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Journal articles on the topic 'Phalaris Genetics'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Langridge, Peter, Ute Baumann, and Juan Juttner. "Revisiting and Revising the Self-Incompatibility Genetics of Phalaris coerulescens." Plant Cell 11, no. 10 (October 1999): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3871079.

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2

Langridge, Peter, Ute Baumann, and Juan Juttner. "Revisiting and Revising the Self-Incompatibility Genetics of Phalaris coerulescens." Plant Cell 11, no. 10 (October 1999): 1826. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.11.10.1826.

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3

KNOWLES, R. P. "GENETICS OF SEED COLOR IN REED CANARYGRASS, Phalaris arundinacea L." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 1051–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-141.

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A yellow-seeded mutant of reed canarygrass was crossed with normal black-seeded plants and F2 and test-cross populations observed for seed color. Disomic inheritance was postulated with two recessive genes y1 and y2 being responsible for yellow seed color. Black-seeded plants were designated Y1Y1Y2Y2 although in two black-seeded plants one locus appeared heterozygous, i.e. Y1y1Y2Y2, thereby suggesting that the alleles for yellow seed may occur quite frequently in this species.Key words: Reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L., seed color, disomic inheritance, genetics

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4

ØSTREM, LIV. "Studies on genetic variation in reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L." Hereditas 108, no. 1 (February 14, 2008): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00688.x.

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5

Schönfeld, Mordechay, Tuvia Yaacoby, Orly Michael, and Baruch Rubin. "Triazine Resistance without Reduced Vigor in Phalaris paradoxa." Plant Physiology 83, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.83.2.329.

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6

Bian, X. Y., A. Friedrich, J. R. Bai, U. Baumann, D. L. Hayman, S. J. Barker, and P. Langridge. "High-resolution mapping of the S and Z loci of Phalaris coerulescens." Genome 47, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 918–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g04-017.

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Self incompatibility (SI) in Phalaris coerulescens is gametophytically determined by two unlinked multi allelic loci (S and Z). Neither the S nor Z genes have yet been cloned. As part of a map-based cloning strategy, high-resolution maps of the S and Z regions were generated from distorted segregating populations using RFLP probes from wheat, barley, oat, and Phalaris. The S locus was delimited to 0.26 cM with two boundary markers (Xwg811 and Xpsr168) and cosegregated with Xbm2 and Xbcd762. Xbcd266 was the closest marker linked to Z (0.9 cM). A high level of colinearity in the S and Z regions was found in both self-incompatible and -compatible species. The S locus was localized to the subcentromere region of chromosome 1 and the Z locus to the long arm end of chromosome 2. Several rice BAC clones orthologous to the S and Z locus regions were identified. This opens the possibility of using the rice genome sequence data to generate more closely linked markers and identify SI candidate genes. These results add further support to the conservation of gene order in the S and Z regions of the grass genomes.Key words: Phalaris coerulescens, self-incompatibility, distorted segregation, mapping, map-based cloning, synteny mapping.

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7

Schönfeld, Mordechay, Tuvia Yaacoby, Adi Ben-Yehuda, Baruch Rubin, and Joseph Hirschberg. "Triazine Resistance in Phalaris paradoxa: Physiological and Molecular Analyses." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 42, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 779–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1987-0623.

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Triazine resistance in a mutant biotype of Phalaris paradoxa is accompanied by changes in the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve, and by reduced quantum yield for electron transport, indicating altered photosystem II activity. However, light-saturated rates of electron transport in isolated chloroplasts, rates of CO2 uptake in leaves and dry weight production of the triazine resistant biotype, are equal or superior to those of the wild type. A single mutation in the psbA gene, leading to a serine to glycine shift at position 264 of the thylakoid membrane 32 kDa Qв- protein. was found in the herbicide resistant mutant. The results indicate that triazine resistance is not necessarily linked to inferior photosynthetic and growth performance.

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8

ÖSTERGREN, GUNNAR. "PRODUCTION OF POLYPLOIDS AND ANEUPLOIDS OF PHALARIS BY MEANS OF NITROUS OXIDE." Hereditas 43, no. 3-4 (July 9, 2010): 512–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1957.tb03453.x.

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9

Oram, R. N. "Phalaris canariensis is a domesticated form of P. brachystachys." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51, no. 3 (May 2004): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:gres.0000024011.22191.82.

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10

Requis, J., and R. A. Culvenor. "Progress in improving aluminium tolerance in the perennial grass, phalaris." Euphytica 139, no. 1 (2004): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-004-4043-9.

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11

Li, Jingzhao, Monica Båga, Pierre Hucl, and Ravindra N. Chibbar. "Development of microsatellite markers in canary seed (Phalaris canariensis L.)." Molecular Breeding 28, no. 4 (October 9, 2010): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11032-010-9513-2.

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12

ØSTREM, LIV. "Studies on genetic variation in reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L. I. Alkaloid type and concentration." Hereditas 107, no. 2 (February 14, 2008): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1987.tb00290.x.

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13

Golmohammadzadeh, Sajedeh, Antonia M. Rojano-Delgado, Jose G. Vázquez-García, Yolanda Romano, Maria D. Osuna, Javid Gherekhloo, and Rafael De Prado. "Cross-resistance mechanisms to ACCase-inhibiting herbicides in short-spike canarygrass (Phalaris brachystachys)." Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 151 (June 2020): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.03.037.

