Journal articles: 'Phae display'

1

Wilson, Dan R., and B. Brett Finlay. "Phage display: applications, innovations, and issues in phage and host biology." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 4 (April 1, 1998): 313–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-015.

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In the 7 years since the first publications describing phage-displayed peptide libraries, phage display has been successfully employed in a variety of research. Innovations in vector design and methods to identify target clones account for much of this success. At the same time, not all ventures have been entirely successful and it appears that phage and host biology play important roles in this. A key issue concerns the role played by a displayed peptide or protein in its successful expression and incorporation into virions. While few studies have examined these issues specifically in context of phage display, the literature as a whole provides insight. Accordingly, we review phage biology, relevant aspects of host biology, and phage display applications with the goals of illustrating (i) relevant aspects of the interplay between phage-host biology and successful phage display and (ii) the limitations and considerable potential of this important technology.Key words: bacteriophage M13, phage display, pIII, pVIII, expression libraries.

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Popovych, O. M., I. M. Budzulyak, V. O. Kotsyubynsky, O. V. Popovych, B. I. Rachiy, R. V. Ilnytskyi, and L. S. Yablon. "Methods of obtaining nickel molybdates and composites of molybdate/carbon material for electrodes of hybrid supercapacitors (Review)." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 21, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 650–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.4.650-659.

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Nickel molybdate due to its electronic configuration, stable crystalline framework, oxidation-reduction behavior displays perfect physical and chemical properties and rather high electrical conductivity that altogether lets the material display high total capacity. The research work classified modern methods of obtaining nickel molybdates and composites with carbon material on their basis. We have analyzed the fundamental stages of hydrothermal, microwave synthesis, ultrasonic dispersion, mechano-chemical, sol-gel method, and chemical precipitation method. The influence of different synthesis conditions on phase structure, morphology, physical and electrochemical properties of material was displayed.

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Cress, Jeffrey D., Lawrence J. Hettinger, James A. Cunningham, Gary E. Riccio, Grant R. McMillan, and Michael W. Haas. "An Initial Evaluation of a Direct Vestibular Display in a Virtual Environment." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 40, no. 22 (October 1996): 1131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193129604002205.

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The US Air Force Armstrong Laboratory's Human Interface Technology Branch is currently investigating the development and potential application of direct vestibular displays. The Electrical Vestibular Stimulus (EVS) technology described in this paper uses electrodes located behind the ears to deliver a low-level electrical current in the area of the eighth cranial nerve of the central nervous system to produce a compelling sensation of roll motion about the body's fore-aft axis. In this study, subjects experienced the EVS display while simultaneously observing a large field-of-view visual roll display, and were asked to rate various aspects of quality and magnitude of self-motion. The two displays were driven in a sinusoidal fashion at various phase relationships relative to one another. Results revealed that the fidelity of the motion experience depended upon the phase relationship between the two displays. Results also indicated that when an appropriate phase relationship was used, the vestibular display significantly improved the fidelity of the motion experience when compared to a visual-only display.

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P. W. M. Tsang, P. W. M. Tsang, Y. T. Chow Y.-T. Chow, T. C. Poon T.-C. Poon, and and J. P. Liu and J.-P. Liu. "Generation and optical display of a binary-sampled phase-only hologram." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 1 (2016): 010004–10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.010004.

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Chikaev, A. N., A. P. Rudometov, Yu A. Merkulyeva, and L. I. Karpenko. "Phage display as a tool for identifying HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 25, no. 5 (September 10, 2021): 562–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj21.063.

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Combinatorial biology methods offer a good solution for targeting interactions of specific molecules by a high-throughput screening and are widely used for drug development, diagnostics, identification of novel monoclonal antibodies, search for linear peptide mimetics of discontinuous epitopes for the development of immunogens or vaccine components. Among all currently available techniques, phage display remains one of the most popular approaches. Despite being a fairly old method, phage display is still widely used for studying protein-protein, peptide-protein and DNA-protein interactions due to its relative simplicity and versatility. Phage display allows highly representative libraries of peptides, proteins or their fragments to be created. Each phage particle in a library displays peptides or proteins fused to its coat protein and simultaneously carries the DNA sequence encoding the displayed peptide/protein in its genome. The biopanning procedure allows isolation of specific clones for almost any target, and due to the physical link between the genotype and the phenotype of recombinant phage particles it is possible to determine the structure of selected molecules. Phage display technology continues to play an important role in HIV research. A major obstacle to the development of an effective HIV vaccine is an extensive genetic and antigenic variability of the virus. According to recent data, in order to provide protection against HIV infection, the so-called broadly neutralizing antibodies that are cross-reactive against multiple viral strains of HIV must be induced, which makes the identification of such antibodies a key area of HIV vaccinology. In this review, we discuss the use of phage display as a tool for identification of HIV-specific antibodies with broad neutralizing activity. We provide an outline of phage display technology, briefly describe the design of antibody phage libraries and the affinity selection procedure, and discuss the biology of HIV-1-specific broadly neutralizing antibodies. Finally, we summarize the studies aimed at identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies using various types of phage libraries.

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Smith, George P., and Valery A. Petrenko. "Phage Display." Chemical Reviews 97, no. 2 (April 1997): 391–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr960065d.

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Burton, Dennis R. "Phage display." Immunotechnology 1, no. 2 (August 1995): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1380-2933(95)00013-5.

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Brichta, J., M. Hnilova, and T. Viskovic. "generation of hapten-specific recombinant antibodies: antibody phage display technology: a review." Veterinární Medicína 50, No. 6 (March 28, 2012): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5620-vetmed.

