Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme

Academic literature on the topic 'Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"

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Feras, Peter M. "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 145, no. 8 (October 1986): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb112410.x.

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Louis, W. J., C. J. O'Callaghan, H. Krum, A. G. Mander, and E. S. B. Louis. "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 161, no. 2 (July 1994): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb127364.x.

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Snyder, Raymond D. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 7 (October 1988): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120688.x.

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Webb, John, and R. G. Robinson. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 7 (October 1988): 394. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120689.x.

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Colquhoun, D. M. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 7 (October 1988): 394–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120690.x.

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McLean, Allan. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 7 (October 1988): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120691.x.

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Shaw, John. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 7 (October 1988): 395–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120692.x.

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McLean, Allan. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 11-12 (December 1988): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120842.x.

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Shaw, John. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Medical Journal of Australia 149, no. 11-12 (December 1988): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1988.tb120843.x.

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Louis, W. J., C. J. O'Callaghan, H. Krum, A. G. Mander, and E. S. B. Louis. "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)." Medical Journal of Australia 160, no. 5 (March 1994): 306–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1994.tb125843.x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"

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Sweeny, Kim. "Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." Thesis, full-text, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1960/.

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This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06. An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
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Sweeny, Kim. "Accounting for growth in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." full-text, 2008. http://eprints.vu.edu.au/1960/1/sweeny.pdf.

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This thesis investigates the contribution to the growth in expenditure on medicines listed on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) from three inter-related sources: (i) the addition of new medicines offering an expanding range of treatments for disease, (ii) PBS processes for determining the prices of medicines and their conditions of listing and (iii) the demand by patients for PBS medicines. In doing so it uses trend analysis presented in both tabular and graphic form, expenditure decomposition techniques based on index and indicator numbers, and econometric analysis. Using novel techniques and interpretations, it addresses some key aspects of decomposition analysis including the treatment of new and disappearing goods and the potential bias arising from changing market shares among substitutable medicines. The analysis is undertaken for the period from 1991-92 to 2005-06. An important consequence of the cost-effectiveness and reference pricing techniques used by the PBS, is that the quantity index calculated within the decomposition of PBS expenditure can be interpreted as a measure of the quality-adjusted amount of medicines consumed by patients. This is virtually equivalent to the growth in expenditure of about 12% per annum. On average prices of medicines fell over time, modestly in nominal terms and to a greater extent in real terms. Based on the results of econometric analysis, new evidence is presented on the relative influences of copayments, safety net limits, the number of PBS medicines listed and their conditions of listing on the demand for PBS medicines by different categories of patients. Elasticities with respect to patient price are in the range -1.1 to -1.4 for General Non-Safety Net patients and in the range -0.5 to -0.9 for Concessional Non-Safety Net patients.
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Blanch, Bianca. "What is normal? A critical analysis of the methods quantifying prescription drug use and potential misuse in pharmaceutical claims." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/16910.

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Our overall objective is to examine methods of quantifying prescription drug misuse in pharmaceutical claims. We approach this by undertaking a systematic review of the global literature measuring the extent of prescription drug misuse in pharmaceutical claims. Our review highlights four measures, number of prescribers, number of dispensing pharmacies, volume of drug dispensed and number of early refills, are used frequently to define prescription drug misuse. Despite this homogeneity, we found heterogeneity in the thresholds delineating use from misuse and a lack of established or validated benchmarks to accurately measure misuse in pharmaceutical claims. In our empirical work, we focus on prescription opioid analgesics due to the recent and considerable global increase in use and opioid- related harms. We use publically available, routinely collected data to document increases in prescription opioid use and related harms in Australia over 20 years. Over three chapters we explore population norms of prescription drug access in national dispensing claims and examine how access patterns relate to the metrics defining ‘misuse’ identified in our systematic review. We compare prescription drug access in Australia and British Columbia, Canada, for prescription opioids and statins, drug classes with high or no known abuse potential, respectively. We found access norms are remarkably similar across drug classes and healthcare settings. However, extreme access patterns are more common in people dispensed opioids, younger age groups or those receiving income assistance. We then examine opioid access in Australian adults initiating or reinitiating strong opioid treatment. We found the standard metrics defining ‘misuse’, including doctor and pharmacy shopping, are non-specific in that they identify misuse, but are also likely to capture high-need patient groups including individuals with a history of cancer treatment. From a translational perspective, our findings are particularly important as the US Food and Drug Administration recently endorsed using routinely collected data, including pharmaceutical claims, to quantify prescription opioid misuse and measure the effectiveness of interventions aimed to curb the ‘opioid epidemic’. We recommend using these commonly established metrics with caution due to their inability to isolate a population of people misusing opioids.
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Schofield, Deborah, and n/a. "Modelling health care expenditure : a new microsimulation approach to simulating the distributional impact of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." University of Canberra. Information Sciences & Engineering, 1999. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20061107.171802.

