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Journal articles on the topic 'Phalloideae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 29 July 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Alvarado, Pablo, Antonia Gasch-Illescas, Sylvie Morel, Magda Bou Dagher-Kharrat, Gabriel Moreno, José Luis Manjón, Xavier Carteret, et al. "Amanita Section Phalloideae Species in the Mediterranean Basin: Destroying Angels Reviewed." Biology 11, no. 5 (May 18, 2022): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11050770.

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In Europe, amatoxin-containing mushrooms are responsible for most of the deadly poisonings caused by macrofungi. The present work presents a multidisciplinary revision of the European species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae based on morphology, phylogeny, epidemiology, and biochemistry of amatoxins and phallotoxins. Five distinct species of this section have been identified in Europe to date: A. phalloides, A. virosa, A. verna, the recently introduced North American species A. amerivirosa, and A. vidua sp. nov., which is a new name proposed for the KOH-negative Mediterranean species previously described as A. verna or A. decipiens by various authors. Epitypes or neotypes are selected for species lacking suitable reference collections, namely A. verna and A. virosa. Three additional taxa, Amanita decipiens, A. porrinensis, and A. virosa var. levipes are here considered later heterotypic synonyms of A. verna, A. phalloides, and A. amerivirosa, respectively.

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2

Davison, E. M., D. Giustiniano, F. Busetti, G. M. Gates, and K. Syme. "Death cap mushrooms from southern Australia: additions to Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) section Phalloideae Clade IX." Australian Systematic Botany 30, no. 4 (2017): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb17032.

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The following three similar Amanita spp. are described: Amanita djarilmari E.M.Davison, A. gardneri E.M.Davison from the south-west of Western Australia and A. millsii E.M.Davison & G.M.Gates (=A. sp. 10 ZLY-2014 HKAS 77322 in KUN) from Tasmania. All have a white- or pale-coloured pileus and white universal veil, but differ in the shape of the bulb, spore shape, and structure of the universal veil. All are from subgenus Lepidella section Phalloideae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these species cannot be separated on the basis of data derived from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed-spacer sequences. They can be separated in a multi-locus phylogeny of the 28S nuclear ribosomal large-subunit rRNA region, RNA polymerase-II region, β-tubulin region and translation elongation-factor 1-α region. Amanita djarilmari, A. gardneri, A. millsii and two other previously described species in section Phalloideae from southern Australia (A. eucalypti and A. marmorata) cluster in Clade IX. These, together with other species in this clade, segregate into two lineages, namely, Clade IX A, with a white or pale pileus, and Clade IX B, with a brown pileus. Solvent extraction, followed by liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry of A. djarilmari, A. eucalypti, A. gardneri and A. marmorata basidiomes did not detect the highly toxic amatoxins α-amanitin and β-amanitin, but did detect the phallotoxins phallacidin and phalloidin.

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CODJIA, JEAN EVANS I., SEPAS SARAWI, BORIS A. OLOU, MEIKE PIEPENBRING, ZHU L. YANG, and NOUROU S. YOROU. "Amanita stubbosa, a new non amatoxin nor phallotoxin-containing species within Amanita sect. Phalloideae (Amanitaceae, Agaricales), from West Africa." Phytotaxa 592, no. 2 (April 20, 2023): 267–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.592.3.5.

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Amanita stubbosa, a new species in subclade III of A. sect. Phalloideae, is described from West Africa based on morphological and molecular evidence. The species is characterized by a white pileus covered with small white broadly adherent squamules or greyish to whitish erected, pyramidal, subconical, patchy universal veil, a slightly striate pileal margin, a marginate basal bulb, and broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, weakly amyloid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on three gene regions (nrLSU, RPB2, and TEF1-α) revealed that A. stubbosa is a distinct species closely related to A. bulbulosa. Moreover, A. stubbosa was reported to lack the most notorious toxins (amatoxins and phallotoxins). A detailed description, illustrations, and comparisons with morphologically and phylogenetically closely related species are provided.

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4

Jr., Orson K. Miller, Don E. Hemmes, and George Wong. "Amanita marmorata subsp. Myrtacearum: A New Subspecies in Amanita Section Phalloideae from Hawaii." Mycologia 88, no. 1 (January 1996): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760795.

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5

Parnmen, Sittiporn, Nattakarn Nooron, Pilailuk Akkapaiboon Okada, Sujitra Sikaphan, Onanong Pringsulaka, Sutheewan Binchai, and Achariya Rangsiruji. "Characterization of Lethal Toxin-Producing Genes in Amanita brunneitoxicaria and PCR-based Detection of Deadly Poisonous Amanitas in the Section Phalloideae." Trends in Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 18, 2023): 4301. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2023.4301.

