Journal articles on the topic 'Pharmaceutical industry Australia'
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Rae, Ian D. "Vitamin A and Australian Fish Liver Oils." Historical Records of Australian Science 25, no. 1 (2014): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr14005.
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Research by an organic chemist at the University of Melbourne and support from Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research provided the basis for a wartime industry when Australia was unable to maintain access to traditional supplies of cod liver oil from Britain and Norway in the 1940s. Two major pharmaceutical companies gathered oil from the livers of sharks in southern Australia that was rich in vitamin A, and so met domestic and military needs for this nutritional supplement. Other companies joined in and by the end of the war Australia had a flourishing industry that derived synergy from the marketing of shark flesh for human consumption. South Africa was a leader among countries that expanded fish-oil production in the late 1940s, as a result of which Australian producers suffered from import competition. A Tariff Board hearing found that the Australian industry was unable to meet local needs and so did not recommend increased tariffs. The industry struggled for years until the perceived nutritional benefits of other components of the fish oils helped to revive markets.
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Fabbri, Alice, Swestika Swandari, Edith Lau, Agnes Vitry, and Barbara Mintzes. "Pharmaceutical Industry Funding of Health Consumer Groups in Australia: A Cross-sectional Analysis." International Journal of Health Services 49, no. 2 (January 15, 2019): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020731418823376.
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Relationships between consumer organizations and pharmaceutical manufacturers are the focus of transparency efforts in some jurisdictions, including Australia. This study describes the frequency and nature of industry sponsorship of Australian health consumer organizations and examines the link between sponsorship of the most highly funded organizations and manufacturers’ requests for public reimbursement of products for related health conditions. We downloaded 130 transparency reports covering the period January 2013 to December 2016 from the website of Medicines Australia and carried out a descriptive analysis. For the most heavily funded organizations and their sponsors, we examined Public Summary Documents of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee to identify relevant products under consideration for public reimbursement over the study period. Thirty-four pharmaceutical companies provided 1,482 sponsorships to 230 organizations, spending a total of AU$34,507,810. The top clinical areas in terms of amount of funding received were cancer, eye health, and nervous system disorders. The sponsors of the most highly funded groups were companies that in most cases had drugs under review for public reimbursement for conditions covered by these organizations. Interactions between the pharmaceutical industry and consumer organizations are common and require careful management to prevent biases that may favor sponsors’ interests above those of patients and the public.
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Parker, Lisa, Emily A. Karanges, and Lisa Bero. "Changes in the type and amount of spending disclosed by Australian pharmaceutical companies: an observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e024928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024928.
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ObjectivesTo describe and quantify disclosed payments from the pharmaceutical industry to the healthcare sector, and to examine the impact of the 2015 changes to Australia’s self-regulated system of transparency.DesignObservational database study.SettingAustralia.ParticipantsPublicly available reports submitted by members of Australian pharmaceutical industry trade organisations, Medicines Australia and the Generic and Biosimilar Medicines Association (GBMA) (October 2011–December 2017).ExposureChanges to transparency reporting requirements with the updates of pharmaceutical industry Codes of Conduct in 2015.Main outcome measuresElements of healthcare sector spending that members of industry organisations are required to publicly disclose; cumulative amount of disclosed spending (monthly average) in the year prior to and following the revision.ResultsThere was a 34.1% reduction in disclosed spending from Medicines Australia member companies in the year after the 2015 changes to the Code of Conduct were introduced ($A89 658 566 in the preceding year, October 2014–September 2015; $A59 052 551 in the following year). The new Code allowed for reduced reporting of spending on food and beverages at events and for sponsored healthcare professionals. However, there was enhanced transparency around identification of individual health professionals receiving payments. GBMA member reporting totalled $A2 580 402 in the year prior to the revision, then ceased.ConclusionsThis study shows the limitations of a self-regulatory system around industry disclosure of spending. We advocate for robust regulatory systems, such as legislation, to promote mandatory long-lasting public transparency.
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Lau, Edith, Alice Fabbri, and Barbara Mintzes. "How do health consumer organisations in Australia manage pharmaceutical industry sponsorship? A cross-sectional study." Australian Health Review 43, no. 4 (2019): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah17288.
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Objective The aim of this study was to investigate how health consumer organisations manage their relationships with the pharmaceutical industry in Australia. Methods We identified 230 health consumer organisations that received pharmaceutical industry support from 2013 to 2016 according to reports published by Medicines Australia, the industry trade association. A random sample of 133 organisations was selected and their websites assessed for financial transparency, policies governing corporate sponsorship and evidence of potential industry influence. Results In all, 130 of the 133 organisations evaluated received industry funding. Of these 130, 68 (52.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 43.4–61.1%) disclosed this funding. Nearly all (67; 98.5%) reported the identity of their industry donors, followed by uses (52.9%), amount (13.2%) and proportion of income from industry (4.4%). Less than one-fifth (24/133; 18.0%; 95% CI 11.9–25.6%) had publicly available policies on corporate sponsorship. Six organisations (7.2%; 95% CI 2.7–15.1%) had board members that were currently or previously employed by pharmaceutical companies, and 49 (36.8%; 95% CI 28.6–45.6%) had company logos, web links or advertisements on their websites. Conclusion Industry-funded health consumer organisations in Australia have low transparency when reporting industry funding and few have policies governing corporate sponsorship. Relationships between health consumer organisations and the industry require effective actions to minimise the risks of undue influence. What is known about this topic? Pharmaceutical industry funding of health consumer organisations is common in the US and Europe, yet only a minority of such organisations publicly disclose this funding and have policies regulating their relationships with industry. What does this paper add? Industry-funded health consumer organisations in Australia have inadequate financial transparency and rarely have policies addressing corporate funding. Organisations that have received more industry funding are more likely to report it publicly. What are the implications for practitioners? Robust policies addressing corporate sponsorship and increased transparency are needed to maintain the independence of health consumer organisations. Governments may also consider regulating non-profit organisations to ensure public reporting of funding sources.
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Condon, Wayne, and Justin Lambert. "The vexed issue of therapeutic combinations and contributory patent infringement in Australia." Journal of Generic Medicines: The Business Journal for the Generic Medicines Sector 9, no. 4 (December 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741134312469806.
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The Australian Patents Act includes a provision which deems the supplier of a product to a person who will use that product in a manner which infringes a patent to infringe that patent as a contributory infringer. The concept of contributory patent infringement is one known to the patent laws of many countries, but in many respects the way in which Australian Courts have approached contributory patent infringement gives far greater scope to a patentee than in many of those jurisdictions. The consequence for the generic pharmaceutical industry in Australia is potentially far-reaching. This article looks at the practical consequences of some recent Australian Federal Court decisions which have been decided in the area and which create practical hurdles that any generic entrant into the Australian marketplace will need to navigate.
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Hirst, Christine A. "GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN AUSTRALIA." Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology 19, no. 1 (January 1992): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1992.tb00398.x.
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Karanges, Emily Aspasia, Conrad Nangla, Lisa Parker, Alice Fabbri, Cynthia Farquhar, and Lisa Bero. "Pharmaceutical industry payments and assisted reproduction in Australia: a retrospective observational study." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): e049710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049710.
