Relevant bibliographies by topics / Petroleum system model

Academic literature on the topic 'Petroleum system model'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Petroleum system model"

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Ghallab, Senan A., Nagwa L. Badr, Abdel Badeeh Salem, and M. F. Tolba. "Strictness Petroleum Prediction System Based on Fuzzy Model." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 5, no. 4 (October 2014): 44–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2014100104.

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Petroleum exploration and production is an industry that provides researchers with multi-variant challenging “real world” properties. Recently, some petroleum soft computing techniques have gained a greater interest in prediction within the oil industry. This paper is interested in the analysis, classifying, mining and predictions, based on fuzzy as an intelligent system and an intelligent system called the Strictness Petroleum Prediction System (SPPS), predicted results and statues of crude oil wells and they are compared with other measurement petroleum values. The evaluation study applies test cases, regression models and time series forecasting of vague petroleum datasets to achieve more accurate results. A regression model was made to show the effect of re-testing the prediction processes of petroleum factors. Prediction in time series using a non-parametric functional technique is considered, based on data which was collected from different sources (Daqing oilfield in China and distinct oilfields in Yemen).
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Garreto, Maria, Gaspar Gonzalez, Antonio Ramos, and Elizabete Lucas. "Looking for a Model Solvent to Disperse Asphaltenes." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 4, no. 4 (December 15, 2010): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht04.04.317.

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Petroleum could be seen as a system of asphaltenes dispersed in other petroleum components. The petroleum components excluding the asphaltenes are referred to in this paper as Petroleum Medium that Disperses the Asphaltenes – PMDA). This paper proposes a methodology to determine solubility parameter of the PMDA by identifying a model solvent which, when added to the petroleum, does not affect the asphaltenes phase behavior. In order to achieve such objective the asphaltenes precipitation onset (PO) of the petroleum was determined, followed by the identification of a solvent mixture which, when added to the petroleum, does not change the PO. The solubility parameter () of the PMDA was assumed equal to the solubility parameter of the identified solvent mixture.
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Duangnate, Kannika, and James W. Mjelde. "The Role of Pre-Commitments and Engle Curves in Thailand’s Aggregate Energy Demand System." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041578.

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In the present paper, an investigation into Thailand’s energy demand is performed to determine if: (1) a linear or nonlinear Engel curve better explains the relationship between income and energy consumption, and (2) systems with pre-commitments better model energy consumptions. Four demand systems are estimated: an almost ideal demand system (AIDS), the quadratic almost ideal demand system (QAIDS), generalized almost ideal demand system (GAIDS), and the generalized quadratic almost ideal demand system (GQAIDS). Elasticities are calculated for policy implications. The empirical results suggest that models considering pre-commitments and nonlinear Engel curves may be slightly more appropriate for Thailand’s energy system, from both statistic and economic standpoints. Statistical inferences appear to favor the GQAIDS model based on the encompassing results. Economic reasonability also appears to favor the GQAIDS model, in particular, petroleum products, as it provides results consistent with the notions of precommitments and fuel substitutability found in previous studies. Most of the previous studies in various forms have shown that the demand for petroleum products is relatively inelastic to price in Thailand. The current study, however, finds that own-price elasticities of uncompensated demand for petroleum products are almost unitary, which is relatively more elastic than most of the previous studies. As such, further studies are required and the price-based policy on petroleum products targeting the reduction in petroleum product dependence must be implemented with caution.
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Hamzeh, Mohamad, and Farid Karimipour. "An ABC-optimized fuzzy ELECTRE approach for assessing petroleum potential at the petroleum system level." Open Geosciences 12, no. 1 (August 6, 2020): 580–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2020-0159.

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AbstractAn inevitable aspect of modern petroleum exploration is the simultaneous consideration of large, complex, and disparate spatial data sets. In this context, the present article proposes the optimized fuzzy ELECTRE (OFE) approach based on combining the artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization algorithm, fuzzy logic, and an outranking method to assess petroleum potential at the petroleum system level in a spatial framework using experts’ knowledge and the information available in the discovered petroleum accumulations simultaneously. It uses the characteristics of the essential elements of a petroleum system as key criteria. To demonstrate the approach, a case study was conducted on the Red River petroleum system of the Williston Basin. Having completed the assorted preprocessing steps, eight spatial data sets associated with the criteria were integrated using the OFE to produce a map that makes it possible to delineate the areas with the highest petroleum potential and the lowest risk for further exploratory investigations. The success and prediction rate curves were used to measure the performance of the model. Both success and prediction accuracies lie in the range of 80–90%, indicating an excellent model performance. Considering the five-class petroleum potential, the proposed approach outperforms the spatial models used in the previous studies. In addition, comparing the results of the FE and OFE indicated that the optimization of the weights by the ABC algorithm has improved accuracy by approximately 15%, namely, a relatively higher success rate and lower risk in petroleum exploration.
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Egede, Hephzibah. "AFRICAN ‘SOCIAL ORDERING’ GRUNDNORMS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AFRICAN LEX PETROLEA?" Denning Law Journal 28 (November 15, 2016): 138–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v28i0.1273.

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This article interrogates the constitutional relevance of African social ordering rules in petroleum governance in Sub-Saharan African petroleum producing states. At the apex of the hierarchized African legal system is the national constitution which contains the basic norm or grundnorm derived from Western received law. Yet some African scholars have described African social ordering norms as grundnorms. This goes contrary to the conventional positivist position that “a legal system cannot be founded on two conflicting grundnorms.” This article will consider whether African social ordering norms have attained the level of a grundnorm as expounded in Kelsen’s pure theory. Utilising the Ekeh’s “two publics” model, it investigates how the basic norm for African social ordering grundnorms is presupposed.The article considers whether there is a conflict between the domanial system of state ownership as approved by African national constitutions and indigenous African social ordering norms premised on communitarianism. The article presents for analysis the recent study undertaken by African Petroleum Producers Association (APPA). This study considers whether it is possible to standardise the rules of petroleum contractual governance in Africa. This has led to some discussion on whether the standardisation of these rules could lead to the development of an African Lex Petrolea. This article explores the role that African social ordering norms can play in the development of a continent-wide Lex Petrolea.
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Arab Amiri, Mohammad, Mohammad Karimi, and Abbas Alimohammadi Sarab. "Hydrocarbon resources potential mapping using evidential belief functions and frequency ratio approaches, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 52, no. 3 (March 2015): 182–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0193.