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14

Moreno, M. V., and A. E. Perelló. "First report of Stagonospora foliicola on harding grass (Phalaris aquatica) in Argentina." Plant Pathology 56, no. 4 (August 2007): 724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2007.01596.x.

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15

Cogliatti, M., F. Bongiorno, H. Dalla Valle, and W. J. Rogers. "Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) accessions from nineteen countries show useful genetic variation for agronomic traits." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09200.

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Fifty-seven accessions of canaryseed (47 populations and 10 cultivars) from 19 countries were evaluated for agronomic traits in four field trials sown over 3 yr in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Genetic variation was found for all traits scored: grain yield and its components (grain weight, grain number per square meter, grain number per head and head number per square meter), harvest index, percent lodging, and phenological characters (emergence to heading, emergence to harvest maturity and heading to harvest maturity). Although genotype × environment interaction was observed for all traits, the additive differences between accessions were sufficient to enable promising breeding materials to be identified. Accessions superior in performance to the local Argentinean population, which in general gave values close to the overall mean of the accessions evaluated, were identified. For example, a population of Moroccan origin gave good yield associated with elevated values of the highly heritable character grain weight, rather than with the more commonly observed grain number per square meter. This population was also of relatively short stature and resistant to lodging, and, although it performed best when sown within the normal sowing date, tolerated late sowing fairly well. Other accessions were also observed with high grain weight, a useful characteristic in itself, since large grains are desirable from a quality point of view. Regarding phenology, the accessions showed a range of 160 degree days (8 calendar days in our conditions) in maturity, which, while not large in magnitude, may be of some utility in crop rotation management. Some accessions were well adapted to late sowing. Grain yield in general was strongly correlated with grain number per square meter. Principal components analysis (PCA) carried out for all characteristics provided indications of accessions combining useful characteristics and identified three components that explained approximately 70% of the phenotypic variation. Furthermore, a second PCA plus regression showed that approximately 60% of the variation in grain yield could be explained by a component associated with harvest index and grain number per square meter. Pointers were provided to possible future breeding targets.Key words: Phalaris canariensis, canaryseed, accessions, yield, phenology, genetics, breeding

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16

Voshell, Stephanie M., and Khidir W. Hilu. "Canary Grasses (Phalaris, Poaceae): biogeography, molecular dating and the role of floret structure in dispersal." Molecular Ecology 23, no. 1 (November 28, 2013): 212–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/mec.12575.

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17

Jakubowski, Andrew R., Randall D. Jackson, R. C. Johnson, Jinguo Hu, and Michael D. Casler. "Genetic diversity and population structure of Eurasian populations of reed canarygrass: cytotypes, cultivars, and interspecific hybrids." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 11 (2011): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11232.

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Reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) is an important forage crop and potential biofuel feedstock due to its wide environmental adaptation. The P. arundinacea ‘species complex’ is made up of three cytotypes, 2x, 4x, and 6x, with the 4x cytotype (P. arundinacea L.) most common. Active breeding programs have developed cultivars since the early 20th Century, but little is known about the genetics of the species complex. With the aid of DNA markers, we evaluated the population structure of 83 wild accessions collected throughout Eurasia, 24 cultivars, and the genetic relationship between 4x and 6x cytotypes. Seven subpopulations were present in Europe with a high level of admixture, suggesting that reed canarygrass germplasm has spread throughout Eurasia, either naturally or by humans for use in agriculture. Our results indicate that cultivars have incorporated much of the diversity found in wild populations, although modern low-alkaloid cultivars appear to come from a relatively small gene pool. We also found some evidence that the 6x cytotype is made up of three sub-genomes that are a combination of genomes present in 4x P. arundinacea and 4x P. aquatica, although the 6x cytotype does not appear to be a direct hybrid between the species.

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18

Batish, Daizy R., Harminder Pal Singh, Ravinder K. Kohli, Shalinder Kaur, Dinesh B. Saxena, and Surender Yadav. "Assessment of Phytotoxicity of Parthenin." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 62, no. 5-6 (June 1, 2007): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-2007-5-609.

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Phytotoxicity of parthenin, a sesquiterpene lactone, was evaluated against four weedy species (Amaranthus viridis, Cassia occidentalis, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Phalaris minor) through a series of experiments conducted under laboratory or greenhouse conditions to assess its herbicidal potential. Under laboratory conditions, parthenin (0.5 - 2 mm) severely reduced seedling growth (root and shoot) and dry weight of test weeds. However, the effect was greater on root growth. Parthenin (1 mm) suppressed the mitotic activity in the onion root tip cells that could possibly be responsible for the reduction in seedling growth. Both pre- and post-emergent application of parthenin caused a significant loss of chlorophyll pigments and affected photosynthesis. Parthenin (≥1 mm) caused an excessive electrolyte leakage in the plant tissues which was light-dependent. The root inhibition was associated with swelling and blackening of the root tip, shriveling and damage to the epidermal tissue and non-formation of root hairs. The study concludes that parthenin possesses weed-suppressing potential (both pre- and post-).

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19

Li, Xinmin, Rongqing Guo, Carsten Pedersen, David Hayman, and Peter Langridge. "Physical Localization of rRNA Genes by Two-Colour Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization and Sequence Analysis of the 5s rRNA Gene in Phalaris Coerulescens." Hereditas 126, no. 3 (May 11, 2004): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1997.00289.x.