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A recent discovery of Amanita brunneitoxicaria revealed that this mushroom and A. exitialis are the main causative agents of fatal mushroom poisoning in Thailand. Poisonous amatoxins present are bicyclic octapeptides encoded by the MSDIN family and macrocyclized by prolyl oligopeptidase B enzyme. Diversity of the MSDIN toxin-associated genes in A. brunneitoxicaria however, remains unexplored. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the MSDIN family members in A. brunneitoxicaria in comparison with A. exitialis based on whole genome sequencing, followed by gene annotation using bioinformatic tools. Identification of conserved core peptides of the MSDIN family revealed the presence of α-amanitin and β-amanitin as endogenous toxins in A. brunneitoxicaria. In addition to the major amatoxins, amanexitide and phallacidin were also found in A. exitialis. Phylogenetic analyses of the MSDIN family members showed that an unknown peptide present in A. brunneitoxicaria is clustered with phalloidin. On the basis of PCR detection, a modified forward primer was incorporated into the PCR reactions to obtain clear and distinctive DNA fragments of approximately 300 bp from three deadly poisonous mushrooms of A. brunneitoxicaria, A. exitialis and A. fuliginea in the section Phalloideae. Hence, they could be distinguished from other edible and less toxic species in the same genus. Such rapid and accurate identification of the target region of the MSDIN family from the lethal mushrooms is relevant as means to reduce mortality. HIGHLIGHTS Amanita brunneitoxicaria and A. exitialis are responsible for most cases of fatal mushroom poisoning in Thailand During wild mushroom foraging, A. brunneitoxicaria is often mistaken for the edible species of A. vaginata A. brunneitoxicaria and other lethal aminitas contain amatoxin-producing genes encoded by the MSDIN family PCR-based detection of the target region of the MSDIN family can be used to distinguish the lethal aminitas in the section Phalloideae This rapid detection is useful for timely and appropriate medical treatment of mushroom intoxication GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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6

Weiß, Michael, Zhu-Liang Yang, and Franz Oberwinkler. "Molecular phylogenetic studies in the genus Amanita." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 7 (July 1, 1998): 1170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-129.

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A group of 49 Amanita species that had been thoroughly examined morphologically and anatomically was analyzed by DNA sequence comparison to estimate natural groups and phylogenetic relationships within the genus. Nuclear DNA sequences coding for a part of the ribosomal large subunit were determined and evaluated using neighbor-joining with bootstrap analysis, parsimony analysis, conditional clustering, and maximum likelihood methods. Sections Amanita, Caesarea, Vaginatae, Validae, Phalloideae, and Amidella were substantially confirmed as monophyletic groups, while the monophyly of section Lepidella remained unclear. Branching topologies between and within sections could also partially be derived. Subgenera Amanita and Lepidella were not supported. The Mappae group was included in section Validae. Grouping hypotheses obtained by DNA analyses are discussed in relation to the distribution of morphological and anatomical characters in the studied species.Key words: fungi, basidiomycetes phylogeny, Agaricales, Amanita systematics, large subunit rDNA, 28S.

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7

Fraiture, André, Mario Amalfi, Olivier Raspé, Ertugrul Kaya, Ilgaz Akata, and Jérôme Degreef. "Two new species of Amanita sect. Phalloideae from Africa, one of which is devoid of amatoxins and phallotoxins." MycoKeys 53 (June 6, 2019): 93–125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.53.34560.

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Two new species of Amanitasect.Phalloideae are described from tropical Africa (incl. Madagascar) based on both morphological and molecular (DNA sequence) data. Amanitabweyeyensissp. nov. was collected, associated with Eucalyptus, in Rwanda, Burundi and Tanzania. It is consumed by local people and chemical analyses showed the absence of amatoxins and phallotoxins in the basidiomata. Surprisingly, molecular analysis performed on the same specimens nevertheless demonstrated the presence of the gene sequence encoding for the phallotoxin phallacidin (PHA gene, member of the MSDIN family). The second species, Amanitaharkonenianasp. nov. was collected in Tanzania and Madagascar. It is also characterised by a complete PHA gene sequence and is suspected to be deadly poisonous. Both species clustered together in a well-supported terminal clade in multilocus phylogenetic inferences (including nuclear ribosomal partial LSU and ITS-5.8S, partial tef1-α, rpb2 and β-tubulin genes), considered either individually or concatenated. This, along with the occurrence of other species in sub-Saharan Africa and their phylogenetic relationships, are briefly discussed. Macro- and microscopic descriptions, as well as pictures and line drawings, are presented for both species. An identification key to the African and Madagascan species of Amanitasect.Phalloideae is provided. The differences between the two new species and the closest Phalloideae species are discussed.