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The purpose of the present study is to model the hydrocarbon resources potential mapping using geographic information systems (GIS). The presented method is based on petroleum system concepts; therefore, petroleum system elements were used to define criteria for petroleum potential mapping. Several statistical methods can be used to effectively predict potential areas for hydrocarbon resources. In this study, two statistical methods were used (frequency ratio and evidential belief functions) to predict the potential distribution of petroleum resources in the study area. A case study in the Red River – Red River petroleum system of the Canadian Williston Basin in southeastern Saskatchewan in Canada is proposed to assess the feasibility of this new modelling technique. The accuracy of the hydrocarbon potential maps was evaluated by success rate and prediction rate efficiency curves. The resultant petroleum potential maps resulted in delineation of high-potential zones occupying about 15% of the study area. The validation results showed that the prediction rate for the best model is 88.14%. This study was carried out at a regional scale; therefore, the results can be used to guide exploration works at early stages.
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Abu-Ali, Mahdi A., Jean-Luc L. Rudkiewicz, Jim G. McGillivray, and Françoise Behar. "Paleozoic Petroleum System of Central Saudi Arabia." GeoArabia 4, no. 3 (July 1, 1999): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/geoarabia0403321.

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ABSTRACT An integrated geochemical model was developed to reconstruct the history of expulsion, migration and entrapment of Paleozoic oil and gas in the main regional Permian Unayzah Sandstone Reservoir in Central Saudi Arabia. The model indicates that by the Late Jurassic, approximately 140 million years ago (Ma), the principal Paleozoic source rock, the Lower Silurian Qusaiba “hot” shale, was mature in the deepest hydrocarbon “kitchens”. Hydrocarbon expulsion started during the Aptian and Albian (late Early to early Middle Cretaceous, 100 to 120 Ma). Expulsion of oil and gas is linked to three geochemical events. Primary kerogen cracking led to a first episode of expulsion about 120 Ma. Secondary heavy component and oil cracking resulted in a second episode of expulsion at approximately 100 Ma. Between 20 to 10 Ma, later uplift, and the resulting pressure drop in the source rock, led to a third expulsion phase. The first two expulsion episodes were gradual, whereas the third was more rapid and related to uplift of the Arabian Arch, opening of the Red Sea and the Zagros Orogeny during the Miocene. Expulsion of oil nearly terminated after the Late Cretaceous, while gas continued to be expelled, though at a lower rate, in the Tertiary. Peak gas expulsion occurred post Early Eocene with significant gas generation from secondary cracking of oil retained in the source rock. Gas was sourced either directly from kerogen, or from secondary cracking of heavy absorbed components or non-migrated oils. The expulsion of gas coincides with oil expulsion for the first two episodes because the gas and oil formed as a single phase. As a result of Tertiary Uplift, gas separated from the oil and re-migrated in the final episode (20 to 10 Ma).
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Gao, Cui Juan, and Da Peng Li. "Fuzzy Comprehensive Assessment on Environmental Impact of Petroleum Project." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 734–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.734.

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The fuzzy comprehensive assessment method has proven effective in increasing the understanding of complex systems, including environmental systems. A fuzzy comprehensive assessment model of environmental impact of petroleum project is presented. The model utilizes factor set to represent environmental impact factors and evaluation set to environmental impact level. And it constructs the evaluation index system based on "pressure-state-response" model, and selects advantage indicators using the analysis hierarchy process, and determines the grading standard of environmental impact level. The results produced by this model reveal the degree of environmental impact caused by petroleum project.
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OvueleloloOkorodudu, Franklin, Philip OgheneogagaOkorodudu, and Ekerikevwe Kennedy Irikefe. "A MODEL OF PETROLEUM PIPELINE SPILLAGE DETECTION SYSTEM FOR USE IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION OF NIGERIA." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 12 (December 31, 2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i12.2016.2385.

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In recent times, petroleum pipeline vandalism resulting into spillage has become a significant challenge in Nigeria. Citizens are regularly inundated with reported cases of vandalism which often lead to spillage and a drastic reduction in government’s revenue as is currently the case in Nigeria. This paper focuses on the design of petroleum pipeline spillage detection system. The design consists of the power supply unit, the comparator unit, the microcontroller unit, the switching unit, the transceiver unit and the base station. Simulation of the various units was done individually using the procedural programming application Proteus 8. Most of the components used were according to design specifications from data book with alternatives used in cases where they are unavailable. Wiring sensors which provided continuous electrical paths to break the signal path and trigger an alarm at the base station were used The design was done in units and were tested individually and the whole system was tested to perform the required task of detecting petroleum spillage and alerting the control room for action. It is found that the designed system had the advantage of responding to intrusion and vandalism better than existing systems.
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Correa-García, Sara, Pranav Pande, Armand Séguin, Marc St-Arnaud, and Etienne Yergeau. "Rhizoremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons: a model system for plant microbiome manipulation." Microbial Biotechnology 11, no. 5 (July 31, 2018): 819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1751-7915.13303.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Petroleum system model"

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Brockwell, Erik. "State and industrial actions to influence consumer behavior." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-93334.

