Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pharmaceutical industry Australia Evaluation'
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1
Beyer, Lorraine R. "Heroin importation and higher level drug dealing in Australia : opportunistic entrepreneurialism /." Connect to thesis, 2005. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001612.
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Ma, Wing-yan. "Contract research organizations : performance and evaluation of services /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38030561.
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Farzandi, Gholamhossein. "Evaluation of the post-WTO sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54417/.
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The outcome of joining the WTO and implementing TRIPS agreement has caused a never-ending dispute in terms of both positive and negative perspectives. Patient's access to essential medicines and sustainability of the domestic pharmaceutical industry are two important relevant topics in the developing countries. Two major consequences are trade liberalisation and enforcing an international intellectual property rights. The immediate impact will be free flow of medicines from the developed countries in the case of innovative drugs and more recently from India and China for cheap commodity medicines that are supported by the internationally enforceable intellectual property protections. The aim of the study was therefore to evaluate sustainability of the pharmaceutical industry in Iran post WTO agreement using the readiness index. In the absence of previously developed instruments, two study tools were developed and validated in the course of this study namely WTO pharmaceutical Industry (PI) Impact Rating Scale and Pharmaceutical Industry Transition Instrument (PITI). Using the Delphi technique, an expert panel consisting of academics, industry senior managers and regulators identified 29 parameters that the study should focus on generating consensus for the industry in preparation of joining the WTO. The top 6 parameters included importation tariff, management knowledge, training, R&D, customer satisfaction and patent review. The study was then carried out throughout the industry to evaluate the current situation and future importance of the identified parameters that were restructured in 66 statements of the PITI. The outcomes of the studies reported in this thesis suggest that with the current situation in the pharmaceutical industry in Iran, it is unlikely that the industry will be able to cope with the post-WTO challenges to deliver the growth needed to underpin its long term sustainability. The compliance of the industry with the requirements of the WTO at the current situation was concluded to be "unsatisfactory" for the majority of the PITI statements using binomial test (p<0.05).
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Letsitsi, Ezekiel Tebogo. "Waste management in the pharmaceutical industry : an evaluation report of Dr Reddy's Laboratories." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1001872.
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The pharmaceutical industry must worry about managing pharmaceutical waste as it poses a health risk to human beings and its presence in the environment can also contribute to loss of biodiversity. Ngwuluka, Ochekpe, and Odumosu (2011: 11259) state that “Pharmaceuticals, though used to treat and manage diseases, are poisons, which justify the growing concerns about their presence in the environment.” Various forms of pharmaceutical waste exist, Ngwuluka et al. (2011) identified the following forms of pharmaceutical waste: Expired dosage forms, non-reworkable formulations, spilled pharmaceuticals, rejected active pharmaceutical ingredients, expired active pharmaceutical ingredients, and wastewater resulting from the water used for process operations during manufacturing and could come from the water used to clean equipment, pipes and floors, and would contain amongst other materials, chemicals and active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). A review on the pharmaceutical industry and the progress they have made in environmental management by generating health, safety and environmental programs, preventing pollution, waste minimization, recycling and reusing materials, investing in projects and facilities to ensure environmental sustainability have been established (Berry & Rondinelli, 2000). Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories is an Indian based pharmaceutical company which imports, markets and sells medicines in South Africa. Dr. Reddy’s has plans to set up a manufacturing plant in South Africa. The purpose of this study is to research waste management practices at Dr. Reddy’s plant in India and to draw parallels between India’s and South Africa’s waste legislation. This is to enable Dr. Reddy’s to review all aspects of its waste management systems, in order to revise where necessary and to improve the overall achievement of its waste management objectives in order to become a more sustainable organisation and to meet South African Waste legislation before setting up a plant in South Africa. 3 ii. Objective of the Evaluation Report The purpose of this research is to evaluate and analyse the development and implementation of a waste management system in a pharmaceutical company, specifically Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories. This is primarily to enable the company to review and analyse all aspects of waste management pertaining to pharmaceutical manufacturing and to revise or improve where necessary to ensure adherence to waste regulations as outlined by government. The following research goals have been also been identified: To identify and describe waste management practices at Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, on the inherent assumption by the researcher that the company has a successful waste management strategy that would need to be reviewed to identify areas of improvement before expanding manufacturing facilities into South Africa. To evaluate, assess and compare similarities and/or differences between the identified South African Legislation for Waste Management with those identified during research conducted at Dr. Reddy’s iii. Importance of the Research Conducted Waste Management is important in that it not only removes from the environment, substances that can be harmful to humans and animals but it also enables an organisation to be more sustainable. According to Seadon (2010: i) “Integrated waste management is considered from a systems’ approach, with a particular emphasis on advancing sustainability”. The study will provide guidance to senior management, shop floor managers and employees who work in Dr. Reddy’s manufacturing plants as well as overall employees at Dr. Reddy’s on how to successfully implement a Waste Management programme to enhance sustainability at the organisation and realise the benefits to the organisation of being more sustainable. Weybrecht (2010) identified the following benefits that companies could gain by adopting sustainable waste management practices: reduced costs, resource preservation, keeping up with legislation, enhanced reputation, business differentiation from competitors, and attraction and retention of quality employees, and customer need satisfaction amongst many other benefits. This research needs to address the gap in analysing waste management practices (with more emphasis on waste treatment, waste minimisation, re-use, recycling and disposal), and implementation and understanding of waste management in the pharmaceutical industry as prior research was done mostly in other chemical industries and not to a large scale in the pharmaceutical industry. South African Waste Legislation, Indian Waste Legislation (as Dr. Reddy’s is based in India), as well as International Pharmaceutical Waste Management Guidelines, and International Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices provide a framework and benchmark of leading pharmaceutical waste management practices that can guide Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories’ leadership into integrating their waste management practices into their plans of setting up a manufacturing plant in South Africa. 5. Research Methodology This is evaluation research in the form of a case study and the data collection method employed is the conduction of a survey through questionnaires. The evaluation research also involves a document analysis of the organisation’s 2011 and 2012 annual reports, Dr. Reddy’s 2010 Sustainability Report as well as literature compiled by the organisation’s Corporate Communications Division. The research would also include review of existing literature on waste management. v. Structure of Dissertation This dissertation consists of three sections. Section 1: The Evaluation Report The section introduces the research area, provides the objectives of the research, provides contextual background information and describes the rationale for conducting the research. This section further describes Dr. Reddy’s waste management practice as outlined in relevant company documentation; it is also intended to highlight the specific waste management processes that were followed in the formulation and implementation of the waste management strategy. This section further describes the sample and presents the results of the survey, where the results are collated and reviewed in the context of the criteria set in the South African Waste Legislation, Indian Waste Legislation, as well as in International Pharmaceutical Waste Management Guidelines, and International Pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices. The overall findings of this case study suggest that although management at Dr. Reddy’s are satisfied with waste management practices and results achieved at it manufacturing plant, there is however dissatisfaction amongst employees who believe the organisation has not successfully disseminated information and sufficiently trained them on waste management policies, processes and practices. There is therefore a desire amongst employees to be trained and to see the company improve on its waste management processes, this desire is a very important attribute as it indicates that employees at Dr. Reddy understand and are committed to the importance of waste management. Future research should be conducted to measure the legal impact of non-compliance to legislation governing waste management in the pharmaceutical company. Section 2: Literature Review The objective of the literature review is to provide a critical assessment and evaluation of previous research in the field of waste management in general as prior research was done mostly in other industries and not to a large scale in the pharmaceutical industry. The literature review evaluates the key elements of an effective waste management strategy implementation and is followed by a review of literature pertaining to the description of Pharmaceutical waste. Section 3: Research Methodology This section presents a description of how the work in this research was conducted. It presents the research process followed in compiling this case study, represented by the aims and objectives, research methodology and design, data collection techniques and data analysis.
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Sweeny, Kim. "Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." full-text, 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1960/1/sweeny.pdf.
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This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06. An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
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Ma, Wing-yan, and 馬詠恩. "Contract research organizations: performance and evaluation of services." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39724888.
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Uwais, Syed Muhammad. "Integration of expert system and analytic hierarchical process for the selection and evaluation of R&D projects in the pharmaceutical industry." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1178823422.
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Hindocha, Darsha. "The evaluation of capillary electrochromatography (CEC) for use within a regulated environment in the pharmaceutical industry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.399525.