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Production of antibodies has been revolutionized by the development of modern molecular biology methods for the expression of recombinant DNA. Phage display technology represents one of the most powerful tools for production and selection of recombinant antibodies and has been recognized as a valuable alternative way for the preparation of antibodies of a desired specificity. In comparison to poly- and monoclonal antibodies, recombinant antibodies using the phage display technology can be prepared faster, in more automatic process and with reduced consumption of laboratory animals. This review summarizes current trends of phage display technology with focus on the generation of hapten-specific recombinant antibodies and gives the examples of successful applications of phage display in the environmental analysis of low molecular weight compound.

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Feng Zhou, Feng Zhou, Qionghua Wang Qionghua Wang, Di Wu Di Wu, and Jianpeng Cui Jianpeng Cui. "Polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal display with slanted wall-shaped electrodes." Chinese Optics Letters 10, no. 2 (2012): 022301–22303. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.022301.

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Sui, Xiaomeng, Zehao He, Hao Zhang, Liangcai Cao, Daping Chu, and Guofan Jin. "Spatiotemporal double-phase hologram for complex-amplitude holographic displays." Chinese Optics Letters 18, no. 10 (2020): 100901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202018.100901.

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Siripanthong, Sitthinon, Anchalee Techasen, Chanin Nantasenamat, Aijaz Ahmad Malik, Paiboon Sithithaworn, Chanvit Leelayuwat, and Amonrat Jumnainsong. "Production and characterization of antibody against Opisthorchis viverrini via phage display and molecular simulation." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): e0248887. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248887.

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In this study, a key issue to be addressed is the safe disposal of hybridoma instability. Hybridoma technology was used to produce anti–O. viverrini monoclonal antibody. Previous studies have shown that antibody production via antibody phage display can sustain the hybridoma technique. This paper presents the utility of antibody phage display technology for producing the phage displayed KKU505 Fab fragment and using experiments in concomitant with molecular simulation for characterization. The phage displayed KKU505 Fab fragment and characterization were successfully carried out. The KKU505 hybridoma cell line producing anti–O. viverrini antibody predicted to bind to myosin was used to synthesize cDNA so as to amplify the heavy chain and the light chain sequences. The KKU505 displayed phage was constructed and characterized by a molecular modeling in which the KKU505 Fab fragment and -O. viverrini myosin head were docked computationally and it is assumed that the Fab fragment was specific to -O. viverrini on the basis of mass spectrometry and Western blot. This complex interaction was confirmed by molecular simulation. Furthermore, the KKU505 displayed phage was validated using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry. It is worthy to note that ELISA and immunohistochemistry results confirmed that the Fab fragment was specific to the -O. viverrini antigen. Results indicated that the approach presented herein can generate anti–O. viverrini antibody via the phage display technology. This study integrates the use of phage display technology together with molecular simulation for further development of monoclonal antibody production. Furthermore, the presented work has profound implications for antibody production, particularly by solving the problem of hybridoma stability issues.

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Gillespie, James W., Liping Yang, Laura Maria De Plano, Murray A. Stackhouse, and Valery A. Petrenko. "Evolution of a Landscape Phage Library in a Mouse Xenograft Model of Human Breast Cancer." Viruses 11, no. 11 (October 26, 2019): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11110988.

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Peptide-displayed phage libraries are billion-clone collections of diverse chimeric bacteriophage particles, decorated by genetically fused peptides built from a random combination of natural amino acids. Studying the molecular evolution of peptide-displayed libraries in mammalian model systems, using in vivo phage display techniques, can provide invaluable knowledge about the underlying physiology of the vasculature system, allow recognition of organ- and tissue-specific networks of protein–protein interactions, and provide ligands for targeted diagnostics and therapeutics. Recently, we discovered that landscape phage libraries, a specific type of multivalent peptide phage display library, expose on their surface comprehensive collections of elementary binding units (EBUs), which can form short linear motifs (SLiMs) that interact with functional domains of physiologically relevant proteins. Because of their unique structural and functional features, landscape phages can use an alternative mechanism of directed molecular evolution, i.e., combinatorial avidity selection. These discoveries fueled our interest in revisiting the in vivo evolution of phage displayed libraries using another format of display, i.e., landscape phages. In this study, we monitored the evolution of a landscape phage library in a mouse model with and without an implanted human breast cancer tumor xenograft. As expected, the multivalent architecture of landscape phage displayed proteins provided strong tissue selectivity and resulted in a huge diversity of tissue penetrating, chimeric phage particles. We identified several types of EBU interactions that evolved during the course of tissue distribution, which included interactions of EBUs with all tissue types, those EBUs that interacted selectively with specific organs or tissues with shared gene expression profiles or functionalities, and other EBUs that interacted in a tissue-selective manner. We demonstrated that landscape phage libraries are a rich collection of unique nanobioparticles that can be used to identify functional organ and tissue-binding elements after the evolution of a phage display library in vivo.

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Park, Min. "Surface Display Technology for Biosensor Applications: A Review." Sensors 20, no. 10 (May 13, 2020): 2775. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20102775.

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Surface display is a recombinant technology that expresses target proteins on cell membranes and can be applied to almost all types of biological entities from viruses to mammalian cells. This technique has been used for various biotechnical and biomedical applications such as drug screening, biocatalysts, library screening, quantitative assays, and biosensors. In this review, the use of surface display technology in biosensor applications is discussed. In detail, phage display, bacterial surface display of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and eukaryotic yeast cell surface display systems are presented. The review describes the advantages of surface display systems for biosensor applications and summarizes the applications of surface displays to biosensors.