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This thesis consists of an introductory part and three papers. Paper [I] examines how taxes affect consumption of commodities that are detrimental to health and the environment. Specifically, this paper examines if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change, which is referred to as the signaling effect from taxation. The analysis uses aggregated cross-sectional time series data and information on major legislation introductions in Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom from 1970 to 2009. We find the main result to be that the signaling effect is significant for “Electricity” in Sweden and Denmark and significant for “Electricity” and “Petrol” in the United Kingdom. Paper [II] examines how sin taxation changes long-term consumer behavior regarding commodities which are deemed harmful for both health and the environment. These include tobacco, alcoholic beverages, sugar and confectionary, household energy, and motor fuel. Specifically, we examine the signaling effect from taxation which is seen if a tax increase leads to a significantly larger change in consumption than a producer price change. The empirical analysis is conducted by a US panel data study, during the period 1988-2012 for the four US census regions, using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). We find the main result to be that the signaling effect from taxation is significant for tobacco as well as for electricity and motor fuel.    Paper [III] examines state and industry responses on consumption of cigarettes and petroleum in the United States from 1998-2012. Upon facing consumption choices, the consumer faces two competing sets of messages, one from the government and another from the industry. The objective of the state is to steer consumption in the right direction due to the harmful effects from consumption and asymmetric information among consumers. This is done mainly via taxation and state media expenditures. The industry, on the other hand, seeks to incentivize the public to ignore or reject state research and signals as well as maximizing net economic returns. This is mainly done via industry media and lobbying expenditures. We find that the main results indicate, for cigarettes, industrial media and lobbying expenditure is statistically significant on consumption. For petroleum, we find that producer prices, state media expenditure, and industrial lobbying expenditure are statistically significant on consumption.
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Lin, Jijun Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Exploring flexible strategies in engineering systems using screening models : applications to offshore petroleum projects." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/55173.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, February 2009.
"December 2008." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 290-297).
Engineering Systems, such as offshore petroleum exploration and production systems, generally require a significant amount of capital investment under various technical and market uncertainties. Choosing appropriate designs and field development strategies is a very challenging task for decision makers because they need to integrate information from multiple disciplines to make decisions while the various uncertainties are still evolving. Traditional engineering practice often focuses on finding "the optimal" solution under deterministic assumptions very early in the conceptual study phase, which leaves a large amount of opportunity unexploited, particularly the value of flexible strategies. This thesis proposes a new approach to tackle this issue - exploring flexible strategies using midfidelity screening models. The screening models interconnect and model physical systems, project development, and economics quantitatively at the mid-fidelity level, which allows decision-makers to explore different strategies with significantly less computational effort compared to high fidelity models. The screening models are at a level of detail that gives reliable rank orders of different strategies under realistic assumptions. Flexibilities are identified and classified at strategic, tactical, and operational levels over a system's lifecycle. Intelligent decision rules will then exercise flexible strategies as uncertainties unfold. This approach can be applied as a "front-end" strategic tool to conduct virtual experiments. This helps identify good strategies from a large number of possibilities and then discipline-based tools can be used for detailed engineering design and economics evaluation.
(cont.) The present study implemented the use of such screening models for petroleum exploration and production projects. Through two simulation case studies, this thesis illustrates that flexible strategies can significantly improve a project's Expected Net Present Value (ENPV), mitigate downside risks, and capture upside opportunities. As shown in the flexible tieback oilfield development case study, the simulations predicted a 82% improvement of ENPV by enabling architectural and operational flexibility. The distributions of outcomes for different strategies are shown in terms of Value-at-Risk-Gain curves. This thesis develops and demonstrates a generic four-step process and a simulation framework for screening flexible strategies with multi-domain uncertainty for capital-intensive engineering systems.
by Jijun Lin.
Ph.D.
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Fox, David. "Dynamic demand modelling and pricing decision support systems for petroleum." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/dynamic-demand-modelling-and-pricing-decision-support-systems-for-petroleum(2ce6efed-a7eb-4d10-b325-4d4590ba57ad).html.

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Pricing decision support systems have been developed in order to help retail companies optimise the prices they set when selling their goods and services. This research aims to enhance the essential forecasting and optimisation techniques that underlie these systems. This is first done by applying the method of Dynamic Linear Models in order to provide sales forecasts of a higher accuracy compared with current methods. Secondly, the method of Support Vector Regression is used to forecast future competitor prices. This new technique aims to produce forecasts of greater accuracy compared with the assumption currentlyused in pricing decision support systems that each competitor's price will simply remain unchanged. Thirdly, when competitor prices aren't forecasted, a new pricing optimisation technique is presented which provides the highest guaranteed profit. Existing pricing decision support systems optimise price assuming that competitor prices will remain unchanged but this optimisation can't be trusted since competitor prices are never actually forecasted. Finally, when competitor prices are forecasted, an exhaustive search of a game-tree is presented as a new way to optimise a retailer's price. This optimisation incorporates future competitor price moves, something which is vital when analysing the success of a pricing strategy but is absent from current pricing decision support systems. Each approach is applied to the forecasting and optimisation of daily retail vehicle fuel pricing using real commercial data, showing the improved results in each case.
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Okuchaba, Boma Jeremiah. "Development of a model to calculate mechanical specific energy for air hammer drilling systems." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2804.

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Gilberthorpe, Emma Louise. "The Fasu, Papua New Guinea : analysing modes of adaptation through cosmological systems in a context of petroleum extraction /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17527.pdf.

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Silva, Fabiane Domenech. "Mapeamento sísmico de intrusões ígneas na bacia do Amazonas e suas implicações para um modelo não-convencional de geração de hidrocarbonetos." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=4606.