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Trushin, Eshref. "Evaluation of incentives for R&D in the pharmaceutical industry with applications for neglected diseases." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1285.
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This thesis is concerned with the development of incentives for pharmaceutical R&D, specifically for neglected diseases. The following approaches are adopted. The short-term effects of the recent cost-containment reforms on seven financial indicators related to firms‘ R&D in Denmark, Germany, France, Japan, and the US are estimated. The dataset represents a panel data of financial statements of 1306 pharmaceutical firms for the period 1997-2007. National pharmaceutical expenditures, population, availability of credit, patent applications, and regulatory quality have been controlled for. The average treatment effects on the treated are econometrically estimated with before-after comparisons, two difference-in-differences (DiD) and three matching DiD methods. Impacts of liquidity constraints on R&D and investment are estimated with dynamic panel methods. Using frontier modelling, technical production inefficiencies are estimated and tested for independence from the stringency of national regulation. The major findings of this dissertation are: R&D indicators tend to be persistent despite the regulatory changes; tighter cost-containment regulations appear not to be associated with technical efficiency or R&D intensity of firms; cash flow has a positive effect on pharmaceutical R&D of small and young firms, but not on physical investment. Improved access to clean water appears to be the most important factor in the reduction of the neglected diseases‘ burden; evaluation of R&D schemes for neglected diseases based on 17 criteria indicates insufficient performance of the existing proposals and a number of recommendations to design better incentives are substantiated. Based on this analysis, I have designed a new hybrid public-private partnership model for financing R&D in the form of a prize screening mechanism, which relies on the innovative effort of small firms by reducing entry barriers and moral hazard problems.
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Grobler, Christa. "Evaluation of sales team effectiveness in a South African pharmaceutical company." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52836.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A few years ago, pharmaceuticalcompanies were more inclined to look at business from the inside out. The principal focus was on the company's goals, and identifying and selling to customers were the method of achieving those goals. However,today the customer is king and therefore the focus is shifting to accommodatethis change. The road to success - or failure - is now an expressway, and companies must be ready to accelerate,tum, or stop quickly. Flexibilityand manoeuvrabilitymean a great deal in an increasinglycompetitivemarketplace(Gabe & Goldberg, 1999). What makes a sales team effective in today's competitive global market? What are the key drivers of success in pharmaceutical sales team effectiveness? The most prominent trend in the US market is customer focus, and the most prominent issue is the recruitment and retention of top performers. Today's focus on relationship building may have occurred in part because companies found that their relationships were less than ideal. Nearly 60% of US pharmaceutical companies use customersatisfaction results, among other measurements, to determine the effectiveness of their sales force. A sales force that can make the transition from selling the product to selling the solution - which is the essence of customer focus - has a better chance of earning customer confidence and "partnering" (Gabe & Goldberg, 1999). To isolate factors that make a pharmaceutical sales representative effective is not easy. The best pharmaceutical representatives have excellent selling skills and behaviours, exhibit consistent performance, build networks, contribute to their teams, focus on the most profitable accounts, open new accounts, and win customer loyalty. How does one identify top pharmaceutical salespeople? Look for the representatives with the ability to learn continuously from experience, to take full responsibility for professional development, to size up each situation, and to apply the most effective skills for that encounter. Most often, they will be the ones using consultative and adaptive selling dialogue techniques (Snader, 2002). According to the study, it was evident that the following effectiveness criteria or selling task characteristics have a definite impact on sales force effectiveness and in turn should be part of every salesperson's capabilities: territory management, objection handling, business planning, adaptive selling, customer focus, knowledge, service, selling skills and training.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die verlede was farmaseutiese maatskappye geneig om hul besigheid van binne na buite te ontleed. Die belangrikste fokuspunt was die maatskappy se doelwit en die identifisering van, en verkope aan hul kliënte die middel tot die doelom hierdie doelwitte te bereik. Vandag, daarenteen kraai die kliënt koning en die fokuspunt het verskuif om by hierdie verandering aan te pas. Die verskil tussen die sukses en mislukking van 'n maatskappy sal afhang van die buigsaamheid en stuurbaarheid van die maatskappy om gereed te wees vir enige aksie in hierdie toenemend mededingende mark (Gabe & Goldberg, 1999). Wat maak 'n verkoopspan doeltreffend in vandag se mededingende globale mark? Wat is die sleutel eienskappe wat sukses sal waarborg vir 'n farmaseutiese verkoopspan? Die belangrikste neiging in die Amerikaanse mark is kliënte-fokus en die mees prominente kwessie is die werwing en behoud van die top presteerders. Die fokusverskuiwing na die verhouding tussen die verkoopsverteenwoordiger en die kliënt het plaasgevind nadat maatskappye besef het hulle het nie ideale verhoudings met hulle kliënte nie. Nagenoeg 60% van alle Amerikaanse farmaseutiese maatskappye gebruik onder andere ook resultate van kliënte-tevredenheid vraelyste as 'n maatstaf om die doeltreffendheid van hulle verkoopspan te bepaal. 'n Verkoopspan wat in plaas van 'n produk verkoop eerder aan die kliënt 'n oplossing vir sy spesifieke probleem bied - wat die kern van 'n kliënt-gefokusde benadering is - skep vertroue by die kliënt en lei tot 'n suksesvolle vennootskap tussen die partye (Gabe & Goldberg, 1999). Dit is baie moeilik om eienskappe te identifiseer wat 'n farmaseutiese verteenwoordiger se doeltreffendheid verseker. Die beste farmaseutiese verkoopsverteenwoordigers gebruik uitstekende verkoopstegnieke, bou netwerke, is goeie spanlede, fokus op die mees winsgewendste kliënte, wen nuwe kliënte en die lojaliteit van hulle kliënte. Hoe word top farmaseutiese verkoopspersone dan geïdentifiseer? Kyk uit vir die verteenwoordiger wat die vermoeë het om te leer uit ondervinding, wat volle verantwoordelikheid neem vir sy persoonlike ontwikkeling, wat elke situasie ontleed en dan die toepaslike vaardighede gebruik vir die spesifieke situasie. Meestal sal dit die verteenwoordigers wees wat konsulterende en adaptiewe dialoogtegnieke gebruik (Snader, 2002). Volgens die studie was dit duidelik dat die volgende kriteria vir doeltreffende verkope of verkoopseienskappe 'n defnitiewe impak het op 'n verkoopsspan se doeltreffendheid en dus deel moet uitmaak van elke verkoopspersoon se vermoë: Areabestuur, die hantering van objeksies, besigheidsbeplanning, 'n adaptiewe verkoopstyl, 'n kliënt gefokusde benadering, kennis, diens en opleiding.
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Baume, Georges Jean Roger. "Tourism and hospitality management education in Australia : development of a conceptual framework and model for the 21st century." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phb3471.pdf.
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Bibliography: leaves 305-335. Investigates the rapid expansion, growth, and perceived quality and viability of tourism and hospitality management education. Argues that there are doubts as to whether tourism and hospitality management education is changing according to the needs of industry and the requirements of future managers. An analysis of tourism and hospitality programs in Australian colleges and universities is conducted. Results from the analysis support the proposition for a change of direction in graduate tourism and hospitality management education, and demonstrate a general agreement in terms of content and structure.
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Sweeny, Kim. "Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Thesis, full-text, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1960/.
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This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06.
An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
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van, den Haak Marieke Anita. "An evaluation of efficiency and productivity of the international pharmaceutical industry and its sustainability in the 21st century." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55427/.
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The findings of this thesis include signs that R&D practices are changing, with companies moving away from the fully integrated company model by building up external networks which will provide them access to resources and skills not available in-house. Small improvements in late stage success rates and the increasing number of NASs in preclinical development suggest that the industry's efforts to improve productivity are starting to produce results. It will take time for this to be translated into an improvement in the industry's output, the measure most frequently used to assess the industry's performance. Therefore it is important for the industry to manage the expeditions of its stakeholders and to supply them with clear and objective information on temporary indicators of efficiency and productivity.
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Donnelly, Neil James Public Health & Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "The use of interrupted time series analysis to evaluate the impact of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme policies on drug utilisation in Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health and Community Medicine, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22509.
