Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries"

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Nagy, Benedek. "The Restructuring of the European Pharmaceutical Industry between 2000 and 2018." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 24, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.24.14.

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To meet the requirements of global competition, the European Union (EU) places particular emphasis on the development of knowledge‑intensive, innovative industries. The pharmaceutical industry, as a high‑tech manufacturing subsection, has a long tradition in Europe. However, the distribution of pharmaceutical industry employment and value added is not even within the Union, and its temporal dynamics is also different. In the present paper, I examine the change of the structure of the pharmaceutical industry within the Union using country groups. I compare the development of pharmaceutical industry employment in the period between 2000 and 2018 in three country groups. I use a simple decomposition method to separate the effects of sector growth and labor productivity change on the change of pharmaceutical employment to find out how similarly this industry evolved in the different country groups. The analysis shows that while in the 12 original, i.e., pre–2004, member states (Core EU), employment slightly increased alongside a considerable increase in value added, the nine post‑socialist countries (PS9) achieved slightly greater value added expansion combined with substantial employment growth. Meanwhile, the four Visegrád countries (V4) achieved a value added growth similar to the PS9, but an even greater employment growth. This indicates that the part of the pharmaceutical industry operating with higher labor productivity is concentrating in the Core EU countries, while in the less developed post‑socialist countries, the part of the pharmaceutical industry with lower labor productivity is developing.
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Timur, Aysegul. "Pharmaceutical Price Convergence In The EU: Preliminary Results From The Panel Data Unit Root Test." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 9, no. 10 (September 26, 2011): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v9i10.5955.

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This paper explores the case of market integration and price convergence in the European Union, specifically in the pharmaceutical industry. The EU has been experiencing market integration since 1992, through the removal of trade barriers, the establishment of a single market, and the reduction of exchange rate volatility. In addition, there have been several structural reforms in product markets designed to increase competition, monitor cross-country price differences and increase transparency. One anticipated effect of market integration is price convergence, because of the reduced potential for price discrimination across the EU. This paper is aimed to analyze market integration and price convergence in the European pharmaceutical market, which is the fifth largest industry in the EU. Since 1985, many EU directives have been adopted to achieve a single EU-wide pharmaceutical market, with the aim of enhancing the quality of life for European citizens and the European pharmaceutical industrys competitiveness and research and development capability. Using annual 19942003 IMS Health panel data from five EU countries on prices of drugs used to treat cardiovascular disease and controlling drug and market characteristics; this paper examines how the integration process has affected cross-country drug price dispersion in the EU through the preliminary results from the panel data unit root test. Finally, the results show some evidence of price convergence in the pharmaceutical market, with long term price differences arising from country fixed effects.
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Hala, L. O. "Development of modern approaches to forming ecological responsibility of pharmacists for good disposal of medicine." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 4 (September 10, 2019): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.4.19.02.

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Expansion of spectrum of the medical and pharmaceutical services leads to an annual increase in the use of medicines, and as a consequence of an increase in the amount of pharmaceutical waste. The pharmacy, in accordance with the requirements of Good Pharmacy Practice, should ensure the effective disposal of medicines that have become inadequate in the process of pharmacy production, storage or retail sale or not used by the population. In this regard, socially important to ensure the proper management of pharmaceutical waste at the pharmacy. The aim of the work was the development of modern approaches to the formation of ecological responsibility of specialists for good disposal of medicines at the stage of providing pharmaceutical care to the population. The objects of the study were the data of special literature and regulations on disposal of medicines in the countries of the European Union and in Ukraine. Used methods – analytical-comparative, systemic, logical, modeling and generalization. Based on the analysis of the organization of the activities of pharmacies, as part of the general system of the disposal of pharmaceutical waste, including medicines, in different countries of the European Union found that most of them pharmacies – active participants in this process. Significant differences were found in the approaches to the collection and disposal of pharmaceutical waste in different countries. At the same time, these measures are most effectively implemented by pharmacies under the conditions of financial coverage by the pharmaceutical industry and wholesale pharmaceutical companies for the costs of preventing ecological impacts and conducting educational activities. As a result of systematization of the material, it is proposed to implement the draft National Standard of Good Pharmacy Practice «Participation of Pharmacists the Disposal of Medicines» as one of the ways of solving this problem. An analysis of modern approaches to the management of pharmaceutical waste management systems in the countries of the European Union shows the active participation of pharmacies in the process. Particular importance in this case is given to conducting informational work to increase the ecological consciousness of the population, which will reduce the impact of pharmaceutical waste on the environment.
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Diez, Maria del Carmen Fernandez, and Maria de los Reyes Corripio Gil-Delgado. "Is Intellectual property Right Legislation Constraining the Agrifood Biotechnology Sector in the European Union?" Science & Technology Studies 16, no. 2 (January 1, 2003): 52–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.23987/sts.55155.

