Relevant bibliographies by topics / Phage safety

Academic literature on the topic 'Phage safety'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Phage safety"

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Stacey, Helen J., Steven De Soir, and Joshua D. Jones. "The Safety and Efficacy of Phage Therapy: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Safety Trials." Antibiotics 11, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11101340.

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Trials of phage therapy have not consistently reported efficacy. This contrasts with promising efficacy rates from a sizeable and compelling body of observational literature. This systematic review explores the reasons why many phage trials have not demonstrated efficacy. Four electronic databases were systematically searched for safety and/or efficacy trials of phage therapy. Sixteen trials of phage therapy were included, in which 378 patients received phage. These were divided into historical (pre-2000; N = 3; n = 76) and modern (post-2000; N = 13; n = 302) trials. All 13 modern trials concluded that phage therapy was safe. Six of the 13 modern trials were exclusively safety trials. Seven modern trials investigated both safety and efficacy; efficacy was observed in two. Two of three historical trials did not comment on safety, while adverse effects in the third likely reflected the use of phage preparations contaminated with bacterial debris. None of the historical trials contained evidence of efficacy. The evidence from trials is that phage therapy is safe. For efficacy to be observed a therapeutic amount of the right phage(s) must be delivered to the right place to treat infections containing enough susceptible bacterial cells. Trials that have not demonstrated efficacy have not fulfilled one or more elements of this principle.
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Liu, Dan, Jonas D. Van Belleghem, Christiaan R. de Vries, Elizabeth Burgener, Qingquan Chen, Robert Manasherob, Jenny R. Aronson, Derek F. Amanatullah, Pranita D. Tamma, and Gina A. Suh. "The Safety and Toxicity of Phage Therapy: A Review of Animal and Clinical Studies." Viruses 13, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13071268.

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Increasing rates of infection by antibiotic resistant bacteria have led to a resurgence of interest in bacteriophage (phage) therapy. Several phage therapy studies in animals and humans have been completed over the last two decades. We conducted a systematic review of safety and toxicity data associated with phage therapy in both animals and humans reported in English language publications from 2008–2021. Overall, 69 publications met our eligibility criteria including 20 animal studies, 35 clinical case reports or case series, and 14 clinical trials. After summarizing safety and toxicity data from these publications, we discuss potential approaches to optimize safety and toxicity monitoring with the therapeutic use of phage moving forward. In our systematic review of the literature, we found some adverse events associated with phage therapy, but serious events were extremely rare. Comprehensive and standardized reporting of potential toxicities associated with phage therapy has generally been lacking in the published literature. Structured safety and tolerability endpoints are necessary when phages are administered as anti-infective therapeutics.
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Tang, Swee-Seong, Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas, Wen Siang Tan, Ananda Kumar Saha, and Bey-Fen Leo. "Efficacy and potential of phage therapy against multidrug resistantShigellaspp." PeerJ 7 (April 5, 2019): e6225. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6225.

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Shigella-infected bacillary dysentery or commonly known as Shigellosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The gradual emergence of multidrug resistantShigellaspp. has triggered the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Phage therapy could be one such suitable alternative, given its proven long term safety profile as well as the rapid expansion of phage therapy research. To be successful, phage therapy will need an adequate regulatory framework, effective strategies, the proper selection of appropriate phages, early solutions to overcome phage therapy limitations, the implementation of safety protocols, and finally improved public awareness. To achieve all these criteria and successfully apply phage therapy against multidrug resistant shigellosis, a comprehensive study is required. In fact, a variety of phage-based approaches and products including single phages, phage cocktails, mutated phages, genetically engineered phages, and combinations of phages with antibiotics have already been carried out to test the applications of phage therapy against multidrug resistantShigella.This review provides a broad survey of phage treatments from past to present, focusing on the history, applications, limitations and effective solutions related to, as well as the prospects for, the use of phage therapy against multidrug resistantShigellaspp. and other multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens.
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AL-Ishaq, Raghad Khalid, Sini Skariah, and Dietrich Büsselberg. "Bacteriophage Treatment: Critical Evaluation of Its Application on World Health Organization Priority Pathogens." Viruses 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010051.

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Bacteriophages represent an effective, natural, and safe strategy against bacterial infections. Multiple studies have assessed phage therapy’s efficacy and safety as an alternative approach to combat the emergence of multi drug-resistant pathogens. This systematic review critically evaluates and summarizes published articles on phages as a treatment option for Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterococcus faecalis infection models. It also illustrates appropriate phage selection criteria, as well as recommendations for successful therapy. Published studies included in this review were identified through EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science databases and were published in the years between 2010 to 2020. Among 1082 identified articles, 29 studies were selected using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria and evaluated. Most studies (93.1%) showed high efficacy and safety for the tested phages, and a few studies also examined the effect of phage therapy combined with antibiotics (17.2%) and resistance development (27.6%). Further clinical studies, phage host identification, and regulatory processes are required to evaluate phage therapy’s safety and efficacy and advance their clinical use.
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Clarke, Alex, Steven De Soir, and Joshua Jones. "The Safety and Efficacy of Phage Therapy for Bone and Joint Infections: A Systematic Review." Antibiotics 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9110795.

