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Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical industry – Great Britain'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Hampson, Judith, Jacqueline Southee, David Howell, and Michael Balls. "An RSPCA/FRAME Survey of the Use of Non-human Primates as Laboratory Animals in Great Britain, 1984–1988." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 17, no. 4 (June 1990): 335–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026119299001700407.

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A literature-based survey of the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals in Great Britain in 1984–1988 was carried out as a background to extending debate about the ethical and practical issues involved. The 289 publications considered were grouped in 15 subject areas and reviewed in terms of scientific purpose, methods employed, numbers and species of animals used, and their source, care and ultimate fate. In addition, the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry provided a comment on the use of non-human primates by pharmaceutical companies. Specific causes for concern were identified, and future prospects considered.

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2

Elvey, Rebecca, Ellen I. Schafheutle, Sally Jacobs, Samuel D. Jee, Karen Hassell, and Peter R. Noyce. "Revalidation arrangements for pharmacy professionals in industry and academia in Great Britain: A qualitative study." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (March 2013): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.07.007.

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3

Toktonalieva, N., and I. Toktonaliev. "History and Background of the Implementation of Good Manufacturing Practice Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry (Review)." Bulletin of Science and Practice 6, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/58/17.

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The volume of the global pharmaceutical market in 2018 amounted to 1.2 trillion US dollars, and by 2020 the global pharmaceutical market has grown to 1.5 trillion dollars. Countries such as the United States, Japan, Germany, Switzerland and Great Britain took the leading positions in the pharmaceutical market, while the market share of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the world community was 2.6%. Further growth of the global pharmaceutical market is predicted by 5% annually, which may contribute to the rapid production and distribution of low-quality pharmaceutical products. One of the main goals of the country is to provide the population with effective, high-quality and safe medicines drugs to protect their health, since consumers cannot assess the quality of medicines on their own. To accomplish this task in developed and developing countries, the state regularly checks and evaluates the quality, efficacy, safety, as well as the main pharmacological effects of drugs at all stages of production. In the production of drugs, it is necessary to comply with the rules of Good Manufacturing Practice. Good Manufacturing Practice is one of the indispensable elements of a modern control and authorization system in the field of pharmaceutical circulation, no less important than the Pharmacopoeia or other state drug standards. Materials and methods. The review article presents an analysis of published scientific works of the last 15 years. To search for reliable information, we used scientific literature data from available and open sources placed in scientific electronic databases: Cyberleninka, PubMed, E-library, Medline, J-stage, Hindawi using the keywords: Good Manufacturing Practice, GMP, pharmaceutical industry, quality of medicines. Results. When analyzing scientific literature sources, special attention is paid to the relevance of this problem, the prerequisites for the introduction of Good Manufacturing Practice standards in the pharmaceutical industry and world practice. Conclusion. Summarizing the scientific literature data, we came to the conclusion that it is necessary to comply with the basic requirements of the international Good Manufacturing Practice standard for the production of high-quality drugs, which has a positive effect on the health of consumers.

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4

Popovic, Jovan. "The foundation and development of the department of pharmacy of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad (2000-2007)." Medical review 60, no. 11-12 (2007): 565–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0712565p.

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The Department of Pharmacy. The first 50 pharmacy students were enrolled at the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad in the academic year 2000/2001. The Institute of Pharmacy was established on July 10, 2001. The Department of Pharmacy was established on December 18, 2001, with more than 150 faculty members. Since then, 82 students have graduated with honours. Visiting professors from Athens, Skopje, Reading (Great Britain) and Banja Luka, and professors of the Faculty of Science and Mathematics and the Faculty of Technical Sciences in Novi Sad, together with the professors and associates of the Faculty of Medicine, are members of the Faculty of the Department of Pharmacy. Activities of the Department of Pharmacy. The Department offers a 5-year undergraduate program in pharmacy, practical courses in pharmacy, takes part in higher education reform in accordance with the Bologna objectives, organizes visits to European centers of the pharmaceutical industry, and provides mentoring activities in relation to writing a graduation paper. The First Balkan Congress of Pharmacy Students was held March 7-12, 2006 in Novi Sad. The Department of Pharmacy of the Faculty of Medicine in Novi Sad has achieved the objectives set for it when it was Established.

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5

Perova, M. K. "European trajectory of USА direct investment." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 12 (November 30, 2022): 850–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2212-01.

