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Journal articles on the topic 'Phalangeridae'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Kirsch, JAW, and MA Wolman. "Molecular relationships of the bear cuscus, Ailurops ursinus (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Australian Mammalogy 23, no. 1 (2001): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am01023.

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DNA-hybridisation experiments, involving seven species of Phalangeridae and two outgroup taxa in a complete 9 x 9 matrix, unequivocally placed the bear cuscus, Ailurops ursinus, nearest to the Phalangerini (Phalanger and Spilocuscus), with Trichosurini (Trichosurus) sister to both; and confirmed earlier molecular studies indicating that the ground cuscus, Strigocuscus gymnotis, is not a trichosurin but is closest to Phalanger. Our results thus conflict with the most thorough cladistic-anatomical study of phalangerids, which placed the bear cuscus outside all other Phalangeridae as the sole living member of Subfamily Ailuropinae; instead, we suggest that Ailurops should be considered representative of a tribe of Phalangerinae, Ailuropini, while Trichosurus (and presumably Wyulda, which was not examined here, as well as fossil Strigocuscus) would be removed from Phalangerinae and be considered a second subfamily of Phalangeridae, Trichosurinae, limited to Australia. Our estimate of the time of divergence of Ailurops and other phalangerines is about 16 myrbp; of Trichosurinae and Phalangerinae, about 21 myrbp. Thus, a single Early Miocene vicariant event between Australia and Papua New Guinea, which isolated phalangerines in the latter region, followed by dispersal of the included ailuropins to (or vicariant separation on) Sulawesi, would be sufficient to account for family-level cladogenesis in Phalangeridae.

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2

Kealy, Shimona, Stephen C. Donnellan, Kieren J. Mitchell, Michael Herrera, Ken Aplin, Sue O'Connor, and Julien Louys. "Phylogenetic relationships of the cuscuses (Diprotodontia : Phalangeridae) of island Southeast Asia and Melanesia based on the mitochondrial ND2 gene." Australian Mammalogy 42, no. 3 (2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18050.

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The species-level systematics of the marsupial family Phalangeridae, particularly Phalanger, are poorly understood, due partly to the family’s wide distribution across Australia, New Guinea, eastern Indonesia, and surrounding islands. In order to refine the species-level systematics of Phalangeridae, and improve our understanding of their evolution, we generated 36 mitochondrial ND2 DNA sequences from multiple species and sample localities. We combined our new data with available sequences and produced the most comprehensive molecular phylogeny for Phalangeridae to date. Our analyses (1) strongly support the monophyly of the three phalangerid subfamilies (Trichosurinae, Ailuropinae, Phalangerinae); (2) reveal the need to re-examine all specimens currently identified as ‘Phalanger orientalis’; and (3) suggest the elevation of the Solomon Island P. orientalis subspecies to species level (P. breviceps Thomas, 1888). In addition, samples of P. orientalis from Timor formed a clade, consistent with an introduction by humans from a single source population. However, further research on east Indonesian P. orientalis populations will be required to test this hypothesis, resolve inconsistencies in divergence time estimates, and locate the source population and taxonomic status of the Timor P. orientalis.

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3

Raterman, Denise, Robert W. Meredith, Luis A. Ruedas, and Mark S. Springer. "Phylogenetic relationships of the cuscuses and brushtail possums (Marsupialia:Phalangeridae) using the nuclear gene BRCA1." Australian Journal of Zoology 54, no. 5 (2006): 353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05067.

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The family Phalangeridae comprises approximately two dozen extinct and extant species that include the brushtail possums (Trichosurus), scaly-tailed possum (Wyulda) and cuscuses (Phalanger, Strigocuscus, Spilocuscus and Ailurops). Morphological studies have suggested that Ailurops ursinus is the sister taxon to all other phalangerids. Another species of interest is Strigocuscus celebensis, whose morphologically based taxonomic affinity has habitually been with trichosurins. Mitochondrial 12S rRNA results, however, found moderate support for an Ailurops and Strigocuscus celebensis clade and placed A. ursinus and S. celebensis as sister to Phalanger and Spilocuscus. This study uses nuclear sequence data from the breast cancer and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) to test previous mitochondrial DNA results and uses relaxed molecular clock methods to estimate divergence dates. The results support Ailurops as sister taxon to S. celebensis and this clade as sister to Phalangerini. Relaxed molecular-dating methods suggest a date of 23–29 million years for the split between Trichosurini and the remaining phalangerids and 19–24 million years for the split between Ailurops + Strigocuscus celebensis and Phalangerini. Several vicariant/dispersal events are necessary to explain the geographic distribution of the Phalangeridae and our estimated molecular divergence dates are congruent with previously proposed south-east Asian geological events.

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4

Crowe, Olivia, and Ian D. Hume. "Morphology and Function of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Australian Folivorous Possums." Australian Journal of Zoology 45, no. 4 (1997): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97004.