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PROBLEM INVESTIGATED: Methodological issues and policy implications arising from the application of interrupted time series (ITS) analyses to assess the impact of Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) subsidisation policies on drug utilisation in Australia. PROCEDURES FOLLOWED: A critical review of methodological issues relating to the application and analysis of ITS designs was undertaken. This included an examination of drug utilisation data sources in Australia. The PBS policies examined were: (i) the introduction of copayments in 1990; (ii) the introduction of re-supply limits in 1994 and (iii) the introduction of a form of reference pricing in 1998. Monthly aggregate drug utilisation data was obtained from the Australian Department of Health and Ageing. Segmented regression analyses incorporating autocorrelated errors were implemented and statistical diagnostics applied to ensure correct ITS model specification. Alternative seasonal modelling approaches were compared. RESULTS OBTAINED: The copayment ITS evaluation found that while these copayments produced a reduction in the utilisation of essential and discretionary medications, this effect was stronger for discretionary drugs. An unintended policy effect was a large anticipatory increase in drug utilisation during the month prior to the copayments. Repatriation PBS data was also utilised due to the limited number of pre-intervention data points in the Community series. The re-supply limit ITS evaluation found that the 20-day rule markedly reduced the size of the seasonal increase during the month of December. However, logistic regression analyses showed that the size of this reduction attenuated over time, highlighting the need to consider alternative analysis strategies when applying a ITS approach. The reference pricing ITS evaluation found that this policy had achieved its drug utilisation objectives for H2RAs and ACE Inhibitors. However with regard to CCBs, no increase in the utilisation of benchmark priced drug was apparent, which probably reflected clinical concerns at the time about the safety of these drugs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Well implemented ITS analyses provide a valuable tool for evaluating the impact of PBS subsidisation policy change on drug utilisation in Australia. As with any methodology, however, different design and data integrity issues will affect the quality of information provided.
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Cong, Ze. "Value of pharmaceutical innovation the access effects, diffusion process, and health effects of new drugs /." Santa Monica: RAND, 2009. http://www.rand.org/pubs/rgs_dissertations/2009/RAND_RGSD242.pdf.
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Mádle, Jakub. "Stanovaní hodnoty podniku GlaxoSmithKline s.r.o." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-192399.
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As a goal of my thesis a have desided to evaluate company GlaxoSmithKline sro. Firstly, I conducted a strategic analysis in which I focused on the macro and micro environment. Then I continued with a financial analysis of the company, during which I apllied the horizontal, vertical and ratio analysis. That showed that company management is fine and it is possible to determine the value of the company. To confirm this fact, I applied bankruptcy and credibility models. Then I continued with the evaluation of the company for which I used a two-stage DFC entity method. The result was subsequently supplemented by a sensitivity analysis and alternative assessment company using the book value.
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Swarna, Kailash 1963. "The evaluation of system-wide financial incentives in pipeline decisions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry : the paradox of R&D spend Vs. new drug approvals." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72888.
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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-102).
For several decades, the ascendancy of the Pharma & Biotech sector was largely driven by favorable macro-economic conditions combined with an astonishing level of innovation and a clear focus on addressing unmet medical needs. Significant R&D investments led to innovative drugs that changed clinical practice across multiple illnesses and contributed to an overall rise in life expectancy around the world. Unfortunately, this trend has not continued. Since the mid-90s', the approval of novel drugs has plummeted despite record levels of R&D investment. It is estimated that between 2000 and 2010, the top 10 global Pharma and Biotech companies have collectively invested over $500 Billion in R&D. In the same period, only about 150 novel drugs entered the market. This is partly explained by the fact that quick-wins have been harvested, and that further progress in treating grievous illness is harder to achieve. This is compounded by increasing concerns about the longterm safety of drugs and the conservative regulatory climate that has prevailed since 2000. In this challenging regulatory and cost environment, the basic economic model of the industry is now being questioned. In this work I review the recent financial performance of ten major global pharmaceutical companies, and the challenges faced by the industry in moving from a deterministic, blockbuster era to a more stochastic era defined by multiple unknowns.
by Kailash Swarna.
M.B.A.
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Mohd, Nawi Nolila. "The capability of apple growers in Western Australia to meet the needs of downstream market intermediaries: a case study." Thesis, Curtin University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/805.
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In this study of the Western Australia apple industry, a pluralistic methodology was employed to provide an economic and social evaluation of the various trading relationships between growers and their preferred downstream market intermediaries. Rational economic theory suggests that growers will choose to interact with those downstream customers who offer the highest prices. However, it is apparent that growers prefer to consign fruit to a number of different markets and different customers, in order to minimise risk. In selecting those downstream market intermediaries with whom they will transact, growers recognise that in order to conduct business, they must first satisfy the needs of their downstream customers. While the need to maintain a consistent supply of good quality fruit is paramount, this can result in a significant increase in costs and additional investments in infrastructure.As there are significant economies of scale in the production and subsequent packing, grading and storage of fruit, smallholder growers may find that it is more cost effective to sell the fruit they have produced to fruit packers. Furthermore, growers prefer to transact with those market intermediaries they trust. Trust is enhanced by the willingness of the market intermediary to share risks and market information in a timely fashion and to refrain from opportunistic trading practices. Nevertheless, given that growers are more certain of their costs than their returns, they may choose to transact with some market intermediaries, even although there is minimal trust in the exchange and they are subject to the exercise of coercive market power. In particular, many of the larger growers find it necessary to transact with the supermarkets in order to dispose of the volume of fruit they have available cost effectively.
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Strobeck, Matthew W. (Matthew William) 1972. "The drug development process : evaluation of PDUFA I/II and investigation into reducing drug development times." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/28592.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2004.Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-61).
Published findings report that it takes approximately eight years to bring a novel drug to market at an average cost of $800 million. Over the last ten years, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has helped to reduce the time from filing a new drug application (NDA) to granting marketing approval (i.e. the approval phase). However, there has been no alteration in the time required to progress from an investigational new drug application (IND) to an NDA filing (i.e. the clinical phase) over this same period. Since approval times began to decrease upon the initiation of the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA), in this thesis I analyze the impact of PDUFA and calculate its benefits to companies. Due to the importance of getting new drugs to the market faster, I also investigate why there has been no significant change in the time required to test a drug clinically, and attempt to identify steps that could be taken to improve the clinical trial process. To investigate this, I evaluated ways in which the FDA and industry can work together to reduce clinical development times, without compromising safety. The results from this study show that PDUFA has had a significant impact on reducing approval times. More importantly, I determined that the direct costs of PDUFA are small in irmlparison to its benefits. In addition, my analysis of the early clinical phases (pre-clinical to Phase II) of drug benefits. In addition, my analysis of the early clinical phases (pre-clinical to Phase II) of drug development has revealed potential steps both the FDA and industry can take to facilitate a more efficient process for assessing the safety and efficacy of drugs. Thus, this study represents an important step towards improving the development of medicines for the world.
by Matthew W. Strobeck.
S.M.
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Sousa, Kleber Cavalcante de. "Estrat?gias de avalia??o de desempenho dos propagandistas de medicamentos utilizados pela ind?stria farmac?utica no nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15086.