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The present paper focuses on the U.S. direct investment in European countries. To date Europe attracted 60 % of the total volume of US global investment. These ties become more complex, covering a growing number of different fields of activities. The study of this issue implies the analysis of the modern features of outward FDI fl ows and the main directions of their placement in Europe. New technologies have made noticeable changes in the usual investment pattern. A global presence without significant FDI is becoming the most important trend in the international activities of companies. However, 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act which fi rst turned capital outfl ows negative, and hen resolved the tax liability overhang on overseas assets, which have contributed to a jump in cross-border M&A purchases by United States MNEs. Thus, FDI fl ows have received a powerful impetus, including investment growth opportunities in European countries. The top countries receiving US FDI: аre Great Britain (identical US business conditions), Luxembourg and the Netherlands (minimizing tax bills), Ireland (export platform). France and Germany are also joining these countries. The most important directions in the industrial structure of US FDI are the information, the service sector, the chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals. The increased role of intangible assets forces branches of American companies to increase their attention to R&D. Europe remains one of the most competitive regions in the world in terms of scientific and technical potential.

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6

Gryzodub, Oleksandr. "30 років національній системі стандартизації, метрології і контролю якості лікарських засобів в Україні: основні досягнення, проблеми і перспективи розвитку." SSP Modern Law and Practice 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2022): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmlp.v2i3.67.

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Provision to every citizen, patient, and person in the system of legal relationship "doctor-patient-pharmacist" the right to life, health, and safety during the circulation of vital medicinal products of all clinical and pharmacological, nomenclature and legal, classification and legal groups, guaranteed by created in in Ukraine the system of standardization and quality control of medicines. The system of standardization and quality control of medicines includes the National System of Standardization of Medicines in Ukraine (1992); The system of state control of the quality of medicinal products (1992); Programs for the development of generic drugs in Ukraine (1995); The school of standardization and quality control of medicinal products; Center for standardization, metrology, and quality control in Ukraine. Ukraine got observer status in the European Pharmacopoeia in 1998. The National Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine (2001) appeared 6-7 years earlier than other countries (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation). Two editions of the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine, totaling thirteen volumes and 7,208 pages, was developed as of 2022 and put into effect. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is fully harmonized with the European Pharmacopoeia and is the basis of the entire system of standardization and quality control of medicinal products in Ukraine. A pharmacopeial language (Ukrainian terminological apparatus), which did not exist before, was developed, and implemented. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is an important reference-informational and educational-methodical material for pharmaceutical enterprises, health care institutions, pharmacies, universities of medical and pharmaceutical profiles. The national system of pharmacopeial standard samples largely meets the needs of national control laboratories, and ranks the 6th in the world in terms of the number of pharmacopeial standard samples. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine is the only pharmacopoeia in the world in which standardized validation procedures have been introduced, which has turned validation into an ordinary routine procedure. Ukraine acquired the status of a full member of the European Pharmacopoeia in 2013. European standards for the quality of medicinal products are in force in Ukraine. The State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine acquired voting membership in the Pharmacopoeia of the United States in 2010. In order to develop texts that are not in the European Pharmacopoeia (in particular, monographs on ready medicines), the State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine concluded Agreements with the leading pharmacopoeias of the world – the USA in 2010 and Great Britain in 2013. A powerful market, world- and European-level pharmaceutical industry was created, which was included in the field of health care, which provided the pharmacy network and health care institutions with modern, effective, safe, high-quality, and economically available drugs. The system of legal relations "doctor-patient-pharmacist" is based on the principles of pharmaceutical law, the Constitution of Ukraine, laws, and regulatory acts, timely ensures the right of a person, citizen, and patient suffering from various health disorders in accordance with the ICD-11, on life and health.

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7

BUD, ROBERT. "Penicillin and the new Elizabethans." British Journal for the History of Science 31, no. 3 (September 1998): 305–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087498003318.

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Generally, the mass media in Britain, as elsewhere, treat the history of science as arcane knowledge. A few iconic tales do none the less come to permeate public consciousness. How do these come to be selected from the myriad of possible narratives?One of the most enduring and well known of stories is the discovery of penicillin, which stretched from Alexander Fleming's observation in 1928 to the award of the Nobel prize to Fleming, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain in 1945 and the subsequent dominance of American companies in its manufacture. During the 1980s, when it appeared scandalous that monoclonal antibodies discovered in Cambridge, England, had not been patented by the British government, the parallel was often made with penicillin. An alternative use was made of the story when, in July 1995, a columnist in London's Evening Standard criticized massive expenditure on medical research and claimed that most drugs were discovered by accident. He sustained his thesis by merely putting in pointed parentheses the one word, ‘penicillin’. The same year, partisans found space in the correspondence columns of the New Scientist to return enthusiastically to the debate over the proper disposition of credit between Fleming and Florey. The BBC's Money Programme broadcast a piece on how best to support inventors today in October 1996; it included film of the Science Museum's coverage of Fleming.The story of penicillin seems therefore bound, time and time again, to great issues in British culture: pride over technological prowess, resentment over the loss of opportunity, jealousy of American success, the National Health Service and the emergence of the modern pharmaceutical industry. The appeal of the story and meaning of its associations are matched by reverence for its material relics. In high profile auctions, the sale of samples prepared by Fleming raises thousands of pounds and is previewed in the newspages and on the radio. The original plate on which Fleming observed penicillin with its sterile ring surrounding the healing penicillin is one of the most familiar of historic relics (Figure 1).