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ObjectivesTo investigate the extent and nature of pharmaceutical industry payments related to fertility and assisted reproduction in Australia.Design and settingThis retrospective observational study employed four databases compiled from publicly available pharmaceutical industry transparency reports on educational event sponsorship (October 2011–April 2018), payments to healthcare professionals (October 2015–April 2018) and patient group support (January 2013–December 2017). Analyses were restricted to fertility-related payments by two major manufacturers of fertility medicines in Australia: Merck Serono and Merck, Sharp and Dohme (MSD).Primary and secondary outcome measuresDescriptive statistics on fertility-related payments and other transfers of value (counts, total and median costs in Australian dollars) for educational events and to healthcare professionals and patient groups.ResultsBetween October 2011 and April 2018, Merck Serono and MSD spent $A4 522 263 on 970 fertility-related events for healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses and fertility scientists. 56.8% (551/970) events were held by fertility clinics and 29.3% (284/970) by professional medical associations. Between October 2015 and April 2018, Merck Serono spent $A403 800 across 177 payments to 118 fertility healthcare professionals, predominantly for educational event attendance. Recipients included obstetricians and gynaecologists (76.3% of payments, 135/177), nurses (11.3%, 20/177) and embryologists/fertility scientists (9.6%, 17/117). The highest paid healthcare professionals held leadership positions in major fertility clinics. Merck Serono provided $A662 850 to fertility-related patient groups for advocacy and education (January 2013–December 2017).ConclusionsThe pharmaceutical industry sponsored a broad range of fertility clinicians and organisations, including doctors, nurses, embryologists, professional medical organisations, fertility clinics and patient groups. This sponsorship may contribute to the overuse of fertility services.
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Qureshi, Athar Mahmood Ahmed, and Nina Evans. "Deterrents to knowledge-sharing in the pharmaceutical industry: a case study." Journal of Knowledge Management 19, no. 2 (April 7, 2015): 296–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jkm-09-2014-0391.
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Purpose – This study aims to explore deterrents to knowledge-sharing in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Effective knowledge-sharing is fundamental to stimulation of the process of knowledge absorption. The limited proximal communication between the employees in the pharmaceutical industry stifles their knowledge-sharing behaviour significantly. Design/methodology/approach – A cross-sectional case study, consisting of semi-structured interviews with managers and scientists, was conducted in a multinational pharmaceutical company in Australia. Respondents were asked to answer questions regarding their current knowledge-sharing practices and to identify organisational deterrents to knowledge-sharing. The data were condensed into themes according to the thematic analysis method. Findings – The pharmaceutical industry is extensively regulated and its excessive competitiveness is cultivating organisational reticence towards the development of a knowledge-sharing culture. Nine categories of deterrents to intra- (within) and inter-organisational (between organisations) knowledge-sharing have been identified. These categories include high cost of sharing knowledge, information technology limitations, knowledge-hiding, lack of socialisation, lack of trust culture, non-educational mindset, organisational politics, poor leadership and time pressure. Research limitations/implications – The population of this study consists of managers and practitioners working for a pharmaceutical company. Hence, the generalisability of the findings to other health-care settings is unknown. Practical implications – The findings have implications for leaders and managers who should be aware of these professional diversities, instigators as well as the ripple effects of limited knowledge-sharing to guide the organisation towards developing an optimal knowledge-sharing culture. Originality/value – A focussed investigation of knowledge-sharing behaviour within the pharmaceutical industry in Australia, considering the pressure applied to this industry over the past decade. This case study specifically focusses on the diversity of deterrents to knowledge-sharing in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.
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Kerridge, Ian. "Comment: Interactions Between the Medical Profession and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 16, no. 3 (January 2008): 166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10398560802005092.
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Harvey, Roy. "And on the cover of the Guide were two words in red - Don't Panic." Australian Health Review 24, no. 2 (2001): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah010015.
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Roy Harvey is a consultant in health financing, works both in Australia and in developing countries and hasundertaken research and analysis on the economics of the pharmaceutical industry and the PBS since 1968.
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Boumil, Sylvester James, Ashiyana Nariani, Marcia M. Boumil, and Harris A. Berman. "Whistleblowing in the pharmaceutical industry in the United States, England, Canada, and Australia." Journal of Public Health Policy 31, no. 1 (March 4, 2010): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2009.51.
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Pearl, Alastair Owen, Gerry M. Rayner, Ian Larson, and Laurence Orlando. "Thinking about critical thinking: An industry perspective." Industry and Higher Education 33, no. 2 (September 2, 2018): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422218796099.
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There has been a drive towards enhancing the critical thinking (CT) skills development of students in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) disciplines, both in Australia and internationally. One debate among CT theorists centres on whether CT comprises a set of generalizable skills or is content- and context-dependent. While previous studies have considered CT skills development and its assessment in pharmacy courses, there appears to have been limited scholarly research within the pharmaceutical sciences discipline. In seeking to address this, it is vital to understand how companies conceptualize CT and its use by Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Sciences graduates. This research identifies five major categories used to conceptualize CT in the companies interviewed: being systematic, having strong business sense, considering multiple solutions, considering implications and identifying problems and potential solutions. The study finds that, while these skills are dependent on the business context, they may be generalizable across a range of industries.
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Behdarvand, Behrad, Emily A. Karanges, and Lisa Bero. "Pharmaceutical industry funding of events for healthcare professionals on non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in Australia: an observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e030253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030253.
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ObjectivesTo describe the nature, frequency and content of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-related events for healthcare professionals sponsored by the manufacturers of the NOACs in Australia. A secondary objective is to compare these data to the rate of dispensing of the NOACs in Australia.Design and settingThis cross-sectional study examined consolidated data from publicly available Australian pharmaceutical industry transparency reports from October 2011 to September 2015 on NOAC-related educational events. Data from April 2011 to June 2016 on NOAC dispensing, subsidised under Australia’s Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), were obtained from the Department of Health and the Department of Human Services.Main outcome measuresCharacteristics of NOAC-related educational events including costs (in Australian dollars, $A), numbers of events, information on healthcare professional attendees and content of events; and NOAC dispensing rates.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 2797 NOAC-related events, costing manufacturers a total of $A10 578 745. Total expenditure for meals and beverages at all events was $A4 238 962. Events were predominantly attended by general practitioners (42%, 1174/2797), cardiologists (35%, 977/2797) and haematologists (23%, 635/2797). About 48% (1347/2797) of events were held in non-clinical settings, mainly restaurants, bars and cafes. Around 55% (1551/2797) of events consisted of either conferences, meetings or seminars. The analysis of the content presented at two events detected promotion of NOACs for unapproved indications, an emphasis on a favourable benefit/harm profile, and that all speakers had close ties with the manufacturers of the NOACs. Following PBS listings relevant to each NOAC, the numbers of events related to that NOAC and the prescribing of that NOAC increased.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the substantial investment in NOAC-related events made by four pharmaceutical companies had a promotional purpose. Healthcare professionals should seek independent information on newly subsidised medicines from, for example, government agencies or drug bulletins.
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Fabbri, Alice, Quinn Grundy, Barbara Mintzes, Swestika Swandari, Ray Moynihan, Emily Walkom, and Lisa A. Bero. "A cross-sectional analysis of pharmaceutical industry-funded events for health professionals in Australia." BMJ Open 7, no. 6 (June 2017): e016701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016701.
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Bolton, Patrick, Hilary Crilly, and Ketty Rivas. "Thinking differently: working together for better care." Australian Health Review 39, no. 3 (2015): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah14077.