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In this paper, we discuss the implications of the recent Intellectual Property Right (IPR) enforcement in the European Union (EU) as a potential factor affecting agrifood biotechnology industry stagnation. After presenting a theoretical framework justifying patents, we describe some controversial questions in the European patent protection related to: a) the distinction between discovery and invention and; b) the morality and ordre public exception to the patentability. Although we provide some evidence about the reduction in importance of agrifood activities compared to that of pharmaceutical areas of application, we conclude that differences between EU and other developed countries IPR legislations are not the principal regulatory controversial factor affecting activities in the agrifood biotechnology sector.
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Martina, S., C. Denti, and L. Garattini. "Farmaci orfani e malattie rare: un confronto internazionale delle normative di riferimento." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2001): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v2i3.732.

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Orphan drugs are defined as medicines with low economic returns, so that their production is not a profitable business far pharmaceutical companies. The present study analyses the main characteristics and the role of orphan drugs in four countries (United States of America, .Japan, Australia and European Union), by considering the regulation and the market situation of each State. All countries have introduced a specific legislation on orphan drugs to stimulate the research activity of pharmaceutical industry. The first law was the Orphan Drug Act of the United States of America in 1982. A common limit of all regulations is the strict correlation between “orphan drugs” and “rare diseases”. In fact, the term “orphan” does not refer only to rare disease, but also to other elements that can determine low economic returns for the industry (e.g. drugs with high cost of research and development, drugs that cannot be patented).
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Kisa, Adnan. "Analysis of the pharmaceuticals market and its technological development in Turkey." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 22, no. 4 (September 19, 2006): 537–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646230605149x.

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Objectives: The objectives of this study were to analyze the current structure of the Turkish pharmaceuticals market to explain the latest developments and to offer some insight into the likely policy issues that this sector will face.Methods: Systematic searches of the relevant Turkish and English research literature were made, using electronic databases in addition to written reports.Results: The pharmaceutical industry in Turkey currently has eighty-seven manufacturing firms, eleven raw material manufacturers and thirty-eight importing firms. These add up to a total of 136 firms, 35 of which are driven by foreign capital, with 8 of these foreign-run firms having their own plants in Turkey. The industry employs approximately 19,000 personnel. In terms of growth, the value of pharmaceutical products in Turkey recently has exceeded that in Europe. In addition, per capita drug consumption levels are quite low compared with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and European Union countries. Major international players in the medical equipment and pharmaceutical products sector have also been opening offices in Turkey to reap the benefits of this rapidly evolving market.Conclusions: The pharmaceutical industry in Turkey is quite advanced and diverse, with high quality, generic pharmaceutical products being manufactured as well as poor quality copies that have not been appropriately tested in terms of bioequivalence and bioavailability. The country faces a low level of drug consumption due to economic and cultural constraints compared with Western countries. Governmental control and regulations are key issues because the majority of drug purchases (70–80 percent) throughout the country are currently reimbursable through public sector agencies such as the Pension Fund and the Social Insurance Organization.
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Makowska, Marta, and Łukasz Jasiński. "The importance of “disclosure” in relationships between physicians and pharmaceutical companies." Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym 21, no. 5 (March 22, 2018): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.07.

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The article raises issues of transparency in relationships between doctors and drug manufacturers. It indicates how important it is as a way for physicians and the pharmaceutical industry to regain public trust. The manuscript will define the concept of disclosure. It will discuss in detail The Physician Payment Sunshine Act from the U.S., which imposes a legal obligation on pharmaceutical companies to disclose their relationships with doctors and university hospitals. The article will also show the diverse regulation of disclosure in different countries of the European Union. The situation in Poland will be also described. In the summary, there will be a discussion about the importance of disclosure for patients and the advantages and disadvantages of such regulations for physicians and drug manufacturers.
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Wilking, Nils, Anna Bucsics, Lidlija Kandolf Sekulovic, Gisela Kobelt, Andrea Laslop, Lydia Makaroff, Alexander Roediger, and Christoph Zielinski. "Achieving equal and timely access to innovative anticancer drugs in the European Union (EU): summary of a multidisciplinary CECOG-driven roundtable discussion with a focus on Eastern and South-Eastern EU countries." ESMO Open 4, no. 6 (November 2019): e000550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/esmoopen-2019-000550.