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8

Kolesnikova, Marina. "Development of fishing industry in Great Britain." Contemporary Europe 18, no. 4 (July 1, 2018): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope42018146154.

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9

Benito, Andrew. "Inter‐Industry Wage Differentials in Great Britain." Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 62, s1 (December 2000): 727–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0620s1727.

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10

Kuznetsova, I., and M. Gillies. "Industry Workers of Russia and Great Britain." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 65, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-4-74-86.

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Purpose: The estimation of the radiation risk of leukemia incidence and mortality for occupational exposure. Material and methods: The study was conducted in the pooled cohort comprised 45,817 workers from the two enterprises; 23,443 radiation workers first employed in 1947–2002 from the Sellafield plant (Great Britain) and 22,774 workers from the Mayak PA (Russia) first employed at the main plants in 1948–1982. The period of follow-up was terminated at the end of 2008 for Mayak workers who were Ozyorsk city residents, and at the end of 2005 for Sellafield workers and Mayak workers who had migrated from Ozyorsk. Results: Comparable radiation risk estimates of leukemia incidence and mortality were found among Mayak PA and Sellafield workers as for the whole dose range and separate dose intervals. Averaged by attained age estimate of excess relative risk per 1 Gy of external gamma-dose was 3.0 (95 % CI: 1.3–6.3) under the assumption of the linear dose–effect model. The quadratic model with attained age modification showed the best quality of fit. Risk estimates were statistically significant in the dose range 0.15–1.5 Gy. There was no evidence of any relationship between leukemia risks and accumulated red bone marrow dose of internal alpha-exposure due to incorporated Pu-239. Conclusion: Preliminary analysis of the pooled cohort data has demonstrated the feasibility and efficiency of a research project looking at leukemia risks in a joint cohort of Mayak and Sellafield workers. The current study provides further evidence about the already well established link between external-gamma exposure and leukemia risk. However, it fails to provide any firm further evidence about the absence or presence of relationship between plutonium exposure and leukemia risk.

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11

Corker, Chris. "The optical munitions industry in Great Britain, 1888–1923." Business History 57, no. 6 (May 13, 2015): 949–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2015.1031323.

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12

Widger, Phillip, and Abderrahmane Haddad. "Evaluation of SF6 Leakage from Gas Insulated Equipment on Electricity Networks in Great Britain." Energies 11, no. 8 (August 6, 2018): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11082037.

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This paper examines the data collected from the power industry over the last six years of actual reported emissions of sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and the potential impact. The SF6 emissions have been collated from the 14 different regions in England, Scotland, and Wales (Great Britain) from the six distribution network operators. The emissions of SF6 due to the transmission network of Great Britain have also been collated from the three different transmission network operators. By collecting this SF6 emissions data from the power industry, in both the distribution and transmission networks, an overall view of the scale of SF6 emissions in Great Britain can be evaluated. Data from the power industry also shows the inventory of SF6 power equipment in use over the last six years in Great Britain and shows the calculated percentage leakage rate of all of this equipment. In this paper, these figures, as reported by the electrical power industry to the UK government, have been used to estimate the likely inventory of SF6 equipment in England, Scotland, and Wales by 2050 and the future emissions of SF6 that could be leaked into the atmosphere by this equipment.

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13

Kurup, Shalaka, David Golightly, David Clarke, and Sarah Sharples. "Passenger information provision: Perspectives from rail industry stakeholders in Great Britain." Journal of Rail Transport Planning & Management 19 (September 2021): 100264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrtpm.2021.100264.

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14

Vlasova, I. "Funding for university industry and community engagement: experience of Great Britain." Pedagogical sciences reality and perspectives, no. 88 (2022): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series5.2022.88.10.

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15

Shann, Phillip, and Karen Hassell. "Flexible working: Understanding the locum pharmacist in Great Britain." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 2, no. 3 (September 2006): 388–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2006.03.002.

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16

Cenzatti, M. "Restructuring in the Motorcycle Industry in Great Britain and Italy until 1980." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 8, no. 3 (September 1990): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d080339.

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17

Braithwaite, John. "Negotiation Versus Litigation: Industry Regulation in Great Britain and the United States." American Bar Foundation Research Journal 12, no. 2-3 (1987): 559–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1987.tb00547.x.