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This paper describes the development and outcomes from ‘joint working’ between Prince of Wales Hospital and BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company) in Australia. ‘Joint working’ is a term used within the English National Health Service to describe health system and industry partners working together to create novel service models which benefit patients. The joint working process broadened the perspective of both parties through learning from each other and so enhanced the range of tools they each bring to their work. What is known about the topic? Collaboration between industry – specifically the pharmaceutical industry – and English National Health Service providers under the rubric “joint working” has been used successfully to pool skills, experience and/or resources for the joint development and implementation of patient centred projects. This process has required identification of the common interest of both parties and care to ensure the public interest is maintained. What does this paper add? Descriptions of collaboration between public hospital and private industry to deliver improved health outcomes have not been widely published. Joint working has not previously been described in the Australian context. This paper describes an experiment which addresses both of the gaps. What are the implications for practitioners? Opportunities may exist to improve patient outcomes through collaboration between public health providers and industry.
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Pearl, Alastair O., Laurence Orlando, Ian Larson, and Gerry M. Rayner. "Let’s talk business: The language recruiters use to attract STEM graduates." Industry and Higher Education 34, no. 2 (November 29, 2019): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0950422219891006.
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The last decade has seen a shrinking of degree-level employment opportunities for young people (aged under 24 years) in Australia and globally. This research aims to better understand the job advertisements to which our graduates are exposed. This article presents a universal method to collect and process advertisements from an online job board. Two million job advertisements were extracted, cleaned, processed and reviewed to highlight the uses of Bloom’s Taxonomy (‘evaluate’ and ‘create’ levels) and critical thinking (CT) words within them. The study looked at those advertisements of interest to Bachelor of Pharmaceutical Science graduates in Australia. Analyses indicate that the use of these words is not dependent on the size of the company, the salary of the advertised position, job permanency or specific industry. However, Bloom’s Taxonomy words were used to a much greater extent than CT words, potentially reflecting the lack of a clear and coherent definition and conceptualisation of CT skills in industry. The authors encourage increased collaboration and discussion between institutions and industry to define and articulate the skills graduates require.
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Martina, S., C. Denti, and L. Garattini. "Farmaci orfani e malattie rare: un confronto internazionale delle normative di riferimento." Farmeconomia. Health economics and therapeutic pathways 2, no. 3 (September 15, 2001): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7175/fe.v2i3.732.
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Orphan drugs are defined as medicines with low economic returns, so that their production is not a profitable business far pharmaceutical companies. The present study analyses the main characteristics and the role of orphan drugs in four countries (United States of America, .Japan, Australia and European Union), by considering the regulation and the market situation of each State. All countries have introduced a specific legislation on orphan drugs to stimulate the research activity of pharmaceutical industry. The first law was the Orphan Drug Act of the United States of America in 1982. A common limit of all regulations is the strict correlation between “orphan drugs” and “rare diseases”. In fact, the term “orphan” does not refer only to rare disease, but also to other elements that can determine low economic returns for the industry (e.g. drugs with high cost of research and development, drugs that cannot be patented).
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Flowers, James. "Chinese-Medicine Doctors Healing Australians: On the Frontline of Healthcare from the Colonial Period to the Twenty-First Century." Translocal Chinese: East Asian Perspectives 16, no. 1 (April 7, 2022): 79–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24522015-16010005.
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Abstract This article traces Chinese-medicine doctors as an occupational group that played a key role in colonial Australian healthcare. The current narrative of recent history mostly credits prc migrants, beginning from the 1990s and the prc state in the 2000s, with the field’s achievement of professional registration. This established view is shortsighted and distorts the past. Rather, Chinese medicine traveled to Australia with Chinese migrants since the mid-nineteenth century; they brought with them sophisticated business acumen along with medical expertise, as seen in commercialized raw and patent medicines brought from a highly developed pharmaceutical industry in mainland China and Hong Kong. They were competitive with Western-trained doctors, as seen in court documents as well as in newspaper advertisements of the time, and established their status through lineage connections and acupuncture associations before any influence from the prc.
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Karanges, Emily A., Natasha Ting, Lisa Parker, Alice Fabbri, and Lisa Bero. "Pharmaceutical industry payments to leaders of professional medical associations in Australia: Focus on cardiovascular disease and diabetes." Australian Journal of General Practice 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31128/ajgp-08-19-5041.
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Rawlinson, Paddy. "Immunity and Impunity: Corruption in the State-Pharma Nexus." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 6, no. 4 (November 14, 2017): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v6i4.447.
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Critical criminology repeatedly has drawn attention to the state-corporate nexus as a site of corruption and other forms of criminality, a scenario exacerbated by the intensification of neoliberalism in areas such as health. The state-pharmaceutical relationship, which increasingly influences health policy, is no exception. That is especially so when pharmaceutical products such as vaccines, a burgeoning sector of the industry, are mandated in direct violation of the principle of informed consent. Such policies have provoked suspicion and dissent as critics question the integrity of the state-pharma alliance and its impact on vaccine safety. However, rather than encouraging open debate, draconian modes of governance have been implemented to repress and silence any form of criticism, thereby protecting the activities of the state and pharmaceutical industry from independent scrutiny. The article examines this relationship in the context of recent legislation in Australia to intensify its mandatory regime around vaccines. It argues that attempts to undermine freedom of speech, and to systematically excoriate those who criticise or dissent from mandatory vaccine programs, function as a corrupting process and, by extension, serve to provoke the notion that corruption does indeed exist within the state-pharma alliance.
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Lipworth, Wendy, Evan Doran, Ian Kerridge, and Richard Day. "Challenges to pharmaceutical policymaking: lessons from Australia’s national medicines policy." Australian Health Review 38, no. 2 (2014): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah13240.
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Objective National medicines policies (NMP) provide a means for governments to achieve their objectives in relation to pharmaceuticals and other medicines. This research aimed to identify challenges to implementing the objectives of the Australian NMP from the perspective of key stakeholders. Methods In 2012 and 2103, we conducted 30 semistructured interviews with stakeholders involved in the discovery, clinical testing, regulation and funding of medicines in Australia. We asked participants to describe their careers and to give their opinions on specific issues surrounding drug development, clinical research, regulation and subsidisation in Australia. Data were analysed using Morse’s outline of the cognitive basis of qualitative research and Charmaz’s outline of data analysis in grounded theory. The initial phase of ‘open coding’ revealed findings that could be mapped to three of the four objectives of the NMP. We then conducted ‘focussed coding’ for themes relevant to these objectives. Results Participants identified many issues relevant to the ongoing evolution of the NMP, relating primarily to ongoing tensions between the commercial objective of ensuring a viable medicines industry, and the non-commercial objectives of ensuring that medicines are safe, effective and affordable. There were also several other challenges identified to the achievement of both the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP. These included limits to government funding, globalisation, consumer advocacy, changing scientific paradigms and new information technologies. Conclusions There are many issues that need to be addressed if policymakers are to achieve the best outcomes from the NMP. Tensions between the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP suggest the need to ensure that one stakeholder group’s imperatives do not stifle those of other groups. At the same time, there are several emerging issues that are likely to concern all stakeholders equally, and these are both challenges and opportunities for new kinds of collaboration. What is known about the topic? We know that stakeholders have several concerns about medicines policy, but little is known about the specific challenges to implementing medicines policy from the perspective of those involved. What does this paper add? We demonstrate that stakeholders have many concerns that could impact the implementation of medicines policies. These relate primarily to ongoing tensions between the objective of ensuring a viable medicines industry, and the objectives of ensuring that medicines are safe, effective and affordable. There are also several issues that potentially pose a challenge to achieving both the commercial and non-commercial objectives of the NMP. These include limits to government funding, globalisation, consumer advocacy, changing scientific paradigms and new information technologies. What are the implications for practitioners? Policymakers need to systematically address the barriers to the ongoing implementation of the NMP. Policymakers should also ensure that one imperative (such as the commercial imperative) does not stifle other objectives. Other emerging issues are likely to concern all stakeholders, and these provide opportunities for new kinds of collaboration among stakeholders.