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Wittrup, K. Dane. "Phage on display." Trends in Biotechnology 17, no. 11 (November 1999): 423–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-7799(99)01349-9.

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Ward, Robyn. "ANTIBODY PHAGE DISPLAY." Immunology & Cell Biology 80, no. 3 (June 2002): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1711.2002.01091.x.

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Huang, Jian, Ratmir Derda, and Yanxin Huang. "Phage Display Informatics." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2013 (2013): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/698395.

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Barbas, S. M., and C. F. Barbas. "Filamentous phage display." Fibrinolysis 8 (January 1994): 245–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0268-9499(94)90722-6.

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Nchinda, Godwin W., Nadia Al-Atoom, Mamie T. Coats, Jacqueline M. Cameron, and Alain B. Waffo. "Uniqueness of RNA Coliphage Qβ Display System in Directed Evolutionary Biotechnology." Viruses 13, no. 4 (March 27, 2021): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13040568.

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Phage display technology involves the surface genetic engineering of phages to expose desirable proteins or peptides whose gene sequences are packaged within phage genomes, thereby rendering direct linkage between genotype with phenotype feasible. This has resulted in phage display systems becoming invaluable components of directed evolutionary biotechnology. The M13 is a DNA phage display system which dominates this technology and usually involves selected proteins or peptides being displayed through surface engineering of its minor coat proteins. The displayed protein or peptide’s functionality is often highly reduced due to harsh treatment of M13 variants. Recently, we developed a novel phage display system using the coliphage Qβ as a nano-biotechnology platform. The coliphage Qβ is an RNA phage belonging to the family of Leviviridae, a long investigated virus. Qβ phages exist as a quasispecies and possess features making them comparatively more suitable and unique for directed evolutionary biotechnology. As a quasispecies, Qβ benefits from the promiscuity of its RNA dependent RNA polymerase replicase, which lacks proofreading activity, and thereby permits rapid variant generation, mutation, and adaptation. The minor coat protein of Qβ is the readthrough protein, A1. It shares the same initiation codon with the major coat protein and is produced each time the ribosome translates the UGA stop codon of the major coat protein with the of misincorporation of tryptophan. This misincorporation occurs at a low level (1/15). Per convention and definition, A1 is the target for display technology, as this minor coat protein does not play a role in initiating the life cycle of Qβ phage like the pIII of M13. The maturation protein A2 of Qβ initiates the life cycle by binding to the pilus of the F+ host bacteria. The extension of the A1 protein with a foreign peptide probe recognizes and binds to the target freely, while the A2 initiates the infection. This avoids any disturbance of the complex and the necessity for acidic elution and neutralization prior to infection. The combined use of both the A1 and A2 proteins of Qβ in this display system allows for novel bio-panning, in vitro maturation, and evolution. Additionally, methods for large library size construction have been improved with our directed evolutionary phage display system. This novel phage display technology allows 12 copies of a specific desired peptide to be displayed on the exterior surface of Qβ in uniform distribution at the corners of the phage icosahedron. Through the recently optimized subtractive bio-panning strategy, fusion probes containing up to 80 amino acids altogether with linkers, can be displayed for target selection. Thus, combined uniqueness of its genome, structure, and proteins make the Qβ phage a desirable suitable innovation applicable in affinity maturation and directed evolutionary biotechnology. The evolutionary adaptability of the Qβ phage display strategy is still in its infancy. However, it has the potential to evolve functional domains of the desirable proteins, glycoproteins, and lipoproteins, rendering them superior to their natural counterparts.

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Одиноков, С. Б., М. В. Шишова, А. Ю. Жердев, Д. С. Лушников, and В. В. Маркин. "Исследование механизма записи мультиплексных брэгговских дифракционных решеток с планарным вводом-выводом оптического излучения в стеклянных световодах." Оптика и спектроскопия 129, no. 4 (2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2021.04.50770.297-20.

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The article describes the recording of multiplex Bragg diffraction gratings for optical lightguide displays using an optical replication method with a phase mask. The lightguides in the experiment were made of photo-thermo-refractive glass. A photoresist relief-phase diffraction grating was used as a phase mask. Based on angle multiplexing, a compact augmented reality display was implemented.

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Otowski, W., and G. Lewińska. "Dielectric properties and molecular motions of liquid crystal molecules in 4-(2-methylbytyl)phenyl 4-(4-octylphenyl)benzoate liquid crystal having blue phase (CE8)." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 418–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0044.

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AbstractBlue phase liquid crystals exhibit unique properties which are used in the new type of display. A blue-phase liquid crystal display was first presented commercially by Samsung in 2007. The blue-phase-three-color pixel display eliminates the need for color filters. This type of display uses blue-phase multi-component liquid crystal. Considering the one-component systems, it turns out that they are stable only in a very narrow range of temperatures between the isotropic and the chiral nematic phase (about 1 K). In 2005, a wide temperature range BP multi-component system was reported by researchers from the University of Cambridge. There are still several unsolved problems left. One of them is chemical stability and reliability. Therefore, the knowledge of molecular dynamics of blue phase liquid crystal is a prerequisite for understanding of blue-phase multi-component system. Understanding the molecular dynamics of a single component liquid-crystalline blue phase system can facilitate the solution of these problems. We present the molecular dynamics investigation of 4-(2-methylbytyl)phenyl 4-(4-octylphenyl)benzoate (CE8), which may be a good candidate to form materials suitable for blue-phase liquid crystal displays.

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Qi, Huan, Mingliang Ma, Danyun Lai, and Sheng-ce Tao. "Phage display: an ideal platform for coupling protein to nucleic acid." Acta Biochimica et Biophysica Sinica 53, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abbs/gmab006.