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Museum specimens of seven Australian Pseudocheiridae (ringtail possums and greater glider) and six Australian Phalangeridae (brushtail possums and cuscuses) were examined to assess the extent of possible differences in gastrointestinal tract morphology and function within and between these two families of Australian folivorous possums. Although there were no differences between the two families in gut segment lengths, the Pseudocheiridae had less relative tissue mass in the small intestine (P < 0·05) and greater relative tissue mass in the caecum (P < 0·05) than the Phalangeridae. Total nitrogen concentrations of stomach, caecum and proximal colon digesta were greater in the Pseudocheiridae than in the Phalangeridae (P < 0·05), but in the distal colon they were similar. These differences suggest that the colonic separation mechanism previously documented in two pseudocheirid species is probably characteristic of the family Pseudocheiridae, but not of the Phalangeridae. They also reflect the more folivorous nature of the Pseudocheiridae, as leaves are generally higher than fruit in total nitrogen concentration. Among members of the Phalangeridae, there were no significant differences in any of the parameters measured, and it is concluded that the digestive strategy of the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is probably representative of the family. In contrast, there were several notable differences among members of the Pseudocheiridae, indicating that the common ringtail possum (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) is not representative of all pseudocheirids. In particular, the digestive strategy of the rock ringtail possum (Petropseudes dahli) should be examined in relation to its unusual habitat, to its relatively simple caecum, and to the unusually low nitrogen concentrations found throughout its gastrointestinal tract.

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5

Edwards, D., and M. Westerman. "The Molecular Relationships of Possum and Glider Families as Revealed by Dna-Dna Hybridizations." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 3 (1995): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950231.

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The extant species of possums and gliders (Marsupialia : Diprotodontia) can be classified into one or other of six families-Acrobatidae, Phalangeridae, Burramyidae, Petauridae, Pseudocheiridae or Tarsipedidae. On the basis of morphological and albumin serology studies, these families have been assigned to two superfamilies: the Phalangeroidea (Phalangeridae) and the Petauroidea (all five other families). It has been suggested, however, that the Burramyidae should be placed in the superfamily Phalangeroidea and not in the Petauroidea. We report here on DNA-DNA hybridisation comparisons using representatives from all six extant families of possums and gliders. Phylogenetic analysis of these data was unable to resolve the precise relationships of the Burramyidae viz a viz other families, but the family appeared to be no more closely related to the Phalangeridae than to the four other families. The Burramyidae would probably be best assigned, at present, to a third superfamily. The radiation of the possum and glider families appears to be linked to the change in vegetation associated with the separation of Australia from Antarctica in the early-to-mid Eocene.

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6

Viggers, KL, and DM Spratt. "The Parasites Recorded From Trichosurus Species (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Wildlife Research 22, no. 3 (1995): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9950311.

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This review outlines the known endoparasites and ectoparasites of the brushtail possums Trichosurus vulpecula and T. caninus in Australia and T. vulpecula in New Zealand. Associated gross and histopathological changes in the host as a result of parasite infection are also described. Protozoan, cestode and nematode endoparasites have been found in both T. vulpecula (4 protozoa, one cestode and 25 nematodes) and T. caninus (2 protozoa, one cestode and 8 nematodes). The trematode Fasciola hepatica has been recorded only from T. vulpecula, in which it is associated with extensive pathological changes in the liver. Numerous species of fleas, ticks and mites occur on T. caninus (one flea, 4 ticks and 9 mites) and T. vulpecula (7 fleas, 11 ticks and 18 mites) in Australia, but only mites (4 species) occur on T. vulpecula in New Zealand. The only parasite with an indirect life cycle that occurs in T. vulpecula in New Zealand is the cestode Bertiella trichosuri. Other parasites that require intermediate hosts to complete their life cycle are absent. Further studies are required to investigate the effects of parasites on the health and fecundity of T. vulpecula and T. caninus in Australia to determine their potential as direct or indirect agents for the biological control of T. vulpecula in New Zealand.

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7

Burchfield, E., N. S. Agar, and I. D. Hume. "Effects of terpenes and tannins on some physiological and biochemical parameters in two species of phalangerid possums (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 6 (2005): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05045.

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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) and the short-eared possum (T. caninus) are closely related but differ in several aspects of their life-history strategy, habitat and diet preferences. Both are generalist herbivores, but T. vulpecula consumes significant amounts of Eucalyptus spp. foliage, while T. caninus instead feeds mainly on Acacia spp. Eucalypt foliage is protected against herbivory by several classes of plant secondary compounds, including terpenes and tannins, while acacia foliage is protected mainly by tannins. We compared the responses of these two possum species to the addition of either sesquiterpenes or a hydrolysable tannin to a basal diet free of these compounds. In both species, sesquiterpenes tended to reduce food intake, and increased plasma concentrations of albumin and decreased concentrations of bicarbonate, the latter consistent with changes in acid–base balance. Tannic acid significantly depressed food intake in both species, and depressed plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, glucose, sodium and chloride, consistent with dehydration. T. vulpecula increased urinary glucuronic acid excretion three-fold in response to dietary sesquiterpenes but there was no increase in T. caninus. T. vulpecula had five- to six-fold greater plasma concentrations of bilirubin, a potent antioxidant, than did T. caninus across all treatments. Results suggest that T. vulpecula can better withstand the detrimental effects of plant secondary compounds, consistent with its wider spectrum of foods and broader habitat preferences.

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8

Donnellan, S. C. "The chromosomes of five species of Phalanger (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Australian Mammalogy 12, no. 2 (1989): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am89011.

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9

McNab, Brian K. "The Comparative Energetics of New Guinean Cuscuses (Metatheria: Phalangeridae)." Journal of Mammalogy 89, no. 5 (October 2008): 1145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/07-mamm-a-402.1.

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10

Veitch, Colleen E., John Nelson, and Robert T. Gemmell. "Birth in the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 48, no. 6 (2000): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo00033.