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8

Méndez-Navarro, Jorge, Nayeli X. Ortiz-Olvera, Margarita Villegas-Ríos, Luis J. Méndez-Tovar, Karin L. Andersson, Rosalba Moreno-Alcantar, Víctor E. Gallardo-Cabrera, et al. "Hepatotoxicity from ingestion of wild mushrooms of the genus Amanita section Phalloideae collected in Mexico City: two case reports." Annals of Hepatology 10, no. 4 (October 2011): 568–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1665-2681(19)31529-7.

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9

Fleming, Vaughan. "Battarraea phalloides." Mycologist 13, no. 1 (February 1999): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(99)80067-6.

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10

Visser, Miranda, Willemien F. J. Hof, Astrid M. Broek, Amanda van Hoek, Joyce J. de Jong, Daan J. Touw, and Bart G. J. Dekkers. "Unexpected Amanita phalloides-Induced Hematotoxicity—Results from a Retrospective Study." Toxins 16, no. 2 (January 29, 2024): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins16020067.

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Introduction: Amanita phalloides poisoning is a serious health problem with a mortality rate of 10–40%. Poisonings are characterized by severe liver and kidney toxicity. The effect of Amanita phalloides poisonings on hematological parameters has not been systematically evaluated thus far. Methods: Patients with suspected Amanita phalloides poisonings were retrospectively selected from the hospital database of the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG). Medical data—including demographics; liver, kidney, and blood parameters; treatment; and outcomes—were collected. The severity of the poisoning was scored using the poison severity score. Results: Twenty-eight patients were identified who were admitted to the UMCG with suspected Amanita phalloides poisoning between 1994 and 2022. A time-dependent decrease was observed for hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations, leukocytes, and platelets. Six out of twenty-eight patients developed acute liver failure (ALF). Patients with ALF showed a higher increase in liver enzymes, international normalized ratios, and PSS compared to patients without ALF. Conversely, hemoglobin and platelet numbers were decreased even further in these patients. Three out of six patients with ALF died and one patient received a liver transplant. Conclusion: Our study shows that Amanita phalloides poisonings may be associated with hematotoxicity in patients. The quantification of hematological parameters is of relevance in intoxicated patients, especially in those with ALF.

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11

Talib, Noor. "Defining a Role of Amanita phalloides Toxins in Cancer: Research and Therapy." Journal of Life and Bio Sciences Research 2, no. 01 (March 19, 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.38094/jlbsr20137.

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Despite the progress of diagnostic and therapy, the cancer burden is still rising worldwide. The new chemotherapeutical toxicity to somatic cells and its tolerance to tumor cells illustrates the immediate demand through recent pharmaceutical products with less harmful impacts. The use of natural anticancer products, like alpha-amanitin toxins have reached the cancer field therapy since the separation of Amanita phalloides fungi was performed. Application of Amanita phalloides affects tumor cell activity. It is thought that Amanita phalloides dilutions are recommended for a patient suffering from various cancer types and have no severe side effects resulting from amanita therapy. This review aims to explain the use of the therapeutic potential of -amanitin toxin against different cancer types.

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12

Kihara, Terue C., Tagea K. S. Björnberg, and Gisele Y. Kawauchi. "Myzomolgus sipunculensis sp. nov. (Cyclopoida, Catiniidae), a new copepod associated with sipunculan worms from Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Zoologia 24, no. 3 (2007): 591–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0101-81752007000300011.

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Catiniid copepods are characterized by the presence of a pedunculate sucker on the antenna. Four genera are currently included in the family Catiniidae: Catinia, Cotylemyzon, Cotylomolgus and Myzomolgus, the most speciose. Within the framework of the Special Research Program "Conservation and Sustainable Use of the Biodiversity of the State of São Paulo - Biota/FAPESP", a new species of Myzomolgus was found as an external associate of Sipunculus nudus and S. phalloides phalloides. The sipunculan worms were collected during the low tide in Araçá Beach, State of São Paulo, Brazil (23º49’02"S, 45º24’19"W). The new species differs from its three congeners, namely M. stupendus from France and M. tenuis and M. orientalis from Korea, by the peculiar ornamentation of the third antennal segment, morphology of mandible and leg 6 and presence of denticulate area between maxillipeds. The description of this new species raises to four the number of catiniid species (one of Catinia and two of Myzomolgus) associated with the widely distributed S. nudus. In Brazil, this is the first record of Myzomolgus and the second species associated with sipunculan worms (a new species of Catinia found on S. phalloides phalloides is under description).

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13

Volobuev, S. V., and N. V. Shakhova. "First modern findings of red‐listed fungus <i>Battarrea phalloides (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)</i> in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia." South of Russia: ecology, development 18, no. 2 (July 10, 2023): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2023-2-44-52.