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A maioria das bacias paleozóicas brasileiras apresenta matéria orgânica termicamente pouco evoluída nos intervalos correspondentes ao Devoniano. O modelo mais adequado para se entender a geração, migração e acumulação de HC estaria relacionado às fases de intrusão de diabásio. No caso da Bacia do Amazonas, embora tenha havido condições de soterramento suficientes para a geração de hidrocarbonetos, não se deve descartar o modelo não convencional de geração como uma das formas possíveis de dar origem as acumulações comerciais de óleo e gás. Acredita-se que o intervalo mais apropriado para a geração de hidrocarbonetos (HC) inclua apenas as rochas depositadas no intervalo Frasniano, embora as rochas associadas ao intervalo Llandoveriano, também, devam ser observadas com atenção. Com o intuito de compreender melhor o papel da atividade magmática na evolução da Bacia do Amazonas, foi realizado o mapeamento sísmico de soleiras de diabásio e análise de dados geoquímicos de pirólise Rock-Eval e COT. Assim, foi possível avaliar a geração/migração de hidrocarbonetos e a variação dos parâmetros geotérmicos na Bacia do Amazonas, causados pela intrusão das soleiras de diabásio. A análise sismoestratigráfica baseou-se na interpretação de 20 linhas sísmicas 2D pós-stack, na qual foram reconhecidos e mapeados horizontes sísmicos (topos de formações e corpos ígneos intrusivos), utilizando dados de poços e dados da literatura para correlação. As intrusões de soleiras estão presentes nas sucessões de folhelhos/siltitos e anidritas das formações Andirá e Nova Olinda, respectivamente. Observou-se que as soleiras de diabásio podem estar intimamente relacionadas a diques sistematicamente orientados, tendo estes diques a função de alimentadores das soleiras. Extensas soleiras planares com segmentos transgressivos ocorrem nos níveis estratigráficos mais rasos da Bacia do Amazonas, e em maiores volumes nas formações Andirá e Nova Olinda. Em algumas regiões as soleiras desenvolvem morfologias marcantes em forma de pires. Esses corpos possuem espessuras que podem chegar a 500m. Comumente, a geometria em lençol denotada pelo paralelismo dos refletores está presente em toda extensão do mapeamento da bacia. Também foram observadas estruturas em domo. O efeito térmico imposto pelas intrusões dos corpos ígneos, diques e soleiras foi de grande importância, pois sem ele não haveria calor para a transformação da matéria orgânica. Através da análise de pirólise Rock-Eval e teor de carbono orgânico, foi possível avaliar e correlacionar os parâmetros como S2 (potencial de geração), IH (índice de hidrogênio), S1 (hidrocarbonetos livres) e Tmax (evolução térmica) com a profundidade. Foram utilizados dados de 04 poços na qual dois deles foram compilados a partir de artigos e teses publicados. As rochas potencialmente geradoras de petróleo são aquelas que apresentam COT igual ou superior a 1%. Dos quatro poços analisados, dois deles apresentam COT > 1% para a Formação Barreirinhas, mostrando que as rochas sedimentares são potencialmente geradoras de HC. Altos valores Tmax podem ser justificados pelo efeito térmico causado por intrusões de diabásio. Os resultados de índice de hidrogênio (IH) apresentaram valores abaixo de 200mgHC/g COT, indicando o potencial gerador desta bacia para gás.
Most Brazilian Paleozoic basins have low thermally evolved organic matter in the intervals corresponding to the Devonian. The most appropriate model for understanding the generation, migration and accumulation of HC is related to the phases of diabase intrusion. In the case of the Amazon Basin, although there has been sufficient burial conditions for hydrocarbon generation, the non conventional forms of generation should not be discharged as the one that could lead to commercial accumulations of oil and gas. It is believed that the most suitable range for the generation of hydrocarbons (HC) include only rocks deposited in the Frasniano, although rocks associated with the Llandoveriano interval also should be carefully observed. In order to better understand the role of magmatic activity in the evolution of Amazon Basin, seismic mapping of diabase sills was carried out and geochemical analysis of Rock-Eval pyrolysis and TOC. Thus it was possible to evaluate the generation/migration of hydrocarbon and variation of geothermal parameters in Amazon Basin, caused by the intrusion of diabase sills. Seismic stratigraphy analysis was based on interpretation of 20 2D post-stack seismic lines, in which were recognized and mapped seismic horizons (tops of formations and intrusive igneous bodies), using well data and literature data for correlation. Intrusion of sills are present in the successions of shales/siltstones and anidritas from Andirá and Nova Olinda formations, respectively. It was observed that diabase sills can be intimately linked to oriented dykes, which work as their feeders. These extensive planar sills with transgressive segments occur in shallower stratigraphic levels of the Amazon Basin, and in larger volumes in Nova Olinda and Andirá formations. In some regions sills develop saucer-type morphologies. These bodies can reach up to 500m of thickness. Commonly, the sheet geometry denoted by the parallelism of the reflectors is present on mapping all along the basin. Dome structures were also observed. The thermal effect imposed by the igneous intrusions (dykes and sills) was very important, as without it there would be no heat for the transformation of organic matter. Through the analysis of Rock-Eval pyrolysis and organic carbon content, it was possible to evaluate and correlate the parameters as S2 (potential generation), HI (hydrogen index), S1 (free hydrocarbons) and Tmax (thermal evolution) with depth. Data were collected from 04 wells in which two of them were compiled from published articles and theses. The potential source rocks are usually those that have TOC of not less than 1%. Of the four wells analyzed, two of them had TOC> 1% for Barreirinhas Formation, showing that sedimentary rocks are potentially generating HC. High Tmax values can be justified by the thermal effect caused by diabase intrusions. The results of hydrogen index (HI) had values below 200mgHC / g TOC, indicating this basins high gas generation potential.
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Palli, Amar D. "Heteroatom removal from nonaqueous systems by sorption processes a comparative study of kinetic models." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179950186.