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Birth has been observed and described in a number of marsupials. However, the ability of the newborn marsupial to move from the uterus to the pouch and locate the teat is still not fully understood. Birth and the path taken by the newborn from the urogenital sinus to the teat within the pouch were filmed in the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula. Prior to birth, females began to lick the pouch and urogenital sinus vigorously. The young took approximately 2 min to transfer from the urogenital sinus to the pouch and attached to the teat within 10–15 min. To determine the senses used by the newborn possum to reach the pouch, young were removed from the anaesthetised mothers immediately after birth and placed outside the pouch. From the subsequent observations, the newborn possum instinctively crawled upwards. However, when the newborn was in the vicinity of the pouch, odours emanating from the pouch presumably attracted the young. Thus, the senses of gravity and of olfaction were used by the newborn to reach the teat and probably the sense of touch, via the mechanoreceptor Merkel cells around the mouth, allowed the young to attach to the teat.

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11

Whitmore, Nathan, John Lamaris, Wallace Takendu, Daniel Charles, Terence Chuwek, Brian Mohe, Lucas Kanau, and Stanley Pe-eu. "The context and potential sustainability of traditional terrestrial periodic tambu areas: insights from Manus Island, Papua New Guinea." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15036.

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Within the Pacific over the last two decades there has been greater recognition of the pre-existing tools within indigenous communities for natural resource management. Periodic tambu (Tok Pisin: a prohibition) is an indigenous resource management tool often used across Papua New Guinea. On Manus Island terrestrial periodic tambu areas are characterised by a cycle of resource closure followed by instantaneous harvest. We examine the differing application of periodic tambu areas by three different clans who are using the technique to restock areas with the Admiralty cuscus (Phalangeridae: Spilocuscus kraemeri), an arboreal possum-like marsupial. We examined the plausibility of cuscus population recovery over differing closure periods at three different harvest rates using a composite female-only population projection matrix approach based on the vital rates of closely related phalangerid surrogates. The resultant trajectories suggest that commonly used closure durations may allow recovery at low to medium harvest rates (10–30%) but not at high harvest rates (50%). From this we infer that periodic tambu areas may be a sustainable strategy for customary resource use of Admiralty cuscus at low to medium harvest rates. We found periodic tambu management on Manus Island to be culturally dynamic with clans differing with respect to their purpose, adherence to tradition, and hybridisation with modern land governance practices. Given the past difficulties of imposing exogenous conservation systems in Papua New Guinea, we advocate greater exploration of the merits of endogenous systems such as periodic tambu areas.

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12

Kunda, Rony Marsyal, Niken Satuti Nur Handayani, Hery Wijayanto, and Rini Widayanti. "DNA Barcoding of Cuscuses (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) from Maluku and Papua." Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances 12, no. 5 (August 15, 2017): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2017.227.238.

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13

Handayani, Sri Kurniati, and Rony Marsyal Kunda. "IDENTIFIKASI JENIS-JENIS TUMBUHAN SEBAGAI PAKAN KUSKUS (Phalangeridae) ASAL MALUKU DI TAMAN NASIONAL MANUSELA BAGIAN UTARA KABUPATEN MALUKU TENGAH." Jurnal Matematika Sains dan Teknologi 20, no. 1 (March 22, 2019): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jmst.v20i1.82.2019.

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Cuscus is a marsupials, nocturnal, prehensile tails, and included to the family of Phalangeridae. In Indonesia, Ailurops, Phalanger, Spilocuscus and Strigocuscus have limited distribution on Eastern Indonesia (Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua and Timor Island). In Indonesia cuscus are protected animals. This is due to the decline in population in its natural habitat due to deforestation, poaching and illegal wild life trade. Study is needed on the type of cuscus feed in native habitat base on the original character of vegetation in the hope of helping wild life conservation efforts in the future. The strategy of cuscus conservationin-situ and ex-situfrom native habitat will be more focused and effective if the potential information of plants as a food source can be known with certainty.The purpose of this study was to determine the types of plants as feed cuscus (Phalangeridae) from Maluku in the Northern part of Manusela National Park, Central Maluku district. The results showed 44 species of forest plants consumed by cuscus in Manusela National Park. The cuscus from Maluku consume young leaves from 29 species plants (66%), fruit from 26 species plants (59%), flowers from 4 species plants (9%), shoots from 3 species (7%) of plants. Eight plant species (18%) are consumed its fruit and young leaves, two plant species (5%) are consumed its fruit and flowers, one plant species (2%), consumed its fruit and shoots, and two plant species ( 5%) are consumed its young leaves, flowers, and fruit. Palatability of the cuscus showed that each cuscus choos 43 species of plants (98%) as a food, P. orientalis and P.Urinusdid not choose Syzygium aqueum while S. maculatus, and P. vestitus did not choose Flacourtia inemis as resources feed. Kuskus adalah hewan berkantung (marsupial), aktif di malam hari (nocturnal), berekor panjang yang kuat (prehensile), dan masuk dalam famili Phalangeridae. Di Indonesia, kuskus dari anggota genus Ailurops, Phalanger, Spilocuscus, dan Strigocuscus menyebar terbatas hanya di Indonesia Bagian Timur (Sulawesi, Maluku, Papua, dan Pulau Timor). Di Indonesia, kukus termasuk dalam hewan yang dilindungi. Dibutuhkan studi untuk mengidentifikasi jenis pakan kuskus pada habitat alami yang diharapkan dapat membantu usaha konservasi satwa ini di masa mendatang. Strategi konservasi kuskus secara in-situ maupun ex-situ berdasarkan asal habitat akan lebih terarah dan berhasil guna apabila informasi potensi tumbuhan sebagai sumber pakan dapat diketahui dengan pasti. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis-jenis tumbuhan sebagai pakan kuskus (Phalangeridae) asal Maluku di Taman Nasional Manusela bagian Utara, Kabupaten Maluku Tengah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, ditemukan 44 spesies tumbuhan hutan yang dikonsumsi kuskus di Taman Nasional Manusela. Dari hasil penelitian terlihat bahwa kuskus asal Maluku pada umumnya mengonsumsi bagian tumbuhan yang masih muda berupa daun muda 29 spesies (66%), buah 26 spesies (59%), bunga 4 spesies (9%), dan tunas 3 spesies (6%). Delapan spesies tumbuhan (18%) dengan komposisi buah dan daun muda paling disukai kuskus, dua spesies tumbuhan (5%) dengan komposisi buah dan bunga, satu jenis tumbuhan (2%), dengan komposisi buah dan tunas muda, serta dua spesies tumbuhan (5%) dengan komposisi daun muda, bunga, dan buah. Palatabilitas pada kuskus menunjukkan bahwa setiap genus kuskus memilih 43 spesies tumbuhan (98%) sebagai sumber pakan, P.orientalis dan P. Urinus tidak memilih Syzygium aqueum sedangkan S. maculatus, dan P. vestitus tidak memilih Flacourtia inemis sebagai sumber pakan.