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Nugroho, Rino Adi, and Kumara Jati. "POTENSI PENINGKATAN AKSES PASAR PRODUK INDONESIA KE PEREKONOMIAN APEC UNTUK MENGANTISIPASI REALISASI FTAAP." Buletin Ilmiah Litbang Perdagangan 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.30908/bilp.v12i2.324.
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Abstrak Tulisan ini mengkaji potensi peningkatan akses pasar produk Indonesia ke kawasan Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) untuk mengantisipasi realisasi Free Trade Area of The Asia-Pacific (FTAAP). Penelitian ini menggunakan Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), dan analisis Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO). Hasil analisis EPD dengan menggunakan klasifikasi 21 sektor diperoleh 15 sektor ekspor Indonesia ke pasar Asia-Pasifik berada pada posisi retreat dan enam sektor lainnya berada pada posisi falling star. Berdasarkan hasil IIT diperoleh lima sektor ekspor Indonesia yang memiliki integrasi dalam kategori integrasi sangat kuat yaitu sektor hasil panen dan hewan, industri pengolahan makanan dan tembakau, industri farmasi, industri karet dan plastik, serta industri perakitan komputer. Sementara itu berdasarkan analisis Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) terhadap 10 ekonomi Asia-Pasifik terlihat bahwa proporsi perdagangan bilateral terhadap total ekspor terbesar yaitu Indonesia terhadap Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) dan Jepang dengan persentase masing-masing sebesar 1,22% diikuti oleh Korea Selatan dan Jepang masing-masing sebesar 0,4% dan 0,32%. Ekspor Indonesia ke Australia, RRT, Jepang, Korea Selatan, Meksiko, Rusia dan Taiwan didominasi oleh barang antara dan ekspor Indonesia ke Amerika Serikat dan Kanada didominasi oleh barang konsumsi langsung. Untuk memperoleh nilai tambah, Indonesia perlu meningkatkan daya saing melalui transfer teknologi dan akses pasar yang fokus pada permintaan akhir. AbstractThis paper examines the potential improvement of market access of Indonesian products to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) region to anticipate the possibility of the Free Trade Area of The Asia-Pacific (FTAAP) realization. The methods used in this research are Export Product Dynamic (EPD), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), and Inter-Regional Input-Output (IRIO) analysis. Based on the analysis of EPD using 21 sectors classification, it was obtained 15 export sectors of Indonesia to Asia-Pacific market are in retreat position and other six sectors are in falling star position. While using the IIT method, there are five Indonesian export sectors that have very strong integration, namely and animal sector, food and tobacco processing industry, pharmaceutical industry, rubber and plastics industry, and computer docking industry. In addition, by using IRIO analysis on 10 Asia-Pacific economies, it showed that the largest share of Indonesia bilateral trade was to China and Japan at about 1.22% respectively. This was followed by South Korea and Taiwan with percentage of 0.4% and 0.32%. The exports of Indonesia to Australia, China, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Russia and Taiwan were dominated by the intermediate goods, while to the United States and Canada are dominated by final goods. Therefore, to obtain added value, Indonesia’s has to improve competitiveness with technology transfer and market access increase which focuses on the final demand.
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García-Poza, Sara, Adriana Leandro, Carla Cotas, João Cotas, João C. Marques, Leonel Pereira, and Ana M. M. Gonçalves. "The Evolution Road of Seaweed Aquaculture: Cultivation Technologies and the Industry 4.0." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 18 (September 8, 2020): 6528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186528.
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Seaweeds (marine macroalgae) are autotrophic organisms capable of producing many compounds of interest. For a long time, seaweeds have been seen as a great nutritional resource, primarily in Asian countries to later gain importance in Europe and South America, as well as in North America and Australia. It has been reported that edible seaweeds are rich in proteins, lipids and dietary fibers. Moreover, they have plenty of bioactive molecules that can be applied in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic areas. There are historical registers of harvest and cultivation of seaweeds but with the increment of the studies of seaweeds and their valuable compounds, their aquaculture has increased. The methodology of cultivation varies from onshore to offshore. Seaweeds can also be part of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA), which has great opportunities but is also very challenging to the farmers. This multidisciplinary field applied to the seaweed aquaculture is very promising to improve the methods and techniques; this area is developed under the denominated industry 4.0.
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Turnbull, Alison, Juan José Dorantes-Aranda, Tom Madigan, Jessica Jolley, Hilary Revill, Tim Harwood, and Gustaaf Hallegraeff. "Field Validation of the Southern Rock Lobster Paralytic Shellfish Toxin Monitoring Program in Tasmania, Australia." Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (September 8, 2021): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090510.
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Paralytic shellfish toxins (PST) are found in the hepatopancreas of Southern Rock Lobster Jasus edwardsii from the east coast of Tasmania in association with blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella. Tasmania’s rock lobster fishery is one of the state’s most important wild capture fisheries, supporting a significant commercial industry (AUD 97M) and recreational fishing sector. A comprehensive 8 years of field data collected across multiple sites has allowed continued improvements to the risk management program protecting public health and market access for the Tasmanian lobster fishery. High variability was seen in toxin levels between individuals, sites, months, and years. The highest risk sites were those on the central east coast, with July to January identified as the most at-risk months. Relatively high uptake rates were observed (exponential rate of 2% per day), similar to filter-feeding mussels, and meant that lobster accumulated toxins quickly. Similarly, lobsters were relatively fast detoxifiers, losing up to 3% PST per day, following bloom demise. Mussel sentinel lines were effective in indicating a risk of elevated PST in lobster hepatopancreas, with annual baseline monitoring costing approximately 0.06% of the industry value. In addition, it was determined that if the mean hepatopancreas PST levels in five individual lobsters from a site were <0.22 mg STX equiv. kg−1, there is a 97.5% probability that any lobster from that site would be below the bivalve maximum level of 0.8 mg STX equiv. kg−1. The combination of using a sentinel species to identify risk areas and sampling five individual lobsters at a particular site, provides a cost-effective strategy for managing PST risk in the Tasmanian commercial lobster fishery.
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Doran, E., I. Kerridge, P. McNeill, and David Henry. "Empirical uncertainty and moral contest: A qualitative analysis of the relationship between medical specialists and the pharmaceutical industry in Australia." Social Science & Medicine 62, no. 6 (March 2006): 1510–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.07.037.
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Nugraha, Evan, Rini Mulyani Sari, and Asep Kurniawan. "A Beef Value Chain Strategy For Minimize Logistic Cost in Tasikmalaya, West Java." Organum: Jurnal Saintifik Manajemen dan Akuntansi 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.35138/organum.v5i1.148.