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18

Twomey, Jim, and Jim Taylor. "REGIONAL POLICY AND THE INTERREGIONAL MOVEMENT OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN." Scottish Journal of Political Economy 32, no. 3 (November 1985): 257–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9485.1985.tb00796.x.

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19

Hitchens, D. M. W. N., and J. E. Birnie. "Productivity Levels in Northern Ireland Manufacturing Industry: A Comparison with Great Britain." Regional Studies 23, no. 5 (October 1989): 447–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00343408912331345622.

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20

Warren, Liz, Martin Quinn, and Gerhard Kristandl. "Investments in power generation in Great Britain c.1960-2010." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 15, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 53–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-01-2016-0002.

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Purpose This paper aims to explore the increasing role of financialisation on investment decisions in the power generation industry in Great Britain (GB). Such decisions affect society, and the relative role of financialisation in these macro-levels decisions has not been explored from a historical perspective. Design/methodology/approach The paper draws on historical material and interview data. Specifically, we use an approach inspired by institutional sociology drawing on elements of Scott’s (2014) pillars of institutions. Applying concepts stemming from regulative and normative pressures, we explore changes in investments over the analysis period to determine forces which institutionalised practices – such as accounting – into investment in power generation. Findings Investments in electricity generation have different levels of public and private participation. However, the common logics that underpin such investment practices provide an important understanding of political-economics and institutional change in the UK. Thus, the heightened use of accounting in investment has been, to some extent, a contributory factor to the power supply problems now faced by the British public. Originality/value This paper contributes to prior literature on the effects of financialisation on society, adding power generation/energy supply to the many societal level issues already explored. It also provides brief but unique insights into the changing nature of the role of accounting in an industry sector over an extended timeframe.

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21

Jordan, Ellen. "The Exclusion of Women From Industry in Nineteenth-Century Britain." Comparative Studies in Society and History 31, no. 2 (April 1989): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500015826.

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In 1868, a clergymen told the annual congress of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science that “he had long lived in the town of Liverpool, and had been placed in circumstances there which made him frequently regret that there were no places in which women could find employment. The great want was of employment for every class of women, not only for the higher class, but for those placed in humbler circumstances.” At earlier conferences, however, a number of speakers described the abundant opportunities for female employment in other Lancashire towns. Census figures make it clear that the reason lay in the different industrial bases of these towns.

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22

Slayton, Rebecca. "The Optical Munitions Industry in Great Britain, 1888–1923 by Stephen C Sambrook." Technology and Culture 55, no. 2 (2014): 497–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2014.0040.

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23

Sturgess, R., and I. Harrison. "Statutory Regulation of the Professional Conduct of Pharmacists in Great Britain and the USA." Medical Law International 2, no. 1 (September 1995): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096853329500200103.

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The concept and regulation of a code of ethics and professional conduct are approached differently in Great Britain and the USA. In Great Britain, the Royal Pharmaceutical Society has no definition of professional conduct, its Code of Ethics covering only those items upon which it believes that it must make a comment or explanation. Individual States in the USA have definitions of professional conduct, which are defined and regulated by the State legal system.

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24

Antic, Cedomir. "Crisis and armament economic relations between Great Britain and Serbia 1910-1912." Balcanica, no. 36 (2005): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0536151a.

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On the eve of the 1914-18 war, Great Powers had competed for influence in the Balkans. While preparing for the war with the Ottoman Empire the Balkan states were ready to take huge war credits and to place big orders for weapons and military equipment. Foreign Office did not show any interest in involving British capital and industry in this competition. British diplomacy even discouraged investments in Serbian military programme before 1914.

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25

Forrest, David. "AN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REVIEW OF GAMBLING IN GREAT BRITAIN." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 7, no. 3 (December 9, 2013): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v7i3.816.

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The paper considers the nature and scale of the benefits and costs of gambling, with special reference to machine gaming. Although the industry is argued to be unlikely to have a significant macroeconomic impact, evidence is consistent with it generating considerable benefits to individual (responsible) consumers, whether measured by consumer surplus or through the pattern of responses to a wellbeing question. At the same time, a minority of users of gaming facilities, problem gamblers, appear to make consistently flawed decisions such that those with gambling disorder experience exceptionally low wellbeing. Public policy and regulatory decisions should consider the effects, on the margin, on both the net benefits to recreational gamblers and the net costs to problem gamblers. Many policy decisions may involve a trade-off between the welfare of recreational gamblers and the welfare of problem gamblers. Contemporary interest in targeted policies appears to represent an attempt to avoid the need to confront such a trade-off by searching for policies which are aimed very explicitly at problem gamblers alone.