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Loutfi, Ivan Soares. "Caracterização geológica da ocorrência de óleo na Formação Rio Bonito associada a um modelo não convencional de geração." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2534.

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O trabalho teve como escopo a caracterização geológica, em termos estruturais e estratigráficos, do sistema petrolífero responsável pela ocorrência de óleos encontrados na Formação Rio Bonito, na região carbonífera de Santa Catarina. Atualmente, especula-se que a assinatura geoquímica destes óleos relaciona-se à Formação Irati associado a um modelo não convencional de geração, vinculando a maturação térmica à intrusão de diabásio, devido a um soterramento insuficiente da rocha geradora. Como a Formação Irati encontra-se posicionada estratigraficamente acima da Formação Rio Bonito, o sistema está associado a um forte controle estrutural para o modelo de migração. A preparação de um mapa geológico integrado para a área de estudo envolvendo dados geológicos de campo, dados aeromagnetométricos e informações de furos de sondagem permitiu um entendimento mais aprofundado do arcabouço tectônico-estratigráfico da região. Seções geológicas mostraram a presença de falhas de grandes rejeitos que promoveram um sistema de Horsts e Grabens relacionados às NE-SW e secundariamente a falhas E-W, que permitiram a colocação da Formação Irati em contato lateral ou em um posicionamento abaixo da Formação Rio Bonito. A partir das seções cronoestratigráficas elaboradas foi possível reconhecer prováveis selos, trapas estratigráficos e estruturais, associados ao sistema petrolífero Irati-Rio Bonito. A análise geoquímica (isótopos e biomarcadores) dos óleos coletados na Formação Rio Bonito apontaram que os mesmos estão associadas aos folhelhos do Membro Assistência da Formação Irati, por possuírem uma razão pristano/fitano menor que 1, gamacerano, e a presença de isoprenóides pentametileicosano (i-25) e esqualano (i-30). A partir de análises geoquímicas realizadas em extratos orgânicos extraídos de folhelhos da Formação Irati intrudidos por diabásio, obteve-se valores da relação entre biomarcadores correspondentes e valores de Ro que indicam que foi alcançado o pico de geração de óleo. Contudo, não há registro na área de estudo de um soterramento suficiente que favorecesse essa situação, levando-nos, assim, a acreditar em um modelo de geração não convencional, por meio da intrusão de diabásio nas rochas geradoras. O arcabouço estrutural e os óleos estudados na região sugerem um processo migratório de sudoeste para o nordeste, ao longo de um sistema de falhas NE-SW, encontradas na região, que foram geradas anteriormente ou concomitantemente ao derrame basáltico associado à Formação Serra Geral.
The work aims at the geological characterization of the structural and stratigraphic system responsible for the petroleum oils that occurs in Rio Bonito Formation, in the coalfield of Santa Catarina. Currently, it has been speculated that the geochemical signature of this oil is related to the Irati Formation associated with an unconventional model generation, by the thermal maturation of diabase intrusion, due to source rock insufficient burial. As the Irati is stratigraphically positioned above the Rio Bonito, the system is associated to a strong structural control for the migration model. The preparation of a geological map for the area that includes the geological field data, airborne magnetic data and drillhole information has enabled to a deep understanding of tectonic-stratigraphic region. Geological cross-sections showed the presence of faults that caused a system of grabens and horsts related to NE-SW faults and secondarily E-W that may have positioned the Irati Formation sidewise or below the Rio Bonito Formation. Cronostratigraphic sections made it possible to recognize seals, structural and stratigraphic traps associated with the petroleum system Irati-Rio Bonito. The geochemical analysis of the oil (isotopes and biomarkers) collected at the Rio Bonito Formation, indicated that they are associated with the Assistência Member shales (Irati Formation), by having the ratio pristane / phytane lower than 1, gammacerane, and the presence of isoprenoid pentametileicosano (i -25) and squalane (i-30). Geochemical analysis on organic extracts taken from Irati shales intruded by diabase, revealed Ro values that indicated peak oil generation was reached. However, there are no records in the study area about a sufficient burial favoring this situation, leading us, in this case, to believe in an unconventional generation model through the diabase intrusion in the source rocks. The structural and oil studied in the region suggest the existence of a migratory process from southwest to northeast along the NE-SW fault system that was generated previously the basalt floods associated with the Serra Geral Formation.
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Cunha, Leandro Dias. "Vibração induzida por vórtices: análise crítica de modelos fenomenológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3132/tde-11012006-165745/.