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In this thesis, a microsimulation model was developed using methods which were intended to overcome the main criticism of earlier models developed in Australia - that their estimation of the distribution of health benefits1 across income groups was not accurate. To determine whether the new model � called the Person Level Model of Pharmaceutical Benefits (PLM-PB) � was more accurate, two typical means-based models were also built to replicate the most commonly used methods in Australia. A comparison of the results of the three models revealed that while they produced comparable results at the aggregate when compared with administrative data, the PLM-PB was much more accurate in capturing distributional differences by beneficiary and medication type. The PLM-PB also indicated that, as anticipated, PBS benefits were more pro-poor than earlier means-based models had suggested. The PLM-PB had another important advantage in that the method also captured the variation in the use of medication and thus the subsidy received within sub-populations. As the PLM-PB was found to be more accurate than the means-based model, a multivariate analysis of the distribution of PBS subsidy across a number of socio-economic groups was undertaken as an example application of the model. It was found that health status (defined by number of recent illnesses) and concession card type were most important in explaining the amount of PBS subsidy received. This indicates that the distribution of PBS expenditure meets the policy objectives of assisting those most in need, whether need is defined as poor health or low income. 1 Benefits refer to expenditure as transfers from government to individuals rather than the general health benefits of using medication.
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Donnelly, Neil James Public Health &amp Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "The use of interrupted time series analysis to evaluate the impact of Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme policies on drug utilisation in Australia." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Public Health and Community Medicine, 2005. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/22509.

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PROBLEM INVESTIGATED: Methodological issues and policy implications arising from the application of interrupted time series (ITS) analyses to assess the impact of Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme (PBS) subsidisation policies on drug utilisation in Australia. PROCEDURES FOLLOWED: A critical review of methodological issues relating to the application and analysis of ITS designs was undertaken. This included an examination of drug utilisation data sources in Australia. The PBS policies examined were: (i) the introduction of copayments in 1990; (ii) the introduction of re-supply limits in 1994 and (iii) the introduction of a form of reference pricing in 1998. Monthly aggregate drug utilisation data was obtained from the Australian Department of Health and Ageing. Segmented regression analyses incorporating autocorrelated errors were implemented and statistical diagnostics applied to ensure correct ITS model specification. Alternative seasonal modelling approaches were compared. RESULTS OBTAINED: The copayment ITS evaluation found that while these copayments produced a reduction in the utilisation of essential and discretionary medications, this effect was stronger for discretionary drugs. An unintended policy effect was a large anticipatory increase in drug utilisation during the month prior to the copayments. Repatriation PBS data was also utilised due to the limited number of pre-intervention data points in the Community series. The re-supply limit ITS evaluation found that the 20-day rule markedly reduced the size of the seasonal increase during the month of December. However, logistic regression analyses showed that the size of this reduction attenuated over time, highlighting the need to consider alternative analysis strategies when applying a ITS approach. The reference pricing ITS evaluation found that this policy had achieved its drug utilisation objectives for H2RAs and ACE Inhibitors. However with regard to CCBs, no increase in the utilisation of benchmark priced drug was apparent, which probably reflected clinical concerns at the time about the safety of these drugs. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Well implemented ITS analyses provide a valuable tool for evaluating the impact of PBS subsidisation policy change on drug utilisation in Australia. As with any methodology, however, different design and data integrity issues will affect the quality of information provided.
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Lee, Kah Seng. "The impact of cost containment reforms to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) on prescribing volumes and expenditure in Australia: 1992-2011." Thesis, Curtin University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/836.