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Kuznetsova, Irina. "Brewing industry of The European Union and Great Britain: the current status and trends." Drukerovskij Vestnik, no. 3 (August 2021): 213–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17213/2312-6469-2021-3-213-225.

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KELLY, TIMOTHY, and DAVID KEEBLE. "LOCATIONAL CHANGE AND CORPORATE ORGANISATION IN HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY: COMPUTER ELECTRONICS IN GREAT BRITAIN." Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie 79, no. 1 (February 1988): 2–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1988.tb00743.x.

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Sen, D. "Self-reported skin problems among physical processors in the chemical industry in Great Britain." Occupational Medicine 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/51.1.12.

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Taylor, Jim, and Jim Twomey. "The Movement of Manufacturing Industry in Great Britain: An Inter-County Analysis, 1972-1981." Urban Studies 25, no. 3 (June 1988): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00420988820080311.

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Ulunyan, Arutyun. "“Cotton Shadow” of the Great Game (1880s — Early 20th Century)." ISTORIYA 13, no. 12-1 (122) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840023789-6.

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The article analyzes the interconnection between the political and economic interests of Britain in the context of the Great Game in the 1880s — early 20th century and the strengthening of the British participation in making and development of the Russian cotton industry. Archival sources, materials of parliamentary reports, the British press, publications of British and Russian participants in the events, all of them, provide legitimate basis to detect the peculiarities of the links between Britain’s economic and political interests during this period. The “cotton shadow” of the Great Game turned out to be a phenomenon that allows even at the statistical level to reveal the prevailing importance of economic interests over purely political assessments of the likely Russian threat to Britain in Central and East Asia and partially overshadow them.

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Katkova, S. "THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF THE NATIONAL PUBLIC RELATIONS INDUSTRY IN ITALY." East European Scientific Journal 5, no. 4(68) (May 14, 2021): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/essa.2782-1994.2021.5.68.32.

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The article notes the main characteristics for different schools of PR (such as schools of the USA, Great Britain, France and Germany), but it is devoted to a retrospective analysis of the institutionalization of the professional public relations industry in Italy in the 1950s-1980s. The formation and development of the professional PR-community is considered through the prism of socio-economic and political conditions in the country.

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Shaimardanova, N. A. "Key factors of the civil servants’ pay in Russia and Great Britain." Moscow University Economics Bulletin, no. 6 (November 8, 2022): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202268.

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The article compares civil servants’ payment systems and wage levels in the Russian Federation and the United Kingdom, and identifies the factors affecting the civil servants’ pay level in both countries. With comparable civil servants’ payment levels in terms of purchasing power in Russia and Great Britain, there are differences in structural elements of payment and the fields of activity that are highly paid. The study is based on data analysis of the RF Ministry of Labour and the UK Office for National Statistics concerning civil servants’ pay levels in central offices of federal executive bodies of the Russian Federation and central public bodies of the UK. The comparative analysis shows that civil servants’ payment in Russia is significantly higher than that in Great Britain in such fields as security, defense, justice, legal proceedings, construction, housing and utilities, and statistics. In Great Britain, by contrast, civil servants are paid more than in Russia in speres of education, science, culture, tourism, media, industry and economics. Based on theories and studies reviewed, the article provides an econometric analysis of factors affecting the civil servants’ pay level in Russia and Great Britain. Regression analysis identifies statistically significant institutional, gender and age factors which determine the high level of the civil servants’ pay in both countries, for example, activities in financial, tax and customs spheres in Russia or work in small-size public bodies in Great Britain.

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Česiulytė, Vitalija, Eligijus Toločka, and Rolandas Strazdas. "PROTECTION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2010): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.072.

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The development of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries indicates that people around the world use different types of drugs for disease treatment and prevention. In the case of high demand for medicines, great attention to pharmacy industry is paid. Since the drugs are directly linked to human health and life, the state pays special attention to the safety of medicines and the quality of eligibility. Therefore, the companies wishing to become a part of this area are to obtain and then keep the license. The protection of intellectual property allows companies to use substantial investment in new drugs and treatment methods and to conduct research in the future. This is a particular concern for originator companies. Undefended patents also inhibit the creativity of local people as local innovators know that their products can be immediately copied, thus discouraging investment in new investigation.

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Ziaei, Zainab, Karen Hassell, and Ellen I. Schafheutle. "Work experiences of internationally trained pharmacists in Great Britain." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 23, no. 2 (May 22, 2014): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12122.

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35

Newell, Dianne. "The Politics of Food in World War II: Great Britain’s Grip on Canada’s Pacific Fishery." Historical Papers 22, no. 1 (April 26, 2006): 178–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030970ar.