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20

Lamptey, J. N. L., R. T. Plumb, and M. W. Shaw. "Interactions between the Grasses Phalaris arundinacea, Miscanthus sinensis and Echinochloa crus-galli, and Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Viruses." Journal of Phytopathology 151, no. 7-8 (August 2003): 463–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0434.2003.00752.x.

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21

Pažoutová, S., B. Cagaš, R. Kolínská, and A. Honzátko. "Host specialization of different populations of ergot fungus (Claviceps purpurea)." Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding 38, No. 2 (July 30, 2012): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6115-cjgpb.

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In our previous study of Claviceps purpurea three populations were found: G1 on open localities, G2 from shady or wet habitats and G3 on Spartina stands of coastal salt marshes. The latter two are also chemoraces. In the Czech Republic, isolates of G1 and G2 were found. The ability of four isolates representing these populations to infect and develop sclerotia on different host species (Holcus lanatus, Helictotrichon pubescens, Phalaris arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus inermis, Bromus erectus, Elytrigia repens, Avenella flexuosa, Lolium perenne, Poa nemoralis, Poa annua, and different cultivars of Poa pratensis) was studied along with their alkaloid production. P. pratensis and D. glomerata were infected by all the isolates and sclerotia were formed by isolates 207 (G1) and 434 (G2), and on two P. pratensis cultivars even by 481 (G3). Infection ability (formation of sphacelial stage and honeydew) was less host-restricted than formation of mature sclerotia. G2 and G3 strains infected A. flexuosa without sclerotia formation. L. perenne was infected only once by strain 207 (G1) without sclerotia formation. P. annua (natural host of G2), was infected by all isolates, but no sclerotia were formed even with G2 strains. From the two G2 isolates, strain 434 from Dactylis formed sclerotia on five host species, whereas isolate 475 originating from Phragmites stand formed only sphacelia. Composition of alkaloid mixture produced in sclerotia of the same strain from various hosts confirmed that host plant does not influence the type of alkaloids produced, only their ratio.

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22

Dar, Abubakar, Zahir Ahmad Zahir, Hafiz Naeem Asghar, and Rashid Ahmad. "Preliminary screening of rhizobacteria for biocontrol of little seed canary grass (Phalaris minor Retz.) and wild oat (Avena fatua L.) in wheat." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, no. 5 (May 2020): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0427.

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Conventional weed control methods often have environmental impact. The present study was conducted to screen selected accessions of Pseudomonas for both potential biocontrol of Phalaris minor and Avena fatua and potential concurrent growth promotion of wheat. The four Pseudomonas strains (B11, T19, T24, and T75) were found positive for cyanide production, siderophore production, phosphorus solubilization, oxidase activity, catalase activity, and ACC deaminase activity in vitro. These strains were phytotoxic, causing up to 73.3% mortality in the lettuce seedling bioassay. Consortia of compatible Pseudomonas strains increased A. fatua and P. minor seedling mortality up to 50.0% and 56.7%, respectively, and reduced root length up to 73.8% and 53.9%, respectively, as compared with the uninoculated control. Consortia of compatible Pseudomonas strains increased wheat shoot length, root length, fresh biomass, dry biomass, and leaf greenness up to 41.6%, 100%, 79.9%, 81.5%, and 21.1%, respectively, over the uninoculated control. Four of the 11 Pseudomonas consortia tested expressed good weed suppression and wheat growth promotion capacity and deserve further experimentation. The findings from this study may lead to the formulation of bioherbicides that will improve human and environmental health.

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23

Perry, Laura G., and Susan M. Galatowitsch. "Light competition for invasive species control: A model of cover crop–weed competition and implications for Phalaris arundinacea control in sedge meadow wetlands." Euphytica 148, no. 1-2 (March 2006): 121–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10681-006-5946-4.

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24

Fraser, J., and H. T. Kunelius. "Herbage yield and composition of white clover/grass associations in Atlantic Canada." Journal of Agricultural Science 125, no. 3 (December 1995): 371–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600084872.

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SUMMARYWhite clover cultivars Sacramento ladino, Sonja and Aberystwyth S.184 were assessed for dry matter (DM) yields, clover content and herbage quality in monostand and in 50:50 mixtures with grasses under cutting at Truro, Nova Scotia and Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island between 1986 and 1989. Grasses were: orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Dry matter yields ranged from 6158 to 11645 kg/ha and were highest in white clover/orchardgrass and white clover/timothy at Truro, and in white clover/timothy at Charlottetown. Sonja and Aberystwyth S.I84 outperformed Sacramento white clover in herbage DM and clover yield in all years at both locations. First-cut herbage contributed 39 and 29% of total yields at Truro and Charlottetown, respectively. Clover yield was highest in first-cut Sacramento/orchardgrass, but dropped by up to 73% in white clover/timothy associations over a 2-year period. Crude protein ranged from 14·4% in clover/timothy to 23·4% in clover/reed canarygrass and was positively correlated with clover content. It was concluded that choice of clover cultivar as well as grass is an important consideration in maximizing herbage yields and quality in the Atlantic region.

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25

Ilbagi, H., F. Rabenstein, A. Habekuss, F. Ordon, A. Citir, O. Cebeci, and H. Budak. "Molecular, serological and transmission electron microscopic analysis of the barley yellow dwarf virus-PAVand the cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV in canary seed (Phalaris canariensisL.)." Cereal Research Communications 36, no. 2 (June 2008): 225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/crc.36.2008.2.3.