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Abstract Display technology, especially phage display technology, has been widely applied in many fields. The theoretical core of display technology is the physical linkage between the protein/peptide on the surface of a phage and the coding DNA sequence inside the same phage. Starting from phage-displayed peptide/protein/antibody libraries and taking advantage of the ever-growing power of next-generation sequencing (NGS) for DNA sequencing/decoding, rich protein-related information can easily be obtained in a high-throughput way. Based on this information, many scientific and clinical questions can be readily addressed. In the past few years, aided by the development of NGS, droplet technology, and massive oligonucleotide synthesis, we have witnessed and continue to witness large advances of phage display technology, in both technology development and application. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss these recent advances.

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Dröge, Melloney J., Ykelien L. Boersma, Peter G. Braun, Robbert Jan Buining, Mattijs K. Julsing, Karin G. A. Selles, Jan Maarten van Dijl, and Wim J. Quax. "Phage Display of an Intracellular Carboxylesterase of Bacillus subtilis: Comparison of Sec and Tat Pathway Export Capabilities." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 7 (July 2006): 4589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02750-05.

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ABSTRACT Using the phage display technology, a protein can be displayed at the surface of bacteriophages as a fusion to one of the phage coat proteins. Here we describe development of this method for fusion of an intracellular carboxylesterase of Bacillus subtilis to the phage minor coat protein g3p. The carboxylesterase gene was cloned in the g3p-based phagemid pCANTAB 5E upstream of the sequence encoding phage g3p and downstream of a signal peptide-encoding sequence. The phage-bound carboxylesterase was correctly folded and fully enzymatically active, as determined from hydrolysis of the naproxen methyl ester with Km values of 0.15 mM and 0.22 mM for the soluble and phage-displayed carboxylesterases, respectively. The signal peptide directs the encoded fusion protein to the cell membrane of Escherichia coli, where phage particles are assembled. In this study, we assessed the effects of several signal peptides, both Sec dependent and Tat dependent, on the translocation of the carboxylesterase in order to optimize the phage display of this enzyme normally restricted to the cytoplasm. Functional display of Bacillus carboxylesterase NA could be achieved when Sec-dependent signal peptides were used. Although a Tat-dependent signal peptide could direct carboxylesterase translocation across the inner membrane of E. coli, proper assembly into phage particles did not seem to occur.

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Wen, Jianxin, and Kunpeng Yuan. "Phage Display Technology, Phage Display System, Antibody Library, Prospects and Challenges." Advances in Microbiology 11, no. 03 (2021): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2021.113013.

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Arza, Begoña, and Jordi Félez. "The Emerging Impact of Phage Display Technology in Thrombosis and Haemostasis." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 80, no. 09 (1998): 354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1615211.

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IntroducationThe phage display technology represents a powerful tool for protein and drug design because vast numbers of amino acid sequences can be rapidly explored. This review describes the origins of phage libraries, their evolution and more recent advances, including examples in the area of thrombosis and haemostasis, where the phage display approach has just begun to be used with great success.Phage display uses filamentous phages (E. coli specific phages with a filamentous shape that contain a single stranded closed circular molecule of DNA), such as M13 or fd, as vehicles for displaying foreign peptides or proteins on their surface. This is carried out by fusing the coding sequence (DNA) for the peptide or protein to the amino (N)-terminus of either full-length phage minor coat protein III (cpIII), or to phage major coat protein VIII (cpVIII), to carboxy (C)-terminal domain of cpIII or, more recently, by fusion to the C-terminus of full-length phage minor coat protein VI (cpVI) (Fig. 1). Expression of the fusion protein and its subsequent incorporation into the mature phage particle results in the foreign peptide or protein being presented on the phage surface. Thus, the linkage of each peptide or protein to its encoding genetic material [contained as part of the single-stranded viral DNA (1, 2)] represents a great advantage over conventional cloning methods.The phage display approach was first used by Smith in 1985 (3), who expressed a library of peptide sequences at the N-terminus of cpIII (3-5). This insertion allowed phage assembly and display of the peptide on the phage surface, without affecting the phage infectivity significantly. The linkage of genotype and phenotype in the phage library allowed facile isolation of clones of specific interest from pools of millions of clones by successive rounds of phage affinity selection on surfaces coated with a ligand (panning) followed by phage amplification by infecting male E. coli (Fig. 2).The foreign peptides or proteins were displayed, initially, on every copy of the coat protein, but only short peptides can be displayed in this way without altering the phage infectivity. Two systems have been developed to solve this problem. One incorporates a second native gene III or VIII in the phage genome giving a mixture of native and recombinant coat protein incorporation on the phage. The second system provides the recombinant cpIII, cpVIII or cpVI gene on a phagemid (a plasmid containing the origin of replication of filamentous phage). Phagemids can be packaged into phage particles by superinfection with a helper phage. The fusion protein is incorporated onto the surface coat, along with copies of the native coat protein encoded by the helper phage. The result is a mixture of wild-type helper phage and recombinant phagemid particles, but due to a defective origin of replication the helper phage is poorly packaged to provide minimal competition with the phagemids (6). Phages that display both native coat protein and fusion protein are infective. Therefore, the display systems can be either multivalent or monovalent. Multivalent systems make use of gene III phage constructs or gene VIII phage or phagemid constructs and give a high number of foreign domains displayed on their surface (7). Monovalent systems utilize gene III or gene VI phagemid constructs, which have a low number of foreign domains displayed on their surface, usually a single copy. Consequently, monovalent systems distinguish between low affinity and high affinity clones in panning assays (1, 8).