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Previous issue date: 2013-12-20A Ind?stria Farmac?utica ? uma das mais competitivas ind?strias do mundo contempor?neo, e um dos seus principais desafios est? na comercializa??o de seus medicamentos, que na sua maioria depende da prescri??o m?dica. O objetivo deste estudo ? identificar as estrat?gias de avalia??o de desempenho utilizadas pela Ind?stria Farmac?utica de origem multinacional que atua no nordeste Brasileiro e o papel dos seus gerentes, para avaliar os propagandistas vendedores de medicamentos. Para tanto, buscouse reunir elementos para uma abordagem satisfat?ria que contemple a complexidade da tem?tica pesquisada: Avalia??o de Desempenho, Estrat?gias da Ind?stria Farmac?utica, Propaganda M?dica e Compet?ncias dos Propagandistas de Medicamentos. A tem?tica justifica-se em raz?o da import?ncia estrat?gica dos propagandistas de medicamentos para a ind?stria farmac?utica, que ? uma das ind?strias que mais investe em pesquisa na atualidade, e contribui para melhorar a qualidade de vida e a sa?de humana. A metodologia ? caracterizada como um survey, de natureza quali-quantitativa. O objeto de estudo ? composto pelas empresas farmac?uticas multinacionais de origem Americanas, Europeias e Asi?ticas, associadas ? INTERFARMA que atuam no Nordeste do Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada atrav?s de um question?rio fechado (instrumento de pesquisa), composto por 5 perguntas fechadas que abordam a tem?tica central dessa disserta??o, 27 afirmativas para medir a concord?ncia(escala likert) e 1 tabela contendo 46 compet?ncias, aplicado junto a gerentes da ind?stria farmac?utica. A an?lise dos dados foi feita por meio das t?cnicas de estat?stica descritiva e uma an?lise quantitativa para estabelecer o Ranking M?dio (RM) para a parte do question?rio que utilizou escala tipo Likert de 5 pontos para mensurar o grau de concord?ncia dos respondestes. Atrav?s dos resultados desta pesquisa foi poss?vel identificar as estrat?gias de avalia??o de desempenho, utilizadas pelas empresas farmac?uticas, que atuam no Nordeste do Brasil, na gest?o dos propagandistas vendedores de medicamentos, e identificar as compet?ncias essenciais dos propagandistas de medicamentos, na percep??o dos gestores. Os resultados demonstraram que a Ind?stria Farmac?utica desenvolve e utiliza v?rias estrat?gias para medir e avaliar o desempenho dos propagandistas de medicamentos no Brasil, assim como em outros pa?ses, e que na percep??o dos gerentes da Ind?stria Farmac?utica existem compet?ncias consideradas essenciais ao bom desempenho profissional dos propagandistas de medicamentos da ind?stria farmac?utica, contribuindo de para avan?o do conhecimento deste tema
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Lin, Cheng-Wei, and 林政緯. "M&A Evaluation Framework for Pharmaceutical Industry." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40326184088475489558.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
企業管理碩士專班
100
During the past 10 years, leading pharmaceutical companies are looking for solution for revenue gap because of the expiration of patent and M&A seems to be easy answer for closing the gap for those big players. Through M&A, pharmaceutical companies not only can ensure revenue growth but also can grasp the future market opportunity by leveraging the patent and capability of the target companies. For the coming 10 years, there will be still a lot of medical needs to be met by M&A but the researches have been focused on the M&A on financial or IT industry, so this research aims to provide strategic evaluation framework for the pharmaceutical companies to screen out the most suitable candidates to acquire. The framework will evaluate the target company in terms of its strategic fit with the acquirer, synergy after acquisition and integration, financial performance, accounting policy and standards, and future growth potential. With the evaluation framework, a company should be able to shortlist the target companies to start to negotiate acquisition terms. With the rising importance of China market in the world, this research also tried to add some extra evaluation criteria for China market because of its complicated political and economic environment. Therefore, compliance issue, GSP and GMP license and government background of the target companies are highlighted among the evaluation criteria to make it more adoptable in China market.
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Tsai, Yi-Ling, and 蔡懿玲. "Performance Evaluation for Market Access Staffs in Pharmaceutical Industry." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2nsnp3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中央大學
企業管理學系在職專班
105
Market access is emerging profession. Although the definition of market access and excellent launch inventory were found through literature research, there is no study regarding to performance review criteria for market access staff in pharmaceutical industry. Our research purpose is to understand market access’s tasks, investigate the causal relations among tasks, and establish performance review criteria for market access staff. We categorized market access tasks into 5 classes, and further divided into 18 items. DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory) questionnaire survey was conducted with market access staff working for Taiwan pharmaceutical market. The research result indicated Class 4, “Generate clinical and economic evidences” is most influential to other classes, and Class 1, “Pricing & reimbursement” is the most important one. While Item 4-1 “Identify data gap map”, Item 4-2 “Analyze real world evidence” and Item 4-3 “HEOR” influence other criteria most, Item 1-1 “P&R strategy”, Item 1-4 “Get reimbursed” and Item 3-3 “Negotiate with NHIA” are the most important items. The research result points out influencing factors should be taken into consideration for Market Access’ performance review, rather than results driving only. We can identify the root cause of Market Access Project’s success/failure, only when we understand the nature of Market Access. We concluded 3 stages of target achievement. The short term target is information, facts and evidences generation. The mid-term target is cooperation with internal and external stakeholders. The long term target is final target achievement. Through evaluating all target achievements, we can help Market Access staff improve his/her performance.
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Santos, Ana Marta Corrêa dos. "Evaluation of the microbiological contamination occurrence in the pharmaceutical industry." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/28393.
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Tese de mestrado, Engenharia Farmacêutica, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2016Microbial contamination of non-sterile drug products began to be a concern in the 1960’s when diseases outbreaks were associated with bacterial and fungal contamination of drug preparations. Currently, microbiological contamination is still a frequent problem and is part of top ten causes responsible for recalls in USA and UK market. To better understand this issue and define what can be done is necessary to know the microbial hazards involved in the manufacturing process and identify the root causes. Here we present a Quality Risk Management approach to describe this relevant problem. To identify the hazards, a survey was conducted using reports of drug products recalls and warning letters registered between 2008 to February 2016. Recalls data were collected from FDA and MHRA databases to find occurrences involving microbial contamination of non-sterile drug products. Failure Modes obtained were analyzed through Pareto chart. Warning letters were collected from FDA and EMA databases to identify violations in Good Manufacturing Practice that represents a microbial hazard. The results were evaluated using a 6M Ishikawa diagram, a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA), and a Failure Mode Effects, Critically Analysis (FMECA). PHA and FMECA were conducted with the cooperation of a sample of 14 representative Portuguese pharma companies (ISO committee). The severity, likelihood of occurrence and difficulty of detection of the harms were classified into three categories: low, moderate and high. Risks were defined as the combination of these three parameters. Results obtained shows that manufacturers of non-sterile drug products should be alert for some potential root causes such as raw material, preservatives, and water. With the risk assessment conducted in this study, it was possible to develop a microbial Risk Ranking Index and a Risk Priority Rank based on the real situation found in many companies. These results allow a manufacturer to develop further this analysis and define how these issues can best be prevented and which mitigations actions need to be implemented.
A contaminação microbiológica de produtos não estéreis passou a ser preocupação das indústrias e agências regulatórias na década de 60, quando surtos de doenças foram associados a contaminação bacteriana e fúngica de medicamentos. Atualmente, a contaminação microbiológica é uma das dez causas responsáveis por recolhas de medicamentos não estéreis nos Estados Unidos e no Reino Unido. Para melhor entender essa questão e definir o que pode ser feito para amenizar e reduzir esse problema é necessário conhecer os riscos microbiológicos envolvidos no processo e as causas raízes das recolhas. Este trabalho apresenta uma abordagem baseada em análise de risco para descrever e evidenciar os riscos microbiológicos mais relevantes. Para identificar os riscos existentes, foi realizada uma pesquisa em recolha de medicamentos não estéreis e cartas de advertências registradas entre 2008 a fevereiro de 2016. As recolhas analisadas são provenientes de bases de dados do FDA e MHRA, os dados obtidos foram analisados por meio de diagrama de Pareto. As cartas de advertências são provenientes das bases de dados do FDA e EMA e foram tratadas através do Diagrama de Ishikawa usando categorias 6M e ferramentas de gestão de risco, como Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA) e Failure Mode Effects, Critically Analysis (FMECA). A avaliação do risco foi realizada com as ajuda do grupo ISO, um grupo formado por 14 representantes de indústrias farmacêuticas de Portugal. A severidade, probabilidade de ocorrência e dificuldade de detecção das não conformidades identificadas foram classificadas em três categorias: baixo, mediano e alto. O risco foi definido como a combinação dos três parâmetros. Os resultados obtidos mostram que os fabricantes de medicamentos não estéreis devem ter em consideração as seguintes potenciais fontes de contaminação, matéria prima, os conservantes e a água. Com a avaliação de riscos realizada neste estudo, foi possível desenvolver uma lista de riscos e prioridades com base na situação real encontrada em muitas empresas. Essa classificação permite que as indústrias possam desenvolver uma análise mais detalhada e propor ações de redução e mitigação da contaminação microbiológica proporcionais com os riscos aqui ressaltados.
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Neville, Warwick John. "Healing the nation : access to medicines under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme - the jurisprudence from history." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150188.
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Searles, Andrew. "A preliminary analysis of the pharmaceutical provisions in the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement on prescription medicines in Australia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/44658.