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26

Winterfeld, Grit, Hannes Becher, Stephanie Voshell, Khidir Hilu, and Martin Röser. "Karyotype evolution in Phalaris (Poaceae): The role of reductional dysploidy, polyploidy and chromosome alteration in a wide-spread and diverse genus." PLOS ONE 13, no. 2 (February 20, 2018): e0192869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192869.

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27

Iqbal, J., and D. Wright. "Effects of water deficit and competition on net photosynthesis of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and two annual weeds (Phalaris minor Retz. and Chenopodium album L.)." Cereal Research Communications 26, no. 1 (March 1998): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543472.

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28

Perrino, Enrico Vito, and Robert Philipp Wagensommer. "Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) Threatened and Endemic to Italy: Urgent Actions for Protection and Use." Biology 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11020193.

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An updated overview of the 29 threatened crop wild relatives (CWRs) endemic to Italy is presented, namely: Arrhenatherum elatius subsp. nebrodense, Barbarea rupicola, Brassica baldensis, Brassica glabrescens, Brassica macrocarpa, Brassica rupestris subsp. hispida, Brassica rupestris subsp. rupestris, Brassica tardarae, Brassicatrichocarpa, Brassica tyrrhena, Brassica villosa subsp. bivonana, Brassica villosa subsp. brevisiliqua, Brassica villosa subsp. drepanensis, Brassica villosa subsp. tineoi, Brassica villosa subsp. villosa, Daucus broteroi, Daucus carota subsp. rupestris, Daucus nebrodensis, Diplotaxis scaposa, Festuca centroapenninica, Lathyrus apenninus, Lathyrus odoratus, Malus crescimannoi, Phalaris arundinacea subsp. rotgesii, Vicia brulloi, Vicia consentina, Vicia giacominiana, Vicia ochroleuca subsp. ochroleuca, Vicia tenuifolia subsp. elegans. Data concerning geographical distribution, ecology (including plant communities and habitats of the Directive 92/43/EEC), genetics (chromosome number, breeding system, and/or the existence of gene pools), threat status at the national and international level (Red Lists), key plant properties, and in situ and ex situ conservation were analyzed and shown. At present, most of the listed endemic CWRs, 23 out of 29, have no gene pool at all, so they are CWRs only according to the taxon group and not according to the gene pool concept. In addition, there is a serious lack of data on the ex situ conservation in gene banks, with 16 species identified as high priority (HP) while 22 taxa have high priority (A) for in situ conservation. With the aim of their protection, conservation, and valorization, specific and urgent actions are recommended.

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Winterfeld, Grit, Hannes Becher, Stephanie Voshell, Khidir Hilu, and Martin Röser. "Correction: Karyotype evolution in Phalaris (Poaceae): The role of reductional dysploidy, polyploidy and chromosome alteration in a wide-spread and diverse genus." PLOS ONE 13, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): e0195889. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195889.

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30

Sýkorová, Zuzana, Boris Börstler, Soňa Zvolenská, Judith Fehrer, Milan Gryndler, Miroslav Vosátka, and Dirk Redecker. "Long-term tracing of Rhizophagus irregularis isolate BEG140 inoculated on Phalaris arundinacea in a coal mine spoil bank, using mitochondrial large subunit rDNA markers." Mycorrhiza 22, no. 1 (April 28, 2011): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00572-011-0375-1.

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31

Matus-Cádiz, Maria, and Pierre Hucl. "Morphological variation within and among five annual Phalaris species." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-050.

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Accessions of annual canarygrass (Phalaris canariensis L.; 2n = 2x = 12) held within germplasm collections generally lack adequate genetic characterization for utilization in crop improvement. The objective of this study was to assess the level of morphological variation of accessions of five annual Phalaris species, including 49 annual canarygrass, 48 P. minor Retz. (2n = 4x = 28), 24 P. brachystachys (2n = 2x = 12), 19 P. paradoxa L. (2n = 2x = 14), and three P. angusta Nees ex Tris. (2n = 2x = 14). In 1993 and 1994, accessions were grown under growth chamber and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Eighteen morphological traits were measured on five plants per accession. Phalaris canariensis had intermediate culm height, wider penultimate leaves, shorter and wider panicles, and larger caryopses relative to the other four species. The six qualitative traits were monomorphic in all five species, except for glume pubescence in P. brachystachysand inflorescence type in P. paradoxa. The limited variation within and among P. canariensis accessions supports the idea that germplasm collecting activities are needed to broaden the genetic diversity held in North American Phalaris collections. Key words: Phalaris, germplasm, morphological traits

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32

He, Z., L. P. Bentley, and A. S. Holaday. "Greater seasonal carbon gain across a broad temperature range contributes to the invasive potential of Phalaris arundinacea (Poaceae; reed canary grass) over the native sedge Carex stricta (Cyperaceae)." American Journal of Botany 98, no. 1 (December 2, 2010): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000179.

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33

Annese, Vito, Eugenio Cazzato, and Antonio Corleto. "Quantitative and Qualitative Traits of Natural Ecotypes of Perennial Grasses (Dactylis glomerata L., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Phalaris tuberosa L., Brachypodium rupestre (Host) R. et S.) Collected in Southern Italy." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 53, no. 2 (March 2006): 431–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-004-1808-x.