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Objectives: To investigate the impact of cost containment measures on PBS prescribing volumes and expenditure. Methods: Segmented linear regression models were used to analyse the time series data from Medicare Australia’s PBS Statistics. Seven measures and four new listing dates of statins were investigated. Results: Many of the cost containment measures were effective in containing costs. Conclusions: The safety net 20 days rule was estimated to be the most effective in reducing drugs utilisation and expenditure.
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Mak, Christine Suet Yee. "Evaluation of health programs: application of social cost benefit analysis in the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme listing of Australia." Thesis, 2005. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/15635/.

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The integration of economics and moral philosophy, which provides a new approach to evaluation and analysis of economic activities, is increasing within the literature. It is argued in this thesis that valuation and analysis in health economics and health programs (normative health economics) should be based on these recent advances. However, an appropriate integration of moral philosophy in the area of health economics has not yet been done. The objectives of this thesis are to modify the existing economic theory of health analysis by integrating the issues and principles of moral philosophy and develop some operational mathematical models to show how the proposed framework for integration of moral philosophy in the area of health economics can be applied to health economics and policy evaluation.
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Neville, Warwick John. "Healing the nation : access to medicines under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme - the jurisprudence from history." Phd thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150188.

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Lu, Christine Yi-Ju Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine UNSW. "An examination of systems of access to important high cost medicines: a critical analysis of the nationally subsidised scheme of access to tumour necrosis factor inhibitors in Australia." 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40579.

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Background: Access to " high-cost medicines" under Australia's Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is characterised by strict eligibility criteria. The PBS access scheme for the anti-rheumatic biologicals (etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab) was examined for concordance with Australia?s National Medicines Policy. Methods: Semi-structured interviews with a range of stakeholders were conducted. National, aggregated prescription and expenditure data from Medicare Australia and dispensing data from the Drug Utilisation Sub-Committee were analysed. Access to biologicals was also examined from an ethical perspective. Results: Interviewees agreed that controlled access to high-cost medicines was broadly equitable and practical but specific concerns included: timeliness of access; bureaucracy of the process; contentious cases of individual patients being denied access; insufficient patient information; the quantum of resources required to administer the access scheme; inadequate stakeholder consultation. The access requirement of a history of failure of conventional anti-rheumatic drugs was supported. Recommendations included proactive review of the access criteria and outcomes; greater transparency and formal stakeholder involvement to increase public confidence in the definition of " target patient population" and a formal appeal mechanism to increase the fairness and accountability of the PBS. Establishment of an appeal mechanism is supported by " accountability for reasonableness" framework grounded in procedural justice. Data needed to examine the health outcomes associated with the use of biologicals on a national level was not easily available. This shortcoming is discordant with National Medicines Policy. Utilisation of biologicals over the first two years of PBS-subsidy was conservative but with considerable variability across States and Territories (an 8-fold difference between the jurisdictions), usage roughly correlating with access to rheumatologists. Introduction of PBS-subsidised biologicals did not alter the trends in utilisation of non-biological anti-rheumatic drugs. Conclusions: This research suggests that policy-makers focus upon: explicitly considering ethical principles and formally involving stakeholders when developing policies on access to high-cost medicines; improving communication and providing information based on increased transparency; and establishing formal mechanisms for review of and appeals against PBS decisions. The comprehensive evaluation of medicine use and outcomes post-subsidy is critical for the future of the PBS. The National Medicines Policy has proved a useful framework for evaluating this access scheme.
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Searles, Andrew. "A preliminary analysis of the pharmaceutical provisions in the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement on prescription medicines in Australia." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/44658.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
In January 2005 Australia implemented the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA). The AUSFTA was a historic document because it laid out a closer trading association between Australia and its close ally, the United States (US). The Agreement was generally welcomed in both countries but it contained provisions that were controversial, perhaps none more so than those covering pharmaceuticals. In Australia there was deep concern over the effects of these provisions on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). A Senate Committee investigating the likely impact of the AUSFTA was apprehensive that the provisions would result in the PBS paying higher prices for some medicines. The many outcomes from the research reported in this thesis are preliminary but amongst them, three stood out. First, the AUSFTA instituted a number of small but significant changes to Australian pharmaceutical policies and processes. Some changes, around transparency and listing times, were positive while others, such as sponsor hearings before the PBAC, will probably have limited negative impact. Second, there is now a need to consider the AUSFTA commitments when Australian health policy is reassessed in the future, which will now make Australia’s regulatory processes more complex. Third, it is argued that the AUSFTA may have had input into major reforms of the Australian PBS. These reforms delivered on an outcome that had been sought by the US: a weakening of reference pricing as used by the Australian PBS. The benefit from the change to reference pricing for Australia is unclear, but the PBS is now more vulnerable to higher prices for new medicines in the future.
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Books on the topic "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"