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Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has catalysed interest in alternative antimicrobial strategies. Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses of bacteria with a long history of successful therapeutic use. Phage therapy is a promising antibacterial strategy for infections with a biofilm component, including recalcitrant bone and joint infections, which have significant social, financial and human impacts. Here, we report a systematic review of the safety and efficacy of phage therapy for the treatment of bone and joint infections. Three electronic databases were systematically searched for articles that reported primary data about human phage therapy for bone and joint infections. Two authors independently assessed study eligibility and performed data extraction. Seventeen reports were eligible for inclusion in this review, representing the treatment of 277 patients. A cautionary, crude, efficacy estimate revealed that 93.1% (n = 258/277) achieved clinical resolution, 3.3% (n = 9/277) had improvement and 3.6% (n = 10/277) showed no improvement. Seven of the nine reports that directly commented on the safety of phage therapy did not express safety concerns. The adverse effects reported in the remaining two were not severe and were linked to the presence of contaminating endotoxins and pre-existing liver pathology in a patient treated with high-titre intravenous phage therapy. Three other reports, from 1940–1987, offered general comments on the safety of phage therapy and documented adverse effects consistent with endotoxin co-administration concomitant with the use of raw phage lysates. Together, the reports identified by this review suggest that appropriately purified phages represent a safe and highly efficacious treatment option for complex and intractable bone and joint infections.
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Sillankorva, Sanna M., Hugo Oliveira, and Joana Azeredo. "Bacteriophages and Their Role in Food Safety." International Journal of Microbiology 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/863945.

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The interest for natural antimicrobial compounds has increased due to alterations in consumer positions towards the use of chemical preservatives in foodstuff and food processing surfaces. Bacteriophages fit in the class of natural antimicrobial and their effectiveness in controlling bacterial pathogens in agro-food industry has led to the development of different phage products already approved by USFDA and USDA. The majority of these products are to be used in farm animals or animal products such as carcasses, meats and also in agricultural and horticultural products. Treatment with specific phages in the food industry can prevent the decay of products and the spread of bacterial diseases and ultimately promote safe environments in animal and plant food production, processing, and handling. This is an overview of recent work carried out with phages as tools to promote food safety, starting with a general introduction describing the prevalence of foodborne pathogens and bacteriophages and a more detailed discussion on the use of phage therapy to prevent and treat experimentally induced infections of animals against the most common foodborne pathogens, the use of phages as biocontrol agents in foods, and also their use as biosanitizers of food contact surfaces.
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Knezevic, Petar, Aleksandra Petrovic Fabijan, Damir Gavric, Jovana Pejic, Zsolt Doffkay, and Gábor Rakhely. "Phages from Genus Bruynoghevirus and Phage Therapy: Pseudomonas Phage Delta Case." Viruses 13, no. 10 (September 30, 2021): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13101965.

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The applicability and safety of bacteriophage Delta as a potential anti-Pseudomonas aeruginosa agent belonging to genus Bruynoghevirus (family Podoviridae) was characterised. Phage Delta belongs to the species Pseudomonas virus PaP3, which has been described as a temperate, with cos sites at the end of the genome. The phage Delta possesses a genome of 45,970 bp that encodes tRNA for proline (Pro), aspartic acid (Asp) and asparagine (Asn) and does not encode any known protein involved in lysogeny formation or persistence. Analysis showed that phage Delta has 182 bp direct terminal repeats at the end of genome and lysogeny was confirmed, neither upon infection at low nor at high multiplicity of infection (MOI). The turbid plaques that appear on certain host lawns can result from bacteriophage insensitive mutants that occur with higher frequency (10−4). In silico analysis showed that the genome of Delta phage does not encode any known bacterial toxin or virulence factor, determinants of antibiotic resistance and known human allergens. Based on the broad host range and high lytic activity against planktonic and biofilm cells, phage Delta represents a promising candidate for phage therapy.
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Emilia, Qori. "Challenge of bacteriophage application to improve food safety and its administration into the human gut: an article review." Journal of Microbial Systematics and Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.37604/jmsb.v2i1.36.

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Ensuring microbial food safety has always been a challenge at every stages along the food chain. Meanwhile, healthier community lifestyle demands natural antimicrobial agents to alleviate the increasing use of chemical preservatives to address microbial contamination. Antimicrobial resistance issue has also elevated the effort to search for an alternative way to antibiotics. Bacteriophage (phage) is currently being assessed for its potency as biocontrol agent to enhance food safety and as a tool for therapeutic purpose. Prior to phage application, safety assessment must be conducted in which includes several considerations: from the discovery, toxicological aspects to the impact of phage ingestion on the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota which consist of variety of microorganisms inside the human gastrointestinal tract, cohabitate to each other. Phage is naturally present as one of microorganisms in the human gut and dynamically interacted with other microbial communities. Phage application to foods and food-contact surfaces may leave a residue and cause the phages to be ingested, which in result may alter the gut microbiota composition. Many findings have examined the relationship between gut microbiota and human health, and so is the factors affecting their modulation. This review aimed to discuss several points of view from published research papers related to the challenge of phage administration into the human gut.
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Azeredo, Joana, Jean-Paul Pirnay, Diana P. Pires, Mzia Kutateladze, Krystyna Dabrowska, Rob Lavigne, and Bob Blasdel. "Phage Therapy." WikiJournal of Medicine 8, no. 1 (2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.15347/wjm/2021.004.