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O presente trabalho analisa criticamente um conjunto de resultados sobre a fundamentação, simulação e aplicabilidade de alguns modelos fenomenológicos para Vibração Induzida por Vórtices, ou VIV. São estudados os modelos de Hartlen&Currie, 1970, de Iwan&Blevins, 1975, e de Facchinetti&de Langre&Biolley, 2004. O estudo foi desenvolvido com os propósitos: fundamentar, com base em resultados teóricos e experimentais existente na literatura, a representatividade do fenômeno de VIV através desta classe de modelos; obter resultados da simulação numérica destes modelos para posterior confrontação com dados experimentais disponíveis na literatura; discutir a possibilidade de aplicação destes modelos na prática da engenharia. A fundamentação dos modelos fenomenológicos é obtida do trabalho de Aranha, 2004, que conclui pela possibilidade teórica de representar os fenômeno de VIV através de um conjunto de equações diferenciais simplificadas. Este fato traz embasamento aos modelos fenomenológicos, que partem deste princípio de simplificação e resultam em equações similares àquelas desenvolvidas por Aranha. Para desenvolver a simulação numérica dos três modelos foi idealizado um programa de computação científica capaz de resolver numericamente as equações diferenciais ordinárias dos modelos, interpolar os resultados da simulação, efetuar a transformada de Fourier dos resuldados interpolados e apresentar em um documento formato PDF um relatório detalhado da simulação. Este relatório permite a análise direta dos dados sem necessidade de pós-processamento, contendo gráficos de séries temporais, espectro de frequência e diversos gráficos usualmente encontrados na literatura especializada de VIV. Por sua vez, para discutir a aplicabilidade dos modelos estudados é feita uma compilação da fenomenologia de VIV e os resultados experimentais são comparados com os resultados da simulação. A comparação dos resultados das simulações com dados experimentais conclui que é bastante limitada a aplicabilidade dos modelos fenomenológicos. Apenas o modelo de Iwan&Blevins foi capaz de reproduzir a amplitude de pico constatada experimentalmente. No contexto mais amplo de VIV, o trabalho observa que o estudo de modelos fenomenológicos voltou a ser uma área de fértil desenvolvimento científico.
The present work develops a critical analysis of a family of results emerging from the systematic study of phenomenological models in Vortex Induced Vibration, VIV. The study covers the theoretical foundation, numerical simulation and the applicability of several fenomenological models already available in the literature. Amongst the models presented here are those from Hartlen&Currie, 1970, Iwan&Blevins, 1975, and Facchinetti&de Langre&Biolley, 2004. The purposes are threefold: based in theoretical and experimental results in the literature, to express the ability of those models in representing de VIV phenomena; to obtain numerical simulations results in order to compare them with experimental data; to address the practical application of the studied models in real engineering cases. The fundamental basis of the phenomelogical models was borrowed from the work of Aranha, 2004, which lead to the feasibility of modelling the VIV phenomena by a set of simplified differential equations. The phenomenological models have been using simplified equations since their beginning and now the work of Aranha can be used to give the phenomenological models a sound basis. The numerical simulator was directly implemented in a scientific program specialy designed for this purpose. The resulting software can numericaly solve the models' differential equations, interpolate the results, transpose the results from time domain to frequency domain and finally present a complete report in PDF format. The report allows the direct analysis of the models dispensing with the need of any further task. In order to address the applicability issues, a fairly complete compilation of the current available experimental data on VIV was done. The compiled data was then compared with the results from the numerical simulation of the models. The main conclusion of this last step is that the phenomenological models analysed are strongly limited and do not represent the VIV characteristics well enough. An exception is made to the Iwan&Blevins models for its capacity to predict the peak vibration amplitude. In a broad sense, this work points the phenomenological modelling of VIV as an active field of research.
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Arab, Mohamed. "Analyse des systèmes pétroliers de l'offshore algérien oriental : quantification, modélisation stratigraphique et thermique." Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0130/document.

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La marge algérienne est un domaine complexe, bordé au sud par les zones internes des Maghrébides (AlKaPeCa) qui chevauchent les zones externes telliennes vers le sud. La partie offshore de ce système constitue un bassin d‘arrière arc où s‘est déposée une série sédimentaire mio-pliocène reposant sur un substratum de nature et d‘origine variables spatialement. L'objectif de ce travail a consisté à analyser et modéliser le fonctionnement des systèmes pétroliers et à quantifier les volumes d‘hydrocarbures accumulés. Avant de procéder aux différentes modélisations numériques, stratigraphiques et thermiques, un modèle géologique conceptuel a été élaboré sur la base des données de géologie de terrain et de sismiques. La continuité terre- mer du socle kabyle a permis une extrapolation stratigraphique entre des formations oligo-miocènes en affleurement et les unités acoustiques définies dans le bassin offshore. L‘analyse tectonique dans les deux domaines a abouti à une évolution en trois phases : (1) syn-rift où le bassin a été ouvert en transtension à partir de l‘Oligocène supérieur-Aquitanien, (2) phase post-rift durant laquelle il y a eu le développement des bassins intra-arcs, la collision AlKaPeCa- Afrique et le magmatisme, (3) phase d‘inversion où la marge devient active essentiellement à partir du Quaternaire. En définissant l‘ensemble des éléments des systèmes pétroliers avec des incertitudes variables, la simulation du fonctionnement de ces derniers par modélisation de bassin 2D/3D a montré des possibilités d‘accumulation d‘huile et de gaz majoritairement près de la marge, entre 20 et 65 km de la côte avec un maximum de portée de 70 km dans le golfe de Bejaia
The Algerian margin is a complex domain, limited to the south by the Maghrebian internal zones (AlKaPeCa) that overthrust the external Tellian zones southward. The offshore part of this system constitutes a back-arc basin, where a mio-pliocene sedimentary series were deposited over a substratum of laterally variable origin and nature. The goal of the present work consisted in analyzing and modelling the petroleum system at work and calculating hydrocarbon volumes. Before proceeding to different numerical basin, stratigraphic and thermal modelling, a conceptual geological model is required and was performed based on field geological studies and stratigraphic and structural interpretations of the seismic profiles. The extension of the continental crust beyond the foot of the margin, allows determining a chronostratigraphic model by extrapolation of the outcroping oligo-miocene formations onshore to the acoustic pre-messinian units defined in the offshore basin. Besides, a tectonic analysis in both onshore and offshore domains gave rise to three main steps of evolution: (1) syn-rift phase where the basin was opened by transtension since Late Oligocene- Aquitanian, (2) post-rift phase in which intra-arc basins were developed, AlKaPeCa and Africa docked and magmatism activity took place, (3) inversion phase where the margin became active mainly since Quaternary times. After defining the different petroleum system elements taking into account variable uncertainties, the 2D/3D petroleum system model depicts possibilities of oil and gas accumulations mainly close to the margin, between 20 to 65 km from the coastline to the north with a maximum range of 70 km in the Bejaia Gulf
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Books on the topic "Petroleum system model"

1

Miller, Betty M. Geoplay: A knowledge-based expert system : a model for exploration play analysis. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.