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Aim. The monitoring of known as well as the search for new localities of rare and protected species is a requirement for Red Data Books and conservation efforts as a whole. The aim of this paper is to describe the finding of basidiomycete fungus Battarrea phalloides, a rare and protected species in the Republic of Dagestan, and to discuss features of its phylogenetic diversity, distribution and ecology.Material and Methods. Primary identification of the material was carried out by light microscopy. Phylogenetic analysis was performed based on the Maximum Likelihood method.Results. New locality of B. phalloides has been revealed in Gunibsky district of the Republic of Dagestan. A detailed description of macro‐ and micromorphology of the collected basidioma, as well as peculiarities of new ecotope occupied by the species is presented. The complete ITS1–5.8S–ITS2 nrDNA sequence has been obtained and deposited in the NCBI GenBank database. In phylogenetic analysis the specimen studied formed a separate clade among other individuals of B. phalloides with different geographical origins.Conclusion. The new B. phalloides finding recorded in Dagestan allowed us to expand the knowledge on its ecology and distribution, as well as on intraspecific phylogenetic structure of the species red‐listed in the region and little‐known in the Caucasus.

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14

R. Kantharaja and M. Krishnappa. "Morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies on Battarrea phalloides (Agaricales): a new report to Indian mycobiota." Journal of Threatened Taxa 12, no. 8 (May 26, 2020): 15881–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.5679.12.8.15881-15888.

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The Scaly-stalked Puffball Battarrea phalloides (Dicks.) Pers. is recorded for the first time in India. The fungus is reported from many countries across the continents and typically uncommon and rare in all regions. It is Red Listed in most of the European countries and is under assessment in IUCN Global Fungal Red List Initiative. The Indian sample of B. phalloides is reported from Kadur Taluk of Chikkamagaluru District, Karnataka with morpho-molecular data.

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15

Berch, Shannon M., Paul Kroeger, and Terrie Finston. "The death cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) moves to a native tree in Victoria, British Columbia." Botany 95, no. 4 (April 2017): 435–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2016-0183.

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Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link, the death cap mushroom, is an invasive ectomycorrhizal fungus in North America that was inadvertently introduced from Europe. Death cap mushrooms are highly toxic and have caused three recorded poisonings in British Columbia (BC), including one recent death. In BC, these mushrooms fruit mostly in urban environments in the greater Vancouver and Victoria areas under planted exotic broadleaf trees. In California, A. phalloides was demonstrated to also form ectomycorrhizas with a native oak species. Here we report that A. phalloides forms ectomycorrhizas with Quercus garryana, which is BC’s only native species of oak, and can fruit in association with this tree host. If death cap mushrooms spread in Q. garryana habitat, the risk for serious mushroom poisoning will increase, and mushroom harvesters, the medical community, and park managers will need to be made aware of this increased risk.

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Glare, TR, RJ Milner, GA Chilvers, RJ Mahon, and WV Brown. "Taxonomic Implications of Intraspecific Variation Amongst Isolates of the Aphid-Pathogenic Fungi Zoophthora radicans Brefeld and Z. phalloides Batko (Zygomycetes, Entomophthoraceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 1 (1987): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870049.

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Numbers of isolates, provisionally identified by classical morphological criteria as Zoophthora radicans or Z. phalloides, were compared over a range of morphological, physiological and biochemical attributes to .assess intraspecific and interspecific variation. Taxonometric analysis of results from 17 of the fungal isolates confirmed that these two species are distinct. The traditional criterion for separating these species, the morphology of the primary conidia, is shown to be satisfactory. In addition, biochemical tests proved useful. Fatty acid composition was suitable for making between-species distinctions and isoenzyme analysis showed up small variations within species. The Z. phalloides isolates could be further divided into two groups on the basis of their geographical origins, Europe or North America. The European strain of Z. phalloides best fitted the original species description. It is judged that the North American strain, although distinct, is not sufficiently different to justify the erection of a new species.

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17

Martín, María P., Katerina Rusevska, Margarita Dueñas, and Mitko Karadelev. "Battarrea phalloides in Macedonia: genetic variability, distribution and ecology." Acta Mycologica 48, no. 1 (December 23, 2013): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/am.2013.013.

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Morphological and molecular analyses of <em>Battarrea phalloides </em>from Macedonia were done. While <em>B. phalloides </em>specimens shown three kind of spore ornamentation, each one related to a clade in the phylogenetic ITS nrDNA tree; all specimens from Macedonia shown spores with anastomosing truncate ridges and very low variability of the ITS nrDNA sequences. The low genetic variability of these specimens, could be because of genetic drift.

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18

Cole, F. Mary. "Amanita phalloides in Victoria." Medical Journal of Australia 158, no. 12 (June 1993): 849–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137675.x.

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19

Figueroa, L., M. S. Clausi, J. Castillo, A. Celenza, and G. Roma. "Intoxicacion Con Amanita Phalloides." Academic Emergency Medicine 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2007): e88-e88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1197/j.aem.2006.10.038.