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14

Gemmell, R. T. "Breeding Biology of Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae) in Captivity." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95001.

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The brushtail possum is a common arboreal marsupial that is well adapted to the Australian urban environment and to rearing in captivity. Data obtained from 100 female possums housed in a semi-captive colony over a 7 year period demonstrate the reproductive capability of this marsupial. The main breeding season is from March to June with a declining number of births occurring from July to October. The possums gave birth to 259 single young and one set of twins. The range of the lactation period was from 177 to 200 days with the birth of the subsequent young occurring at 188.4 ± 4.1 days post partum (SD, n = 5). The growth rate of the young female possum varied greatly after day 100 post partum, the mean body weight of possums at day 172, being 753.0 ± 76.2g (SD, n = 5) with a range of 685 to 851 g. Female possums, with a mean body weight of 2171 ± 388g, gave birth to their first litter on day 345.9 ± 69.3 days postpartum (mean, SD, n = 7). Although two female possums trapped in the wild were held in captivity for 64 and 63.4 months and one possum bred in captivity had a life span of 51.5 months, the mean life span was 21.0 ± 12.5 months (SD, n =3D 8), with a range of 14.3 to 51.5 months. This life span is very variable and it is of interest to determine if this is an artefact of captivity or is also observed in the wild.

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15

MENZIES, J. I., and J. C. PERNETTA. "A taxonomic revision of cuscuses allied to Phalanger orientalis (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Journal of Zoology 1, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 551–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1986.tb00647.x.

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16

PATTISELANNO, FREDDY. "Cuscus (Phalangeridae) hunting by Napan communities at Ratewi Island, Nabire, Papua." Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity 8, no. 4 (October 1, 2007): 274–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d080406.

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17

erson, K. J. and O'Driscoll M. "Breeding season of brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in Adelaide." Australian Mammalogy 9, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 139–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am86020.

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18

Gemmell, R. T., A. S. McFayden, and R. W. Rose. "Induction of parturient behaviour in possums (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) and bandicoots (Marsupialia: Peramelidae)." Australian Mammalogy 14, no. 2 (1991): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am91015.

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19

Evans, M. C. "Diet of the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in central Australia." Australian Mammalogy 15, no. 1 (1992): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am92003.

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The diet of the Common Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, in central Australia was investigated by faecal analysis. Trichosaurus vulpecula ate 34 plant species from the herb, shrub and tree strata. Dicotyledonous species comprised 99 % of epidermis in faecal pellets. Preferred species were Amyema maidenii (a mistletoe), Acacia coriacea, A. estrophiolata, Rhagodia spinescens and Solanum centrale. Grass or eucalypts were rarely eaten. Plant reproductive parts (flowers, buds, seed and fruit) contributed 39 % of epidermis in faecal pellets. Many of the species eaten by T. vulpecula are also browsed by cattle, and this may have contributed to the decline of T. vulpecula in central Australia.

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20

Ruedas, Luis A., and Juan Carlos Morales. "EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG GENERA OF PHALANGERIDAE (METATHERIA: DIPROTODONTIA) INFERRED FROM MITOCHONDRIAL DNA." Journal of Mammalogy 86, no. 2 (April 2005): 353–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/ber-117.1.

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21

Kerle, JA, and CJ Howe. "The Breeding Biology of a Tropical Possum, Trichosurus-Vulpecula-Arnhemensis (Phalangeridae, Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 40, no. 6 (1992): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9920653.

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The breeding biology of Trichosurus vulpecula has been studied in some detail for temperate populations but not for the northern brushtail possum (T. v. arnhemensis), the tropical form of this species. Data for the distribution of births and sex ratio of the young, growth and development of the young and reproductive cycles of both males and females were obtained. Most data were collected from a captive breeding colony of northern brushtails and supplemented with data from wild populations. The reproduction, growth and development of T. v. arnhemensis are very similar to those already described for other populations of T vulpecula. The observed differences can be explained by variation in the size of the animals and the absence of a restricted breeding season. Neither males nor females showed any periodicity in their reproductive strategy. This continuous breeding cycle can be attributed directly to their tropical environment. These tropical possums occupy a stable habitat, mature early and have a higher reproductive effort than populations in more seasonal and unpredictable environments. This suggests that the northern brushtail has a stochastic or 'bet-hedging' reproductive strategy.