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The Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG) and ‘ESMO Open—Cancer Horizons’ roundtable discussion brought together stakeholders from several European Union (EU) countries involved in drug development, drug authorisation and reimbursement or otherwise affected by delayed and unequal access to innovative anticancer drugs. The approval process of drugs is well established and access delays can be caused directly or indirectly by national or regional decision-making processes on reimbursement. The two key aspects for those involved in reimbursement decisions are first the level of evidence required to decide and second pricing, which can be challenging for some innovative oncology compounds, especially in Eastern and South-Eastern European countries. Other important factors include: available healthcare budget; the structure and sophistication of healthcare authorities and health technology assessment processes; societal context and political will. From the point of view of the pharmaceutical industry, better alignment between stakeholders in the process and adaptive pathway initiatives is desirable. Key aspects for patients are improved access to clinical trials, preapproval availability and reports on real-world evidence. Restricted access limits oncologists’ daily work in Eastern and South-Eastern EU countries. The roundtable discussion suggested considering the sequencing of regulatory approval and reimbursement decisions together with more flexible contracting as a possible way forward. The panel concluded that early and regular dialogue between all stakeholders including regulators, payers, patient stakeholders and industry is required to improve the situation.
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ISHCHUK, Svitlana, and Liudmyla KOVAL. "DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRY IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD: COMPARATIVE ESTIMATION." Vol 18, No 2 (2019), Vol 18, No 2 (2019) (2019): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2019.02.270.

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The main trends of the chemical industry development in globalization changes terms are investigated. The share of Ukraine in chemical products export of TOP-10 world chemical market participants and the European Union countries is determined. A comparative estimation of chemicals and pharmaceuticals production dynamics, as well as the structure of foreign trade (export / import) of these products in Ukraine and the EU-28 is conducted. The prospects for the domestic chemical industry development are outlined based on the calculation of Ukrainian and the EU members chemical enterprises main functioning indicators. The measures for innovation activity activation and the institutional reforms in Ukraine on purpose of the chemical production competitiveness increasing are proposed.
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Onishi, Taku, Katsura Tsukamoto, Naoki Matsumaru, and Takashi Waki. "Industry Perspective of Pediatric Drug Development in the United States: Involvement of the European Union Countries." Therapeutic Innovation & Regulatory Science 52, no. 1 (January 2018): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2168479017716718.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries"

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Shechter, Yoav. "Interests, strategies and institutions : lobbying in the pharmaceutical industry of the European Union." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284825.

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The dissertation proposes an institutional explanation of the lobbying strategies private actors employ to influence European Union decision-making. Its main argument is that lobbying strategies are allowed and constrained by a configuration of institutions. In order to understand what makes political actors adopt certain lobbying strategies, it is essential to examine a multi-layered institutional set up: European, sectoral and issue-specific. At these levels of analysis, identifiable institutions affect the way in which collective action is organised, the lobbying tactics employed, and the political institutions lobbyists target. The dissertation is based on a survey of pharmaceutical firms in five Member States, and on a detailed examination of four lobbying campaigns conducted by the pharmaceutical industry in Europe between 1988-1998. The survey's findings and an analysis of the campaigns reveal that the legal environment, the balance of power between European Union institutions, the sector characteristics, and the nature of the policy community, are the institutions that affect lobbying strategies in the pharmaceutical sector. These institutions affect lobbying by setting the boundaries within which political action is allowed, by determining the saliency of different types of resources, by providing lobbyists with information about the lobbying options open to their rivals, and by imposing a learning process on lobbyists.
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Timur, Aysegul. "The single market and pharmaceutical industry in the European Union : is there any evidence of price convergence?" [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001911.

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Petronzio, Edward. "Talking trade over wine assessing the role of trade associations, bureacratic agencies and legislative bodies in the United States-European Union and Canada-European Union wine trade disputes /." Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1192736566.

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Zhang, Hong. "The study of EU's anti-dumping decision against China steel industry." Thesis, University of Macau, 2018. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3953525.

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Scott, Jonathan M. "Northern Ireland and Hungarian manufacturing industry : an examination of the effects of accession of central and eastern European countries to the European Union." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274029.

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Colak, Berna. "Generic Competition and Price Regulation in the European Union Pharmaceutical Market: The Case of Cardiovascular Medicines." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5000.

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The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the extent of competition between generic products and therapeutic substitutes under different regulatory regimes in the European Union (EU) pharmaceutical industry. In particular, this study investigates generic competition among the five largest European pharmaceutical markets; the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy and Spain, with comprehensive IMS data for 10 years (1994-2003), in order to estimate the effect of generic entry on drug prices at the product level. This analysis finds that generic entry has a negative effect on prices in countries with free pricing originator market, whereas in EU countries with strict price and reimbursement regulation, generic competition is ineffective and/or counterproductive. Fewer generics and less competitive late entrants are consistent with incentives in regulated environments: low regulated prices for originator products discourage generic entry following patent expiration. These findings suggest that regulation of both manufacturers' prices and retail pharmacy prices undermines price competition in the off-patent sector, and that budgetary savings from generic price competition are not realized in countries with strict regulatory systems.
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Marengo, Umberto. "The European Union in the international energy regime and relations with the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, 1981-2013." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709420.

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Tojerow, Ilan. "Industry wage differentials, rent sharing and gender: three empirical essays." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210526.