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20

Vetter, János. "Toxins of Amanita phalloides." Toxicon 36, no. 1 (January 1998): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0041-0101(97)00074-3.

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21

Dueñas Laita, A., S. Nogué Xarau, B. Martín Pérez, and G. Burillo Putze. "Intoxicación por Amanita phalloides." Anales de Pediatría 82, no. 4 (April 2015): 284–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anpedi.2014.02.030.

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22

CARDOSO, LEANDRO JORGE TELLES, JAN JOHANNES WIERINGA, and JOÃO MARCELO ALVARENGA BRAGA. "Typification of the names Rhopalocnemis phalloides and Phaeocordylis areolata (Balanophoraceae)." Phytotaxa 367, no. 2 (September 4, 2018): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.367.2.11.

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23

Kalinina, L. B., S. V. Volobuev, A. A. Khovpachev, D. A. Tomchin, E. A. Palomozhnykh, S. Yu Bolshakov, N. V. Shakhova, and E. S. Popov. "<i>Amanita phalloides</i> in Northwest European Russia." Микология и фитопатология 57, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0026364823040049.

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The article reviews available data on the “death cap” (Amanita phalloides) occurrences in the North-West of the European Russia (Leningrad, Novgorod, Pskov Oblasts and St. Petersburg City). The literature data are analyzed, the review of ecological preferences of the species in the studied area is carried out. It has been suggested that the species can be both native and imported and was introduced with broad-leaved tree seedlings during the foundation of numerous manor parks in the XVIII–XIX centuries. Molecular-genetic analysis was carried out, showing that ITS sequences of A. phalloides samples from Leningrad Oblast form a common clade with the sequences of collections from Central Russia as well as from Northern and Central Europe.

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Fedorenko, Vasiliy. "Finding of the Amanita phalloides in the Akmola region and its distribution in Kazakhstan." Turczaninowia 26, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.26.4.14.

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The article presents data on a new finding of the Death cap – Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Link in Kazakhstan. The species were found in two locations in a mixed forest in the vicinity of the Shchuchinsky village near the Shchuchinsk city. This is the first record of the species for the Akmola region and the fourth location in Kazakhstan. Based on the studied specimens, a clarified description of the macroscopic and microscopic characteristics of A. phalloides. Detailed descriptions for specimens from Kazakhstan are provided for the first time. A comparison of the obtained description with literary data did not reveal significant discrepancies. The photographs of the macro- and microcharacteristics of the collected specimens are presented in the article. A number of literary and electronic sources were analyzed, as a result of which a map of the Death cap finds in Kazakhstan and in the adjacent territory of Russia was built. Considering its general distribution, the discovery of the A. phalloides can be expected in other forested areas of the northern and eastern regions of the country in the future. The article discusses the overall distribution of this species in the republic and the likelihood of its appearance as a result of introduction. Copy Translate

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25

Bonnet, MS, and PW Basson. "The toxicology of Amanita phalloides." Homeopathy 91, no. 4 (October 2002): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/homp.2002.0056.

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Aji, D. Y., S. Caliskan, A. Nayir, A. Mat, B. Can, Z. Yasar, H. Ozsahin, F. Cullu, and L. Sever. "Haemoperfusion in Amanita phalloides Poisoning." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 41, no. 6 (December 1, 1995): 371–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/41.6.371.

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Silva, Bianca Denise Barbosa, Anileide Gomes Leite, and Iuri Goulart Baseia. "Battarrea stevenii (Libosch.) Fr. (Tulostomataceae), um raro fungo xerófilo: primeiro registro para o Brasil." Acta Botanica Brasilica 21, no. 3 (September 2007): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-33062007000300009.

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Amorim, Catarina. "Acute, fulminant hepatic and renal failure and subsequent death following Amanita phalloides ingestion in a 4-month-old puppy." Veterinary Record Case Reports 8, no. 2 (April 2020): e000997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2019-000997.

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This report documents a case of intoxication and subsequent death following ingestion of Amanita phalloides occurring in a 4-month-old cocker spaniel. The patient presented for investigation of acute vomiting, icterus and progressive obtundation. Clinical history identified exposure and ingestion of mushrooms on the day of presentation. Serum biochemistry revealed marked hypoglycaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, increased serum alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase activity. Within 24 hours, the patient’s mentation worsened and anuria was identified. Serial biochemistry analysis revealed worsening of hepatic parameters and impaired renal function. Mushrooms provided by the owner were later identified as A phalloides species by a fungal expert. Based on the patient’s clinical presentation and diagnostic investigations, the presumptive diagnosis was acute hepatic and renal failure following mushroom ingestion. Unfortunately, death occurred within 36 hours despite aggressive therapeutic measures.