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22

Salmon Kasi, Meliza S. Worabai, and Hermanus Warmetan. "IDENTIFIKASI JENIS-JENIS KUSKUS DI WILAYAH KABUPATEN TAMBRAUW." JURNAL KEHUTANAN PAPUASIA 5, no. 2 (March 6, 2020): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.46703/jurnalpapuasia.vol5.iss2.153.

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Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi jenis kuskus di Kampung Warsnembri guna pengembangan dan pengelolaannya di masa yang akan datang. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis kuskus dari famili Phalangeridae yang terdapat di Kampung Warsnembri Distrik Mubrani Kabupaten Tambrauw dimana penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan teknik observasi dan survei yang dilakukan pada waktu malam hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 6 individu dari 2 spesies kuskus yaitu Phalanger orientalis (sebanyak 4 individu) dan Spilocuscus maculatus (sebanyak 2 individu). Kecenderungan diperolehnya sampel kuskus terindikasi karena berada dekat dengan sumber pakan yang tersebar pada tipe hutan primer dan sekunder. Hal ini juga didukung dengan pola konsumsi daging kuskus yang dibatasi pada komunitas masyarakat di kampung.

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23

Flannery, Tim F. "A new species of Phalanger (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia) from montane western Papua New Guinea." Records of the Australian Museum 39, no. 4 (September 30, 1987): 183–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3853/j.0067-1975.39.1987.169.

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24

Laird, Melanie K., Hanon McShea, Bronwyn M. McAllan, Christopher R. Murphy, and Michael B. Thompson. "Uterine remodelling during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy in the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula; Phalangeridae)." Journal of Anatomy 231, no. 1 (April 11, 2017): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12610.

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25

Triggs, SJ. "Population-Genetics of the Brushtail Possum Trichosurus-Vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in Southeastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 37, no. 5 (1989): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9890545.

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Electrophoretic analysis of variation at 45 allozyme loci in four populations of common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in southeastern Australia revealed a mean observed heterozygosity of 0.044; 20% of loci were polymorphic. These values are comparable to the amount of allozyme variation found in other marsupials and in eutherians. Heterozygosity was significantly correlated with latitude. Absolute genetic divergence between the four populations was low (Nei's unbiased D of 0.004-0.017), relative to the level of divergence commonly found between populations and subspecies of other mammals. Genetic divergence between Tasmanian and mainland populations was no greater than that found between mainland populations, hence the present subspecific status of the Tasmanian possum, Trichosurus vulpecula fuliginosus, is not supported by genetic data. Relative genetic differentiation among the populations, as measured by the fixation index FST, was 0.145, suggesting that the population structure of possums is comparable to moderately vagile species rather than either highly social or highly vagile species.

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Kerle, JA, GM Mckay, and GB Sharman. "A Systematic Analysis of the Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus-Vulpecula (Kerr, 1792) (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 3 (1991): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910313.

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The taxonomic status of distinctive populations of the widespread and morphologically variable possum Trichosurus vulpecula was examined. For the analysis, morphological characters (body size, fur colour and skull dimensions), karyotypes, electrophoretic allozyme, and ecological data were compared for as many Trichosurus populations as possible. There are insufficient differences between populations of T. vulpecula to reject a null hypothesis that they comprise a single species. Tasmanian, northern and south-western Australian populations could be retained as subspecies, but insufficient data exist to resolve the specific status of Atheton Tabeland and north-eastern Australian populations. One enigmatic result is that the skull morphometrics and allozymes of T. caninus were not distinguishable from those of sympatric T. vulpecula. However, other morphological characteristics and ecological data provide adequate evidence the T. caninus is a distinct species.

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Lindenmayer, DB, KL Viggers, RB Cunningham, and CF Donnelly. "Morphological Variation Among Populations of the Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus-Caninus Ogilby (Phalangeridae, Marsupialia)." Australian Journal of Zoology 43, no. 5 (1995): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950449.

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The results are described of a study of morphometric variation among populations of the mountain brushtail possum, Trichosurus caninus Ogilby. Trapping surveys were completed at seven sites from southern Victoria to central Queensland. The variables measured from each of the 102 animals captured included head length, skull width, total body length, tail length, pes length, length of the ear conch, body girth, belly girth and the pelage colour. Canonical variate analysis highlighted the existence of a marked separation between populations in Victoria and those in New South Wales and Queensland. The first canonical variate accounted for 89% of the variation between the populations and was dominated by the length of the ear conch, tail length and pes length. There also were differences between the populations for several other morphometric measures including the head and body length. We recorded considerable variation in the fur colour of T. caninus both within and between the populations surveyed. However, no consistent pattern in the geographic variation of fur coloration was evident. We do not know the ecological or evolutionary causes underlying the observed differences in morphological characteristics amongst the populations of T. caninus. Further work is planned to examine the genetic variability of the populations and to assess the taxonomic significance of our findings.

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Usmany, Marthinus, and Pieter Kakisina. "IDENTIFIKASI TUMBUHAN SUMBER PAKAN DAN TINGKAT PALATABILITAS KUSKUS (FAMILI PHALANGERIDAE) DI DESA LUMOLI, SERAM, MALUKU." JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 6, no. 1 (September 21, 2018): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v6i1.961.