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Abstract Maintaining and transporting food supplies during wartime are crucial activities. How to fulfill these obligations often is an important point in determining a government's wartime trade strategy. An example is the case of Great Britain during World War II. Britain attempted to control the cost and quality of its imported foodstuffs by influencing the production, supply and price within supplying countries. British food missions were established to negotiate the best-possible agreements and to protect Britain's long-term commercial interests. This self-interest can be seen in the food programme established by the British Ministry of Food and in the negotiations with British Columbia packers for canned salmon. Britain needed this nutritious and practical foodstuff, but refused to enter into longterm contracts with Canadian suppliers. The British Columbia salmon was considered too expensive, and Britain wanted to return to the cheaper Japanese and Russian suppliers after the war. The ultimate result was that the BC salmon canning industry was seriously curtailed at war's end, and the very existence of the resource was threatened.

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Crowther, M. A., and S. W. F. Holloway. "The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, 1841-1991: A Political and Social History." Economic History Review 46, no. 2 (May 1993): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2598032.

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Woodcock, Jamie. "How to beat the boss: Game Workers Unite in Britain." Capital & Class 44, no. 4 (February 12, 2020): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309816820906349.

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This article provides an overview of the growth of game worker organising in Britain. These workers have not previously been organised in a trade union, but over the last 2 years, they have developed a campaign to unionise their sector and launched a legal trade union branch. This is a powerful example of so-called ‘greenfield’ organising, beyond the reach of existing trade unions and with workers who have not previously been members. The article provides an outline of the industry, the launch of the Game Workers Unite international network, the growth of the division in Britain as well as their formation as a branch of the Independent Workers’ Union of Great Britain. The aim is to draw out lessons for both the videogames industry, as well as other non-unionised industries, showing how the traditions of trade unionism can be translated and developed in new contexts.

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Kirchner, Hans-Martin. "Employers’ Associations in the Metal Industry in Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany." Philosophy and History 22, no. 1 (1989): 102–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist198922156.

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Golightly, David, John M. Easton, Clive Roberts, and Sarah Sharples. "Applications, value and barriers of common data frameworks in the rail industry of Great Britain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 227, no. 6 (August 28, 2013): 693–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409713499148.

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Soniya Kundnani, Dhara Patel, and Dhananjay Meshram. "Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA): Great approach to risk analysis in pharmaceutical industry." International Journal of Frontiers in Science and Technology Research 3, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 005–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijfstr.2022.3.2.0055.

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Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) is a semi-quantitative evaluation executed to recognize, early within side the layout and definition level of a system, all potential hazards and hazardous events that can cause an accident, classify identified hazardous events according to their severity and identify the required hazard controls and their respective follow-up actions. It is a great tool for beginning to recognize the hazards of a system. In some cases, a PHA is all that is needed to analyse a simple system. It is also the first step in the hazard analysis of more complicated systems. This review illustrates PHA's use for analysing a maintenance process/procedure and discusses the injuries that can occur with poor design and recommend solutions.

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Androshchuk, Iryna, and Ihor Androshchuk. "Specificity of Students’ Technological Training in Finland and Great Britain." Comparative Professional Pedagogy 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rpp-2018-0036.

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Abstract The specificity of students’ technological training in Finland and Great Britain has been considered. It has been found that the state policy of foreign countries is aimed at providing students with professional knowledge, work skills and combining comprehensive and professional training. Specific attention has been paid to the subjects and courses in foreign countries, which are equivalent to the course on technological training. It has been indicated that establishing connections between school, industry and production is one of the important conditions for improving technological training. The specificity of students’ technological training in Finnish schools at different levels of education has been characterized. Indeed, the level of education defines the character of technological operations differentiation based on the materials of manufactured products; gradual introduction of professional and polytechnical optional and specialized courses, whose volume corresponds to regional conditions; organization of visits to production, agricultural and forestry enterprises; active participation of students in professional production, which contributes to acquiring practical experience in the chosen production area. It has been revealed that Finnish schools pay particular attention to the importance of proper facilities and resources and fully equipped workshops, namely joiner’s shops, locksmith shops, tailor’s shops, fully equipped teaching kitchens and canteens. It has been revealed that technological training of students in Great Britain is characterized by their active involvement into field experience; establishment of mini-enterprises based on comprehensive schools; centralization in solving the main objectives in the field of students’ technological training. It has been stated that the mini-enterprises in schools contribute to strengthening the relations between school and the labour market. The common form of students’ technological training is industrial placement and the main method is project-based learning.

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Ryan, Brendan. "What do we know about rail suicide incidents? An analysis of 257 fatalities on the rail network in Great Britain." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 231, no. 10 (April 13, 2017): 1150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409717701775.