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Partha, Cok Gede Indra. "Design and Balancing Load Current in 3-Phase System Using Microcontroller ATMEGA 2560." International Journal of Engineering and Emerging Technology 2, no. 1 (September 23, 2017): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/ijeet.2017.v02.i01.p16.

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The design of balancing the load current on three-phase systems using a microcontroller ATMega 2560 is a tool that serves to reduce the power loss. Power loss due to the load current unbalance the current flows in the neutral phase on three-phase systems. Current flows in the neutral phase distribution transformer into a detriment to PT. PLN (Persero) for the power lost to the earth and can not be used by consumers. So that it will balanced the load current to reduce the value of neutral current. The tool is also equipped with a monitoring system that displays current magnitude of each phase including the neutral phase.The methods in making this tool is divided into two parts: first, the design of hardware consist of designing electronic components which are used by the current sensor circuits, relay, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) etc. Second, the design of software is a tool listing program procedure including the monitoring program displays the current of each phase on LCD using the Arduino IDE. SCT013-030 current sensor used, the output of the current sensor is connected to the pin ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) microcontroller ATMega 2560. Then microcontroller process the data and generate a current value displayed on the LCD. The other result of processing current value is a command to enable or disable the relay that connects three-phase resource with single-phase loads.The result of the test design of balancing load current on three-phase system using a microcontroller ATMega 2560 succeed balancing the load current by moving the channel load of sequence number load the smallest connected to the phase with the current biggest load toward a phase that has a load current smallest when neutral current exceeds the limit is permitted. In this situation, the neutral current will not be possible be zero. In fact, the maximum current value for the neutral phase for PT. PLN (Persero) 50 amperes calibrated to 1 ampere and is used as a limit on this prototype. If the neutral current on LCD monitor exceeds 1 ampere, then there will be balancing of the load current. The current sensor measurement results are displayed on a monitoring approach measurement result using pliers ampere.

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VÃ¯Â¿Â½lchez, Susana, Juliette Jacoby, and David J. Ellar. "Display of Biologically Functional Insecticidal Toxin on the Surface of λ Phage." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6587–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6587-6594.2004.

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ABSTRACT The successful use of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins to control agricultural pests could be undermined by the evolution of insect resistance. Under selection pressure in the laboratory, a number of insects have gained resistance to the toxins, and several cases of resistance in the diamondback moth have been reported from the field. The use of protein engineering to develop novel toxins active against resistant insects could offer a solution to this problem. The display of proteins on the surface of phages has been shown to be a powerful technology to search for proteins with new characteristics from combinatorial libraries. However, this potential of phage display to develop Cry toxins with new binding properties and new target specificities has hitherto not been realized because of the failure of displayed Cry toxins to bind their natural receptors. In this work we describe the construction of a display system in which the Cry1Ac toxin is fused to the amino terminus of the capsid protein D of bacteriophage lambda. The resultant phage was viable and infectious, and the displayed toxin interacted successfully with its natural receptor.

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Dmitrieva, Maria D., Anna A. Voitova, Maya A. Dymova, Vladimir A. Richter, and Elena V. Kuligina. "Tumor-Targeting Peptides Search Strategy for the Delivery of Therapeutic and Diagnostic Molecules to Tumor Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010314.

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Background: The combination of the unique properties of cancer cells makes it possible to find specific ligands that interact directly with the tumor, and to conduct targeted tumor therapy. Phage display is one of the most common methods for searching for specific ligands. Bacteriophages display peptides, and the peptides themselves can be used as targeting molecules for the delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Phage display can be performed both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it is possible to carry out the phage display on cells pre-enriched for a certain tumor marker, for example, CD44 and CD133. Methods: For this work we used several methods, such as phage display, sequencing, cell sorting, immunocytochemistry, phage titration. Results: We performed phage display using different screening systems (in vitro and in vivo), different phage libraries (Ph.D-7, Ph.D-12, Ph.D-C7C) on CD44+/CD133+ and without enrichment U-87 MG cells. The binding efficiency of bacteriophages displayed tumor-targeting peptides on U-87 MG cells was compared in vitro. We also conducted a comparative analysis in vivo of the specificity of the accumulation of selected bacteriophages in the tumor and in the control organs (liver, brain, kidney and lungs). Conclusions: The screening in vivo of linear phage peptide libraries for glioblastoma was the most effective strategy for obtaining tumor-targeting peptides providing targeted delivery of diagnostic and therapeutic agents to glioblastoma.

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Moreno, Ignacio, Claudio Iemmi, Andrés Márquez, Juan Campos, and María J. Yzuel. "Modulation light efficiency of diffractive lenses displayed in a restricted phase-mostly modulation display." Applied Optics 43, no. 34 (December 1, 2004): 6278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.43.006278.

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Rao, Kakuturu V. N., Yi-Xun He, and Ramaswamy Kalyanasundaram. "Expression of a 28-Kilodalton Glutathione S-Transferase Antigen of Schistosoma mansoni on the Surface of Filamentous Phages and Evaluation of Its Vaccine Potential." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 10, no. 4 (July 2003): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.10.4.536-541.2003.

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ABSTRACT A cloning and expression system that allows display of proteins on the surface of filamentous phages was exploited to display a 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase (Sm28GST) antigen of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni. The phage-displayed Sm28GST (pdGST) was immunoreactive and was recognized by immune sera, suggesting that the Sm28GST protein displayed on the surface of phages potentially maintains native conformation. Subsequent immunization studies showed that mice can develop high titers of antibodies against pdGST and do not require any additional adjuvant for immunization. Isotype analysis suggested that the pdGST immunization predominantly induced immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b), IgG3, and IgM anti-GST antibodies in mice. Furthermore, the pdGST immunization was found to confer about 30% protection after a challenge infection with 100 cercariae of S. mansoni in BALB/c mice. These findings suggest that phage display is a simple, efficient, and promising tool to express candidate vaccine antigens for immunization against infectious agents.