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Cuscus is an Australian animal (marsupial) whose distribution is limited in Indonesia and its population is declining due to threats hunted for consumption, and traded illegally. To overcome the above problems it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the type of feed in the hope of helping the conservation of these animals, especially in captivity. The purpose of this research is to study the types of plants as cuscus that live in captivity of Lumoli Village, West Seram District. This research begins with the observation of the type of kursus that lives in captivity of Lumoli Village. Study of feed type, depiction, and analysis. The results showed 44 species of plants in the village of Lumoli West Seram District, Maluku can be used as cuscus feed in captivity. Very good plant part as Source of Feed is young leaf of 28 species of plant (63,63%), 25 species (56,81%) are fruits, 4 species (9,09%) are flowers, 3 species (6,81 %) is a young shoot. The level of palatability of the cuscus indicates that the brown cuscus and white cuscus correspond to 43 plant species (97.72%) and can not be done 1 plant species (2.27%) (water apple), while the spotted cuscus and the gray magic cuscus 43 (97.72 %) plant types and unlike 1 plant species (2.27%) (Tomi-tomi). The proximate test results showed the highest ash content was available in the gray cuscus (18.95%) and the lowest in brown couscous (11.41%), the highest crude protein content in the gray cuscus (28.01%) and the lowest in white cuscus (23, 64%), crude fat content in cuscus totol (4.92%) and lowest in gray cuscus (2.93%), crude fiber content in gray cuscus (27.99%) and lowest in brown cuscus (21, 68% ). Can be concluded there are 44 types of forest plants that can be consumed either in the form of young leaves, fruit, flowers and young shoots. Further research is needed on additional types of feed for the cuscus in captivity.

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Usmany, Marthinus, and Pieter Kakisina. "Kajian Molekuler Kuskus (Famili Phalangeridae) di Penangkaran Desa Lumoli, Seram, Maluku Berdasarkan Urutan Gen ATP8." JURNAL KAJIAN VETERINER 7, no. 1 (June 11, 2019): 12–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35508/jkv.v7i1.652.

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The cuscus is an Australian animal (marsupial) which belongs to the Phalangeridae family and its distribution is limited in eastern Indonesia, Australia and Papua New Guinea. Through IUCN data, cuscus is categorized as endangered species, in CITES it is classified as Appendix II. The population of cuscus is decreasing due to the threat of deforestation, many are hunted for consumption, and are traded illegally. To overcome the above problems, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive study of the study of cuscus genotypes in the hope that they can assist in future wildlife conservation efforts. The purpose of this study was to molecularly examine the types of living cuscus in captivity in Lumoli Village, West Seram Regency, Maluku. This research begins with the stages of DNA isolation through cuscus tissue. DNA isolation products were amplified in the ATP 8 gene region by the PCR method, sequenced. Data was analyzed using MEGA program version 5.1. The PCR reaction produces 681 bp of product. The results of the analysis obtained 85 different nucleotide sites. The nucleotide sequence of the ATP 8 gene was analyzed using kimura 2 parameters. The construction of the filogram using the neighbor joining method with a bootstrap value 1000 times based on the ATP 8 gene sequence shows the kinship between the four types of cuscus, which produces two branches of Phalanger and Spilocuscus, namely brown cuscus related to white cuscus and related cuscus with spotted cuskus.

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Cowan, PE. "Changes in milk composition during lactation in the common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 1, no. 4 (1989): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd9890325.

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The milk constituents of Trichosurus vulpecula, a folivorous marsupial, showed marked quantitative and qualitative changes during the course of lactation. The milk produced in the early stages of lactation was dilute, with about 9-13% (w/w) solids during the first 3 weeks, comprising mostly carbohydrate and protein (35-40%). At 20 weeks, about three-quarters of the way through lactation, the milk was much more concentrated, about 28% solids, with lipid the predominant fraction (30-35%), after a marked decline in carbohydrate content (20-25%). Concentrations of the electrolytes sodium and potassium also underwent marked changes. The changes in milk composition of T. vulpecula during the first three-quarters of lactation were similar to those described for a range of herbivorous, insectivorous and carnivorous marsupials. In the last quarter of lactation, however, brushtail possum milk maintained a relatively stable composition, with higher levels of carbohydrate and lower levels of lipid than for other marsupials. There appears to be a uniform pattern of changes in milk composition throughout the Marsupialia over most of lactation, with family differences evident only in the latter stages.

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PATTISELANNO, FREDDY, and JOHAN FREDRIK KOIBUR. "Cuscus ( Phalangeridae ) Hunting by Biak Ethnic Group in Surrounding North Biak Strict Nature Reserve, Papua." HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 15, no. 3 (September 2008): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4308/hjb.15.3.130.

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Jolly, SE, GA Morriss, S. Scobie, and PE Cowan. "Composition of Milk of the Common Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus Vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae): Concentrations of Elements." Australian Journal of Zoology 44, no. 5 (1996): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9960479.

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The concentrations of 11 elements (calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, strontium, sulphur and zinc) were measured in milk samples collected from 193 lactating brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, at all stages of lactation. Most elements showed patterns of change during lactation similar to those of other marsupials. The most marked changes occurred at about 80-120 days, when the growth rate of the pouch young increased and developmental changes took place, such as eye opening and fur growth. Compared with eutherians, copper and iron concentrations were high in possum milk, as in other marsupials, but zinc levels were exceptionally high. Strontium and manganese levels, not measured before in marsupial milk, were considerably higher than levels reported in eutherian milk. In contrast to eutherian mammals, marsupial young must be supplied with large quantities of minerals in the milk as almost all growth and development occurs after birth, and possum young are entirely dependent on milk supplied by the mother for about the first 100 days.