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There are over 250 suicides on the railway network in Great Britain each year. Descriptive statistics are compiled, producing national and international data. The industry knows how many and, to a limited extent, where these fatalities occur. There is little in-depth analysis of events. Therefore, there are gaps in knowledge of these fatalities and this can be a weakness when considering the best approaches to prevention. This paper reports on the analysis of data on 257 suicide events at or near to 51 stations on three rail routes in Great Britain over a 20-year period. The analysis uses data from the industry safety management information system database and produces simple descriptive statistics on a range of variables, including comparisons across the three rail routes. Additional data from staff and route-based documentation have been used to verify, supplement and interpret information in the database. Examples of patterns of immediate and precursor behaviours during incidents have been presented, illustrating the potential to explore both common and anomalous behaviours during events. The findings demonstrate the type of content that can be explored within the industry data and through use of other data that are available within the industry. Commentaries have been provided on the strengths and weaknesses of the data and how findings from the analysis can be used to improve future data collection and prevention of incidents.

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Devereux, David R. "State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative Governments and British Civil Aviation 1951–62." Albion 27, no. 1 (1995): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000018536.

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Studies of post-1945 Britain have often concentrated upon political and foreign policy history and are only just now beginning to address the question of the restructuring of the British economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a subject of considerable interest to historians of interwar Britain, has not been given a similar degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil aviation policy was, however, given a very high priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and its Conservative successors. Civil aviation represented part of the effort to return Britain to a peacetime economy by transferring resources from the military into the civil aircraft industry, while at the same time holding for Britain a position of pre-eminence in the postwar expansion of civil flying. As such, aviation was a matter of great interest to reconstruction planners during World War Two, and was an important part of the Attlee government's plans for nationalization.Civil aviation was expected to grow rapidly into a major global economic force, which accounted for the great attention paid it in the 1940s and 1950s. Its importance to Britain in the postwar era lay in the value of air connections to North America, Europe, and the Empire and Commonwealth, and also in the economic importance of Britain's aircraft industry. In a period when the United States was by far the largest producer of commercial aircraft, the task of Labour and Conservative governments was to maintain a viable British position against strong American competition. What is particularly interesting is the wide degree of consensus that existed in both parties on the role the state should play in the maintenance and enhancement of this position.

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Trachtenberg, Isaac. "Welcoming To Participants of The Eighteenth Multidisciplinary Scientific and Practical Conference with International Participation "Medical and Pharmaceutical Law of Ukraine: Organization of Pharmaceutical Business, Technology, Pharmaceutical Analysis and." SSP Modern Pharmacy and Medicine 1, no. 2 (October 14, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.53933/sspmpm.v1i2.21.

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Multidisciplinary health researches have great potential. Multidisciplinary research brings together doctors, pharmacists, lawyers and other scientists. The exchange of experience, scientific and practical cooperation is of great importance. High professionalism, knowledge, experience and high human, spiritual and moral qualities of our doctors, pharmacists, lawyers, scientists and specialists, powerful scientific, educational, technological and methodological potential of the country give all opportunities to effectively reform the domestic health care system, modernize the pharmaceutical industry and bring Ukrainian medicine and pharmacy to a competitive European and world level.

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Yerkhova, A. V., and M. G. Katynska. "Potential use of endophytes in the pharmaceutical industry." Medicine of Ukraine, no. 2-3(258-259) (June 17, 2022): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37987/1997-9894.2022.2-3(258-259).264060.

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Endophytes are microorganisms, usually fungi or bacteria less commonly algae and viruses, that live in plant tissues without causing disease symptoms in their host. It is estimated that there are over one million endophytic fungal species, but because of their habitat, they have been discovered relatively recently and therefore poorly studied. (Gupta, Chaturvedi, Kulkarni, & Van Staden, 2019) It is estimated that less than 1 % of all endophytic species are currently known. When observing the mutual relationships of plants with endophytes, most researchers take the view that such associations are commensal (Ayswaria, Vasu, & Krishna, 2020). Nowadays, endophytic microorganisms are considered to be a potential source of compounds - secondary metabolites. Endophyte bioactive compounds can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. Endophytes are mainly used in the production of antibiotics, antioxidants, various enzymes, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiparasitics and antifungal drugs, immunosuppressors, and also as anticancer agents. The interest in biotechnology is great, as the application of secondary metabolites of endophytes is possible in the cosmetic industry, agricultural complex, textile production, and food industry besides pharmaceuticals. The relevance of this topic and its further research on the use of already available and the discovery of new bioactive components of endophytic microorganisms can help scientists in resolving the problems of resistance of some pathogenic strains to modern approaches in antibiotic therapy. The potential uses are great, as endophytes can be extracted from numerous plants worldwide. The properties and characteristics of extracted endophytes will vary due to their geographical location and environmental conditions. Besides the wide variety of endophytic microorganisms for production, an important factor is the ability to use the same fungus, bacterium, or algae to synthesize a significant number of different active compounds. These compounds are interesting because they can manifest their action in several directions. In this article we considered several options for classifying endophytic microorganisms, listed the possible applications in the pharmaceutical industry, also considered the most used bioactive compounds from the Streptomyces genus actinobacteria, in addition, we reviewed substances with anti-tumor activity, which are now used to treat cancer of various human organs and are available as drugs for preparing injection solutions, metabolites of endophytes equally found their application. The aim of this work was to describe the modern classification of endophytes and show their potential use in antibiotic drugs as active agents in cancer treatment and their use as sedative drugs.