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Phage therapy refers to the use of bacteriophages (phages - bacterial viruses) as therapeutic agents against infectious bacterial diseases. This therapeutic approach emerged in the beginning of the 20th century but was progressively replaced by the use of antibiotics in most parts of the world after the second world war. More recently however, the alarming rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria and the consequent need for antibiotic alternatives has renewed interest in phages as antimicrobial agents. Several scientific, technological and regulatory advances have supported the credibility of a second revolution in phage therapy. Nevertheless, phage therapy still faces many challenges that include: i) the need to increase phage collections from reference phage banks; ii) the development of efficient phage screening methods for the fast identification of the therapeutic phage(s); iii) the establishment of efficient phage therapy strategies to tackle infectious biofilms; iv) the validation of feasible phage production protocols that assure quality and safety of phage preparations; and (v) the guarantee of stability of phage preparations during manufacturing, storage and transport. Moreover, current maladapted regulatory structures represent a significant hurdle for potential commercialization of phage therapeutics. This article describes the past and current status of phage therapy and presents the most recent advances in this domain.
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Bruttin, Anne, and Harald Brüssow. "Human Volunteers Receiving Escherichia coli Phage T4 Orally: a Safety Test of Phage Therapy." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 49, no. 7 (July 2005): 2874–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.49.7.2874-2878.2005.

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ABSTRACT Fifteen healthy adult volunteers received in their drinking water a lower Escherichia coli phage T4 dose (103 PFU/ml), a higher phage dose (105 PFU/ml), and placebo. Fecal coliphage was detected in a dose-dependent way in volunteers orally exposed to phage. All volunteers receiving the higher phage dose showed fecal phage 1 day after exposure; this prevalence was only 50% in subjects receiving the lower phage dose. No fecal phage was detectable a week after a 2-day course of oral phage application. Oral phage application did not cause a decrease in total fecal E. coli counts. In addition, no substantial phage T4 replication on the commensal E. coli population was observed. No adverse events related to phage application were reported. Serum transaminase levels remained in the normal range, and neither T4 phage nor T4-specific antibodies were observed in the serum of the subjects at the end of the study. This is, to our knowledge, the first safety test in the recent English literature which has measured the bioavailability of oral phage in humans and is thus a first step to the rational evaluation of phage therapy for diarrheal diseases.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Phage safety"