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34

HONGO, A., and M. AKIMOTO. "The role of incisors in selective grazing by cattle and horses." Journal of Agricultural Science 140, no. 4 (June 2003): 469–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003083.

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To clarify the role of the incisors in selective grazing by cattle and horses, experiments were conducted in July 1999, using three Holstein cattle and three thoroughbred horses to investigate bite weight and bite force using hand-constructed swards with 15 loadcells spaced 6×12 cm apart. Leaves of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne: PRG) were mixed with leaves of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea: TF) or reproductive culms of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea: RCG).There was little difference between cattle and horses in bite rate, but DM intake rate of horses was almost twice that of cattle in the PRG/TF mixture. In the PRG/RCG mixture, both animals tended to graze only leaves of PRG. Total bite force was 3270–3280 N/min in cattle and 5350–6350 N/min in horses in the PRG/TF mixture. Means of maximum values of one bite force (not total force per bite) were 88±5·5 N in cattle and 141±11·0 N in horses. These values corresponded to 1·6±0·10% of body weight in cattle and 2·2±0·16% in horses, after converting Newton force into kilogram force. Bite area was higher in horses than in cattle. Both cattle and horses did not discriminate between leaves of PRG and TF. In the PRG/RCG mixture, horses prehended both leaves and culms in 33% of total clumps grazed, compared with only 5% in cattle. Many culms escaped from the mouth at the moment of prehension. In mixtures of soft leaves and stiff stems, the lack of upper incisors in cattle may have the advantage over horses. The term ‘comb-out strategy’ is proposed for this selective foraging by cattle. DM intake per bite force was highest in TF leaves (7·5 mg DM/N) grazed by horses and similar (3·7–4·6 mg DM/N) in PRG leaves grazed by both cattle and horses.

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35

Culvenor, RA, RN Oram, and JT Wood. "Inheritance of aluminium tolerance in Phalaris aquatica L." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860397.

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The inheritance of aluminium tolerance in P. aquatica was investigated in solution culture, and correlations with other screening systems were determined. In the Israeli cultivar, Noy, the difference between the highly sensitive and moderately tolerant classes, which had been resolved in earlier experiments, can be largely explained by a two-gene hypothesis in which tolerance requires at least one dominant allele at each locus. Modifiers of these genes may also be involved. Assuming that the extensive continuous variation within the moderately tolerant class is polygenic, a quantitative inheritance study was conducted in a population of half-sib families in a diverse breeding population, the sensitive class being eliminated on performance in solution. Heritability estimates for relative root extension in solution ranged from 0.48 to 0.75, and estimated response to selection was high. However, heritability estimates for shoot growth of the same plants on a field site high in aluminium were low and non-significant (0.07-0.26). The highest estimate of genetic correlation between solution and field was not significant at 0.56. Variability in soil aluminium concentrations appeared to be a major cause of these low values. Prior screening of the population using a haematoxylin root-staining procedure gave a significant genetic correlation with solution responses (0.48). However, the technique requires further development for screening phalaris. In breeding for improved tolerance, the highly sensitive class could be eliminated by test crossing potential parents with homozygous sensitive plants. Several generations of selection could then be imposed, which, on the basis of genetic parameters estimated from solution screening, should yield a population appreciably more aluminium-tolerant than existing cultivars.

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Guobin, L., DR Kemp, and GB Liu. "Water stress affects the productivity, growth components, competitiveness and water relations of phalaris and white clover growing in a mixed pasture." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 43, no. 3 (1992): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9920659.

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The effect of water stress during summer and recovery after rain on herbage accumulation, leaf growth components, stomatal conductance and leaf water relations of white clover (Trifolium repens cv. Haifa) and phalaris (Phalaris aquatica cv. Australian Commercial) was studied in an established mixed pasture under dryland (dry) or irrigated (wet) conditions. Soil water deficits under dry conditions reached 150 mm and soil water potentials in the top 20 cm declined to nearly -2 MPa after 50 days of dry weather. Water stress severely restricted growth of both species but then after rain fell, white clover growth rates exceeded those of phalaris. Under irrigation, white clover produced twice the herbage mass of phalaris but under dry conditions herbage production was similar from both species. Leaf appearance rates per tiller or stolon were slightly higher for white clover than phalaris but were reduced by 20% under water stress in both species. Leaf or petiole extension rates were more sensitive to water stress than leaf appearance rates and declined by 75% in phalaris and 90% in white clover. The ratio of leaf or petiole extension rates on dry/wet treatments was similar for both species in relation to leaf relative water contents, but in relation to leaf water potentials phalaris maintained higher leaf growth rates. Phalaris maintained a higher leaf relative water content in relation to leaf water potentials than did white clover and also maintained higher leaf water potentials in relation to the soil water potential in the top 20 cm. Stomata1 conductances for both species declined by 80-90% with increasing water stress, and both species showed similar stomatal responses to bulk leaf water potentials and leaf relative water contents. It is suggested that the poorer performance of white clover under water stress may be due principally to a shallower root system than phalaris and not due to any underlying major physiological differences. The white clover cultivar used in this study came from the mediterranean region and showed some different responses to water stress than previously published evidence on white clover. This suggests genetic variation in responses to water stress may exist within white clover. To maintain white clover in a pasture under dry conditions it is suggested that grazing practices aim to retain a high proportion of growing points.