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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)In January 2005 Australia implemented the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA). The AUSFTA was a historic document because it laid out a closer trading association between Australia and its close ally, the United States (US). The Agreement was generally welcomed in both countries but it contained provisions that were controversial, perhaps none more so than those covering pharmaceuticals. In Australia there was deep concern over the effects of these provisions on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). A Senate Committee investigating the likely impact of the AUSFTA was apprehensive that the provisions would result in the PBS paying higher prices for some medicines. The many outcomes from the research reported in this thesis are preliminary but amongst them, three stood out. First, the AUSFTA instituted a number of small but significant changes to Australian pharmaceutical policies and processes. Some changes, around transparency and listing times, were positive while others, such as sponsor hearings before the PBAC, will probably have limited negative impact. Second, there is now a need to consider the AUSFTA commitments when Australian health policy is reassessed in the future, which will now make Australia’s regulatory processes more complex. Third, it is argued that the AUSFTA may have had input into major reforms of the Australian PBS. These reforms delivered on an outcome that had been sought by the US: a weakening of reference pricing as used by the Australian PBS. The benefit from the change to reference pricing for Australia is unclear, but the PBS is now more vulnerable to higher prices for new medicines in the future.
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Searles, Andrew. "A preliminary analysis of the pharmaceutical provisions in the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement on prescription medicines in Australia." 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/44658.
Full textAbstract:
Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)In January 2005 Australia implemented the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA). The AUSFTA was a historic document because it laid out a closer trading association between Australia and its close ally, the United States (US). The Agreement was generally welcomed in both countries but it contained provisions that were controversial, perhaps none more so than those covering pharmaceuticals. In Australia there was deep concern over the effects of these provisions on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). A Senate Committee investigating the likely impact of the AUSFTA was apprehensive that the provisions would result in the PBS paying higher prices for some medicines. The many outcomes from the research reported in this thesis are preliminary but amongst them, three stood out. First, the AUSFTA instituted a number of small but significant changes to Australian pharmaceutical policies and processes. Some changes, around transparency and listing times, were positive while others, such as sponsor hearings before the PBAC, will probably have limited negative impact. Second, there is now a need to consider the AUSFTA commitments when Australian health policy is reassessed in the future, which will now make Australia’s regulatory processes more complex. Third, it is argued that the AUSFTA may have had input into major reforms of the Australian PBS. These reforms delivered on an outcome that had been sought by the US: a weakening of reference pricing as used by the Australian PBS. The benefit from the change to reference pricing for Australia is unclear, but the PBS is now more vulnerable to higher prices for new medicines in the future.
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LIAO, SHU-PING, and 廖淑萍. "Efficiency Evaluation of pharmaceutical industry in Taiwan -An Application of Metafrontier Approach." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7s375n.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
經濟學系
105
Biotechnology industry is an important industry in government that emphasizes the development in recent years. Through a variety of preferential policies to promote the biotechnology industry. Therefore, the rapid growth of biotechnology industry, how to effectively improve the efficiency of self-production technology and management efficiency, will be the manufacturers to face an important issue. Object of study are 25 listed company for pharmaceutical factory on 2017. Divided into medicine pharmaceutical, pharmaceutical APIs, bio-pharmaceutical three major types of drugs. Select 4 input variables(fixed assets, research and development costs, management and marketing costs and the number of employees) with one output variable (operating income) as an indicator of operating performance analysis. Calculate the Rate of Metafrontier Technical Efficiency and Technological Gap Ratio (TGR) and for each group by Metafrontier approach and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) analysis. Finally, the BGC matrix is used to combine the TGR of metafrontier analysis with financial performance, used to explore their relationship. Empirical results show that (1) medicine pharmaceutical performance is better and followed by APIs and bio-pharmaceutical by DEA,(2) The analysis of Metafrontier Technical Efficiency and TGR shows that the three types of drugs are inefficient. Pharmaceutical APIs, pharmaceuticals and bio-pharmaceuticals are required to reduce the production factor by about 20%, 22%, 32%. In addition, the relevance of the financial performance is related to APIs and biopharmaceuticals,(3) The results of the analysis by the BGC matrix, bio-pharmaceuticals accounted for most of the Dogs,medicine pharmaceutical and more to Star business and Dogs , APIs are Star business.
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LIN, JENG YU, and 林政宇. "Performance Evaluation of Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Industry in Taiwan using Data Envelopment Analysis." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75122825505227390356.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大葉大學
工業工程與科技管理學系
97
The biotechnology industry is a star industry that the world is focusing in 21th century, and The Ministry of Economic Affairs in Taiwan has already considered the biotechnology industry is one of the binary star industry in “Two Trillion and Twin Star Industries Development Plan” as well. The biotechnology industry includes three types: biotechnology pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology medical device industry and newly arisen biotechnology industry. The sales amount of biotechnology pharmaceutical industry has contributed the most of the total sales amount of biotechnology industry by 2005. This sales amount was surpassed by that of biotechnology medical device industry until 2006. Thus, this research uses Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) to perform evaluation of biotechnology pharmaceutical industry. In the evaluation process, a two-stage DEA was failed because the pre-assumptions are wrong. Actually, the assumption of considering makes a mistake. The patent effect of making profits is postponed in practices. The scores of decision marking unit(DMU) was fluctuated by environment in the proposed fuzzy multi-objective data envelopment analysis. In addition, in the slack variable analysis, it shows that nearly 50% of the DMUs have the tendency to over-invest. And in the sensitivity analysis, the threshold h the efficiency value has no influences on the computed results. Finally, the discrimination power of the fuzzy multi-objective DEA is better than that of traditional DEA.
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Holmes, Anne Elizabeth. "Institutional change, the division of labour among firms and the Australian pharmaceuticals industry." Phd thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/149619.
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Ho, Chun-sheng, and 何春生. "The Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Logistics Outsurcing -- A Case Study of A Company Industry." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32262247499729371049.
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碩士國立交通大學
管理學院碩士在職專班運輸物流組
94
Abstract Encountering the competitive environment of the foreign pharmaceutical market in Taiwan since the National Health Insurance implemented. In order to seek to survive, the internal logistics of the industry had been outsourcing to the third party of professional pharmaceutical logistics. For the purpose of earning profit, reduce the logistics cost, focus the main business, enhance the market competition are needed. This thesis attempts to evaluate the pharmaceutical logistics outsourcing of internal industry. Corresponding to the literature review and specialist questionnaire, the relevant evaluated target of conforming to the pharmaceutical logistics outsourcing is analyzed. Five evaluated structures of strategy, cost, quality, service performance and risk are under the second class. Fifteen evaluated criterions of core business focused, enhance flexible controlled with competitive management of logistics operating, reduce the whole operating cost of logistics, decrease the human cost of logistics, diminish the capital investment, raise the financial elasticity, react the marketing logistics cost quickly, effectively quality management of logistics activity outsourcing, provide the professional service of logistics, increase the service achievement of customer logistics, raise the efficiency of logistics activities, enhance the customer satisfaction and diminish the investment risk, new product delivered, route risk and the barrier of changing outsourcing factory. The study is under the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) divided into seven steps begging with the theme identification, setting up the hierarchy structure, questionnaire design and survey, establishing the pairwise comparison matrix, consistency test, alternatives selection, and compare the outsourcing logistics factories with fifteen evaluated criterions to pick up the suitable factory. The survey indicates that：1. setting up the evaluated criterion of pharmaceutical logistics and prioritize the relative weight by literature review. The importance of prioritizing the relative weights can be acquired under the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). 2. the study of evaluated criterion decision outsourcing can assist to understand the operating system of outsourcing, and provide the estimated index for reference. So as to enhance the willing of logistics outsourcing and the competitive advantage of the industry main business to create the double win between logistics suppliers and industry. Key words: Logistics outsourcing, Group decision, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Pharmaceutical Logistics
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Dacan, Li. "The construction and application of brand value evaluation model for China's pharmaceutical industry." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/21337.
Full textAbstract:
In today's information age, strong brands can prolong the life cycle of products and
enhance the competitiveness and overall value of pharmaceutical enterprises. Therefore, this
study hopes to build a set of brand value evaluation system suitable for Chinese
pharmaceutical industry, and dig deep into the connotation of brand value of Chinese
pharmaceutical industry.
Through a brief analysis of the advantages and limitations of the current mainstream
brand value assessment methods at home and abroad, this study selects the relatively
authoritative Interbrand model to optimize and improve. The improvement of Interbrand
model mainly involves the following three aspects: First, for the determination of the brand
function index, the analytic hierarchy process is used instead of the expert scoring method to
determine the excess return that the brand brings to the enterprise. The second is to introduce
consumer strength and socio-cultural strength when calculating brand strength. Thirdly, the
weight of each factor of brand strength is adjusted, and the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation
method is used to calculate the evaluation index. Finally, Y Company is taken as an example
to apply the adjusted Interbrand model, and the rationality of the results of this study is
expounded.