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Indonesia's economy, cattle farming industry and beef pricing have failed to satisfy the community's requirements. Because of the low productivity of beef cattle, the government is forced to import beef to fulfil customer demand, one of which is imported frozen from Australia. Because of the scarcity of local beef, the average price of local beef is $8.32 per kilogram, which is more than imported beef, and local beef demand is much greater. Many people with a lower middle income find it challenging to consume beef because of the current price situation. As a result of this occurrence, research must be conducted using a value chain analysis technique to determine the source of the high price of local beef. The findings of this study potentially resulted in a 35% drop in consumer selling value from the current pricing.
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Crocetti, Alessandro Connor, Beau Cubillo (Larrakia), Mark Lock (Ngiyampaa), Troy Walker (Yorta Yorta), Karen Hill (Torres Strait Islander), Fiona Mitchell (Mununjali), Yin Paradies (Wakaya), Kathryn Backholer, and Jennifer Browne. "The commercial determinants of Indigenous health and well-being: a systematic scoping review." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 11 (November 2022): e010366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010366.
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IntroductionHealth inequity within Indigenous populations is widespread and underpinned by colonialism, dispossession and oppression. Social and cultural determinants of Indigenous health and well-being are well described. Despite emerging literature on the commercial determinants of health, the health and well-being impacts of commercial activities for Indigenous populations is not well understood. We aimed to identify, map and synthesise the available evidence on the commercial determinants of Indigenous health and well-being.MethodsFive academic databases (MEDLINE Complete, Global Health APAPsycInfo, Environment Complete and Business Source Complete) and grey literature (Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, Google Scholar, Google) were systematically searched for articles describing commercial industry activities that may influence health and well-being for Indigenous peoples in high-income countries. Data were extracted by Indigenous and non-Indigenous researchers and narratively synthesised.Results56 articles from the USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway and Sweden were included, 11 of which were editorials/commentaries. The activities of the extractive (mining), tobacco, food and beverage, pharmaceutical, alcohol and gambling industries were reported to impact Indigenous populations. Forty-six articles reported health-harming commercial practices, including exploitation of Indigenous land, marketing, lobbying and corporate social responsibility activities. Eight articles reported positive commercial industry activities that may reinforce cultural expression, cultural continuity and Indigenous self-determination. Few articles reported Indigenous involvement across the study design and implementation.ConclusionCommercial industry activities contribute to health and well-being outcomes of Indigenous populations. Actions to reduce the harmful impacts of commercial activities on Indigenous health and well-being and future empirical research on the commercial determinants of Indigenous health, should be Indigenous led or designed in collaboration with Indigenous peoples.
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Faunce, T. S., and G. F. Tomossy. "The UK House of Commons report on the influence of the pharmaceutical industry: Lessons for equitable access to medicines in Australia." Monash Bioethics Review 24, no. 2 (April 2005): S38—S42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03351433.
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Muryanto, S., and H. M. Ang. "An Interesting Final-Year Undergraduate Laboratory Project: Investigation of Gypsum Scale Formation on Piping Surfaces." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 5, no. 2 (December 1, 2005): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50179.
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The formation of scales in pipes and on the surfaces of vessels is one of the major problems encountered by the mineral processing industry in Australia and elsewhere. A cursory study revealed that one of the main components of the scales was gypsum or calcium sulfate dihydrate. This paper discusses a typical undergraduate laboratory project to investigate the formation of calcium sulfate dihydrate scale on the surfaces of different types of pipes under isothermal conditions. This laboratory exercise is essentially a crystallization process and is suggested as one of the topics for final-year chemical engineering undergraduate project since it is a very important unit operation in the chemical, mineral, or pharmaceutical industries. Keywords: Calcium sulfate dihydrate, laboratory project, scale formation, and undergraduate curriculum..
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Erku, Daniel, Lisa-Marie Greenwood, Myfanwy Graham, Christine Mary Hallinan, Jessica G. Bartschi, Elianne Renaud, and Paul Scuffham. "From growers to patients: Multi-stakeholder views on the use of, and access to medicinal cannabis in Australia." PLOS ONE 17, no. 11 (November 11, 2022): e0277355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277355.
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Background Patient interest in the use of cannabis-based medicines (CBMs) has increased in Australia. While recent policy and legislative changes have enabled health practitioners to prescribe CBMs for their patients, many patients still struggle to access CBMs. This paper employed a thematic analysis to submissions made to a 2019 Australian government inquiry into current barriers of patient access to medical cannabis. Methods We identified 121 submissions from patients or family members (n = 63), government bodies (n = 5), non-government organisations (i.e., professional health bodies, charities, consumer organisations or advocacy groups; n = 25), medical cannabis and pharmaceutical industry (n = 16), and individual health professionals, academics, or research centres (n = 12). Data were coded using NVivo 12 software and thematically analysed. The findings were presented narratively using a modified Levesque’s patient-centred access to care framework which includes: i) appropriateness; ii) availability and geographic accessibility; iii) acceptability; and iv) affordability. Results Submissions from government agencies and professional health bodies consistently supported maintaining the current regulatory frameworks and access pathways, whereas an overwhelming majority of patients, advocacy groups and the medical cannabis industry described the current regulatory and access models as ‘not fit for purpose’. These differing views seem to arise from divergent persepctives on (i) what and how much evidence is needed for policy and practice, and (ii) how patients should be given access to medical cannabis products amidst empirical uncertainty. Notwithstanding these differences, there were commonalities among some stakeholders regarding the various supply, regulatory, legislative, financial, and dispensing challenges that hindered timely access to CBMs. Conclusions Progress in addressing the fundamental barriers that determine if and how a patient accesses and uses CBMs needs i) a ‘system-level’ reform that gives due consideration to the geographic disparity in access to prescribers and medical cannabis, and ii) reframing societal and health professional’s views of CBMs by decoupling recreational vs medical cannabis.
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Ryan, Michael J. "Medicine shortages: there are solutions! Actions to take to reduce medicine shortages." Australian Health Review 45, no. 4 (2021): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah20306.
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The aim of this paper is to propose solutions to reduce the number and frequency of medicine shortages in Australia. Some of the many factors that contribute to medicine shortages, such as manufacturers’ production processes and business decisions, are outside the control of Australian stakeholders. But there are many factors that are within the control of stakeholders, including poor communication between stakeholders, incomplete and inaccurate information, unhelpful practices and attitudes of hospital tender authorities, and lack of certainty and incentives for manufacturers in relation to pharmaceutical tenders. The following strategies are designed to address these issues and achieve a significant reduction in the number and frequency of medicine shortages in Australian hospitals. They include improving communication and understanding between stakeholders, providing higher quality information on likely usage, changing practices of hospital tender authorities to better meet stakeholder requirements, and increasing incentives for manufacturers to participate in hospital tenders. The six key actions to implement the medicine shortage-reducing strategies are: (1) initiate a biannual forum for hospitals and industry; (2) establish a medicines substitutes information service operating nationally; (3) share information on likely changes to hospital usage; (4) reform stock allocation strategies; (5) introduce incentives for manufacturers; and (6) change hospital tender authority practices and policies. The first step to reduce medicine shortages is for stakeholders to think differently about the problem, and to act more collaboratively using the proposed strategies and actions, as a framework for change.
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Mohammad, Salma Malihah, Nor-Khaizura Mahmud-Ab-Rashid, and Norhasnida Zawawi. "Stingless Bee-Collected Pollen (Bee Bread): Chemical and Microbiology Properties and Health Benefits." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040957.