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Valenzuela, E., G. Moreno, and M. Jeria. "Amanita phalloides en bosques de Pinus radiata de la IX región de Chile: taxonomía, toxinas, métodos de detección,intoxicación faloidiana." Boletín Micológico 7 (April 1, 2018): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/bolmicol.1992.7.0.1185.

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Se cita por primera vez para Chile Amanita phalloides (Vaill. ex Fr.) Secr., junto a su descripción macro y microscópica, y algunos aspectos de su ecología. Se aporta infomación sobre sus toxinas, métodos dedetección y cuadro clínico de la intoxicación faloidiana.

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30

Dekkers, B., M. Visser, W. Hof, A. van Hoek, J. J. Schuringa, and D. J. Touw. "P03-10 Amanitia Phalloides-induced hematoxicity." Toxicology Letters 368 (September 2022): S93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.272.

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31

COLE, F. MARY. "A puppy death and Amanita phalloides." Australian Veterinary Journal 70, no. 7 (March 10, 2008): 271–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1993.tb08052.x.

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32

Daya, MR, RL Norton, RD Fields, R. Kao, JR Lake, NL Ascher, CW Pinson, KG Benner, and EB Keefe. "Liver transplantation in Amanita phalloides poisoning." Annals of Emergency Medicine 19, no. 6 (June 1990): 628–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)82452-7.

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33

Nemeth, J., J. Szucs, and K. Pik?? "Experiences with mass Amanita phalloides poisoning." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063110-199803000-00090.

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34

Nemeth, J., J. Szucs, and K. Pik?? "Experiences with mass Amanita phalloides poisoning." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063110-199803000-00091.

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35

Nemeth, J., J. Szucs, and K. Pik?? "Experiences with mass Amanita phalloides poisoning." European Journal of Emergency Medicine 5, no. 1 (March 1998): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00063110-199803000-00092.

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36

Antonyuk, V. O. "Study on carbohydrate specificity of hemolytic lectin from death-cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides (Vaill. Fr.) Secr)." Biopolymers and Cell 21, no. 4 (July 20, 2005): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.0006f8.

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37

Miller Jr., Orson K. "New species of Amanita from Western Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-338.

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Eleven new species of Amanita, Amanitaceae, are described from the southern Eucalyptus-dominated forests of Western Australia. One distinctive species is referred to subgenus Amanita, section Amanita. The other 10 species are members of the subgenus Lepidella, 5 in section Lepidella, 2 in section Validae, and 3 in section Phalloidae. All 11 species were fruiting in native Eucalyptus forests from 247 km north of Perth to Albany, 424 km south of Perth, on the southern coast. Key words: Basidiomycetes, Amanitaceae, Amanita, Eucalyptus, Western Australia.

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38

Kuzmak, I. P. "ОТРУЄННЯ БЛІДОЮ ПОГАНКОЮ: МЕХАНІЗМ ТОКСИЧНОСТІ ТА ПАТОГЕНЕЗ УРАЖЕННЯ." Medical and Clinical Chemistry, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.11603/mcch.2410-681x.2020.i4.11749.

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Вступ. Бліда поганка (Amanita phalloides) є одним із найнебезпечніших отруйних грибів. Її токсини належать до сильних отрут, які проявляють гепатонефротропну дію, а з огляду на відсутність специфічних антидотів до них, лікування отруєнь цим грибом залишається важливою проблемою. Токсини блідої поганки поділяють на три групи: фалотоксини, що уражають ендоплазматичну сітку, аматоксини, які діють повільніше, але майже у 20 разів отруйніші, ніж перші, та віротоксини. Аматоксини є основними токсинами Amanita phalloides та одними з найнебезпечніших природних токсинів, що викликають печінкову, ниркову, в цілому поліорганну, недостатність унаслідок пригнічення синтезу білка на рівні транскрипції всередині ентероцитів, гепатоцитів і проксимальних канальцевих клітин нирок. Після споживання Amanita phalloides аматоксини часто індукують масивний некроз клітин печінки з високим рівнем смертності, який сягає іноді 90 %. Суттєвого значення в патогенезі аманіта-фалоїдинового ушкодження надають порушенню обміну білків унаслідок пригнічення РНК-полімерази ІІ клітин, прямій інгібуючій дії на активність уже синтезованих ензимів та непрямому впливу на ензимні системи через субстрати. Іншим механізмом токсичності α-аманітину є утворення активних форм кисню, що призводить до ушкодження, пов’язаного з окиснювальним стресом. Пероксидне окиснення ліпідів може сприяти виникненню масивного некрозу і тяжкої гепатотоксичності. У цій роботі наведено детальний огляд літератури щодо отруєння основними токсинами блідої поганки. У статті обговорюються питання стосовно біохімії аматоксинів, фалотоксинів та інших токсинів блідої поганки, механізмів токсичності, патогенезу отруєння цим грибом. У даній роботі використано загальнонаукові методи дослідження, що включають експертно-аналітичний огляд наукових джерел, аналіз і синтез літературних даних. Мета дослідження – проаналізувати сучасні літературні джерела про біохімію токсинів блідої поганки, механізми токсичності, патогенез отруєння цим грибом. Висновок. Аналіз літературних джерел обґрунтовує актуальність дослідження механізмів токсичності та патогенезу ураження токсинами блідої поганки з метою виявлення метаболічних порушень, що необхідно для прогнозування тяжкості перебігу патологічного процесу, пошуку і розробки методів лікування аматоксин-фалоїдинових отруєнь.