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This thesis focuses on the industry wage differentials, rent-sharing and the gender wage gap. I empirically investigate: i) the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, ii) how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector and iii) the existence of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, through the unobserved ability hypothesis.

The first chapter is devoted to the analysis of the interaction between inter-industry wage differentials and the gender wage gap in six European countries, i.e. Belgium, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and the U.K. To do so, we have relied on a unique harmonised matched employer-employee data set, the 1995 European Structure of Earnings Survey. As far as we know, this paper is the first to analyse with recent techniques, on a comparable basis, and from a European perspective: i) inter-industry wage differentials by gender, ii) gender wage gaps by industry, and iii) the contribution of industry effects to the overall gender wage gap. It is also one of the few, besides Kahn (1998), to analyse for both sexes the relationship between collective bargaining characteristics and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Empirical findings show that, in all countries and for both sexes, wage differentials exist between workers employed in different sectors, even when controlling for working conditions, individual and firm characteristics. We also find that the hierarchy of sectors in terms of wages is quite similar for male and female workers and across countries. Yet, the apparent similarity between male and female industry wage differentials is challenged by standard statistical tests. Indeed, simple t-tests show that between 43 and 71% of the industry wage disparities are significantly different for women and men. Moreover, Chow tests indicate that sectoral wage differentials are significantly different as a group for both sexes in all countries. Regarding the dispersion of the industry wage differentials, we find that results vary for men and women, although not systematically nor substantially. Yet, the dispersion of industry wage differentials fluctuates considerably across countries. It is quite large in Ireland, Italy and the U.K. and relatively moderate in Belgium, Denmark and Spain. For both sexes, results point to the existence of a negative and significant relationship between the degree of centralisation of collective bargaining and the dispersion of industry wage differentials.

Furthermore, independently of the country considered, results show that more than 80% of the gender wage gaps within industries are statistically significant. The average industry gender wage gap ranges between -.18 in the U.K. and -.11 in Belgium. This means that on average women have an inter-industry wage differential of between 18 and 11% below that for men. Yet, correlation coefficients between the industry gender wage gaps across countries are relatively small and often statistically insignificant. This finding suggests that industries with the highest and the lowest gender wage gaps vary substantially across Europe.

Finally, results indicate that the overall gender wage gap, measured as the difference between the mean log wages of male and female workers, fluctuates between .18 in Denmark and .39 in the U.K. In all countries a significant (at the .01 level) part of this gap can be explained by the segregation of women in lower paying industries. Yet, the relative contribution of this factor to the gender wage gap varies substantially among European countries. It is close to zero in Belgium and Denmark, between 7 and 8% in Ireland, Spain and the U.K. and around 16% in Italy. Differences in industry wage premia for male and female workers significantly (at the .05 level) affect the gender wage gap in Denmark and Ireland only. In these countries, gender differences in industry wage differentials account for respectively 14 and 20% of the gender wage gap. To sum up, findings show that combined industry effects explain around 29% of the gender wage gap in Ireland, respectively 14 and 16% in Denmark and Italy, around 7% in the U.K. and almost nothing in Belgium and Spain.

In conclusion, our results emphasize that the magnitude of the gender wage gap as well as its causes vary substantially among the European countries. This suggests that no single policy instrument will be sufficient to tackle gender pay inequalities in Europe. Our findings indicate that policies need to be tailored to the very specific context of the labour market in each country.

The second chapter examines investigates how rent sharing interacts with the gender wage gap in the Belgian private sector. Empirical findings show that individual gross hourly wages are significantly and positively related to firm profits-per-employee even when controlling for group effects in the residuals, individual and firm characteristics, industry wage differentials and endogeneity of profits. Our instrumented wage-profit elasticity is of the magnitude 0.06 and it is not significantly different for men and women. Of the overall gender wage gap (on average women earn 23.7% less than men), results show that around 14% can be explained by the fact that on average women are employed in firms where profits-per-employee are lower. Thus, findings suggest that a substantial part of the gender wage gap is attributable to the segregation of women is less profitable firms.

The third and final chapter contributes to the understanding of inter-industry wage differentials in Belgium, taking advantage of access to a unique matched employer-employee data set covering the period 1995-2002. Findings show the existence of large and persistent wage differentials among workers with the same observed characteristics and working conditions, employed in different sectors. The unobserved ability hypothesis may not be rejected on the basis of Martins’ (2004) methodology. However, its contribution to the observed industry wage differentials appears to be limited. Further results show that ceteris paribus workers earn significantly higher wages when employed in more profitable firms. The instrumented wage-profit elasticity stands at 0.063. This rent-sharing phenomenon accounts for a large fraction of the industry wage differentials. We find indeed that the magnitude, dispersion and significance of industry wage differentials decreases sharply when controlling for profits.


Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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Triebswetter, U. M. "The impact of environmental regulation on competitiveness in the German manufacturing industry : a comparison with other countries of the European Union." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273138.