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Stingless bee-collected pollen (bee bread) is a mixture of bee pollen, bee salivary enzymes, and regurgitated honey, fermented by indigenous microbes during storage in the cerumen pot. Current literature data for bee bread is overshadowed by bee pollen, particularly of honeybee Apis. In regions such as South America, Australia, and Southeast Asia, information on stingless bee bee bread is mainly sought to promote the meliponiculture industry for socioeconomic development. This review aims to highlight the physicochemical properties and health benefits of bee bread from the stingless bee. In addition, it describes the current progress on identification of beneficial microbes associated with bee bread and its relation to the bee gut. This review provides the basis for promoting research on stingless bee bee bread, its nutrients, and microbes for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
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Lofgren, Hans. "Medicines policy and drug company investments: the Irish experience." Australian Health Review 33, no. 2 (2009): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090295.
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THIS BOOK IS ABOUT MANIFESTATIONS of power in medicines and pharmaceutical industry policy. The main focus is on the Republic of Ireland but there are chapters also on drug regulation in Canada, Britain and Australia. The multinational pharma companies loom larger in Ireland than in most other countries; several chapters detail the implications for this small country of the presence of a major cluster of global drug companies. Globalisation is the hallmark of the drug sector; innovation and production occur within international networks which are mirrored by interaction between regulatory agencies which operate similar systems of control and monitoring. Since the 1990s, many aspects of product safety regulation have been standardised across the developed countries through the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) process, sponsored by the regulatory agencies and industry associations of the USA, the European Union and Japan. While orchestrating vast scientific, economic and technological resources, the big pharma companies participate as insiders in national policy processes, such as those described in this book. Firms typically affirm a commitment to the health and economic concerns of the local jurisdiction ? however governments cannot help but be sensitive to their global reach and power to choose where to invest.
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Walter, Garry, and Joseph M. Rey. "The Relevance of Herbal Treatments for Psychiatric Practice." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 33, no. 4 (August 1999): 482–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00568.x.
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Objective: The aim of this paper is to inform psychiatrists about the basic priniciples, terminology, schools of thought, efficacy, safety and regulatory issues regarding herbal treatments for mental illness. Method: Information was obtained by computerised and manual searching of medical and botanical data bases, and by discussions with experts in herbal medicine and regulatory aspects of the pharmaceutical industry. Results: Herbal medicines are commonly used in developed and developing countries for psychiatric illness. The main schools of herbal medicine in Australia are Western herbal medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and ‘Ayurveda’ (Indian herbal medicine). Herbs used for psychiatric or neurological disorders are termed ‘nervines’. Three nervines which have attracted considerable attention recently are St John's Wort, Gingko biloba and Valeriana officinalis. In Australia, most herbal drugs are classed as ‘listed drugs’ which are required to satisfy less rigorous safety and efficacy criteria than ‘registered drugs’. The popularity of herbal remedies has a number of clinical and research implications for psychiatry. Conclusions: Psychiatrists should not endorse treatments that are unsupported by sound research, nor remain ignorant about alternative approaches to mental illness. The extent of use of herbal treatments for mental illness suggests that psychiatrists should become more knowledgeable about developments in this area.
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Bechoux, Lucas, Oriane De Vleeschouwer, Cécile Vanheuverzwijn, Florence Verhegghen, Alizée Detiffe, Fabian Colle, Catherine Fallon, and François Thoreau. "Conflict of interest policies at Belgian medical faculties: Cross-sectional study indicates little oversight." PLOS ONE 16, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): e0245736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245736.
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Background Medical students encounter pharmaceutical promotion from the very start of their training. Medical schools have an important role to play in educating medical students regarding the interactions between healthcare professionals (HCPs) and industry and in protecting them from commercial influence and conflict of interest (COI). In 2019, medical student associations in Belgium and abroad called for more preparation in dealing with COI and for a more independent medical training. As little information is available on the situation in our country, we undertook an assessment of conflict of interest policies at Belgium’s medical schools. We relied on a methodology already used in studies from USA, Canada, Australia, France and Germany and adapted it to the Belgian context. Methods We identified 10 medical schools in Belgium. We searched the website of each medical school in November 2019 with standardized keywords for COI policies and learning activities on COI in the curriculum. The deans of medicine were invited to participate by sending us information that we could have overlooked during our web-based searches. We also consulted personal contacts within faculties among students and teachers. Based on a list of 15 criteria adapted from North American and French studies, we calculated a total for each faculty of medicine with a maximum score of 30 points. Results By December 2019, we had gathered a set of written documents for four faculties of medicine (40%) containing policies with varying degrees of precision and relevance to our survey. We found elements of the curriculum addressing the COI issue for one faculty (10%). In all cases, these policies consisted of “moderate” initiatives with little or no “restrictive” elements. Only one faculty showed interest in our study by providing us with relevant information (10%). Half of the faculty notified us of their refusal to participate in the study (50%) and the other faculties either did not respond or did not provide us with any information (40%). The maximum score obtained was 3 out of 30 points with six faculties scoring 0 (60%). Conclusion There is little transparency regarding interactions between medical students and pharmaceutical companies at Belgian medical faculties, which may create COI issues. Initiatives to protect students from pharmaceutical promotion and to train them to manage their future interaction with pharmaceutical companies have a limited scope and are isolated. This is inconsistent with international recommendations from Health Action International, World Health Organization or the American Medical Students’ Association. The Belgian government has legislated in favor of more transparency in the relation between HCPs and pharmaceutical industry. Indeed, it made the disclosure of benefits granted by the industry compulsory and limited their value. Our results show that there is still some way to go to ensure an independent medical training for future Belgian physicians.
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Robertson, Jane, Emily Walkom, Ray Moynihan, Lisa Bero, and David Henry. "Pharmaceutical industry funding of educational events for pharmacists in Australia: an analysis of data from the first 6 months of a mandatory disclosure programme." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 2 (March 30, 2010): 88–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1211/ijpp.18.02.0003.
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Rasgele, Pinar Goc, and Meral Kekecoglu. "Physico-chemical properties of Rhododendron honey produced in Turkey." Herba Polonica 59, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2013-0019.
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Abstract Rhododendron honey is a monofloral honey and it is collected from the flowers of Rhododendron species widely spreading over many countries, mainly in America, Turkey, Indonesia, Australia. It is belived that Rhododendron honey treats several disorders and is used traditionally as an alternative medicine. The determination of the chemical characteristics of the Rhododendron honey is essential for public health. In this research, the physicochemical characteristics of Rhododendron, chestnut and flower honey samples collected from beekeepers in Turkey were determined and compared. Physico-chemical parameters such as moisture, acidity, sucrose, invert sugar, fructose/glucose, conductivity, diastase and hydroxymethylfurfural were analysed in each honey sample. According to the results obtained, no differences were found in physico-chemical properties of Rhododendron, honey samples, except from moisture and acidity compared with those of chestnut and flower honeys. In order to differentiate Rhododendron honeys, new methods should be developed. This honey should be reintroduced to medicine and used in pharmaceutical industry
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Wurm, Jeremy. "Australian pharmaceutical industry observed." Nature 369, no. 6477 (May 1994): 259–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369259a0.
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Garcia Arieta, Alfredo, Craig Simon, Gustavo Mendes Lima Santos, Iván Omar Calderón Lojero, Zulema Rodríguez Martínez, Clare Rodrigues, Sang Aeh Park, et al. "A Survey of the Regulatory Requirements for the Acceptance of Foreign Comparator Products by Participating Regulators and Organizations of the International Generic Drug Regulators Programme." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 22 (January 1, 2019): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/jpps30215.