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Pereira, Carla Sofia Gomes. "Phage therapy: a new technology for depuration of bivalves." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18602.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
De forma a reduzir a transmissão de agentes patogénicos através do consumo de bivalves, devem ser desenvolvidas novas tecnologias a associar à depuração, tal como a terapia fágica. A eficácia da utilização de fagos para controlar infeções bacterianas tem sido relatada em diversos estudos. No entanto, relativamente à utilização da terapia fágica para inativar bactérias patogénicas durante a depuração de bivalves, existe apenas um estudo preliminar, feito sem circulação de água (contrariamente ao que acontece na depuração industrial). O sucesso da combinação destas duas tecnologias depende da compreensão detalhada da dinâmica sazonal e espacial da comunidade bacteriana total, incluindo bactérias associadas a doenças devido ao consumo de bivalves e indicadores de qualidade microbiológica da água, nas zonas de produção de bivalves. Durante o Verão, a comunidade bacteriana total apresentou uma maior complexidade e aumento da abundância dos principais grupos de bactérias patogénicas, indicando que deste pode ser um período crítico onde a terapia fágica deve ser aplicada. No entanto, devido ao impacto das fontes de poluição antropogénicas e outras fontes de contaminação, a terapia fágica poderá ter que ser aplicada também durante a estação fria. Cinco novos fagos foram isolados e caracterizados para controlar Salmonella Typhimurium (phSE-1, phSE-2 e phSE-5) e Escherichia coli (phT4A e EC2A), a fim de avaliar a sua potencial aplicação durante a depuração de bivalves. Os ensaios in vitro demonstraram que o uso de fagos individuais (phT4A e EC2A), pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para o controlo de E. coli, em particular, quando combinados em cocktail. A depuração num sistema estático com MOI 1 usando os fagos phT4A e EC2A, foi a condição em que se obteve melhores resultados (diminuição ~2.0 log CFU/g) em berbigões artificialmente contaminados. Quando berbigões naturalmente contaminados foram tratados em sistema estático com as suspensões de fagos individuais e cocktails de fagos, foram obtidas reduções semelhantes na concentração de E. coli (diminuição ~0.7 log UFC/g). Quando os berbigões naturalmente contaminados foram depurados com o fago phT4A com circulação de água, a concentração de bactéria foi reduzida mais rapidamente que na ausência de fagos. Os resultados dos ensaios in vitro mostraram igualmente que o controlo de S. Typhimurium com fagos phSE-5 e phSE-2 e o cocktail destes dois fagos foi eficiente. A aplicação do fago phSE-5 e cocktail (phSE-2/phSE-5) inativou eficazmente S. Typhimurium em berbigões contaminados artificialmente (redução de 1.7 UFC/g com o fago phSE-5 e 0.7 log UFC/g com o cocktail phSE-2/phSE-5) e em berbigões naturalmente contaminados (redução de 0.9 log UFC/g para ambos para a suspensão simples e para o cocktail) durante a depuração em sistema estático, especialmente quando são usadas suspensões do fago phSE-5 a uma MOI baixa. Os berbigões artificialmente contaminados também foram mais eficazmente descontaminados durante a depuração com circulação de água na presença do fago phSE-5 que quando foi usada apenas depuração sem adição de fagos (i.e. o processo convencional de depuração). Este é o primeiro trabalho em que foi testado o uso de fagos durante a depuração de berbigões naturalmente contaminados e contaminados artificialmente em sistemas com circulação de água, tal como acontece na depuração industrial de bivalves, provando assim que esta tecnologia poderá ser transposta para a indústria. Os resultados obtidos usando fagos de E. coli e de S. Typhimurium mostraram que a combinação da terapia fágica e depuração melhora a segurança microbiana dos bivalves para consumo humano, melhorando a eficiência de descontaminação. Além disso, esta abordagem também permite reduzir o tempo necessário para a depuração e consequentemente, os custos a ela associados. No entanto, a seleção e caracterização dos fagos e determinação da MOI mais adequado para ser utilizado durante a terapia fágica, é essencial para o sucesso da terapia fágica no controlo de bactérias patogénicas.
In order to reduce the infections by microbial pathogens through the consumption of bivalves, it is essential to develop alternative approaches to the conventional depuration practices. One new promising approaches is to combine the depuration of bivalves with phage therapy. The use of phages to control bacterial infections has been reported across numerous fields by many researchers. However, relatively the combination of depuration and phage therapy to eliminate pathogenic bacteria in bivalves there is only one study, and this study did not replicate industrial depuration procedures. The successful combination of those two technologies depends on a detailed understanding of the seasonal and spatial dynamics of the overall bacterial communities, including the bacteria implicated in bivalves-related illness and the indicators of microbiological water quality, in the harvesting areas. During the summer, the total bacterial community presented high complexity and an increase of abundance of the main pathogenic bacteria, indicating that this season is the critical time frame when phage therapy should be applied. However, due to the impact anthropogenic and other sources of contamination, phage therapy could be necessary also during the cold season. Five new phages were isolated and characterized to control Escherichia coli (phT4A and ECA2) and Salmonella Typhimurium (phSE-1, phSE-2 and phSE- 5) in order to evaluate their potential application during depuration. The in vitro assays indicated that the use of phages individually (phT4A and EC2A) or combined in cocktails (phT4A/EC2A), can be an effective alternative to control of E. coli, particularly if combined in a phage cocktail. Depuration in static seawater at MOI 1 with phage phT4A and ECA2 revealed to be the best condition (decreased of the 2.0 log CFU/g) in artificially contaminated cockles. When naturally contaminated cockles were treated in static seawater with single phage suspensions and the phage cocktail, similar decreases in the concentration of E. coli (decreased of the 0.7 log CFU/g) were achieved. When naturally contaminated cockles were depurated using conventional practices with phage phT4A, bacterial concentration was reduced sooner. The assays in vitro, demonstrated that the control S. Typhimurium with phages phSE-5 and phSE-2 and with these two phages combined in a cocktail was efficient, paving way for the in vivo studies. The efficiency of bacterial inactivation with single phage suspensions of phSE-5 and phSE-2 leaded to further in vivo studies to control of Salmonella in bivalves. The application of phage phSE-5 and phage cocktail phSE-2/phSE-5 can be successfully employed to inactivate S. Typhimurium (reduction of 1.7 log CFU/g for phSE-5 and 0.7 log CFU/g for phSE-2/phSE-5 in artificially contaminated cockles and reduction of 0.9 log CFU/g for both in naturally contaminated cockles) during depuration in static system, especially if phSE-5 phage is used individually and if a low MOI is employed. Using conventional depuration practices in the presence of phage phSE-5, bacterial concentration is more quickly and efficiently reduced in artificially contaminated cockles. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a depuration trial using phages in the artificially and naturally contaminated cockles using industrial depuration procedures, proving that this technology can be ported into the bivalves industry. The obtained results using phages of E. coli and S. Typhimurium indicated that combining phage therapy with depuration procedures enhance bivalve microbial safety for human consumption by improving decontamination efficiency. Moreover, this approach also displays the advantage of reducing the time required for depuration and consequently its associated costs. However, the selection and characterization of appropriate phages and the most adequate multiplicity of infection to be used in phage therapy is a critical stage to achieve a successful phage-mediated control of pathogenic bacteria.
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Rodrigues, Fernando Vieira. "Seleção de peptídeos ligantes a Staphylococcus aureus: obtenção de novas ferramentas diagnósticas de contaminações alimentares." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2013. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/12389.