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Foley, W. J., and I. D. Hume. "Digestion and metabolism of high-tanninEucalyptus foliage by the brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Journal of Comparative Physiology B 157, no. 1 (1987): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00702730.

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Heinsohn, TE. "Den sites and habitats utilised by the northern common cuscus Phalanger orientalis (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) in East Timor." Australian Mammalogy 27, no. 1 (2005): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05099.

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THOUGH a common and widespread phalangerid possum with populations occurring in Timor, the Moluccas, northern New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago and Solomon Islands (Flannery 1994; Heinsohn 2000, 2002a; Heinsohn and Hope 2004); comparatively little research has been conducted on the ecology of the northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis). Its general niche is thought to be that of a nocturnal arboreal folivore, with frugivorous tendencies, and a preference for closed tropical forests (Heinsohn 1998a, 2000, 2002a).

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Hume, ID, E. Jazwinski, and TF Flannery. "Morphology and Function of the Digestive-Tract in New Guinean Possums." Australian Journal of Zoology 41, no. 1 (1993): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9930085.

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The digestive tracts of preserved specimens of six species of New Guinean pseudocheirid (ringtail) possums (body mass 148-1250 g) and four species of New Guinean phalangerids (cuscuses) (730-2400 g) were compared. A preliminary study on Australian common ringtail possums (Pseudocheirus peregrinus) suggested that, within certain limits, data from preserved material were applicable to fresh specimens. The New Guinean ringtails were primarily folivorous, but the diet of the two smallest species contained more non-leaf material and was of higher quality, on the basis of higher (P<0.05) nitrogen levels in their gastric contents. Like P. peregrinus, New Guinean ringtail possums selectively retain fine feed particles and bacteria in their caecum, and may also be caecotrophic. The New Guinean phalangerids are less specialised in their diets, taking a wide range of leaves, bark and fruits. There was no evidence for caecotrophy or selective retention of bacteria in their caecum, but there was evidence for selective retention of fine feed particles. In the latter characteristic they differ from the Australian phalangerid Trichosurus vulpecula (the common brushtail possum).

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Jolly, S. E. "Carbon dioxide as an anaesthetic agent for use on the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Australian Mammalogy 16, no. 1 (1993): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am93014.

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Piotte, Christine P., Airlie K. Hunter, Craig J. Marshall, and Murray R. Grigor. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Three Lipocalin-Like Proteins Present in the Milk of Trichosurus vulpecula (Phalangeridae, Marsupialia)." Journal of Molecular Evolution 46, no. 3 (March 1998): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00006313.

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38

Wayne, A. F., C. G. Ward, J. F. Rooney, C. V. Vellios, and D. B. Lindenmayer. "The life history of Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus (Phalangeridae) in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 53, no. 4 (2005): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo05008.

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The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) is noted for its morphological, biological and ecological variability across its range. Despite having suffered substantial population declines since European settlement, relatively little has been published on the south-western Australian subspecies, the koomal (T. v. hypoleucus). This study reports morphological, reproductive and general life-history data from an 18-month study of a population in the southern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest at Chariup (part of Perup), near Manjimup, in south-western Australia. As one of the smallest subspecies, adult males of T. v. hypoleucus averaged 1616 g and females averaged 1470 g. Sexual dimorphism also occurred with head length and pes length, but not tail length. A single autumn breeding season occurred in both 2002 and 2003, in which all adult females bred and produced a single young between February and May. The onset of autumn births was associated with the end of the summer drought. Unlike many other Trichosurus populations, no spring breeding pulse or ‘double-breeding’ events were observed. At least 83% of pouch young survived to pouch emergence. The growth rate of offspring was initially linear, but became curvilinear and approached an asymptote after ~5 months. Most females bred for the first time when they were 1 year old. On the basis of testis size, males also matured at 1 year old. The body condition of adult males, but not adult females, changed significantly over time and followed an apparently seasonal pattern in which their condition was poorest in winter and best in summer. While many of the life-history traits of the Chariup population were similar to those of other south-western Australian populations of T. v. hypoleucus, the most striking variations included age at maturity, extent of spring breeding pulse and female fecundity. Further comparisons with conspecifics elsewhere in Australia and New Zealand also highlight the variability exhibited by T. vulpecula across its range. Some aspects of the biology of T. v. hypoleucus were particularly similar to those observed for T. v. arnhemensis in northern Australia.

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Laird, Melanie K., Jessica R. Dargan, Lillian Paterson, Christopher R. Murphy, Bronwyn M. McAllan, Geoff Shaw, Marilyn B. Renfree, and Michael B. Thompson. "Uterine molecular changes for non-invasive embryonic attachment in the marsupialsMacropus eugenii(Macropodidae) andTrichosurus vulpecula(Phalangeridae)." Molecular Reproduction and Development 84, no. 10 (August 7, 2017): 1076–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22861.

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Flannery, T. F., and Boeadi. "Systematic Revision Within the Phalanger ornatus Complex (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia), With Description of a New Species and Subspecies." Australian Mammalogy 18, no. 1 (1995): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am95035.

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The Phalanger ornatus species complex includes three species (P. omatus, P. rothschildi, and P. alexandrae n. sp.), which have allopatric distributions on the islands of the North Moluccas, Indonesia. They are unique in the genus in sharing a plesiomorphic condition (a diastema between C1 and I3) (Flannery et al. 1987). There is considerable geographic variation within Phalanger omatus, and two subspecies (P. o. ornatus from Batjan, Halmahera and possibly Morotai; and P.o. matabiru from Temate and Tidore) are recognised here.