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39

Kubicka, Magdalena, Joanna Wilk, Paweł Dębiec, Krystian Cholewa, Magdalena Makarewicz, and Adrianna Szymańska. "Amanitine poisoning - cases, management, therapy results." Journal of Education, Health and Sport 13, no. 4 (March 1, 2023): 276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/jehs.2023.13.04.032.

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Mushroom poisoning continues to be a serious clinical problem. The most serious are intoxications with mushrooms containing cytotropic toxins with predominant injury of liver, kidneys and heart. The toxic properties of the phalloides are mainly due to α-amanitin, which is an inhibitor of RNA polymerase II. The clinical course of poisoning can be divided for 4 periods. The asymptomatic period usually lasts 6-24 hours after mushroom consumption. Then the period of the gastrointestinal disorder lasting on average 12-24 hours. The second latency period with apparent improvement of the patient's general condition lasting 12-24 hours is subjected to the stage, during which biochemical markers of hepatocyte activity appear. After a few days (usually on the 4-5th day) from poisoning, kidney function may occur (oliguria or anuria), and circulatory system disorders may also occur. Death usually occurs between 4-16 days after poisoning. The treatment of poisoning with amanita phalloides includes a number of procedures, including rapid removal of toxins, blocking the penetration of amatoxins into the hepatic cell, compensation of systemic metabolic disorders, and extracorporeal support of liver function.

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40

Sanz, P., R. Reig, L. Borrás, J. Martínez, R. Máñez, and J. Corbella. "Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation and Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis in Fatal Amanita Poisoning." Human Toxicology 7, no. 2 (March 1988): 199–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032718800700218.

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1 A case of fatal Amanita phalloides poisoning in a 14-year-old boy is described. 2 The patient presented severe acute liver dysfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation and refractory hypoxaemia, and died on the 9th day after mushroom ingestion. 3 Post-mortem examination revealed mesenteric venous thrombosis, massive liver necrosis and haemorrhagic pulmonary alveolitis.

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41

Rosenthal, Philip. "Auxiliary Liver Transplantation for Amanita phalloides Poisoning." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 54, no. 3 (March 2012): 438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e318241ceaa.

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42

Neháj, František, Juraj Krivuš, Michal Mokáň, Marianna Kubašková, Juraj Sokol, Peter Galajda, František Kovář, Martin Péč, and Marián Mokáň. "Is Amanita phalloides poisoning still a problem?" Gastroenterologie a hepatologie 72, no. 3 (June 26, 2018): 257–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14735/amgh2018csgh.info05.

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43

Chaparoska, D., E. Masin, N. Becarovski, and L. Melovska. "251 Fatal poisoning by amanita phalloides mushrooms." Toxicology Letters 144 (September 2003): s70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4274(03)90250-5.

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44

Gausterer, Christian, Martina Penker, Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber, Christina Stein, and Thomas Stimpfl. "Rapid genetic detection of ingested Amanita phalloides." Forensic Science International: Genetics 9 (March 2014): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.11.002.

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45

Sobestiansky, Georg. "Contribution to a macromycete survey of the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina in Brazil." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 3 (May 2005): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000300015.

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Collections of macromycetes made in seven municipalities in southern Brazil, viz. six in Rio Grande do Sul and one in Santa Catarina, are listed. They belonged to the Myxomycota (6 spp.), Ascomycota (54 spp.) and Basidiomycota (189 spp.). First records for Brazil could be Battarrea phalloides, Amanita rubescens, Boletus edulis and Mycena filopes, the last three found under exotic Pinus.

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46

Schelkunov, Mikhail I., Maxim S. Nuraliev, and Maria D. Logacheva. "Rhopalocnemis phalloides has one of the most reduced and mutated plastid genomes known." PeerJ 7 (September 12, 2019): e7500. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7500.