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The acceptance of foreign comparator products is the most limiting factor for the development and regulatory assessment of generic medicines marketed globally. Bioequivalence studies have to be repeated with the local comparator products of each jurisdiction because it is unknown if the comparators of the different countries are the same product, with the consequent duplication of efforts by regulators and industry alike. The regulatory requirements on the acceptability of foreign comparator products of oral dosage forms differ between countries participating in the Bioequivalence Working Group for Generics of the International Pharmaceutical Regulators Programme. Brazil, Colombia, the European Union member States, Japan, Mexico, South Korea and the United States only accept bioequivalence studies with their local comparator. In contrast, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Taiwan accept studies with foreign comparators under certain conditions. Canada limits its use to highly soluble drugs with a wide therapeutic range in immediate release products. Australia requires a comparison of the quantitative composition. In contrast, there are fewer restrictions on the acceptance of foreign comparators in New Zealand, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland and Taiwan. For the WHO Prequalification of Medicines and for developing generics of the essential medicines the WHO lists comparators from different countries. In conclusion, there is currently no consensus amongst regulators on the acceptability of foreign comparator products.
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Mill, Deanna, Jessica Dawson, and Jacinta Lee Johnson. "Managing acute pain in patients who report lactose intolerance: the safety of an old excipient re-examined." Therapeutic Advances in Drug Safety 9, no. 5 (January 24, 2018): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2042098617751498.
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Lactose intolerance is exceedingly common, reportedly affecting up to 70% of the world’s population, leading to both abdominal and systemic symptoms. Current treatment focuses predominantly on restricting dietary consumption of lactose. Given lactose is one of the most commonly used excipients in the pharmaceutical industry, consideration must be given to the lactose content and therefore safety of pharmaceutical preparations prescribed for patients with lactose intolerance. This article summarizes the current literature examining the likelihood of inducing adverse effects through the administration of lactose-containing pharmaceutical preparations in patients reporting lactose intolerance, describes how to assess this risk on an individual patient basis and reviews suitable analgesic options for this population. A case study is presented detailing a patient reporting lactose intolerance who insists on treatment with the lactose-free product codeine/ibuprofen (Nurofen Plus) rather than other codeine-free analgesics. It is important to assess the likelihood of lactose as an excipient inducing symptoms in this scenario, as reluctance to cease codeine could suggest codeine dependence, an issue that is becoming increasingly common in countries such as Australia and Canada. Given codeine dependence is associated with serious sequelae including hospitalization and death, the patient must either be reassured the lactose component in their prescribed analgesics will not induce symptoms or an alternative treatment strategy must be confirmed. General recommendations applying theory from the literature to the management of acute pain in lactose-intolerant patients are discussed and specific treatment options are outlined. Although large inter-individual variability is reported, most lactose-intolerant patients can tolerate the small quantities of lactose found in pharmaceutical preparations. Cumulative lactose exposure can be assessed in patients taking multiple medications while also consuming lactose in the diet. In those sensitive to small quantities of lactose, lactase supplements can be trailed. Additionally, for the analgesic drug classes employed for the management of acute pain, lactose-free formulations, including most oral liquids and dispersible tablets and some oral tablets and capsules, are available.
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da Silva, Graciane Fabiela, Edgar Teixeira de Souza Júnior, Rafael Nolibos Almeida, Ana Luisa Butelli Fianco, Alexandre Timm do Espirito Santo, Aline Machado Lucas, Rubem Mário Figueiró Vargas, and Eduardo Cassel. "The Response Surface Optimization of Supercritical CO2 Modified with Ethanol Extraction of p-Anisic Acid from Acacia mearnsii Flowers and Mathematical Modeling of the Mass Transfer." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 31, 2022): 970. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030970.
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A widely disseminated native species from Australia, Acacia mearnsii, which is mainly cultivated in Brazil and South Africa, represents a rich source of natural tannins used in the tanning process. Many flowers of the Acacia species are used as sources of compounds of interest for the cosmetic industry, such as phenolic compounds. In this study, supercritical fluid extraction was used to obtain non-volatile compounds from A. mearnsii flowers for the first time. The extract showed antimicrobial activity and the presence of p-anisic acid, a substance with industrial and pharmaceutical applications. The fractionation of the extract was performed using a chromatographic column and the fraction containing p-anisic acid presented better minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results than the crude extract. Thus, the extraction process was optimized to maximize the p-anisic acid extraction. The response surface methodology and the Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate the pressure, temperature, the cosolvent, and the influence of the particle size on the extraction process. After the optimization process, the p-anisic acid yield was 2.51% w/w and the extraction curve was plotted as a function of time. The simulation of the extraction process was performed using the three models available in the literature.
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Lofgren, Hans. "Towards a socio-political understanding of the pharmaceutical sector." Australian Health Review 28, no. 2 (2004): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah040147.
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MUCH IS AT STAKE in scientific and technological, and economic and political, processes pertaining to the biosciences and pharmaceuticals. The value of the global drug industry is approaching US$500 billion while the health needs of the developing countries are of staggering proportion. From an Australian perspective, opportunities and constraints of medicinal drug policy are associated closely with rapid and possibly fundamental shifts occurring within the worldwide pharmaceutical industry, as well as global regulatory developments. Several articles in this special issue of Australian Health Review provide insight into these global dynamics. Other contributions explore policy themes of particular interest to an Australian readership. Writers on medicinal drug policy and regulation come from a variety of disciplines, including business and management, health and social policy studies, economics, sociology, and political science. The range and volume of the specialised literature on this sector reflects its social and economic significance and its unmatched complexity in terms of interdependencies between business, government, professions, and civil society actors. Most articles in this issue have an emphasis on politics and sociology ? this may compensate somewhat for the dominance usually exercised by economists in framing social science research and policy debate on pharmaceuticals.
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KARN, PRASIT CH, and PEMASIRI J. GUNAWARDANA. "THE AUSTRALIAN PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY: STRUCTURE, POLICIES AND TRADE." Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy 16, no. 4 (December 1997): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-3441.1997.tb00158.x.
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Sohal, Amrik S. "Computer integrated manufacturing in the Australian pharmaceutical industry." Integrated Manufacturing Systems 11, no. 7 (December 2000): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09576060010349749.
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Hamilton, John. "Business customer alignment in the Australian pharmaceutical industry." International Journal of Electronic Business 4, no. 5 (2006): 401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijeb.2006.011327.
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Buxton, Meredith Becker, Brian Michael Alexander, Donald A. Berry, Webster K. Cavenee, Howard Colman, John Frederick De Groot, Benjamin M. Ellingson, et al. "GBM AGILE: A global, phase II/III adaptive platform trial to evaluate multiple regimens in newly diagnosed and recurrent glioblastoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): TPS2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.tps2579.