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Cheng, Kai Kai, Juan Du, Yan Hua Huang, Casler Michael, and Yun Wei Zhang. "Genetic Diversity of Phalaris arundinacea Linn Germplasm Detected by SRAP Markers." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 4494–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.4494.

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Sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) molecular marker was used to detect the genetic diversity of 25 accessions of Phalaris arundinacea Linn that collected from the USA, Russia, Kazakhstan, Canada, LanZhou and HuBei. The following results were obtained: 1) Sixteen primer pairs produced 131 polymorphic bands, with an average of 8.19 bands per primer pair. The percentage of polymorphic bands on average was 89.25%. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.784 to 0.9069, with an average of 0.8696. 2) The Neis genetic similarity coefficient of the tested accessions ranged from 0.5959 to 0.8425, and the average of Neis coefficient was 0.7422. These results suggested that there was rich genetic diversity among the resources of Phalaris arundinacea Linn. 3) Twenty-five accessions were clustered into five groups. Moreover, the accessions from the same or similar origin frequently clustered into one group. The findings implied that the correlation among the resources, geographical and ecological environment.

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Gifford, Amy LS, Jean-Baptiste Ferdy, and Jane Molofsky. "Genetic composition and morphological variation among populations of the invasive grass, Phalaris arundinacea." Canadian Journal of Botany 80, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 779–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b02-063.

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Species that become invasive after being introduced into a new range often experience genetic bottlenecks and strong selection to adapt to their new environment. We looked for evidence of such processes in unmanaged populations of invasive reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). This grass species is planted as a forage crop in North America but has also invaded wetland areas. We compared isozyme variation in pasture and wetland populations of this species. We did not find any indication of a genetic bottleneck: wetland populations comprised as much diversity as pasture populations and both had as much diversity as the two cultivated varieties of reed canary grass that we sampled. We also cultivated plants from wetland and pasture populations and estimated genetic variance for several morphological traits. We did not find any significant differentiation to suggest differential selection between populations from the two habitats. In fact, we found the highest amount of genetic diversity, both isozymic and quantitative, within populations. We also found strong evidence that reed canary grass reproduces primarily clonally. The implications of these observations in terms of the origin of invasive populations of reed canary grass are discussed.Key words: invasive species, Phalaris arundinacea, reed canary grass.

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Oram, Rex, and Greg Lodge. "Trends in temperate Australian grass breeding and selection." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 54, no. 3 (2003): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar02137.

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Current trends in grass cultivar development are reviewed, with respect to the range of species involved, and the objectives and methodology within each species. Extrapolations and predictions are made about future directions and methodologies. It is assumed that selection will necessarily cater for the following environmental changes: (1) higher year-round temperatures, higher variability of rainfall incidence, and lower total winter and spring rainfall along the south of the continent; (2) higher nutrient and lime inputs as land utilisation intensifies; and (3) the grazing management requirements of the important pasture components will be increasingly defined and met in practice.The 'big four' species, perennial ryegrass, phalaris, cocksfoot and tall fescue, will continue to be the most widely sown species in temperate regions for many decades, with the latter 3 increasing most in area and genetic differentiation. However, species diversification will continue, especially with native grasses, legumes, and shrubs from fertile regions of Australia and exotics from little-explored parts of the world, such as South Africa, western North and South America, coastal Caucasus, and Iraq–Iran. By contrast, the recent high rate of species diversification in the tropics and subtropics will probably give way to a much lower rate of cultivar development by refinement and diversification within the established species. Domestication of native grasses will continue for amenity, recreational, land protection, and grazing purposes. As seed harvesting technologies and ecological knowledge improve, natural stands will become increasingly important as local sources of seed. It is suggested that many native grasses have been greatly changed by natural selection so as to withstand strong competition from introduced species under conditions of higher soil fertility and grazing pressure. Conversely, some introduced species are being selected consciously and naturally to persist in regions with irregular rainfall and less fertile soils. Therefore, the distinction between native and introduced grasses may be disappearing, and many populations of native species could now be as foreign to the habitats of pre-European settlement as are populations of introduced species that have been evolving here for 50–200 years. Methods used for genetic improvement will continue to be selection among both overseas accessions and the many native and introduced populations that have responded to natural selection in Australia. As well, there will be deliberate recurrent crossing and selection programs in both native and introduced species for specific purposes and environments. Increasingly, molecular biology methods will complement traditional ones, at first by the provision of DNA markers to assist the selection of complex traits, and for proving distinctness to obtain Plant Breeders' Rights for new cultivars. Later, genetic engineering will be used to manipulate nutritive value, resistance to fungal and viral diseases, and breeding systems, especially cytoplasmic male sterility and apomixis, to utilise heterosis in hybrid cultivars of grasses, particularly for dairying and intensive meat production.Areas where the practice and management of grass breeding and selection programs could be improved are highlighted throughout the review, and reiterated in a concluding statement. Most problems appear to stem from inadequate training in population ecology, population genetics, evolution, and quantitative inheritance.

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Hopkins, Andy, Malay Saha, and Lili Zhou. "The Noble Foundation hardinggrass (Phalaris aquatica) breeding program." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3037.