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Although most plant species are photosynthetic, several hundred species have lost the ability to photosynthesize and instead obtain nutrients via various types of heterotrophic feeding. Their plastid genomes markedly differ from the plastid genomes of photosynthetic plants. In this work, we describe the sequenced plastid genome of the heterotrophic plant Rhopalocnemis phalloides, which belongs to the family Balanophoraceae and feeds by parasitizing other plants. The genome is highly reduced (18,622 base pairs vs. approximately 150 kbp in autotrophic plants) and possesses an extraordinarily high AT content, 86.8%, which is inferior only to AT contents of plastid genomes of Balanophora, a genus from the same family. The gene content of this genome is quite typical of heterotrophic plants, with all of the genes related to photosynthesis having been lost. The remaining genes are notably distorted by a high mutation rate and the aforementioned AT content. The high AT content has led to sequence convergence between some of the remaining genes and their homologs from AT-rich plastid genomes of protists. Overall, the plastid genome of R. phalloides is one of the most unusual plastid genomes known.

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47

Le Daré, Brendan, Pierre-Jean Ferron, and Thomas Gicquel. "Toxic Effects of Amanitins: Repurposing Toxicities toward New Therapeutics." Toxins 13, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins13060417.

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The consumption of mushrooms has become increasingly popular, partly due to their nutritional and medicinal properties. This has increased the risk of confusion during picking, and thus of intoxication. In France, about 1300 cases of intoxication are observed each year, with deaths being mostly attributed to Amanita phalloides poisoning. Among amatoxins, α- and β-amanitins are the most widely studied toxins. Hepatotoxicity is the hallmark of these compounds, leading to hepatocellular failure within three days of ingestion. The toxic mechanisms of action mainly include RNA polymerase II inhibition and oxidative stress generation, leading to hepatic cell apoptosis or necrosis depending on the doses ingested. Currently, there is no international consensus concerning Amanita phalloides poisoning management. However, antidotes with antioxidant properties remain the most effective therapeutics to date suggesting the predominant role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology. The partially elucidated mechanisms of action may reveal a suitable target for the development of an antidote. The aim of this review is to present an overview of the knowledge on amanitins, including the latest advances that could allow the proposal of new innovative and effective therapeutics.

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48

Křenová, M., D. Pelclová, and T. Navrátil. "Survey of Amanita phalloides poisoning: clinical findings and follow-up evaluation." Human & Experimental Toxicology 26, no. 12 (December 2007): 955–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327107085832.

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The aim of our study was to evaluate the severity of hepatic and kidney damage with a focus on their reversibility, and to analyze the prognostic factors following Amanita phalloides poisoning based on calls made to the Czech Toxicological Information Centre. A variety of clinical and laboratory parameters were collected. Student’s t-test and Fisher’s test were used for statistical analysis. Amanita phalloides poisoning was verified in 34 cases (5 children, 29 adults). The following findings emerged: vomiting (76%), diarrhea (62%), hepatic failure (24%), and renal failure (11%). Two patients died on the fifth day after mushroom ingestion. In 18 patients, all serum levels normalized by the time of discharge; in 10 patients up to 7.3 months on average after discharge. Five patients did not comply with follow-up. Renal damage persisted in only one patient, 19 months after discharge. In conclusion, the interval to recovery from hepatic and renal damage by the time of discharge depended on a decrease in the prothrombin index and an increase in serum transaminase and bilirubin levels. Recovery was favorable in all subjects who survived the acute phase of poisoning, except in one patient with a solitary kidney.

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Parasher, Anant, and Akshay Aggrawal. "Prognosis and treatment options in cases of acute liver failure caused by mushroom poisoning due to Amanita phalloides." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 7, no. 5 (April 23, 2020): 875. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20201629.

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Poisoning due to mushroom ingestion is a relatively rare but deadly cause of acute liver failure (ALF). Consumption of the poisonous mushroom Amanita phalloides, also known as ‘death cap’, is one of the most common causes of mushroom poisoning worldwide, being involved in the majority of human fatalities caused due to mushroom ingestion. A major portion of the liver damage due to Amanita phalloides is related to powerful toxins known as amanitins, which cause impairment in protein synthesis and subsequent cell necrosis by the inhibition of RNA polymerase II. Initially the presentation is that of an asymptomatic lag phase, followed by gastrointestinal symptoms and hepato-renal involvement. Amatoxin poisoning may progress into fulminant hepatic failure and eventually death if liver transplantation is not performed. It is based on a careful assessment of history of type and duration of mushroom ingestion, as well as the clinical manifestations. Diagnosis can be confirmed by laboratory tests measuring urinary amatoxin levels and identification of the mushroom. Although N-Acetyl Cysteine and Penicillin-G have proven to be effective therapeutic agents, Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (OLT) or Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Liver Transplantation (APOLT) is the only treatment option for most of the cases carrying a poor prognosis.

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50

Vo, Kathy T., Martha E. Montgomery, S. Todd Mitchell, Pieter H. Scheerlinck, Daniel K. Colby, Kathryn H. Meier, Susan Kim-Katz, et al. "Amanita phalloides Mushroom Poisonings — Northern California, December 2016." MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 66, no. 21 (June 2, 2017): 549–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6621a1.

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