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Койбічук, Віталія Василівна, Виталия Васильевна Койбичук, Vitaliia Vasylivna Koibichuk, and S. A. Drozd. "Predictive analysis of trends in the tourism industry in terms of EU countries." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/80876.

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В роботі викладено методику прогнозування щодо розвитку туристичної галузі в розрізі країн Європи в контексті світової пандемії COVID-19.
В работе изложена методика прогнозирования развития туристической отрасли в разрезе стран Европы в контексте мировой пандемии COVID-19.
The paper presents a method of forecasting the development of the tourism industry in terms of European countries in the context of the global pandemic COVID-19.
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Books on the topic "Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries"

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1963-, Darmer Michael, and Kuyper Laurens 1945-, eds. Industry and the European Union: Analysing policies for business. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000.

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Marius, Brülhart, and Hine R. C, eds. Intra-industry trade and adjustment: The European experience. New York: St. Martin's Press in association with Centre of Research in European Development and International Trade (CREDIT), University of Nottingham, 1999.

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Pharmaceutical applications in the European Union: A guide through the registration maze. Buffalo Grove, Ill: Interpharm Press, 1998.

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European Union environmental law: A guide for industry. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.

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Kazarian, Elias G. Integration of the securities market infrastructure in the European Union: Policy and regulatory issues. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, 2006.

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Anjali, Kumar, Chuppe Terry M, and Perttunen Paula, eds. The regulation of non-bank financial institutions: The United States, the European Union, and other countries. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 1997.

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Guide to EU pharmaceutical regulatory law. Alphen aan den Rijn, The Netherlands: Kluwer Law International, 2010.

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Michel, Quentin. Sensitive trade: The perspective of European states. Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2011.

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Regulating and supervising investment services in the European Union. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

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M, Dalzell J., ed. Food industry and the environment in the European Union: Practical issues and cost implications. 2nd ed. Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries"

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Telatar, M. Erdinç, and Nermin Yaşar. "The Convergence of Electricity Prices for European Union Countries." In Regulations in the Energy Industry, 55–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32296-0_4.

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Sirilli, Giorgio. "Measuring Technological Innovation in Industry in European Union and Post-Socialist Countries." In NATO ASI Series, 245–59. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4463-6_14.

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Acs, Zoltan J. "The Digital Platform Economy and the Entrepreneurial State: A European Dilemma." In International Studies in Entrepreneurship, 317–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94273-1_17.

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AbstractThe application of big data, new algorithms, and cloud computing is creating a digital platform economy (DPE) built around platform organizations and their platform-based ecosystem. We use the DPE Index to examine Europe’s digital efficiency across countries and explain its global position by analyzing Brexit and the electric vehicle industry. We argue that the United Kingdom left the European Union because E.U. regulations were holding back the U.K.’s strong DPE and that a weak DPE is holding German back from being a leader in the electric vehicle industry. The problem for Europe’s DPE is that the entrepreneurial state is strong and the private sector is weak.
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Arpacı, Öncü Yanmaz, and Ferda Esin Gülel. "Are European Union Member and Candidate Countries Ready for Industry 5.0?" In Practice, Progress, and Proficiency in Sustainability, 52–66. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-6113-6.ch003.

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Industry 4.0 is currently one of the significant subjects in academic, managerial, and engineering research. After Industry 4.0, Industry/Society 5.0 philosophy is a brand-new world of unmanned technologies and a super smart society with the purpose of using the technology all over the world. The aim of this study is to interpret the readiness of the European Union and candidate countries for Society 5.0 in line with their position in Industry 4.0. In this research, spatial clustering analysis method was applied for EU member and candidate countries by utilizing some Industry 4.0 variables. The researchers found that the countries with similar economic development are in the same clusters. Developed country experiences can be the most important factors that accomplish Industry 4.0. Because the countries that make this progress will first be able to achieve success in Industry 4.0, they will be able to adapt more easily to Industry 5.0, which is the next industrial revolution.
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Ganda, Fortune, and Rufaro Garidzirai. "The Environmental Influence of Tax Regimes in Selected European Union Economies." In Green Technologies and Computing Industry [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94552.

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Eurostat and the European Environmental Agency have in 2019 reported there is still need to continue implementing zero-carbon practices in European Union (EU) Countries although there has been a noted decrease of 22% in emissions when compared to their 1990 levels. This paper employed a system-Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) framework to evaluate the environmental impacts of tax systems in selected 28 EU economies from 2010 to 2017. The results of the study proved that aggregate environmental tax is not effectively lowering greenhouse gas emissions as expected, although it improves environmental sustainability. Possibly the environment tax revenue collected in the European Union countries was not used to enhance energy efficiency; hence it could not lower greenhouse gas emissions. The other findings demonstrate that when environmental tax is disaggregated (energy tax and transport tax) these instruments have been more efficient in lessening emissions and also improves environmental sustainability (in the case of transport tax). The paper, therefore, highlights the importance of adopting green tax instruments which are more focused and harmonising directly with environmental goals for EU economies.
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Tryma, Kateryna, and Natalia Salnikova. "The Influence of Religion on Political Parties of the European Union." In Advances in Hospitality, Tourism, and the Services Industry, 98–112. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-5792-1.ch007.