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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Consumption of food contaminated with strains of Staphylococcus aureus can cause diseases, whose signs and symptoms include gastroenteritis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain within one to six hours post-consumption of contaminated food. In this way, rapid methods of detection and identification of S. aureus are essential for food quality control and food safety. At this study, objectived to select peptide that binds to S.aureus, through the technique of Phage Display (PD), for development of fast diagnostic tools, of easy handling and low cost. At this study was used bioppaning for selection of peptides that express on the surface filamentous phage peptides that binds to S. aureus. The phage DNA selected was sequenced and subjected to in silico analysis (BioEdit v7.0.9). The sequences obtained were aligned and clones underwent pre-screening (ELISA) for the evaluation of binding specificity to S. aureus. The titles of input and output in biopanning were constant. Nine valid sequences were obtained after sequencing 40 clones selected after 3 rounds of biopanning. The analysis demonstrated that four clones presented reactivity in bacteria, although tests have demonstrated that the peptides exhibited no specific binding capacity in Staphylococcus aureus. Nevertheless, the peptide H06 showed binding specificity in gram-positive bacteria used in the test of reactivity. Furthermore, the in silico analysis showed that the recombinant peptides share chemical characteristics essential the proteins of the bacterial cells. Although the S. aureus specificity had not been observed, the peptide can be used as a method of detecting contamination of food in gram-positive bacteria. In food contamination, fast screening and identification of bacterial groups, allows establish decisions about the marketing and distribution of foods and may prevent outbreaks of food intoxication and ensure food security.
O consumo de alimentos contaminados com cepas de Staphylococcus aureus pode causar doenças, cujos sinais incluem gastroenterites, náuseas, vômitos, diarreia, dor abdominal intensa dentro de uma a seis horas após o consumo do alimento contaminado. Por esta razão, métodos rápidos de detecção de S.aureus são essenciais para o controle da qualidade e da garantia da segurança alimentar. Assim, o presente estudo teve por objetivo selecionar peptídeos ligantes à S.aureus, por meio da técnica de Phage Display (PD), para desenvolvimento de ferramentas diagnósticas rápidas, de fácil manipulação e baixo custo. Neste estudo, foi realizado bioppaning para seleção de peptídeos expressos na superfície de fagos filamentosos que apresentassem peptídeos ligantes a S.aureus. O DNA dos fagos selecionados foi sequenciado e submetido a analise in silico(BioEdit v7.0.9). As sequências obtidas foram alinhadas e os clones foram submetidos à pre-screening (ELISA) para avaliação de especificidade de ligação à S. aureus. Os títulos de entrada e saída obtidos no biopanning foram constantes. Nove sequências válidas foram obtidas após o sequenciamento dos 40 clones selecionados após 3 ciclos de biopanning. A análise de reatividade demonstrou que quatro clones apresentaram reatividade à bactéria, embora os testes de especificidade demonstraram que os peptídeos não exibiram capacidade de ligação específica a S. aureus. Apesar disto, o peptídeo E06 mostrou especificidade de ligação a bactérias do gênero Staphylococcus usadas no teste de reatividade. Além disso, as análises in sílico revelaram que os peptídeos recombinantes compartilham características químicas essenciais a proteínas das bactérias. Embora a especificidade a S.aureus não tenha sido observada, neste estudo o peptídeo pode ser utilizado como um método de detecção a contaminação de alimentos por estafilococos. Nas contaminações de alimentos, a triagem rápida e métodos de identificação de grupos bacterianos permitem estabelecer decisões sobre a comercialização e distribuição e podem prevenir um surto de intoxicação, garantindo a segurança alimentar.
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural Aplicadas
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Skarpheđinsson, Hjalmar. "Novel oxidatively activated safety catch linkers." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:68179292-c0b4-438c-9c25-d60bfcce907f.

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Solid phase organic synthesis is a powerful technique to facilitate rapid synthesis and easy purification of organic compounds. The advancement of linkers and cleavage strategies is of paramount importance for the success of this approach. This thesis is concerned with the development of a robust safety catch linker system aimed to allow a broad range of commonly used reagents to be employed in a synthetic sequence carried out on a solid support. Chapter 1 outlines the principles of solid phase organic synthesis, the terminology associated with this approach and the advantages and disadvantages compared to conventional solution phase methods. Common attachment and release strategies for various functional groups are described and the safety catch principle is introduced. Chapter 2 discusses the design features of the linker system. Proof of principle is demonstrated for the attachment and release strategies with a simple solution phase model system. Chapter 3 describes the adaptation of the linker system to the solid phase. Key transformations are modelled with solution phase experiments and subsequently applied to solid phase. The loading determination of the solid phase system is also described. Chapter 4 reports an assessment of the reactivity of the linker system in the coupling transformation of aliphatic alcohols and amines. The chemoselectivity and efficiency of the CAN debenzylation/cyclorelease protocol is also evaluated. Chapter 5 demonstrates the utility of the linker system with the optimisation of a simple synthetic sequence in solution followed by adaptation to the solid phase. The synthesis of a pilot library of aryl alcohols utilizing a Suzuki coupling on solid support is described. The attachment and release of amines is also demonstrated with solid phase examples. Chapter 6 examines the potential of the linker system as an analytical tool to assess the outcome of stereoselective transformations. A chiral auxiliary is attached to the solid phase by aid of the safety catch linker and released into solution. A solution phase model system is developed to aid preliminary investigations in solution prior to adaptation to the solid phase.
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Pettitt, Glenn Nigel. "Characterisation of two phase releases." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303967.

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Kenyon, Yvonne Michelle. "Two-phase flows accompanying fires in enclosures." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2003. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/19138/.

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The dispersed phase that accompanies enclosure fires, for example, soot, ash, sprinkler droplets and extinguishing powder, could exert a significant influence on the dynamics of the background fluid. In this thesis, the results of a numerical study into the effects of this dispersed phase on the flow in a fire compartment are presented. A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics solver, with appropriate approximations for low Mach number flows and mathematical sub-models for two­phase flows, has been developed in order to simulate fire induced convective motions in planar compartments. The description of the dispersed particulate is based on a two­continuum approach, whereby the dispersed phase and the gaseous phase are assumed to be two mutually interacting and penetrating continua. In this thesis, two 'passive' models and an 'active' model of the dispersed phase are considered. In the passive models the particulate acts as a tracer only and has no hydrodynamical influence on the gas phase. The second passive model differs from the first in that the production of gases in the fire compartment, for example arising from combustion or propellant gases due to extinguishment of the fire, is taken into account. This second passive model more accurately predicts the growth of pressure in a sealed fire compartment for weak fires. As the volume fraction of the particulate increases the spatial-temporal hydrodynamic influence exerted on the gaseous flow by the dispersed phase becomes significant and, under certain conditions, a passive representation is insufficient. An active one­temperature and one-velocity model is proposed which is appropriate for the description of a hydrodynamically active particulate with an instantaneous velocity and thermal relaxation time. In this thesis, computational fluid dynamics is used as a tool in order to characterise the applicability of the passive models and the active model. The ability of the passive models to accurately predict the growth of pressure in a compartment for 'surface' fires, for example smouldering combustion and weak fires, is investigated. The active model is used to study the hydrodynamics of powder extinguishing media in a compartment with an open doorway.
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Russell, Helen Elizabeth. "Novel thermally cleavable safety-catch linkers for combinatorial chemistry." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313129.

