de muestras. Los modelos cuantitativos fueron calculados por PLS. La capacidad predictiva fue buena y se demostró que NIRS es un método robusto, preciso y seguro para mejorar la calidad del producto de tomate.
The realization of the smart factory has been investigated in this Thesis. The smart factory is a trend of development in the information age. Human beings could receive a lot of assistance from the smart tools which make works be done in a high quality way. Technology-intensive industries, such as pharmaceutical and modern food industries, are pioneers who have the advantages to enjoy the smart factory. Nowadays, the product quality is a key factor that determines the market share. In order to assure a high quality both in the process and final product, several institutions have published some guidelines. Quality by Design (QbD) and Process analytical technology (PAT) were two guidelines used in this thesis for the pharmaceutical methods. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) could virtualize the physical and chemical information of the process product in real time. Therefore, it was taken as the smart tool to realize these concepts in the pharmaceutical industry and study about the food quality improvement. A portable MicroNIR spectrometer was used to determine critical quality attributes in different stages of the pharmaceutical process for the manufacturing of solid formulations. Quantitative partial least-squares regression models were calculated and validated. The MicroNIR has a miniaturized size, low energy consumption and rugged optical system. So it has shown a good robustness in the operation process. The experiment design has offered a simple way to calculate the models without a complex reference method. The good results of validation reveal that the MicroNIR is an excellent PAT tool in the pharmaceutical industry. The MicroNIR was also adopted to calculate and validate a spectral library to identify 223 pharmaceutical formulations. The internal and external validations have shown that all the formulations can be uniquely identified. This simple and nondestructive method has offered the customer a simple tool to qualify the pharmaceutical product in the retail stores. Besides, the benchtop NIR spectrometer was also adopted to analyze several chemical and sensory parameters of tomato. The analysis was operated in real time mode without any sample pretreatment. The quantitative models were calculated by PLS. The predictive ability was good and it was demonstrated that NIRS is a robust, accurate and safe method to improve the quality of tomato product. Based on the discussion above, this Thesis has studied the application of NIRS as a tool to virtualize and real time analyze pharmaceutical and food industries. All these studies have indicated that the NIRS is a suitable technology for the realization of the smart factory.

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Maijó, Ferré Irene. "Preconcentration strategies in capillary electrophoresis for the determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/84043.

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L'objectiu principal d'aquestaTesi Doctoral és el desenvolupament de diferents estratègies per disminuir els límits de detecció de l’electroforesicapil•lar per a la determinació de compostos farmacèutics i els productes de cura personal. Aquestes estratègies es basen en les tècniques de preconcentració electroforètiques i cromatogràfiques, i l'ús de l’espectrometria de masses com a sistema de detecció. Com a tècniques de preconcentració electroforètiques s'han estudiat les tècniques de samplestacking i sweeping, i com a tècnica de preconcentració cromatogràficas’ha avaluat l'acoblament en línia entre l'extracció en fase sòlida i l'electroforesicapil•lar (In-line SPE-CE). Entre elsPPCPs, aquesta tesi doctoral es centra específicament en els antiinflamatoris no esteroïdals(AINE), els parabens i els filtres ultraviolats. Un altre dels objectius d'aquestaTesi Doctoral és estudiarl’aplicabilitat de les metodologies desenvolupades per a l'anàlisi de mostres ambientals per determinar PPCP.
The main objective of this Doctoral Thesis is the development of different strategies to decrease the detection limits of capillary electrophoresis for the determination of pharmaceutical and personal care products. These strategies are based on electrophoretic and chromatographic preconcentration techniques, and the use of mass spectrometry as a detection system. The electrophoretic preconcentration techniques studied included sample stacking techniques and sweeping while the chromatographic preconcentration technique evaluated was in-line coupling between solid phase extraction and capillary electrophoresis. With respect to PPCPs, this Doctoral Thesis focuses specifically on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), parabens and UV-filters. Another objective of this Doctoral Thesis is to study the suitability of the developed methodologies for the determination of PPCPs in environmental samples.

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Morton, Mark Richard. "Detection and qualification of drugs and impurities in pharmaceutical products by near infrared spectroscopy." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.501526.

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Mattern, Kai [Verfasser], Iordana Akademischer Betreuer] Constantinou, and Christel [Akademischer Betreuer] [Müller-Goymann. "Microfluidic devices for screening of pharmaceutical products / Kai Mattern ; Iordana Constantinou, Christel Müller-Goymann." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220027200/34.

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Mattern, Kai Verfasser], Iordana [Akademischer Betreuer] Constantinou, and Christel [Akademischer Betreuer] [Müller-Goymann. "Microfluidic devices for screening of pharmaceutical products / Kai Mattern ; Iordana Constantinou, Christel Müller-Goymann." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220027200/34.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pharmaceutical producers'

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