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Distinguished Instructor Short Course (2nd 1999 Tulsa, Okla.). The seismic velocity model as an interpretation asset. Tulsa, OK: Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1998.

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Kuśmierek, Jan. Ewolucja a ropogazonośność Karpat Polskich: Interpretacja zintegrowanych modelowań systemu naftowego wschodniej części jednostek allochtonicznych. Kraków: Wydawn. Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1995.

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Shi you zhan lüe chu bei: Ou meng de chu bei ti zhi ji qi jie jian yi yi = Strategic petroleum reserve : EU reserve systems and its model significance. Beijing: Zhongguo shi chang chu ban she, 2007.

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J, Hilterman Fred, Society of Exploration Geophysicists, and European Association of Geoscientists and Engineers, eds. Seismic amplitude interpretation: 2001 Distinguished Instructor Short Course. [Tulsa, Okla.]: SEG, 2001.

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Azärbaycan Milli Elmlär Akademiyası. Arxeologiya vä Etnoqrafiya İnstitutu, ed. XIX-XX äsrlärdä Bakı şähär ähalisinin ailä vä ailä mäişäti: Family and family life of Baku's urban population in the 19th-20th centuries = Semʹi︠a︡ i semeĭnyĭ byt gorodskogo naselenii︠a︡ Baku v XIX-XX vv. Bakı: Elm, 2011.

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H, Balay Richard, and Geological Survey (U.S.), eds. APRAS: Analytic petroleum resource appraisal system : microcomputer programs for play analysis using a field-size model. [Denver, Colo.]: U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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Hantschel, Thomas, and Armin I. Kauerauf. Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling. Springer, 2010.

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Hantschel, Thomas, and Armin I. Kauerauf. Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems Modeling. Springer London, Limited, 2009.

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Pressure Piping Systems Examination (Model Code of Safe Practice in the Petroleum Industry / Institute of Petroleum, Pt. 13). 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Petroleum system model"

1

Liu, W., J. Guan, M. McTear, and J. Hong. "PEMES — A Petroleum Exploration Oriented Model Expert System." In Workshops in Computing, 151–62. London: Springer London, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3164-9_10.

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Ghallab, Senan A., Nagwa L. Badr, Abdel Badeeh Salem, and Mohamed Fahmy Tolba. "Logistic Test Case Regression Model of Petroleum Availability Prediction System." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 248–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13461-1_24.

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Qiu-Lin, Guo, Yan Wei, and Chen Zhuo-Heng. "Application and Comparison of Discovery Model and Others in Petroleum Resource Assessment." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 595–99. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-32408-6_130.

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Smith, Duane H., G. L. Covatch, and R. O. Dunn. "Calorimetric Phase Studies of Model Amphiphilic Petroleum Recovery Systems." In ACS Symposium Series, 290–304. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1989-0396.ch015.

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Folleau, C., and C. Vinuesa. "New simulation model for evaluating the production availability of petroleum systems." In Risk, Reliability and Safety: Innovating Theory and Practice, 2656–63. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315374987-404.

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Dimelis, Sophia P., and Tryphon Kollintzas. "A Linear Rational Expectations Equilibrium Model of the American Petroleum Industry." In Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems, 110–97. New York, NY: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6374-3_4.

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Nikolin, A. V., and E. R. Moshev. "Models and Algorithms for Selecting Safety Valves for Petroleum Industries." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 133–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66081-9_10.

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Omoarebun, Peter, David Sanders, Favour Ikwan, Malik Haddad, Giles Tewkesbury, and Mohamed Hassan. "A Neuro-Fuzzy Model for Fault Detection, Prediction and Analysis for a Petroleum Refinery." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 866–76. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82199-9_59.

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Vu, Ngoc-Trinh, Quoc-Dat Nguyen, Tien-Dat Nguyen, Manh-Cuong Nguyen, Van-Vuong Vu, and Quang-Thuy Ha. "A Positive-Unlabeled Learning Model for Extending a Vietnamese Petroleum Dictionary Based on Vietnamese Wikipedia Data." In Intelligent Information and Database Systems, 190–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75417-8_18.

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Ghallab, Senan A., Nagwa L. Badr, Abdel Badeeh Salem, and M. F. Tolba. "Strictness Petroleum Prediction System Based on Fuzzy Model." In Fuzzy Systems, 715–37. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1908-9.ch032.

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Petroleum exploration and production is an industry that provides researchers with multi-variant challenging “real world” properties. Recently, some petroleum soft computing techniques have gained a greater interest in prediction within the oil industry. This paper is interested in the analysis, classifying, mining and predictions, based on fuzzy as an intelligent system and an intelligent system called the Strictness Petroleum Prediction System (SPPS), predicted results and statues of crude oil wells and they are compared with other measurement petroleum values. The evaluation study applies test cases, regression models and time series forecasting of vague petroleum datasets to achieve more accurate results. A regression model was made to show the effect of re-testing the prediction processes of petroleum factors. Prediction in time series using a non-parametric functional technique is considered, based on data which was collected from different sources (Daqing oilfield in China and distinct oilfields in Yemen).
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Conference papers on the topic "Petroleum system model"

1

Bogicevic, G., I. Dulic, A. Vranjkovic, M. Duncic, and J. Sovilj. "Regional 3D Petroleum System Model of Pannonian Basin." In 80th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2018. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201800894.

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Crump, J. J., J. A. Hobi, E. W. Montgomery, and T. P. O'Gorman. "Downsizing the Safe System to the Client/Server Model." In Petroleum Computer Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/26259-ms.

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Sri-amorntham, Apisak, Roungwit Chinpongpan, and Anan Chansakran. "S1 Asset Integrity Model and Management System (AIMS)." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-14767-ms.

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Zeng, F., and G. Zhao. "A New Model for Reservoirs with Discrete Fracture System." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2009-064.