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Kościelska, K., L. Kiczak, M. Kasztura, O. Wesołowska, and J. Otlewski. "Phage display of proteins." Acta Biochimica Polonica 45, no. 3 (September 30, 1998): 705–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.1998_4210.

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In recent years the phage display approach has become an increasingly popular method in protein research. This method enables the presentation of large peptide and protein libraries on the surface of phage particles from which molecules of desired functional property(ies) can be rapidly selected. The great advantage of this method is a direct linkage between an observed phenotype and encapsulated genotype, which allows fast determination of selected sequences. The phage display approach is a powerful tool in generating highly potent biomolecules, including: search for specific antibodies, determining enzyme specificity, exploring protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, minimizing proteins, introducing new functions into different protein scaffolds, and searching sequence space of protein folding. In this article many examples are given to illustrate that this technique can be used in different fields of protein science. The phage display has a potential of the natural evolution and its possibilities are far beyond rational prediction. Assuming that we can design the selection agents and conditions we should be able to engineer any desired protein function or feature.

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Nybo, Kristie. "Phage display: Binding confirmation." BioTechniques 49, no. 5 (November 2010): 789–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000113537.

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Jacobsson, Karin, and Lars Frykberg. "Shotgun Phage Display Cloning." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 4, no. 2 (April 10, 2012): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207013331255.

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Kretzschmar, Titus, and Thomas von Rüden. "Antibody discovery: phage display." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 13, no. 6 (December 2002): 598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(02)00380-4.

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Dunn, Ian S. "Phase display of proteins." Current Opinion in Biotechnology 7, no. 5 (October 1996): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0958-1669(96)80060-7.

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SMITH, G. P., and V. A. PETRENKO. "ChemInform Abstract: Phage Display." ChemInform 28, no. 27 (August 3, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.199727302.

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Ladner, Robert Charles. "Phage display and pharmacogenomics." Pharmacogenomics 1, no. 2 (May 2000): 199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14622416.1.2.199.

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Sandman, Karen E., Jack S. Benner, and Christopher J. Noren. "Phage Display of Selenopeptides." Journal of the American Chemical Society 122, no. 5 (February 2000): 960–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja992462m.

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Zhou, Yi Hua, Hong Lin He, Jun Qian, Qian Luo, and Tao Lin Ma. "Study on the Spectral Distribution Property of PDLC Films Color Display." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 1105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.1105.

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PDLC films are very useful materials and can apply in flexible displays, intelligent switchable windows, information storage and adaptive optical devices. In this paper we focus on its color display characteristic in reflective display and firstly we fabricated PDLC films by polymerization induced phase separation method and measured its transmissivity and spectral reflection curves of the printing ink layer and PDLC covered color by X-Rite DTP41 Spectrophotometer. From the result, it demonstrates that PDLC films show different optical transmission properties in long and short wavelength.

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Neubrech, Frank, Xiaoyang Duan, and Na Liu. "Dynamic plasmonic color generation enabled by functional materials." Science Advances 6, no. 36 (September 2020): eabc2709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc2709.

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Displays are an indispensable medium to visually convey information in our daily life. Although conventional dye-based color displays have been rigorously advanced by world leading companies, critical issues still remain. For instance, color fading and wavelength-limited resolution restrict further developments. Plasmonic colors emerging from resonant interactions between light and metallic nanostructures can overcome these restrictions. With dynamic characteristics enabled by functional materials, dynamic plasmonic coloration may find a variety of applications in display technologies. In this review, we elucidate basic concepts for dynamic plasmonic color generation and highlight recent advances. In particular, we devote our review to a selection of dynamic controls endowed by functional materials, including magnesium, liquid crystals, electrochromic polymers, and phase change materials. We also discuss their performance in view of potential applications in current display technologies.

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Notoya, S., H. Takahashi, T. Okumura, and C. H. Nielsen. "Newly Automated EPMA with Phase Identification System." Microscopy and Microanalysis 7, S2 (August 2001): 980–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s143192760003097x.

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We have developed a new Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA), JXA-8100/8200, with improved basic capabilities such as X-ray intensities of wavelength dispersive spectrometers (WDS), imaging functions, automated functions and analysis software. Fig. 1 shows the appearance of JXA-8200, WD/ED combined microanalyzer. in this session, we report mainly on the improved imaging functions, automated functions and analysis software.The JXA-8100/8200 is the first EPMA in the world to feature 1280 x 1024 pixels high resolution live scanning image display. Regarding scanning image, two or four different signal live images, of course including X-ray images, can be displayed simultaneously. Further, image mixing is also possible to display. On the high resolution image, an operator can choose the probe position or the stage position by mouse clicking. The stage position can also be chosen on the optical microscope (OM) live image. Another new “Swing Mouse” function, which is the seamless movement of mouse pointer between the scanning image display and the computer display, has been developed.Advanced automated functions, such as autofocus, auto astigmatism and auto contrast brightness, are effective to optimize the scanning image.

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Chasteen, L., J. Ayriss, P. Pavlik, and A. R. M. Bradbury. "Eliminating helper phage from phage display." Nucleic Acids Research 34, no. 21 (November 6, 2006): e145-e145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkl772.