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Hardinggrass has the potential to provide grazing during the fall to spring months in the south central USA. Here we describe a breeding program focused on developing improved hardinggrass cultivars for this region. More than 300 accessions were evaluated for persistence under heavy grazing in Oklahoma. The most promising of these accessions were evaluated for genetic diversity using AFLP markers. Accessions clustered closely in agreement with geographic origins with populations from Morocco representing a potentially novel source of germplasm. Two distinct breeding populations were constructed using this information. Additional populations, constructed using recurrent selection for survival under heavy grazing, have shown significantly greater persistence than currently available cultivars including 'Grasslands Maru'. Research is underway to develop high throughput methods to profile alkaloid composition and concentration in hardinggrass. These methods will be applied to determine genotype and genotype x environment effects on alkaloid composition of elite breeding populations and commercial cultivars. Results of these evaluations, along with animal safety trials, will be critical in determining which populations to release as improved hardinggrass cultivars for the south central USA.

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Culvenor, RA, RN Oram, and DJ David. "Genetic variability for manganese concentration in Phalaris aquatica growing in acid soil." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860409.

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High levels of manganese in forage can retard the growth of livestock. The feasibility of breeding for lower manganese concentration in shoots of phalaris was examined in a variable population growing in acid, manganiferous soil. Sampling leaves of a particular physiological age in a field-growing breeding population provided an adequate indicator of manganese concentrations in whole shoots. Significant family differences were demonstrated. When transferred to sand culture, high manganese selections maintained consistently higher tissue manganese concentrations than low manganese selections over a wide range of manganese treatments. However, the range of variation was much smaller than in the field. Inheritance of manganese concentration was studied in 52 field-grown half-sib families and their parents from the breeding population. Mean family leaf sample concentrations ranged from 179 to 331 8g Mn g-1. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.72 from the half-sib analysis and 0.40 from the parent-offspring relation. The former estimate is considered the more accurate, because the parent-offspring estimate was depressed by high random variation in some parent means. The mean manganese concentration of the population is predicted to decrease by approximately 80 8g g-1 in each generation in which progeny are raised only from those 25% of plants with the lowest manganese concentration. Although this estimate may have been influenced by available soil aluminium, it indicates that breeding for lower manganese concentration in phalaris is feasible.

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Culvenor, Richard, Suzanne Boschma, and Kevin Reed. "Recurrent selection for grazing tolerance in winter-active populations of the perennial grass, Phalaris aquatica L." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 12 (January 1, 2006): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.12.2006.3041.

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Phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) is a perennial grass of Mediterranean origin used widely by the sheep and cattle industries of south-eastern Australia. Winter-active cultivars released since the 1970's have the potential for higher herbage productivity than the earlier, semi-winter dormant cultivars but have been reported to be less persistent under sub-optimal grazing management and soil conditions. To improve genetic potential for persistence in winter-active phalaris, a program of recurrent selection was conducted by subjecting three populations of half-sib families to two cycles of selection for persistence under heavy, largely continuous grazing pressure. Cycle 2 progeny families and bulked seedlots of each generation were grown in separate grazed plot trials in Western Victoria and the Southern Tablelands and North-West Slopes of New South Wales from 1999-2003 to assess response to selection. Positive linear response to selection was observed in all populations at the Western Victorian and Southern Tablelands sites. Response to selection was absent and persistence was very low under higher temperature and drought stress on the North-West Slopes. This high level of genotype Ã— environment interaction for persistence was also observed among final generation families. Families with better persistence than current winteractive cultivars at the two southern sites were identified in each population and a new cultivar is being formed from the parents.

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Oram, R. N., V. Ferreira, R. A. Culvenor, A. A. Hopkins, and A. Stewart. "The first century of Phalaris aquatica L. cultivation and genetic improvement: a review." Crop and Pasture Science 60, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08170.

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2006 marked the centenary of the commercial propagation of phalaris (Phalaris aquatica L.) as a cultivated pasture plant, firstly in Australia, and soon after in New Zealand, South Africa, and North and South America. Small-scale evaluation of cv. Australian began in the Toowoomba Botanic Gardens, Queensland, in 1884. The first recorded large-scale production of seed was at the Glen Innes Research Farm of the NSW Department of Agriculture in February 1906. By 1908–15, several graziers in Australia and New Zealand sold seed widely within Australia, New Zealand, USA, Argentina, and South Africa. Factors affecting the utilisation of the original cultivar in Australia over the first half-century are reviewed. Thereafter, the need to extend the area of perennial pastures into regions unsuitable for cv. Australian led CSIRO and the US Department of Agriculture to collect germplasm widely in the Mediterranean region. Selection between and within Moroccan populations produced cvv. Sirocco and El Golea in Australia, and cv. Perla koleagrass in the USA. In Argentina, selection within cv. Australian produced the very successful, seed-retaining cv. Pergamino El Gaucho INTA, which was re-selected in Australia to produce cv. Seedmaster. The discovery of a single seed-retaining plant within a certified line of cv. Australian gave cv. Uneta, which had excellent seed retention because the rachillae of most seeds remained intact at maturity. In Australia, selection in populations derived from crosses between cv. Australian and Mediterranean ecotypes gave a succession of winter-active cultivars: Sirosa, Sirolan, Holdfast, Landmaster, Atlas PG, Advanced AT, and Holdfast GT. The latter 5 have Uneta-type seed retention, reduced tryptamine and tyramine alkaloids, and adaptation to different soil and climatic niches. Populations for the hotter, drier inland slopes of NSW are being field-tested. Also, a promising but unstable semi-dwarf line has been found: dwarfism appears to be caused by a transposable element. Breeding and selection programs in Argentina, several states of the USA, New Zealand, Israel, Tunisia, and Greece also produced cultivars with specific adaptations. Active breeding programs are continuing at Ardmore, OK, USA, and Pergamino, Argentina. A major remaining obstacle to the further improvement and utilisation of phalaris is the unknown chemical nature of the toxin(s) causing ‘sudden death’, which temporarily interfere with nitrogen metabolism in the brains of herbivores, especially ruminants.