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Office, New Zealand Audit. Department of Health: Administration of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme. Wellington, N.Z: The Office, 1992.

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Zealand, New. Department of Health: Administration of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme. The Office, 1992.

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Australia. Dept. of Finance. and Australian National Audit Office, eds. Joint review by the Auditor-General and the Department of Finance: Pharmaceutical benefits scheme, review of estimated savings from proposed system for eligibility checking. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1991.

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Olsen, Jan Abel. The healthcare delivery system: an overview. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794837.003.0013.

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This chapter provides an overview of the healthcare delivery system. A figure illustrates how six different parts of the system relate to each other. The primary care level plays a key role in many countries by representing the gate, in which referrals to secondary care are being made. Tertiary care is principally of two types depending on patients’ prognosis: chronic care or rehabilitation. In addition to the three care levels, there are two parts with quite different roles: pharmacies provide pharmaceuticals, and sickness benefit schemes compensate the sick for their income losses. A recurrent policy challenge is to make each provider level take into account the resource implications of their isolated decisions outside of their own budgets. A brief discussion is included on the scope for ‘internal markets’.
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Book chapters on the topic "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"

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Karanges, Emily A., Melisa J. Litchfield, Leigh Mellish, and Sallie-Anne Pearson. "The Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) Dispensing Database." In Databases for Pharmacoepidemiological Research, 255–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51455-6_21.

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Epp, Joanne, Bonny Parkinson, and Sally Hawse. "Health System Sustainability: The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in Australia." In Industry and Higher Education, 13–44. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0874-5_2.

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Huang, Weng-Foung, and Hung-Chi Chiang. "Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme and Cost Containment in Taiwan's National Health Insurance." In International Drug Regulatory Mechanisms, 132–49. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003063858-7.

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Löfgren, Hans, and Ken Harvey. "The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." In Understanding the Australian Health Care System, 71–82. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7295-3861-9.10007-9.

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Jackson, John. "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (Australia)." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy (Print), 688–91. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b13789-119.

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Jackson, John K. "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (Australia)." In Encyclopedia of Clinical Pharmacy, 688–91. Informa Healthcare, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/9780824706081.118.

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de Boer, Rebecca. "Reform of the pharmaceutical benefits scheme." In Analysing Health Policy, 214–24. Elsevier, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7295-3843-5.50017-x.

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"A War of Attrition: the Fate of the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme." In The Price of Health, 209–32. Cambridge University Press, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511470189.010.

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Raymond, Chris, and Brett Parsons. "Chapter 9 Modelling Medicare and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) Utilisation and Costs." In Modelling our Future - Population Ageing, Health and Aged Care, 197–211. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0386(06)16009-3.

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Abello, Annie, and Laurie Brown. "Model 18 MediSim (Static Microsimulation Model of the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme)." In Modelling our Future - Population Ageing, Health and Aged Care, 533–39. Elsevier, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1571-0386(06)16037-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme"

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Khan, Arif, Uma Srinivasan, and Shahadat Uddin. "Development and exploration of polymedication network from Pharmaceutical and Medicare Benefits Scheme data." In ACSW 2019: Australasian Computer Science Week 2019. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3290688.3290738.

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