This study modifies the Interbrand model as the basic model, and preliminarily
constructs the brand value evaluation system of Chinese pharmaceutical industry, hoping to
enrich the research of brand value of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises with a certain
reference significance.Atualmente, na era da informação, marcas fortes podem prolongar o ciclo de vida dos seus produtos e melhorar a competitividade e valor global das empresas na indústria farmacêutica. Neste sentido, este estudo espera contribuir para a construção de um sistema de avaliação de valor da marca ajustado à industria farmacêutica na China, procurando aprofundar, igualmente, a noção de valor de marca para esta indústria. Através de uma análise das vantagens e desvantagens dos principais métodos de avaliação de marca, nacional e internacionalmente, este estudo selecionou o modelo Interbrand para o optimizar e melhorar neste contexto. A tentativa de melhoria do Modelo Interbrand envolve 3 aspetos: primeiro, para a determinação do índice de função de marca, o processo de hierarquia analítica é usado em vez do método de pontuação de especialistas para determinar o retorno que a marca traz à empresa. O segundo procura apresentar a força do consumidor e a força sociocultural ao calcular a força da marca. Finalmente, o peso de cada fator de força da marca é ajustado, e o método de avaliação abrangente "fuzzy" é usado para calcular o índice de avaliação. Finalmente, o Grupo Y é usado como exemplo para aplicar o Modelo Interbrand ajustado, e a racionalidade dos resultados deste estudo é apresentada Este estudo modifica o modelo Interbrand como modelo básico e procura atualizá-lo para construir um sistema de avaliação do valor da marca para a indústria farmacêutica na China esperando enriquecer a investigação nesta área.
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Cook, Ian Charles. "An analysis of the competitiveness of the manufacturing sector in Australia between 1983 and 1996: implications for manufacturing and industry policy." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/44234.
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This thesis seeks to establish whether Australia’s manufacturing competitiveness improved during the Hawke-Keating period of government (1983-1996), based on its performance prior to 1983. To achieve this aim it was necessary to identify what are the key characteristics impacting on competitiveness, and indeed, how do these factors interact? Importantly, the review was conducted from a broad-based strategic management perspective and not from an econometric standpoint. As a means of determining the above a detailed examination of the development of competitiveness was undertaken. It was found there was no single determinant insofar as, competitiveness cannot be attributed to one specific aspect, but is in fact influenced by a number of factors acting simultaneously. This involved a review of the informed contributions reflecting the development of competitiveness. Findings suggested the roots of competitiveness could largely be traced back to the doctrine of comparative advantage. However, much of this thinking was inevitably surpassed, when the correlation between competitiveness and strategy was better understood. Thus, in terms of manufacturing, this demanded the analysis of factors which appeared to independently and jointly influence competitiveness. It also showed within the manufacturing sector there was an inextricable link between productivity, increased competitiveness and growth. The contribution to the assessment of competitiveness by Professor Michael Porter was also studied in detail. The application of his work was examined with a view to the appropriateness of using his Determinants of National Advantage model in an Australian manufacturing context. Notably, this model provided a process which consistently explained the unique differences between participants within industrial environments. It also facilitated the identification of specific reasons for failure within an industry, which if left unchecked impacted on a nation’s competitiveness. Relative to competitiveness and, to the significance of Porter’s theories, an amended version of the ‘Diamond Model’ was considered more appropriate for this thesis. Historically, Australia’s manufacturing sector has been traditionally underpinned by tariff protection to sustain its existence. Political efforts to counter the impact of competition appeared to remain a central part of industry policy. For instance, politicians such as McEwen shaped Australia’s post-war interventionist role by the use of politically imaginative industry policies to help shelter manufacturing from the threat of growing international competition. In 1965, the manufacturing sector underwent its first major restructure, driven by the objective to make it less reliant on government subsidies and support. This was followed by similar reform initiatives such as the Jackson Report (1977) and Crawford Committee Report (1979). The Hawke-Keating Government came to office in 1983 amidst a shattered economy. Mid-way through its administration period, however, the Hawke-Keating Government had to contend with the internationalisation of world economies. This led to a deliberate change in industry policy, particularly at a microeconomic level to a free market persuasion. An accelerated tariff reduction program was also introduced. Whilst there was genuine support for the manufacturing sector to improve its competitiveness, many thought a more measured and strategic change was warranted. Research suggested Australian manufacturing was highly dependent on multinationals for technology and employment but by the same token, lacked specialization, and economies of scale and scope in terms of utilising its capabilities. Australia’s manufacturers similarly failed to capitalize on aspects of research and development and innovation, languishing in a climate devoid of competition. Moreover, the manufacturing sector was not considered a prime investment target for international finance. In order to test these assertions a number of key hypotheses were developed. Following analyses, with the exception of the impact of manufactured imports on the economy, it was determined that manufacturing had improved in each of the categories assessed. However, largely, the sector’s performance was well below that of its international counterparts. Overall, these results add to the body of knowledge of competition literature, and also contribute to a better understanding of the factors which influence growth, sustainability, and the competitiveness of Australia’s manufacturing in general.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1268524
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- Adelaide Graduate School of Business, 2007
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Mak, Christine Suet Yee. "Evaluation of health programs: application of social cost benefit analysis in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme listing of Australia." Thesis, 2005. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15635/.
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The integration of economics and moral philosophy, which provides a new approach to evaluation and analysis of economic activities, is increasing within the literature. It is argued in this thesis that valuation and analysis in health economics and health programs (normative health economics) should be based on these recent advances. However, an appropriate integration of moral philosophy in the area of health economics has not yet been done. The objectives of this thesis are to modify the existing economic theory of health analysis by integrating the issues and principles of moral philosophy and develop
some operational mathematical models to show how the proposed framework for integration of moral philosophy in the area of health economics can be applied to health
economics and policy evaluation.
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Naidoo, Selena. "An evaluation of the roles and responsibilities of a product manager in the pharmaceutical industry." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3349.
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Product managers typically have job descriptions listing their duties and responsibilities. These itemized lists identify the requirements of the job and are used to measure the product managers' success. They provide the what of the job, but they don't always include the how. ( Gorchels, 2003, p1) The objectives of the research was: - To determine best practices for product managers to perform their roles in the pharmaceutical industry - To evaluate current beliefs and practices of product managers regarding their roles and responsibilities in the pharmaceutical industry. - To establish ways to improve poor practices and provide guidance to product managers in the pharmaceutical industry. The study was conducted amongst product managers in a leading pharmaceutical company. The findings indicated that there some problems were experienced in the company .It was also evident that while there were some good practices in the division, poor methods of practice were also being conducted by the product managers. Implementing the recommendations proposed may enable the product managers to successfully perform their relevant roles and effectively execute their responsibilities within the pharmaceutical industry.Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, 2003.
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Hsu, Hsin-Yi, and 許信儀. "CONTEXT-DEPENDENT DEA PERFORMANCE EVALUATION IN CUSTOMER'S VIEW: THE CASE OF PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN TAIWAN." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96847291606949890571.
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碩士國立臺北大學
國際企業研究所
98
This research is directing against the pharmaceutical industry of Taiwan, we employed the Context-Dependent data envelopment analysis (CDDEA) model as the main measurement method. The thesis considers the method that is combining the financial ratio and service questionnaire, indicators selection. This research is based on the data of 10 pharmaceutical firms in Taiwan in 2007 to 2009. This thesis set the input is one, and the input include debt ratio, current ratio, interest cover, accounts receivable turnover ratio, inventory turnover ratio, total asset turnover ratio, return on assets, cash flow ratio, and cash reinvestment ratio. In addition, this thesis also considers the concept of four major constructs, customer, cost, communication, and convenience. We hope that the research will expand the indices that can understand the operation efficiency of pharmaceutical firm in Taiwan. Finally, this study finds that the firms with good financial performance have better customer evaluation. By the result of CDDEA, firms whose performance is bad can find the object to improve. On the other hand, firms whose performance is good can find the potential opposite. The customer service in pharmaceutical industry is important; therefore, firms have to pay more attention in this problem in order to perform better.
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Hwang, Bon Gang. "Development of a performance measurement system for the delivery of pharmaceutical capital facility projects." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/2887.
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Patel, Paresh Kumar V. "An evaluation of the promotional factors influencing general practitioners' prescribing behaviour, primarily the pharmaceutical representative." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4743.