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The chapter is aimed to carry out discourse analysis of theoretical approaches and documents that highlight the issues of transformation of party-political systems of the EU countries. The religious factor is one of the catalysts for changes in modern parties of the EU, which, being different in their ideological orientation, electoral base, and territorial character, are influenced by general development trends. An important result of the discourse analysis is the conclusion about the weakening of the traditional parties, which from the national level has become a tendency of the pan-European political process. The religious factor stimulates the formation of small parties, which performs a great role in the development of tourism in the EU. The small parties are considered to be the defenders of local cultural and religious identities. The specific position of small parties to the development of tourism is caused by the wish to follow the economic interest and by the need to defend the local identities.
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Pjanić, Miloš, and Mirela Mitrašević. "THE IMPACT OF TOURISM ON GDP GROWTH IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES." In 5th International Thematic Monograph: Modern Management Tools and Economy of Tourism Sector in Present Era, 53–66. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans; Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality, Ohrid, North Macedonia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/tmt.2020.53.

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Tourism represents one of the most important economic activities for the global economy. Over the last several decades, the tourism industry has been achieving substantial growth and development in the global market, as well as a positive direct and indirect impact on other economic activities. The paper aims to examine the connection between five tourism indicators and the growth of gross domestic product on the example of EU countries in the period from 2001 to 2019. The research included a total of six variables; the gross domestic product being the dependent variable, while the selected five tourism indicators were independent variables. The main aim of the paper is to determine which of the researched tourism indicators have a statistically significant impact on GDP growth. The empirical analysis is based on IBM SPSS linear mixed procedures. The main findings are that business tourism spending (BTS) and domestic tourism spending (DTS) can predict in a statistically significant and positive way the growth of the gross domestic product in European Union countries.
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Trejo Vásquez, Alicia, María Jesús Rodríguez-Gulías, Manuel González-López, and David Rodeiro-Pazos. "Chapter 7 University–industry collaboration to support sustainability: An analysis of the determining factors for European Union countries." In Universities, Entrepreneurial Ecosystems, and Sustainability, 133–60. De Gruyter, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110670219-008.

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Tuncel, Cem Okan, and Ayda Polat. "Nanotechnology, Long Waves, and Future of Manufacturing Industry." In Foreign Direct Investments, 2053–80. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2448-0.ch092.

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This study concerns the long wave theory of capitalist development with an aim to discuss and analyze the impact of nanotechnology on manufacturing industry. Long wave theory was asserted by Russian economist Kondratieff and it states the capitalist development with subsequent cycles which last 40 to 60 years each. The theory of Kondratieff was also contributed by other scholars as Schumpeter, Freeman, and Perez. Our research attempts to review how nanotechnology contributes economic growth, and how it changes the structure of manufacturing industry at the eve of the sixth Kondratieff wave. This structure was examined by using comparative case study of European Union, East Asian Newly Industrialized Countries and Middle East and North African (MENA) countries.
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Tuncel, Cem Okan, and Ayda Polat. "Nanotechnology, Long Waves, and Future of Manufacturing Industry." In Handbook of Research on Comparative Economic Development Perspectives on Europe and the MENA Region, 351–77. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9548-1.ch015.

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This study concerns the long wave theory of capitalist development with an aim to discuss and analyze the impact of nanotechnology on manufacturing industry. Long wave theory was asserted by Russian economist Kondratieff and it states the capitalist development with subsequent cycles which last 40 to 60 years each. The theory of Kondratieff was also contributed by other scholars as Schumpeter, Freeman, and Perez. Our research attempts to review how nanotechnology contributes economic growth, and how it changes the structure of manufacturing industry at the eve of the sixth Kondratieff wave. This structure was examined by using comparative case study of European Union, East Asian Newly Industrialized Countries and Middle East and North African (MENA) countries.
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Conference papers on the topic "Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries"

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Değer, Mustafa Kemal, Muharrem Akın Doğanay, and Osman Murat Telatar. "The Determinants of Turkey's Intra-Industry Trade with European Union Countries: The Gravity Model Results (1996-2013)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01364.