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VERHAERT, Raymond M. D., Jan VAN DUIN, and Wim J. QUAX. "Processing and functional display of the 86 kDa heterodimeric penicillin G acylase on the surface of phage fd." Biochemical Journal 342, no. 2 (August 24, 1999): 415–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3420415.

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The large heterodimeric penicillin G acylase from Alcaligenes faecalis was displayed on the surface of phage fd. We fused the coding sequence (α subunit-internal peptide-β subunit) to the gene of a phage coat protein. A modified g3p signal sequence was used to direct the polypeptide to the periplasm. Here we show that a heterodimeric enzyme can be expressed as a fusion protein that matures to an active biocatalyst connected to the coat protein of phage fd, resulting in a phage to which the β-subunit is covalently linked and the α-subunit is non-covalently attached. The enzyme can be displayed either fused to the minor coat protein g3p or fused to the major coat protein g8p. In both cases the penicillin G acylase on the phage has the same Michaelis constant as its freely soluble counterpart, indicating a proper folding and catalytic activity of the displayed enzyme. The display of the heterodimer on phage not only allows its further use in protein engineering but also offers the possibility of applying this technology for the excretion of the enzyme into the extracellular medium, facilitating purification of the protein. With the example of penicillin acylase the upper limit for a protein to become functionally displayed by phage fd has been further explored. Polyvalent display was not observed despite the use of genetic constructs designed for this aim. These results are discussed in relation to the pore size being formed by the g4p multimer.

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Lobel, Leslie I., John P. Morseman, Xiangfei Zeng, Joyce W. Lustbader, Hao Chen, and F. C. Thomas Allnutt. "Development of a Fluorescence Based High Throughput Assay for Antagonists of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor Extracellular Domain: Analysis of Peptide Inhibitors." Journal of Biomolecular Screening 6, no. 3 (June 2001): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/108705710100600305.

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A simple method for prompt fluorescent detection of inhibitors of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) binding to the extracellular domain of the human luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (hLHICG) receptor was developed for high throughput screening (HTS). Construction and analysis of a recombinant phage that displays the extracellular binding domain of the hLH/CG receptor on its surface and specifically binds hCG was previously described. To facilitate the identification of molecules that disrupt the interaction of hCG with its receptor, a method for prompt fluorescent detection of these phage bound to hCG was developed. This technique is extremely sensitive and employs fluorescent labels (PBXL dyes) that are derived from red and blue-green algae. Antibodies labeled with PBXL dye were able to specifically detect phage that display the extracellular domain of the hLH/CG receptor when bound to hCG immobilized in 96-well microplates. Decreases in fluorescence correlate with the concentration of exogenous hCG or hCG antagonists in the assay. This prompt fluorescence detection assay was optimized in a 96-well format as a model system for HTS applications that target the receptors for the group of hormones known as the gonadotropins. Low-affinity molecules that disrupt binding of the phage-displayed receptor extracellular domain to hCG can be rapidly identified in this high throughput screen.

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Ferreiro, Marcela, Azadé D. Petrosky, and Ariel L. Escobar. "Intracellular Ca2+ release underlies the development of phase 2 in mouse ventricular action potentials." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 302, no. 5 (March 1, 2012): H1160—H1172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00524.2011.

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The ventricular action potential (AP) is characterized by a fast depolarizing phase followed by a repolarization that displays a second upstroke known as phase 2. This phase is generally not present in mouse ventricular myocytes. Thus we performed colocalized electrophysiological and optical recordings of APs in Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts founding a noticeable phase 2. Ryanodine as well as nifedipine reduced phase 2. Our hypothesis is that a depolarizing current activated by Ca2+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) rather than the “electrogenicity” of the L-type Ca2+ current is crucial in the generation of mouse ventricular phase 2. When Na+ was partially replaced by Li+ in the extracellular perfusate or the organ was cooled down, phase 2 was reduced. These results suggest that the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger functioning in the forward mode is driving the depolarizing current that defines phase 2. Phase 2 appears to be an intrinsic characteristic of single isolated myocytes and not an emergent property of the tissue. As in whole heart experiments, ventricular myocytes impaled with microelectrodes displayed a large phase 2 that significantly increases when temperature was raised from 22 to 37°C. We conclude that mouse ventricular APs display a phase 2; however, changes in Ca2+ dynamics and thermodynamic parameters also diminish phase 2, mostly by impairing the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. In summary, these results provide important insights about the role of Ca2+ release in AP ventricular repolarization under physiological and pathological conditions.

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Arab, Atefeh, Rezvan Yazdian Robati, Jessica Nicastro, Roderick Slavcev, and Javad Behravan. "Phage-based Nanomedicines as New Immune Therapeutic Agents for Breast Cancer." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 11 (June 27, 2018): 1195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180327152117.

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Despite years of investigation, breast cancer remains a major cause of death worldwide. Phage display is a powerful molecular method in which peptide and protein libraries can be displayed via genetic fusions on the surface of phages. This approach has tremendous potential for biomedical applications and has already facilitated the discovery of specific antibodies, specific antigens, and peptides with potential roles in the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies including breast cancer. In this review, we discuss the new and the latest advancements in the applications of the phage display technique in the provision of immune therapeutics for breast cancer.

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Woo, Kevin. "Signal Competition in Dynamic Visual Environments: Relative Conspicuousness of Social Displays in the Jacky Dragon (Amphibolurus muricatus)." Animal Behavior and Cognition 8, no. 3 (August 3, 2021): 415–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26451/abc.08.03.07.2021.