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NORRIS, CHRISTOPHER A. "The periotic bones of possums and cuscuses: cuscus polyphyly and the division of the marsupial family Phalangeridae." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 111, no. 1 (May 1994): 73–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1994.tb01492.x.

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Duckworth, J. A., S. Scobie, D. E. Jones, and L. Selwood. "Determination of oestrus and mating in captive female brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia : Phalangeridae), from urine samples." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 6 (1998): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo98042.

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Reproductive data were collected from captive brushtail possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, by examining daily urine samples for the presence of non-keratinised and keratinised epithelial cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and sperm. Around the time of oestrus there was a massive increase in the number of epithelial cells and leucocytes in urine. The pattern of cell shedding was similar in mated and non-mated females undergoing either spontaneous ovulations or those induced by removal of pouch young. There was no difference between fertile or non-fertile oestrous cycles. During the 2-month sampling period, 97% of females showed changes in cell numbers indicative of oestrus and 72% of females were confirmed to have been mated by the presence of sperm. Conception rate was 74% and offspring were born 16–19 days after mating. When pouch young were removed, 85% of females were mated 7–15 days later and 77% of mated females produced pouch young. Compared with vaginal smears, collection and examination of urine was easier and faster, only one animal handler was required, the method was less stressful for the possum, and cell types in the sample were scored directly without the need for fixation and staining.

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Viggers, K. L., and D. B. Lindenmayer. "Variation in Hematological and Serum Biochemical Values of the Mountain Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus caninus Ogilby (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae)." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 32, no. 1 (January 1996): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-32.1.142.

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Hufschmid, Jasmin, Ian Beveridge, Kathrine Ann Handasyde, and David Michael Spratt. "A redescription of Trichosurolaelaps dixous Domrow, 1972 (Acari: Laelapidae), from Trichosurus cunninghami (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) from southern Australia." Folia Parasitologica 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2008.038.

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45

Laird, Melanie K., Hanon McShea, Christopher R. Murphy, Bronwyn M. McAllan, Geoff Shaw, Marilyn B. Renfree, and Michael B. Thompson. "Non-invasive placentation in the marsupialsMacropus eugenii(Macropodidae) andTrichosurus vulpecula(Phalangeridae) involves redistribution of uterine Desmoglein-2." Molecular Reproduction and Development 85, no. 1 (January 2018): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mrd.22940.

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Kunda, Rony Marsyal, Niken Satuti Nur Handayani, Hery Wijayanto, and Rini Widayanti. "Study of Genetic Marker of Cuscuses (Marsupialia: Phalangeridae) from Maluku and Papua Based on Cytochrome b Gene Sequences." Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 19, no. 3 (March 15, 2016): 122–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2016.122.135.

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DAHRUDDIN, HADI. "Plants species as feed sources and nesting site of cuscus (Family Phalangeridae) in Northern Biak Nature Reserve, Papua." Biodiversitas, Journal of Biological Diversity 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2005): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d060408.

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Welsh, A. H., D. B. Lindenmayer, C. F. Donnelly, and A. Ruckstuhl. "Use of nest trees by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus) (Phalangeridae : Marsupialia). IV. Transitions between den trees." Wildlife Research 25, no. 6 (1998): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97080.

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Statistical models of the patterns of den-tree choice by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus) at Cambarville in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the central highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia are presented. These models enable us to predict, for a particular possum, the choice of den tree on the basis of patterns of recent den-tree usage and are required for individual-based simulation studies. The models show that the pattern of den-tree use is more complicated than might have been expected, in the sense that it is animal-specific, and that old animals exhibit more complicated patterns of den-tree choice than young ones.

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Lindenmayer, D. B., A. Welsh, and C. F. Donnelly. "The use of nest trees by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus) (Phalangeridae : Marsupialia). V. Synthesis of studies." Wildlife Research 25, no. 6 (1998): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr97081.

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A general synthesis is presented of the key results of a series of studies of den tree use by the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus caninus) at Cambarville in the mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests of the central highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia. The project produced a range of unexpected results including (1) the number of den trees used, (2) the extent of den sharing, especially among adult males, (3) the overlap in denning ranges of animals, and (4) the predictability of transitions between den trees. Possible reasons for these findings are outlined. We also discuss the limitations of our study, how it could be improved if it were to be repeated, and some of the important implications of the findings for the management of forests where T. caninus occurs.

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Lindenmayer, DB, A. Welsh, CF Donnelly, and RB Cunningham. "Use of Nest Trees by the Mountain Brushtail Possum (Trichosurus Caninus) (Phalangeridae: Marsupialia). Ii. Characteristics of Occupied Trees." Wildlife Research 23, no. 5 (1996): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960531.

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The use of den trees by a population of the mountain brushtail possum (Trichosorus caninus) in forests of mountain ash (Eucalyptus regnans) at Cambarville, in the central Highlands of Victoria, is described. Relationships are explored between the use of trees with hollows by 16 radio-tracked T. caninus and a range of measures of the morphological characteristics of the 113 different den trees they occupied. The results of the analyses indicate that the most used trees contained a relatively large number of cavities and were not surrounded by dense vegetation. Male possums were found most frequently in the southern part of the 35-ha study area, and females were found most often in the northern part.

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