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In recent years, structure of world trade is transformed to intra-industry trade (IIT) that is defined as the import and export of similar commodities. The transformation of foreign trade structure has led to increase either theoretical or empirical studies on IIT. A large part of the empirical studies on international trade deals with gravity model for explaining the determinants of foreign trade. According to gravity model, trade between countries, is affected negatively to the distance between them and positively to the size of the country. Similar statements can be used in terms of the determinants of IIT. Therefore, this study will be carried out determinants of IIT with using the gravity model. In this paper, determinants of intra-industry trade in manufacturing sectors between Turkey and European Union (EU) 15 countries will be estimated by panel data regression analysis in 1996-2013 periods. The results of this study indicate that market size and foreign direct investments have positive effects and distance between countries and real effective exchange rate have negative effects on Turkey’s manufacturing sector IIT with EU 15.
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Pawlak, Karolina. "COMPETITIVENESS OF THE POLISH MEAT INDUSTRY AGAINST SELECTED EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF TRANSATLANTIC TRADE." In 10th Economics & Finance Conference, Rome. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/efc.2018.010.027.

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Alsarayreh, Malak Mohammad Mustafa, Maryam Faraj AlSuwaidi, Reem AbdulMajid Al Sharif, and Adeeb A. Kutty. "The Factors Affecting CO2 Emission in the European Union Countries: A Statistical Approach to Sustainability across the Food Industry." In 2020 IEEE 7th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea49774.2020.9102066.

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Aanstoos, Ted A. "Management Challenges in Emerging European Union Eco-Standards." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52115.

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The European Union is 450 million citizens in 25 otherwise sovereign countries, but connected in a multinational federal metastate that claims a combined economy in excess of $9 trillion (US), making it one of the world’s largest economies. As a community faced with massive decontamination and re-industrialization from devastating wars, Europe places due emphasis on issues of environmental sustainability and pollution prevention. Under broad policy guidelines of the New Approach and Integrated Product Planning frameworks, the European Commission is drafting legislation that will mandate eco-standards for all energized end-use equipment for sale in the internal market. These proposed standards may raise controversy in many industry sectors and international arenas (including within Europe itself) because they may not be based on sound and accepted scientific analysis, because they may constitute a de-facto violation at least in spirit of the Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement, and because nobody can yet predict their cost impact and other market effect. Compliance with these emerging energy efficiency regulations will impose considerable management requirements on manufacturers as they devise documentation and certification programs for their products that are likely to be of a scope similar to ISO 14000. This paper assesses the new requirements from a product and design management perspective.
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Yumagulova, E. R., A. A. Norekyan, and E. V. Yumadilova. "KEY ASPECTS OF THE NEW FOREST STRATEGY OF THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION." In webinar. Nizhnevartovsk State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36906/es-2020/05.

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The paper describes problem features of deforestation and solutions in the EU countries and Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the EU policy and law in the field of forestry is supported by the steady growth of forest area for more than 60 years. Forest complex of Russia is in a major crisis now. Wood recourses insecurity of planned export performance of the timber industry complex and internal consumption is the main mistake of the Development Strategy for the Forestry Complex of the Russian Federation until 2030.
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Fatur Šikić, Tanja. "THE IMPACT OF TOURISM AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON CARBON EMISSIONS: EVIDENCE FROM EU MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES." In Tourism and hospitality industry. University of Rijeka, Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20867/thi.26.14.

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Purpose - The tourism sector not only contributes significantly to gross domestic product, but also plays an important role in the sustainable economic development of a country. Tourism accounts for approximately 8% of global carbon emissions. From flights and boat trips to souvenirs and accommodations, various activities contribute to tourism emissions. Formulating mitigation measures for sustainable tourism requires an understanding of the factors contributing to the increase in tourism CO2 emissions. This study analyses the impact of tourism and financial development on CO2 emissions, while controlling for foreign direct investment (FDI), real income and energy consumption in seven Mediterranean countries that are part of the European Union (Croatia, Cyprus, France, Greece, Italy, Slovenia, and Spain). Methodology - A dynamic panel regression model was used to understand the impact of tourism and financial development on CO2 emissions. The analysis was conducted using annual data from 1995 to 2020 for a sample of seven EU Mediterranean countries. Findings - The empirical results show that the number of tourist arrivals, financial development, real income and energy consumption play an important role in explaining CO2 emissions. Although financial development has an increasing effect on CO2 emissions, tourist arrivals reduce CO2 emissions. It seems that the EU policy to promote sustainable tourism has managed to reduce CO2 emissions. It appears that the tourism sector is using more clean and environmentally friendly technologies in its activities. European countries should continue to take the necessary measures for sustainable tourism. Contribution - This paper aims to contribute to the existing literature in two ways. First, this study examines the impact of tourist arrivals and financial development on environmental degradation so that appropriate measures can be taken to ensure sustainable tourism. Second, this study focuses on seven Mediterranean countries that are part of the EU and have similar tourism characteristics. The tourism sector in these countries depends heavily on beach tourism. Therefore, the results of this analysis will be of particular interest to policy makers.
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Kot-Niewiadomska, Alicja, Krzysztof Galos, and Katarzyna Guzik. "SAFEGUARDING OF MINERAL DEPOSITS AS THE BASIS OF EUROPEAN UNION RAW MATERIALS SECURITY IN THE ERA OF UNSTABLE GEOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/1.1/s03.046.