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TPS2579 Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with few effective therapies and is invariably fatal. Developing new therapies for patients with GBM requires focused interaction between industry, academia, nonprofits, patient advocacy, and health authorities, and novel approaches to clinical trials. Industry is wary of developing drugs for GBM due to the high failure rate and high cost of drug development. GBM Adaptive Global Innovative Learning Environment (GBM AGILE) Trial was designed by over 130 global key opinion leaders in consultation with health authorities to provide an optimal mechanism for phase II/III development in GBM. The Sponsor of GBM AGILE is the Global Coalition for Adaptive Research (GCAR), a non-profit organization. GCAR’s mission is to speed the discovery and development of treatments for patients with rare and deadly diseases by serving as sponsor of innovative trials. Methods: GBM AGILE is an international, seamless phase II/III platform trial designed to evaluate multiple therapies in newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM. Its goals are to identify effective therapies for GBM and match effective therapies with patient subtypes, with data generated to support regulatory filing for new drug applications. Bayesian response adaptive randomization is used within subtypes of the disease to assign participants to investigational arms based on their performance. The primary endpoint is overall survival. The trial is being conducted under a master Investigational New Drug Application/Clinical Trial Agreement and Master Protocol, allowing multiple drugs/drug combinations from different pharmaceutical companies to be evaluated simultaneously and/or over time. The plan is to add experimental therapies as new information is identified and remove therapies as they complete their individual evaluation against a common control. GBM AGILE received IND approval from the FDA in April 2019, enrolling its first patient in June 2019. Site activation is ongoing in the US, with approximately 40 US planned. The trial received CTA approval from Health Canada in January 2020. Expansion to Europe, China, and Australia is also underway. Clinical trial information: NCT03970447 .
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Loff, Bebe, and Stephen Cordner. "Australian government loosens its grip on the pharmaceutical industry." Lancet 357, no. 9254 (February 2001): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71269-1.
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Jalali, Azim, Hui-Li Wong, Rachel Wong, Margaret Lee, Lucy Gately, Matthew Loft, Jeremy David Shapiro, et al. "Initial experience of TAS-102 chemotherapy in Australian patients with chemorefractory metastatic colorectal cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 3_suppl (January 20, 2021): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.3_suppl.71.
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71 Background: For patients with refractory metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) treatment with Trifluridine/Tipiracil, also known as TAS-102, improves overall survival. In Australia, TAS-102 was initially made available locally through patients self-funding, later via an industry sponsored Medicine Access Program (MAP) and then via the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). This study aims to investigate the efficacy and safety of TAS-102 in real world Australian population. Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from the Treatment of Recurrent and Advanced Colorectal Cancer (TRACC) registry was undertaken. The characteristics and outcomes of patients receiving TAS-102 were assessed and compared to all TRACC patients and those enrolled in the registration study (RECOURSE). Results: Across 13 sites, 107 patients were treated with TAS-102 (non-PBS n = 27, PBS n = 80), The median number of patients per site was 7 (range: 1-17). The median age was 60 years (range: 31-83), compared to 67 for all TRACC patients and 63 for RECOURSE. Comparing registry TAS-102 and RECOURSE patients, 75% vs 100% were ECOG performance status 0-1, 74% vs 79% had initiated treatment more than 18 months from diagnosis of metastatic disease and 39% vs 49% were RAS wild type. Median time on treatment was 10.4 weeks (range: 1.7-32). Median clinician assessed progression-free survival was 3.3 compared to RECIST defined PFS of 2 months in RECOURSE study, while median overall survival was the same at 7.1 months. Two patients (2.3%) had febrile neutropenia and there were no treatment-related deaths in the real-world series, where TAS102 dose at treatment initiation was at clinician discretion. In the RECOURSE study there was a 4% febrile neutropenia rate and one treatment-related death. Conclusions: TRACC registry patients treated with TAS102 were younger than both TRACC patients overall and those from the RECOURSE trial. Less strict application of RECIST criteria and less frequent imaging may have contributed to an apparently longer PFS. However overall survival outcomes achieved with TAS102 in real world patients were comparable to findings from this pivotal trial with an acceptable rate of major adverse events.
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Uliasz-Misiak, Barbara. "Water Accompanying Hydrocarbon Deposits as a Potential Source of Iodine, Lithium and Strontium." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2016-0012.
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Abstract Oil and natural gas fields are accompanied by formation waters, usually highly mineralized brines containing a variety of trace elements. Analyses carried out in various sedimentary basins around the world indicate that these waters are often enriched in elements such as iodine, lithium and strontium. Currently, these micronutrients are finding increasing application in the production of lithium-ion batteries and lithium batteries (lithium) and in the pharmaceutical, medical and pharmaceutical industry (iodine). Due to the development of production of LCD displays and batteries (e.g. for electric cars), the expected increase in demand for iodine and lithium is 2% and 1.5%, respectively. The reserves of these elements are limited and unevenly distributed. Iodine is currently produced in the three countries: Chile (65% of the world production), Japan and the US. Lithium is produced in Argentina, Australia and Chile, while strontium is produced in China (50% of the global production), Spain and Mexico. Iodine, lithium and strontium are not produced in Poland and the total demand is met by imports. Brines with high iodine content, occurring in the hydrocarbon deposits, have been found in oil basins in the United States, Canada and Germany. In the United States, this element is recovered from formation water. Lithium found in numerous formation waters in the US, Canada, Japan and Germany has not yet been recovered, while the construction of the pilot plant in Canada is underway. The increased strontium content has been found in waters accompanying hydrocarbon deposits in North America and China. However, strontium has not yet been recovered from the aforementioned deposits. In Poland, the question of possible use of chemical elements dissolved in reservoir brines, with the exception of iodine, has not yet been studied. The above mentioned element (iodine) was recovered from brines in the area of Bochnia (Carpathian Foredeep), the only geological unit where an analysis of iodine content in the formation waters has been carried out in the recent years. The lithium and strontium content in the formation waters, as well as the question of their possible use, have not yet been studied.
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Ruzmetov, Baxtiyar, Uktamjon Yeshimbetov, and Kamoliddin Jabbarov. "FORMATION OF PRODUCTION GROWTH POINTS ON THE BASIS OF MINERAL - RAW MATERIAL RESOURCES AS A FACTOR OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE TERRITORIAL STRUCTURE OF THE INDUSTRY OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN." 62, no. 62 (December 31, 2021): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2524-2547-2021-62-03.
Full textAbstract:
The use of mineral resources plays an important role in the global economy. “As noted in the British newspaper“ Financial Times ”, this sector ranks 1st in the world in terms of capitalization of the largest companies, including mining itself (excluding oil and gas) - 5th place among global industries after the banking sector, oil and gas industry, pharmaceutical and computer industries"(Kondratyev, 2014). In the developed and rapidly developing countries of the world, industrial growth is achieved through the effective use of the local potential of natural resources, improvement of the structural composition of the industry. According to the World Bank, in 2018 the share of mineral resources in GDP was 0,9 percent in Canada, 3,5 percent in Australia and 2,5 percent in Brazil, while in Uzbekistan the figure was 12,3 percent (Saydaxmedov, 2020). Many large scientific centers around the world are working on changing the methodology for the economic assessment of mineral resources, taking into account the regional economy, new economic geography, changes in the subjects of the institutional economy and the growth of knowledge that has occurred in recent years. Much attention is paid to the use of socio-economic indicators along with technical and economic indicators in assessing the mineral resource base. Consequently, due to the development of mineral resources, opportunities arise for creating new jobs, increasing the income of the population, introducing innovative ideas and technologies in practice, and creating a competitive environment in the economy. Therefore, the study of problems in this area in connection with the social sphere and institutions acquires the necessary scientific significance. The article discusses the formation of points of production growth. The main directions of the formation of points of production growth based on mineral-raw material resources are being studied. The distribution of mineral-raw material resources by zones of Karakalpakstan is investigated. In addition, the article talks about the specific features of the formation of reference points of growth. The stages of the formation of growth support points based on the local mineral-raw material resources of Karakalpakstan in 2020-2030 are also considered.