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Rubtsova, O. O., E. S. Trofimova, A. V. Ishchenko, A. N. Cherepanov, and V. Yu Danilov. "Submersible telemetry system downhole unit model for the petroleum industry." In 3RD ELECTRONIC AND GREEN MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017 (EGM 2017). Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5002952.

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Kindy, Sulaiman, and Steffen Ochs. "High-Resolution 3D Basin Model of North Oman's Gas System." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-10227-ms.

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Bowers, B., N. Leblanc, S. Jazayeri, and A. Naini. "A Model of a Combined Heat and Power System for SAGD Operations." In Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Petroleum Society of Canada, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/2006-189-ea.

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ELHabbal, Mohamed. "Innovative Model for Asset Integrity Management AIM System Establishment." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/192973-ms.

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Sylta, O., A. Tømmerås, and M. Daszinnies. "A Novel Stochastic Petroleum System Model With Charge up Fault Surfaces." In Sixth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.202243036.

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Ajay, Selot, Kwong Kuok Loi, Mark Robinson, Thomas L. Mason, and Paul Barton. "A Model for the Short Term Upstream Supply Chain Management of an LNG Production System." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. International Petroleum Technology Conference, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-11795-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Petroleum system model"

1

David A. Lopez. Development of a Geologic Exploration Model foe the Permo-Pennsylvanian Petroleum System in South-Central Montana. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/924407.

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Dewing, K., and T. Hadlari. Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program activities in the lower Paleozoic Franklinian succession in the Canadian Arctic Islands. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326085.

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The Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program addressed four questions related to the lower Paleozoic succession of the Arctic Islands that were identified as key deficiencies in regional geological knowledge: 1) geochemical and geological data were not fully digital or available; 2) there were gaps in information on petroleum systems; 3) there was no geological map for the northwestern part of Victoria Island; and 4) the geological history of the Pearya composite terrane on northern Ellesmere Island was unclear. These gaps were addressed by 1) the publication of 17 open files that make geological and geochemical data sets publicly available; 2) studies on source rock, thermal maturity, and oil-source correlation; 3) the production of a geological map for northwestern Victoria Island; and 4) a series of geological, geochemical, and geochronological studies that support a geological model in which the southeastern structural slice of Pearya was a fragment of ancient North America that rifted and returned, rather than a far-travelled continental fragment.
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Arora, Sanjana, and Olena Koval. Norway Country Report. University of Stavanger, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.232.

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This report is part of a larger cross-country comparative project and constitutes an account and analysis of the measures comprising the Norwegian national response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the year of 2020. This time period is interesting in that mitigation efforts were predominantly of a non-medical nature. Mass vaccinations were in Norway conducted in early 2021. With one of the lowest mortality rates in Europe and relatively lower economic repercussions compared to its Nordic neighbours, the Norwegian case stands unique (OECD, 2021: Eurostat 2021; Statista, 2022). This report presents a summary of Norwegian response to the COVID-19 pandemic by taking into account its governance, political administration and societal context. In doing so, it highlights the key features of the Nordic governance model and the mitigation measures that attributed to its success, as well as some facets of Norway’s under-preparedness. Norway’s relative isolation in Northern Europe coupled with low population density gave it a geographical advantage in ensuring a slower spread of the virus. However, the spread of infection was also uneven, which meant that infection rates were concentrated more in some areas than in others. On the fiscal front, the affluence of Norway is linked to its petroleum industry and the related Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund. Both were affected by the pandemic, reflected through a reduction in the country’s annual GDP (SSB, 2022). The Nordic model of extensive welfare services, economic measures, a strong healthcare system with goals of equity and a high trust society, indeed ensured a strong shield against the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Yet, the consequences of the pandemic were uneven with unemployment especially high among those with low education and/or in low-income professions, as well as among immigrants (NOU, 2022:5). The social and psychological effects were also uneven, with children and elderly being left particularly vulnerable (Christensen, 2021). Further, the pandemic also at times led to unprecedented pressure on some intensive care units (OECD, 2021). Central to handling the COVID-19 pandemic in Norway were the three national executive authorities: the Ministry of Health and Care services, the National directorate of health and the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. With regard to political-administrative functions, the principle of subsidiarity (decentralisation) and responsibility meant that local governments had a high degree of autonomy in implementing infection control measures. Risk communication was thus also relatively decentralised, depending on the local outbreak situations. While decentralisation likely gave flexibility, ability to improvise in a crisis and utilise the municipalities’ knowledge of local contexts, it also brought forward challenges of coordination between the national and municipal level. Lack of training, infection control and protection equipment thereby prevailed in several municipalities. Although in effect for limited periods of time, the Corona Act, which allowed for fairly severe restrictions, received mixed responses in the public sphere. Critical perceptions towards the Corona Act were not seen as a surprise, considering that Norwegian society has traditionally relied on its ‘dugnadskultur’ – a culture of voluntary contributions in the spirit of solidarity. Government representatives at the frontline of communication were also open about the degree of uncertainty coupled with considerable potential for great societal damage. Overall, the mitigation policy in Norway was successful in keeping the overall infection rates and mortality low, albeit with a few societal and political-administrative challenges. The case of Norway is thus indeed exemplary with regard to its effective mitigation measures and strong government support to mitigate the impact of those measures. However, it also goes to show how a country with good crisis preparedness systems, governance and a comprehensive welfare system was also left somewhat underprepared by the devastating consequences of the pandemic.
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Petroleum Market Model of the National Energy Modeling System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/463581.

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EIA model documentation: Petroleum market model of the national energy modeling system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/461254.

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EIA model documentation: Petroleum Market Model of the National Energy Modeling System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/100163.

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Petroleum Market Model of the National Energy Modeling System. Part 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/569033.

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Petroleum Market Model of the National Energy Modeling System. Part 2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/569034.

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