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Generally the pharmaceutical industry operates in a heavily regulated and controlled environment. In South Africa, the regulations governing prescription drugs do not allow the pharmaceutical companies to advertise the prescription drugs directly to the consumers. As a consequence, the greater part of the marketing efforts of the pharmaceutical companies is directed at the medical practitioners, who occupy the crucial decision-making position for the prescription drugs. The study broadly investigates the relative influence of the various promotional factors that may influence the General Practitioner's choice of prescription drug and more specifically, focuses on the characteristics of the pharmaceutical sales representatives that may influence the prescribing behaviour of the General Practitioners.
An area sample of 67 general practitioners in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, was carried out. A total of 58 responses were analysed to determine the perceived influence of various factors on the GPs' choice of new and existing prescription drugs. A specific attempt was made to determine the key influential factors with respect to the promotion by the pharmaceutical representatives and GPs' appreciation of basic statistics used in the presentations by the pharmaceutical representatives.Thesis (M.B.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2003.
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Bogatsu, Letta Mokate. "A critical evaluation of customer care in the pharmaceutical industry with reference to retail pharmacies / Letta Mokate Bogatsu." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/11279.
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The study set out to investigate Customer Care in the . Pharmaceutical Industry with
reference to Retail Pharmacies in the Mafikeng area. This will be achieved through the
following:
Highlighting any inadequacy of customer care process at retail pharmacies, determine
if the current customer care tools utilised are optimal or not, determine the extent at
which such tools are utilised and to determine where accountability lies for customer
care within the organisation.
Six out of eight pharmacies participated in the study (75%, Four of which are leaders
in the market as they are big stable companies and some are franchises. The measuring
instruments utilised was a questionnaire because of the descriptive nature of the study.
The questionnaire was in a structured format which consisted of two parts, namely,
demographics and general questions evaluating the competency of staff and the quality
of service.120 respondents participated in filling in the questionnaire over a period of
two weeks. Every pharmacy had twenty respondents respectively.
The findings revealed that most respondents were satisfied with the service provided ,
with only a few who were unhappy about certain elements of the questionnaire.
However, the overall responses were satisfactorily and unexpected since patients tend
to complain about services.
The researcher recommends that staff need to be trained on the following, how to be
friendly to customers and greet them with a smile. Greet them by name if possible, as
it will impress the patient to notice that staff members know him/her by name. To be
polite and pleasant when talking to clients. To be trained on product knowledge as it
improves competency and confidence of client in a person. Adequate training of staff is important as it ensures provision of quality service to the
patients, thus reducing complaints. Even though the results of the study were
satisfactorily, it is important for the management of the organisation to concentrate on
Few patients who are not happy about the service so as to improve and satisfy as many
customers as possible.(MBA) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2003
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Laban, Premakanthie Rosemary. "An evaluation of the impact of legislative changes on stakeholders in the South African pharmaceutical industry." Thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2418.
Full textAbstract:
Changes in the health sector in South Africa have been widespread since 1994 with restructuring ofthe public sector being the focal point of legislation. The limelight has recently shifted focus to the health sector with the Medicine and Related Substances (MRSCA) Amendment Act, 59 of 2002 in which generic substitution was finally promulgated, after disputes in the international arena about patent rights, due to the government's policy on parallel imports. Section12 ofPharmacy Act 90, which forms part of the Act is an attempt to further regulate the industry, that eventually became effective this year. This legislation addresses issues of sampling and perverse incentives and calls for the establishment of a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry. The South African government has, as part of the amendment, called for input from all stakeholders including: trade associations, the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession. All role players were invited to be part of the decisionmaking process as to what should constitute the Marketing Code and its' regulatory body. The Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP), an affiliate of the South African Medical Association (SAMA), has not yet prepared a response to SAMA for submission to government with regard to the Marketing Code, in the field of central nervous system (CNS) products. The impact of the banning of samples on psychiatric private practice is not known and there is insufficient data available about the marketing activities of drug companies and the link to the prescription habits of medical professionals. Further, to date, there has been no canvassing of opinions with regard to the impact of the legislation on the consumer. In this case study analysis, an evaluation of the impact of legislative changes in the South African pharmaceutical industry is made. Recommendations as to what should constitute a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry are highlighted. restructuring ofthe public sector being the focal point of legislation. The limelight has recently shifted focus to the health sector with the Medicine and Related Substances (MRSCA) Amendment Act, 59 of 2002 in which generic substitution was finally promulgated, after disputes in the international arena about patent rights, due to the government's policy on parallel imports. Section12 ofPharmacy Act 90, which forms part of the Act is an attempt to further regulate the industry, that eventually became effective this year. This legislation addresses issues of sampling and perverse incentives and calls for the establishment of a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry. The South African government has, as part of the amendment, called for input from all stakeholders including: trade associations, the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession. All role players were invited to be part of the decisionmaking process as to what should constitute the Marketing Code and its' regulatory body. The Society of Psychiatrists (SASOP), an affiliate of the South African Medical Association (SAMA), has not yet prepared a response to SAMA for submission to government with regard to the Marketing Code, in the field of central nervous system (CNS) products. The impact of the banning of samples on psychiatric private practice is not known and there is insufficient data available about the marketing activities of drug companies and the link to the prescription habits of medical professionals. Further, to date, there has been no canvassing of opinions with regard to the impact of the legislation on the consumer. In this case study analysis, an evaluation of the impact of legislative changes in the South African pharmaceutical industry is made. Recommendations as to what should constitute a Marketing Code for the pharmaceutical industry are highlighted.Thesis (MBA)- University of Natal, 2003.
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Baume, Georges Jean Roger. "Tourism and hospitality management education in Australia : development of a conceptual framework and model for the 21st century / by Georges Jean Roger Baume." Thesis, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/19513.
Full textAbstract:
Bibliography: leaves 305-335.xiii, 335 leaves ; 30 cm.
Investigates the rapid expansion, growth, and perceived quality and viability of tourism and hospitality management education. Argues that there are doubts as to whether tourism and hospitality management education is changing according to the needs of industry and the requirements of future managers. An analysis of tourism and hospitality programs in Australian colleges and universities is conducted. Results from the analysis support the proposition for a change of direction in graduate tourism and hospitality management education, and demonstrate a general agreement in terms of content and structure.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Faculty of Economics and Commerce, 1999
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Ziaee, Maryam. "Big Data Analytics Adoption in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management and its Impact on SCOR Processes: A Qualitative Study of the Australian Pharmaceutical Industry." Thesis, 2019. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/41812/.
Full textAbstract:
Big Data Analytics (BDA) in supply chain management has recently drawn the attention of academics and practitioners. Big data refers to a massive amount of data from different sources, in different formats, generated at high speed through voluminous of transactions in business environments as well as within supply chain networks. Traditional statistical tools and techniques find it difficult to analyse this massive data. Modern applications, in the form of BDA, assist organisations to capture, store, and analyse data specifically in the field of supply chain. Although there is an increasing trend among academics to investigate the potentials of BDA in supply chain, there is a paucity of research on BDA in the pharmaceutical supply chain context.
In this research, the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain was selected as the case study. This industry is highly significant since the right medicine must reach the right patients, at the right time, in right quantity, in good condition, and at the right price to save lives. However, drug shortages remain a substantial problem for hospitals across Australia with implications on patient care, staff resourcing, and expenditure. Furthermore, a massive volume and variety of data is generated at fast speed from multiple sources (inter-organisational and intra-organisational data) in pharmaceutical supply chain, which needs to be captured and analysed to benefit operational decisions at every stage of supply chain processes. As the pharmaceutical industry lags behind other industries in using BDA, it raises the question of whether the adoption of BDA can improve transparency among pharmaceutical supply chain by enabling the partners to make informed decisions across their operational activities.
This study, therefore, aims to explore the determinants of BDA adoption in Australian pharmaceutical supply chain. It also examines the potential impacts of BDA adoption in various processes using the Supply Chain Operations Reference model (SCOR model: plan, source, make, deliver, and return). The current study draws upon the Technology-Organisation-Environment (TOE) framework which is the most commonly used research framework that underpins the technology adoption studies.