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Corneliussen, Kjell. "Well Safety. Risk Control in the Operational Phase of Offshore Wells." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1876.

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The main objective of this thesis has been the development of procedures and methods for risk assessment of oil and gas wells. The work is limited to the well operational phase. The procedures and methods provide status of the well risk level during the life cycle from installation to abandonment of the well. The main focus is on the two main safety functions of the well:

a. To prevent uncontrolled leakage of well fluids from the well to the environment. This function is usually referred to as well integrity and is a continuous safety function that may fail at any instant of time.

b. To shut in the well flow in case of a dangerous incident on the downstream side of the x-mas tree. The shut-in function is an on demand function activated in a random critical situation.

In this context a systematic approach means to describe a procedure for risk assessment, with focus on quantitative/predictive analysis as a means to provide input to the assessment. The risk assessment is based on existing and new methods and knowledge gained during the PhD work.

The following contributions from the thesis are identified:

• A systematic approach for well risk assessment in the operational phase. A set of WRFs are identified that influence the total well risk. The procedure is primarily aimed at risk assessment in the operational phase after a well component failure has occurred.

• A method for constructing barrier diagrams. A barrier diagram is a structured way of describing a well as a barrier system. In the thesis it is shown how to calculate failure probability directly from the barrier diagram. Alternatively, the barrier diagram construction rules allows for converting the barrier diagram to a fault tree.

• A framework for assessing well component failure causes, acceptable deviations in well component performance, and dependent failures.

• A method for calculating the safety unavailability of safety functions, and a method for calculating the safety unavailability for different configurations of surface controlled subsurface safety valves.


Paper II reprinted with kind permission of Elsevier, sciencedirect.com
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Li, Qing. "Interim monitoring efficacy, safety and futility in phase III clinical trials." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2008. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2008p/li.pdf.

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Mandali, Sridhar. "Site-specific recombination of P2-like phages; possible tools for safe gene therapy : A focus on phage ΦD145." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för genetik, mikrobiologi och toxikologi, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-45940.

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P2-like bacteriophages integrate their genome into the E. coli host cell by a site-specific recombination event upon lysogenization. The integrative recombination occurs between a specific sequence in the phage genome, attP, and a specific sequence in the host genome, attB, generating the host-phage junctions attL and attR. The integration is mediated by the phage enzyme integrase (Int) and the host factor IHF. The excisive recombination takes place between attL and attR, and is mediated by Int, IHF and phage encoded protein Cox. For safe integration of foreign genes into eukaryotic chromosome a recombinases is necessary which can perform the integration site-specifically. P2-like phage integrases have the potential to become tools for safe gene therapy. Their target is simple but specific, and once integration has occurred it is very stable in the absence of the Cox protein. The site-specific recombination mechanism has to be understood at the molecular level. Therefore, I have initiated the characterization of the site-specific recombination system of the P2-like phage ΦD145. In this work, Int and IHF are shown to bind to the different attachment sites cooperatively. One of two possible inverted repeats in attP is shown to be the Int core recognition site. The attP core of this phage has high identity with a site on human chromosome, denoted as ΨattB. In this study we have shown that in in vivo recombination ΦD145 Int can accept ΨattB in both bacteria and in eukaryotic cells. Also shown that Int consists of an intrinsic nuclear localization signal. A study also reveled that ΦD145 Int activity was affected by the Tyr-phosphorylation. Attempts have been made to change the specificity of the other P2-like phage P2 and WΦ integrases and also structural and functional analysis was done. A study on comparative analysis of Cox proteins and Cox binding sites gave us the basic information about the recombination mechanism.
At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript.
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Bettis, R. J. "Two phase releases following rapid vessel failure." Thesis, London South Bank University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.376541.

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Books on the topic "Phage safety"

1

Great Britain. Department of Trade and Industry. Strength data for design safety: Phase 2. London: DTI, 2002.

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Great Britain. Department of Trade and Industry. Strength data for design safety: Phase 1. London: DTI, 2000.

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Smulders, Frans J. M., and John D. Collins, eds. Food safety assurance in the pre-harvest phase. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-508-6.

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name, No. Food safety assurance in the pre-harvest phase. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2002.

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executive, Health and safety. Good health is good business: Phase 3 : employers' guide. Sudbury: Health and Safety Executive, 1998.

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executive, Health and safety. Good health is good business: Phase 2 : employers' guide. London: The Executive, 1996.

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Ardila-Coulson, Maria V. Nuclear materials transportation investigation: Phase I. Reno, Nev: Engineering Research and Development Center, College of Engineering, University of Nevada-Reno, 1988.

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Ardila-Coulson, Maria V. The statewide radioactive materials transportation plan: Phase II. Carson City, Nev: The Department, 1989.