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The economic results of many dynamically developing European countries largely depend on the availability of mineral raw materials. For this reason, securing their supplies from import must be supported by a committed foreign policy as well as a sustainable raw materials policy in the field of their obtaining from domestic sources, both from mineral deposits, as well as secondary and waste sources. Raw material security must be based on the diversification of supply sources and minimizing supply risks. The results of analyses show that the European Union relies heavily on imported raw materials, especially in industries recognized as strategic (renewable Energy - wind & PV; grids, Li-ion batteries (LIB), electric vehicles (EVs), Robotics and defense). Moreover, most of the import sources are countries with high or very high risk of supply. Recently, these risks are higher due to unstable political situation in Eastern Europe. Taking into account above, the European Union should consider the possibility of further development of its own mining industry, based on its own resources. The raw material potential of European countries is significant, but recently problems related to the possibility of launching new mining projects have been increasing. Social, environmental and spatial conditions play a decisive role. In this context, particular attention should be paid to the properly implemented policy of mineral deposits safeguarding which provides access to primary sources of raw materials (deposits), thus reducing dependence from unstable import sources.
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Mosteanu, Narcisa Roxana, and Firend Al Rasch. "How Covid-19 social restrictions rearranged the pharmaceutical industry financing approach, and how Artificial Intelligence can help the fight against Covid-19. Evidence from a European countries’ perspective." In ICNCC 2021: 2021 The 10th International Conference on Networks, Communication and Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3510513.3510520.

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Bobek, Vito, Shuporna Ghosh, and Tatjana Horvat. "THE FUTURE OF DIGITAL PLATFORM ECONOMY FROM A PERSPECTIVE OF GDP, TAX POLICIES, FDI AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN EU COUNTRIES." In 5th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2021 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.s.p.2021.55.

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Digital data are core to all fast-emerging digital technologies, such as data analytics, artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, the internet of things (IoT), cloud computing, and all internet-based services. The dominance of global digital platforms, their control of data, and their capacity to create and capture the ensuing value further accentuate concentration and consolidation rather than reduce inequalities between and within countries. This paper will analyze the digital platform economy in the European Union (EU) in the backdrop of the US and Asia Pacific digital platform economy and throw some light on critical factors for developing the conducive and globally competitive digital industry in the EU. This will be studied through some of the influences such as share of GDP, tax policies, FDI, and regulatory framework in the EU countries, contributing to creating a framework for a competitive global landscape of the EU.
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Çeştepe, Hamza, and Tamer Güven. "Disincentive Factors for Transformation of the Economic Cooperation Organization to Regional Integration: An Assessment Regarding Intra-regional Trade." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00745.

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In this study, the structure and level of intra-regional trade in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), which is a movement of regional cooperation founded in the Western and Central Asia region, has been analyzed. In ECO, with a share below its potential at the world trade, intra-regional trade is low relative to other regional integrations such as the European Union. However, the volume of intra-regional trade in the region countries, except a few countries, tend to increase in recent years. In this study, as a result of the evaluation made by the indices calculated, it was found that the region countries is in the position of more complementary economies in context of foreign trade; the countries has generally a high trade intensity with its neighbors; intra-industry trade in the region is at low level. As a result, although the level and structure of intra-regional trade in ECO region seems to be disincentive for the transformation to regional integration as of today, recent developments suggest that this obstacle will gradually diminish in the future. In addition, if some of advantages and potential of the region in terms of regional integration can be valued it does not seem very difficult to reach more advanced stages of integration for this cooperation movement.
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Reports on the topic "Pharmaceutical industry – European Union countries"

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González Rozada, Martín, and Hernán Ruffo. Do Trade Agreements Contribute to the Decline in Labor Share? Evidence from Latin American Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003790.

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In this paper, we explore the role of trade in the evolution of labor share in Latin American countries. We use trade agreements with large economies (the United States, the European Union, and China) to capture the effect of sharp changes in trade. In the last two decades, labor share has displayed a negative trend among those countries that signed trade agreements, while in other countries labor share increased, widening the gap by 7 percentage points. We apply synthetic control methods to estimate the average causal impact of trade agreements on labor share. While effects are heterogeneous in our eight case studies, the average impact is negative between 2 to 4 percentage points of GDP four years after the entry into force of the trade agreements. This result is robust to the specification used and to the set of countries in the donor pool. We also find that, after trade agreements, exports of manufactured goods and the share of industry in GDP increase on average, most notably in the case studies where negative effects on labor share are significant. A decomposition shows that all the reduction in labor share is explained by a negative impact on real wages.
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