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Selection for conspicuousness has been an important force on visual signal design. Although signal efficacy has been extensively studied in acoustic systems, few studies have examined this attribute in dynamic visual signals. Here, I simulated signal competition between Jacky lizards (Amphibolurus muricatus) by presenting the motor patterns (tail-flick, push-up body rock, and slow arm wave) in isolation that are typically used in social communication. Phase 1 used four digital video playback systems to present simultaneous animated display combinations on opposing monitors to a subject that was situated in the middle, and measured orientation towards the monitors and latency to respond. Phase 2 maintained the same set-up and simultaneous display combinations, but tested signal conspicuousness across three levels of visual noise (calm, typical, and windy) simulated by the movement of windblown vegetation in the background. The results suggest that the most conspicuous visual display is the tail-flick, followed by the push-up body rock, and the slow arm wave is the least conspicuous. Moreover, this relationship is robust across the full range of environmental wind conditions. No significant side biases in orientation to displays were detected, which suggested no lateralization in perceptual processes. Jacky lizard display motor patterns which address distinct functional requirements: the tail flick is an ideal alerting component, with high efficacy over a range of signaling conditions. The push-up body rock, which is used only in aggressive displays, has a more restricted range, and the submissive slow arm wave is likely designed to appease nearby dominant males.

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Wang, Yicun, Shuohui Gao, Jiayin Lv, Yang Lin, Li Zhou, and Liying Han. "Phage Display Technology and its Applications in Cancer Immunotherapy." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520618666181029140814.

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Background:Phage display is an effective technology for generation and selection targeting protein for a variety of purpose, which is based on a direct linkage between the displayed protein and the DNA sequence encoding it and utilized in selecting peptides, improving peptides affinity and indicating protein-protein interactions. Phage particles displaying peptide have the potential to apply in the identification of cell-specific targeting molecules, identification of cancer cell surface biomarkers, identification anti-cancer peptide, and the design of peptide-based anticancer therapy.Method/Results:Literature searches, reviews and assessments about Phage were performed in this review from PubMed and Medline databases.Conclusion:The phage display technology is an inexpensive method for expressing exogenous peptides, generating unique peptides that bind any given target and investigating protein-protein interactions. Due to the powerful ability to insert exogenous gene and display exogenous peptides on the surface, phages may represent a powerful peptide delivery system that can be utilized to develop rapid, efficient, safe and inexpensive cancer therapy methods.

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Fidopiastis, Cali, Christopher Fuhrman, Catherine Meyer, and Jannick Rolland. "Methodology for the Iterative Evaluation of Prototype Head-Mounted Displays in Virtual Environments: Visual Acuity Metrics." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 14, no. 5 (October 2005): 550–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474605774918697.

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Head-mounted display design is an iterative process. As such, a standardized user-centered assessment protocol of head-mounted performance during each phase of prototype development should be employed. In this paper, we first describe a methodology for assessing prototype head-mounted displays and virtual environments using visual performance metrics. We then present an application of the methodology using a prototype of a projection head-mounted display and the first module of our assessment: resolution visual acuity as a function of contrast. To evaluate the total system, we also used three different light levels and two different types of projection materials. Results from both studies indicate that the visual acuity metric resolution accurately identified reductions in user visual acuity caused by parameters of the projection display and those of the phase conjugate material. Results further support the need for benchmark metrics that allow comparison of prototype head-mounted performance through each stage of design.

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Betza, Scott M., Katherina A. Jurewicz, David M. Neyens, Sara L. Riggs, James H. Abernathy, and Scott T. Reeves. "Anesthesia Maintenance and Vigilance." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 608–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601139.

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Limited research has focused on vigilance during the maintenance phase of anesthesia work. The goal of this study was to identify anesthesia maintenance tasks and to identify the transitions between these tasks within the perspective of the vigilance paradigm. In this study, three bariatric surgeries were recorded and analyzed using a task categorization structure. Across the surgeries the primary anesthesia provider spent 71% of their time doing patient or display monitoring tasks. Task frequency and transition visualizations were generated to identify trends in the task switching. Transitions between the task categories occurred approximately once every nine seconds for the primary anesthesia provider. Additionally, it appears that regardless of the task, there was a high frequency of task transitions to looking at the visual displays and then from the visual displays towards the patient. The results of this study emphasize the importance of vigilance for anesthesia display design.

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Doeringer, Joseph A., and Neville Hogan. "Intermittency in Preplanned Elbow Movements Persists in the Absence of Visual Feedback." Journal of Neurophysiology 80, no. 4 (October 1, 1998): 1787–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1998.80.4.1787.

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Doeringer, Joseph A. and Neville Hogan. Intermittency in preplanned elbow movements persists in the absence of visual feedback. J. Neurophysiol. 80: 1787–1799, 1998. It has been observed for nearly 100 years that visually guided human movements appear to be composed of submovements, intermittently executed overlapping segments. This paper presents experiments to investigate the pervasiveness of movement intermittency and, in particular, whether it is exclusively due to visual feedback. With and without visual feedback, human subjects were asked to 1) move with constant velocity and 2) draw elliptical figures on a phase-plane display (showing velocity vs. position) that required cyclic movements at different frequencies. In both tasks, we found that removal of visual feedback did not significantly change movement intermittency. Subjects were unable to generate movements at constant speed. In addition, subjects moved less smoothly when drawing slower phase-plane ellipses. Furthermore, elliptical phase-plane figures were not always drawn at the frequency suggested by the center of the display. Instead, subjects moved more slowly than the tall (fast) ellipse displays suggested, and faster than the wide (slow) displays suggested. These results show that 1) movement intermittency is not exclusively due to visual feedback and 2) may in fact be a fundamental feature of movement behavior.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Phae display'

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