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California. Department of the California Highway Patrol. Commercial Vehicle Section. Join us on the road to safety: Phase II, final report. Sacramento, CA: California Highway Patrol, 2003.

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Wilmot, Chester. Statewide traffic safety study phase I: Review of current traffic safety research, practice, analytical procedures and databases. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Transportation Research Center, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Phage safety"

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Minocha, Udit, Mindy Shroyer, Patricia Romero, and Bruce M. Applegate. "Phage-Based Detection of Foodborne Pathogens." In Handbook of Food Safety Engineering, 190–216. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444355321.ch9.

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Colavecchio, Anna, and Lawrence D. Goodridge. "Phage Therapy Approaches to Reducing Pathogen Persistence and Transmission in Animal Production Environments: Opportunities and Challenges." In Preharvest Food Safety, 289–308. Washington, DC, USA: ASM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/9781555819644.ch16.

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Nakell, Stacy K. "The safety phase." In Treatment for Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors, 55–65. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003299097-8.

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El-Shibiny, Ayman, and Alyaa Dawoud. "Bacteriophage Applications for Food Safety." In Biocommunication of Phages, 463–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45885-0_21.

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Spooner, Cathi. "Safety and Engagement Phase." In Attachment-Focused Family Play Therapy, 155–70. New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315672847-9.

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Herrmann, Wolfgang A., and Fritz E. Kühn. "Aqueous Catalysts for Environment and Safety." In Aqueous-Phase Organometallic Catalysis, 326–47. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527602488.ch5.

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Lebreton, Sylvain, and Marcel Pátek. "Safety-Catch Linker Units." In Linker Strategies in Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis, 195–220. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470749043.ch6.

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Colin, Laurence, and Brian Smith. "Safety in Early Phase Studies." In Statistical Methods in Biomarker and Early Clinical Development, 247–74. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31503-0_12.

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Friedel, L. "Fluid Dynamic Design of Heat Exchanger Safety Devices." In Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers, 1031–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2790-2_33.

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Silberer, Jan, Greta Dangel, Thomas Bäumer, Patrick Müller, and Georgios Kotziabassis. "Interests of (In)frequent Bike Users: Analysis of Differing Target Groups’ Needs Concerning the RouteMeSafe Application." In iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City, 15–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92096-8_2.

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AbstractCycling is an emission-free and healthy mode of transportation. However, the share of cycling in the modal split is still low. Perceived safety during cycling could be a reason for that. The RouteMeSafe application is developed at Stuttgart University of Applied Sciences with the aim of tackling this issue. A safety routing function is supposed to increase the short-term safety of cycling by showing safe paths for cyclists. Long-term safety is supposed to be increased with the feedback function enabling cyclists to share their evaluation of the cycling infrastructure with the city administration. The safety routing function is currently in the design phase and the feedback function in prototype phase. To develop the application user-friendly, target groups for both functions need to be defined and their expectations considered in the development process. Two studies with infrequent and frequent cyclists have been conducted to do so. Study 1, a user experience study based on a student sample, showed that infrequent cyclists could be a target group for the safety routing function and frequent cyclists could be a target group for the feedback function. The latter was confirmed in study 2, a technology acceptance study based on a sample with frequent cyclists of Stuttgart. Future studies on the application should investigate the long-term technology acceptance of the two groups. This could help to find out whether both groups can serve as target groups on the long run.
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Conference papers on the topic "Phage safety"

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Du, Songtao, Shin Horikawa, I.-Hsuan Chen, Xu Lu, Yuzhe Liu, and Bryan A. Chin. "Capture and identification of Salmonella Typhimurium from large volumes of water using phage filter." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety X, edited by Moon S. Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Bryan A. Chin, and Kuanglin Chao. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2304551.

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Weerasinghe, Gayani, Sanath Hettiarachi, and Kumara Jayarathne. "Isolation of Bacteriophage from Starter Cultures of Yoghurt and Formulation of a Phage-resistant Starter Culture." In International Conference on Food Quality, Safety and Security. The International Institute of Knowledge Management (TIIKM), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/foodqualss.2018.2102.

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Du, Songtao, Bryan A. Chin, Xu Lu, Shin Horikawa, I.-Hsuan Chen, Yuzhe Liu, Jianguo Xi, and Tung-Shi Huang. "Capture of bacterial pathogens in liquid streams by multiple layers of phage based bio-molecular filter." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety X, edited by Moon S. Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Bryan A. Chin, and Kuanglin Chao. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2304535.

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Chin, Bryan A., Sang-Jin Suh, I.-Hsuan Chen, Jianguo Xi, Yuzhe Liu, Songtao Du, Shin Horikawa, and Tung-Shi Huang. "Isolation of highly selective phage-displayed oligopeptide probes for detection of listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat food." In Sensing for Agriculture and Food Quality and Safety X, edited by Moon S. Kim, Byoung-Kwan Cho, Bryan A. Chin, and Kuanglin Chao. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2305132.

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Bartolomeu, Maria, Cátia Vieira, Marta Gomes, Ana T. P. C. Gomes, Maria Amparo F. Faustino, Maria Graça P. M. S. Neves, and Adelaide Almeida. "Photodynamic Inactivation of Phage Phi6 as SARS-CoV-2 Model in Wastewater Disinfection: Effectivity and Safety." In The 2nd International Electronic Conference on Antibiotics—Drugs for Superbugs: Antibiotic Discovery, Modes of Action And Mechanisms of Resistance. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/eca2022-12707.