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Becuwe, Stéphane, Bertrand Blancheton, and Christopher M. Meissner. "The French (Trade) Revolution of 1860: Intra-Industry Trade and Smooth Adjustment." Journal of Economic History 81, no. 3 (September 2021): 688–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050721000371.

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The Cobden-Chevalier treaty of 1860 eliminated French import prohibitions and lowered tariffs between France and Great Britain. The policy change was largely unexpected and unusually free from direct lobbying. A series of commercial treaties with other nations followed. Post-1860, we find a significant rise in French intra-industry trade. Sectors that liberalized more experienced higher two-way trade. Our findings are consistent with the idea that trade liberalization led to “smooth adjustment” that avoided costly inter-sectoral re-allocations of factors.

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Thorakkattu, Priyamvada, Anandu Chandra Khanashyam, Kartik Shah, Karthik Sajith Babu, Anjaly Shanker Mundanat, Aiswariya Deliephan, Gitanjali S. Deokar, Chalat Santivarangkna, and Nilesh Prakash Nirmal. "Postbiotics: Current Trends in Food and Pharmaceutical Industry." Foods 11, no. 19 (October 5, 2022): 3094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11193094.

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Postbiotics are non-viable bacterial products or metabolic byproducts produced by probiotic microorganisms that have biologic activity in the host. Postbiotics are functional bioactive compounds, generated in a matrix during anaerobic fermentation of organic nutrients like prebiotics, for the generation of energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate. The byproducts of this metabolic sequence are called postbiotics, these are low molecular weight soluble compounds either secreted by live microflora or released after microbial cell lysis. A few examples of widely studied postbiotics are short-chain fatty acids, microbial cell fragments, extracellular polysaccharides, cell lysates, teichoic acid, vitamins, etc. Presently, prebiotics and probiotics are the products on the market; however, postbiotics are also gaining a great deal of attention. The numerous health advantages of postbiotic components may soon lead to an increase in consumer demand for postbiotic supplements. The most recent research aspects of postbiotics in the food and pharmaceutical industries are included in this review. The review encompasses a brief introduction, classification, production technologies, characterization, biological activities, and potential applications of postbiotics.

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Gosling, Rebecca, Claire Oastler, Christopher Nichols, George Jackson, Andrew D. Wales, and Robert H. Davies. "Investigations into Salmonella Contamination in Feed Mills Producing Rations for the Broiler Industry in Great Britain." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9070307.

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Feed-associated Salmonella serovars continue to be reported in poultry flocks. A study was conducted to investigate Salmonella contamination in major commercial feed mills that produce rations for broiler chickens within Great Britain. Dust and large moist gauze swab samples (12,791) were collected from 22 feed mills on 31 visits. Salmonella was isolated from 20 mills, with 15 mills (75%) having fewer than 5% Salmonella-positive samples. Fifty-one Salmonella serovars were isolated, with a large proportion of isolates being Salmonella (S.) Kedougou (29.4%) or S. 13,23:i:- (21.4%). European Union-regulated Salmonella serovars (Enteritidis, Infantis, Typhimurium and its monophasic variants) were isolated from 12 mills, mostly from non-processing areas, accounting for 40 isolates (4.4% of all Salmonella-positive samples). Fifteen Salmonella serovars were only isolated once. In terms of individual sampling locations within the mill, the waste handling locations were significantly more likely to be Salmonella-positive than some other mill locations. When sampling locations were grouped, samples collected from finished product areas were significantly less likely to be Salmonella-positive for Salmonella than some other mill areas. In conclusion, this study found that most mills producing broiler rations showed low-level Salmonella contamination.

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Lockwood, Matthew, Catherine Mitchell, Richard Hoggett, and Caroline Kuzemko. "The governance of industry rules and energy system innovation: The case of codes in Great Britain." Utilities Policy 47 (August 2017): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.06.008.

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Lavery, P. "The Education, Training and Manpower Needs of the Tourist Industry in Great Britain up to 1990." Tourism Recreation Research 12, no. 1 (January 1987): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508281.1987.11014473.

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