An exploratory qualitative approach was adopted to analyse data collected through interviews. Twenty semi-structured interviews with top managers in 15 organisations comprising of five pharmaceutical manufacturers, five wholesalers/distributors, and five public hospital pharmacies were undertaken to investigate their views on BDA adoption. Therefore, the supply chain is considered as the unit of analysis in this study. The interviews were transcribed and imported into NVivo software for thematic and cross-case analysis. The thematic results identified several technological, organisational, and environmental factors that could motivate the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain entities to adopt BDA. The findings revealed that BDA would be more practical and helpful in the planning process, followed by delivery and return. However, no significant benefits of BDA were perceived for the sourcing and making processes of medicines.
This study contributes to the theory and practice. As business-related data gains momentum in
business intelligence, this research explores the BDA potential in improving the supply chain
processes of the pharmaceutical supply chain rather than focusing only on a single entity. Some
earlier studies demonstrate BDA adoption in context of clinical healthcare; however, this study is
the first of its kind that explores the determinants and benefits of BDA adoption in the Australian
pharmaceutical supply chain comprising of hospital pharmacies, wholesalers/distributors, and
manufacturers. Furthermore, this study also offers practical and managerial implications by
providing top managers with a picture of the technological, organisational and environmental
factors that may influence their BDA adoption decision. Moreover, this research enhances managers’ insight into the potentials of BDA at every stage of supply chain processes such as plan, source, make, deliver, and return and helps to improve decision-making in their supply chain operations. The findings will turn the rhetoric of data-driven decision into a reality where the managers may opt for analytics for improved decision-making in the supply chain processes.
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Kandhai, Maya. "An evaluation of professionalism of retail community pharmacists and quality of services provided to customers." Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/2320.
Full text
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Gonçalves, Bianca. "Re-evaluation of central America drug market where to start?: an internationalization analysis." Master's thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/17580.
Full textAbstract:
Atral is a Portuguese Pharmaceutical firm devoted to the production of finished drugs. Due to domestic market hurdles, Atral is now, more than ever, focused in the world. The Central America region seams alluring due to its context alignment with firm’s resources bundle. As Atral should approach one regional country at a time, the purpose of this thesis is to find out the most suitable country to approach now. Hence a tailored scoring model was applied, based on contexts analysis and importance of benchmarking indicators to both firm and industry. Upon analysis of the highest scored country, the most appropriate entry modes were assessed.
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Pereira, Rui Miguel Pires. "Balanced scorecard: aplicação e impactos no departamento financeiro de uma empresa industrial farmacêutica em Portugal." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/5280.
Full textAbstract:
ProjectoNas últimas décadas o balanced scorecard (BSC), tem ganho uma acrescida importância como ferramenta de gestão, graças ao uso de indicadores de natureza financeira e não financeira, organizados por perspectiva, cada vez mais importantes como instrumentos de monitorização num quadro de controlo de gestão. Este projecto de mestrado descreve o processo de implementação desta ferramenta de controlo de gestão, no departamento financeiro de uma subsidiária Portuguesa de uma companhia farmacêutica Espanhola. O objectivo de analisar a implementação apenas no departamento financeiro resulta de uma estratégica de “balão de ensaio” para ver a adequação de metodologias e consequências, e assim poder implementar nos outros centro de responsabilidade da companhia (*). Com este trabalho pretende avaliar-se o impacto da implementação do BSCao nível dos processos, meios e pessoas. Procura-se assim compreender em que medida esta mudança na forma de monitorizar afecta a própria estrutura do departamento e mesmo a própria organização, uma vez que deverão estar, ao nível dos objectivos e da estratégica, perfeitamente alinhados. Tenta-se assim também relatar todas as dificuldades, desafios e barreiras na implementação do balanced scorecard.
In the last decades the balanced scorecard(BSC), has gained increased importance as a management tool, thanks to the use of financial andnon financial indicators in several perspectives, increasingly important as tools for monitoring a framework of management control. This project describes the process of implementation of this management control tool in the financial department of a Portuguese subsidiary of a Spanish pharmaceutical company. The purpose of reviewing the implementation resultsonly in the financial department is a strategy of "trial balloon" to see the appropriateness of methodologies and outcomes, and thus be able to implement it, in the other companies responsibility centers (*). This master work evaluates the impact of implementation of BSC in terms of processes, facilities and people. It aims to understand to what extent this change in the way of monitoring affects the very structure of the department and even the organization itself, since these should be at the level of strategic objectives, perfectly aligned. It alsoserves to report all the difficulties, challenges and barriers in implementing the balanced scorecard.
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Chuankamnerdkarn, Prasit. "Patterns and determinants of Australia's international trade in pharmaceuticals." Thesis, 1997. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/16072/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of the patterns and determinants of Australia's international trade in pharmaceuticals during the period
1975 to 1992. The thesis provides a thorough review of the theories, measurements and determinants of international trade. Thus, the thesis synthesises the theoretical
framework and econometric methodology for analysing international trade patterns and their determinants. This synthesis will be beneficial to those wishing to undertake research in the area of international trade.
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Wilson, Mark David. "Performance information and contracting costs in a dual-distribution system : the case of Tooth & Co. Ltd, 1935-1964." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/151749.
Full text
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Fernandes, Ana Margarida Pires. "Avaliação de desempenho de fornecedores na indústria farmacêutica: um caso de estudo." Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/23535.
Full textAbstract:
Os desafios de gestão de planeamento, produção, e abastecimento de componentes são
permanentes, pelo que se impõe uma necessidade constante de melhoria de processos. Ainda
antes da produção propriamente dita, a monitorização da relação com os fornecedores torna-se
fulcral para uma maior eficiência e qualidade de resposta ao cliente. A Unidade de Negócio
Industrial da A&B Farma, pertencente à Indústria Farmacêutica, precisa fazer face a estes
desafios e os esforços passados neste sentido não surtiram efeito. Desta forma, o presente
Projeto em Empresa tem como objectivo a implementação de um sistema de avaliação de
fornecedores. O corpo conceptual do projeto assenta sobre a área de Logística e Operações,
mais especificamente na vertente dos sistemas de avaliação de desempenho de fornecedores e
procurement. Transversalmente, a metodologia utilizada fundamenta-se no Caso de Estudo,
sendo que para a recolha e análise de dados foram utilizadas técnicas como a Análise ABC,
Técnica de "Delphi", "Focus Group" e Análise Estatística Simples. Toda a sequência de trabalhos
foi devidamente acompanhada e validada por decisores selecionados da A&B Farma,
tornando o resultado obtido mais estruturado e robusto, pelo conhecimento técnico
incorporado. Assim, foi desenvolvido um sistema de avaliação de desempenho, representado
num quadro classificativo dos fornecedores que foram previamente selecionados, na fase
inicial do projeto. Por fim, este projecto teve um efeito muito positivo na A&B Farma, na
medida em que se desenvolveu uma nova perspectiva ao nível estratégico sobre os
fornecedores e relação estabelecida com cada um.The challenges of managing planning, production, and component supply are permanent, so there is a constant need for process improvement. Even before production itself, monitoring the relationship with suppliers becomes central to greater efficiency and quality of response to the customer. A&B Farma's Industrial Business Unit, belonging to the Pharmaceutical Industry, needs to face these challenges and the past efforts in this regard have had no effect. In this way, the present Company Project aims to implement a supplier evaluation system. The conceptual body of the project is based on the area of Logistics and Operations, more specifically in terms of systems for evaluating the performance of suppliers and procurement. Crosswise, the methodology used is based on the Case Study, and for the collection and analysis of data, techniques such as ABC Analysis, Delphi Technique, Focus Group and Simple Statistical Analysis were used. The entire sequence of works was duly monitored and validated by selected decision makers from A&B Farma, making the result obtained more structured and robust, due to the incorporated technical knowledge. Thus, a performance evaluation system was developed, represented in a classification table of the suppliers that were previously selected, in the initial phase of the project. Finally, this project had a very positive effect on A&B Farma, as it developed a new perspective at the strategic level on suppliers and the relationship established with each one.
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Malhotra, Prabodh. "Implementing TRIPS in India : implications for access to medicines." Thesis, 2009. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/30083/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis investigates the implications of implementing TRIPS in India for access to medicines drawing on three major factors: (i) the TRIPS agreement, (ii) the global pharmaceutical industry and (iii) the development of Indian pharmaceutical industry and the level of access to medicines in India. In doing so, the thesis examines the requirements of the TRIPS agreement and analyses the costs and benefits of its implementation, especially from a developing country view point. The fairness test shows that TRIPS prematurely forces developing countries to adopt protection standards, which a number of developed countries themselves did not adopt until they had achieved a certain level of economic development