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Ahmed, Ambereen. "Safety and efficacy of Regadenoson in myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) stress tests: A review." In Quantitative Phase Imaging IV, edited by Gabriel Popescu and YongKeun Park. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2281326.

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Park, Jin Hyung. "The Detailed Safety Lifecycle for Offshore Safety System Design." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54275.

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Safety Lifecycle is described in IEC61508 and IEC61511, but more detailed engineering procedure than IEC61508 and IEC61511 is required for real design and manufacture of safety system for offshore project. For the turret national research project, more detailed design procedure was applied for the design of turret. First of all, the nodes are defined based on EUC (Equipment Under Control) units and the hazards are analysed by 3 methodologies — Hazard Checklist, HAZOP and FMEA during hazard analysis phase. Then the risk are analysed quantitatively by LOPA methodology. To produce the safety requirement specification for function, the cause & effect, the logic diagram and IO list will be produced. The isolation countermeasures in case of explosion and fire and the SIFs (Safety Instrumented Function) in LOPA report and the process shutdown interlocks will be included in the cause & effect and the logic diagram will be developed based on this cause & effect. The safety requirement specification for safety will be developed by exSILentia from exida. Based on the safety requirement specification, the Functional Design Specification, the Safety Validation Plan including the test specification and test plan, the system configuration will be developed during the Basic Design phase and then IO list & terminal allocation, application software implementation, panel drawing will be developed during the detailed design.
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Smith, David C. "Laser safety glasses based on phase distortion." In Biomedical Optics 2003, edited by Bruce E. Stuck and Michael Belkin. SPIE, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.476617.

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Bie`th, Michel. "Non-Destructive Techniques in the Tacis and Phare Nuclear Safety Programmes." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22779.

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Decisions regarding the verification of design plant lifetime and potential license renewal periods involve a determination of the component and circuit condition. In Service Inspection of key reactor components becomes a crucial consideration for continued safe plant operation. The determination of the equipment properties by Non Destructive Techniques during periodic intervals is an important aspect of the assessment of fitness-for-service and safe operation of nuclear power plants The Tacis and Phare were established since 1991 by the European Union as support mechanisms through which projects could be identified and addressed satisfactorily. In Nuclear Safety, the countries mainly concerned are Russia, Ukraine, Armenia, and Kazakhstan for the Tacis programme, and Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovak Republic, Lithuania, Romania and Slovenia for the Phare programme. The Tacis and Phare programs concerning the Nuclear Power Plants consist of: • On Site Assistance and Operational Safety, • Design Safety, • Regulatory Authorities, • Waste management, and are focused on reactor safety issues, contributing to the improvement in the safety of East European reactors and providing technology and safety culture transfer. The main parts of these programmes are related to the On-Site Assistance and to the Design Safety of VVVER and RBMK Nuclear power plants where Non Destructive Techniques for In Service Inspection of the primary circuit components are addressed.
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Roberto, Marcello Augustus Ramos, and John Kennedy Candeira Andrade. "Safety into Design Phase – A New Approach to Enhance the Operational Safety." In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30725-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Phage safety"

1

Peacock, Richard D., and Emil Braun. Fire safety of passenger trains, phase I:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6132.

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Peacock, Richard D., Paul A. Reneke, Jason D. Averill, Richard W. Bukowski, and John H. Klote. Fire safety of passenger trains; phase II:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6525.

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Peacock, Richard D., Jason D. Averill, Daniel Madrzykowski, David W. Stroup, Paul A. Reneke, and Richard W. Bukowski. Fire safety of passenger trains; phase III :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6563.

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Holcomb, David, A. Qualls, Sara Thomas, Jim Jerden, Matthew Bucknor, David Luxat, and Nathan Andrews. Early Phase Molten Salt Reactor Safety Evaluation Considerations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1780774.

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Garvin, L. J. Canister storage building (CSB) safety analysis report phase 3: Safety analysis documentation supporting CSB construction. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/16912.

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Tarko, Andrew P., Mario Romero, Cristhian Lizarazo, and Paul Pineda. Statistical Analysis of Safety Improvements and Integration into Project Design Process. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317121.

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RoadHAT is a tool developed by the Center for Road Safety and implemented for the INDOT safety management practice to help identify both safety needs and relevant road improvements. This study has modified the tool to facilitate a quick and convenient comparison of various design alternatives in the preliminary design stage for scoping small and medium safety-improvement projects. The modified RoadHAT 4D incorporates a statistical estimation of the Crash Reduction Factors based on a before-and-after analysis of multiple treated and control sites with EB correction for the regression-to-mean effect. The new version also includes the updated Safety Performance Functions, revised average costs of crashes, and the comprehensive table of Crash Modification Factors—all updated to reflect current Indiana conditions. The documentation includes updated Guidelines for Roadway Safety Improvements. The improved tool will be implemented at a sequence of workshops for the final end users and preceded with a beta-testing phase involving a small group of INDOT engineers.
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SCHWEHR, B. A. B Plant surveillance and maintenance phase technical safety requirements. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/798110.

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Stefan, P., ed. Phase 2 safety analysis report: National Synchrotron Light Source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5843764.

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Allen, Thomas L., Kevin M. Eveker, Joshua A. Schwartz, Joseph W. Stahl, and Lisa C. Veitch. Assessment of Aviation Safety Concepts: Phase I - Fighter Aircraft. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada385250.

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Blumberg, L., ed. Superconducting x-ray lithography source Phase 1 (XLS) safety analysis report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6609783.

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