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Yudina, R. S., and E. K. Khlestkina. "The genetic diversity of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae L.) assessed by isozyme markers." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 20, no. 3 (January 1, 2016): 364–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj16.106.

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Ingvarsson, Pär K. "Kin-structured colonization in Phalacrus substriatus." Heredity 80, no. 4 (April 1998): 456–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00306.x.

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46

Cogliatti, M., F. Bongiorno, H. Dalla Valle, and W. J. Rogers. "Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) accessions from nineteen countries show useful genetic variation for agronomic traits." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, no. 1 (January 2011): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps09194.

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Cogliatti, M., Bongiorno, F., Dalla Valle, H. and Rogers, W. J. 2011. Canaryseed (Phalaris canariensis L.) accessions from nineteen countries show useful genetic variation for agronomic traits. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 37–48. Fifty-seven accessions of canaryseed (47 populations and 10 cultivars) from 19 countries were evaluated for agronomic traits in four field trials sown over 3 yr in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Genetic variation was found for all traits scored: grain yield and its components (grain weight, grain number per square meter, grain number per head and head number per square meter), harvest index, percent lodging, and phenological characters (emergence to heading, emergence to harvest maturity and heading to harvest maturity). Although genotype×environment interaction was observed for all traits, the additive differences between accessions were sufficient to enable promising breeding materials to be identified. Accessions superior in performance to the local Argentinean population, which in general gave values close to the overall mean of the accessions evaluated, were identified. For example, a population of Moroccan origin gave good yield associated with elevated values of the highly heritable character grain weight, rather than with the more commonly observed grain number per square meter. This population was also of relatively short stature and resistant to lodging, and, although it performed best when sown within the normal sowing date, tolerated late sowing fairly well. Other accessions were also observed with high grain weight, a useful characteristic in itself, since large grains are desirable from a quality point of view. Regarding phenology, the accessions showed a range of 160 degree days (8 calendar days in our conditions) in maturity, which, while not large in magnitude, may be of some utility in crop rotation management. Some accessions were well adapted to late sowing. Grain yield in general was strongly correlated with grain number per square meter. Principal components analysis (PCA) carried out for all characteristics provided indications of accessions combining useful characteristics and identified three components that explained approximately 70% of the phenotypic variation. Furthermore, a second PCA plus regression showed that approximately 60% of the variation in grain yield could be explained by a component associated with harvest index and grain number per square meter. Pointers were provided to possible future breeding targets.

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McROBERTS, N., W. SINCLAIR, A. McPHERSON, A. C. FRANKE, R. P. SAHARAN, R. K. MALIK, S. SINGH, and G. MARSHALL. "An assessment of genetic diversity within and between populations of Phalaris minor using ISSR markers." Weed Research 45, no. 6 (December 2005): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00483.x.

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48

Brodersen, Craig, Sébastien Lavergne, and Jane Molofsky. "Genetic variation in photosynthetic characteristics among invasive and native populations of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea)." Biological Invasions 10, no. 8 (January 11, 2008): 1317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-007-9206-x.

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Ingvarsson, Pär K., and Katarina Olsson. "Hierarchical genetic structure and effective population sizes in Phalacrus substriatus." Heredity 79, no. 2 (August 1997): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1997.138.

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50

Morrison, Shannon L., and Jane Molofsky. "Environmental and genetic effects on the early survival and growth of the invasive grass Phalaris arundinacea." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 10 (January 18, 2000): 1447–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-102.

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Both genetic and environmental factors can determine whether an invasive plant species will establish. To determine how these factors influence the establishment of the invasive grass Phalaris arundinacea L. (reed canary grass), we grew three genotypes in 10 artificial environments and asked how a genotype's growth and survivorship was affected by environmental conditions. We found that genotype strongly influenced survivorship, but there was no significant effect of environment on survivorship. However, environmental conditions did significantly affect growth. Individual plants produced more aboveground and belowground biomass when grown singly than they did when grown with competitors. The identity of neighboring competitors had no effect. Although genotype had no significant efffect, there was a significant genotype × environment interaction. Clone 1 produced more root biomass than either clone 2 or clone 3 when there was no or little competition, but in competitive neighborhoods, clone 3 allocated relatively more biomass to roots than to shoots. Under ideal conditions in the greenhouse, clone 2 produced more tillers than the other two clones. Based on these results, it appears that clone 1 may have an advantage under sparse vegetative cover, but clone 3 may have a competitive advantage in highly competitive neighborhoods because it could preferentially allocate more biomass to roots. The presence of three growth patterns from such a small, localized sample suggests that different growth strategies are probably common within populations of reed canary grass and may be important for allowing reed canary grass to successfully invade new habitats.

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