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AL-Azzawi, Omar M., Harith I. Mohammed, Hussam J. Mousa, Assad O. Rabit, and Sura K. Hussein. "Mathematical Model & Feasibility Study for Construction an Invested Refinery of 100,000 (bbl / Day) in AL-Nasiriya Governorate." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 1(Suppl.) (April 21, 2022): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i1(suppl.).628.
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A mathematical Model and feasibility study of construction an invested Refinery with 100,000 (Bbl/day) in AL-Nasiriya governorate was performed. The project is composed of three Units, Atmospheric Column Distillation Unit (CDU), Catalytic Reformer Unit (CRU) and Residue Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (RFCC) that produce different products. Based on the Platts prices of petroleum products which was provided by State Organization for Marketing of Oil (SOMO) for May of this year and by standard specifications and technical information of Petroleum Research and Development Center (PRDC), Material balance for feed and products as well as optimization process using LINGO software for these three Units were calculated in order to determine influential financial parameters: (NPV), (IRR), (PI) and Payback period of the project. Different calculation scenarios were prepared taking into account discount of crude oil and products prices, inflation indicator of Capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX) in addition to extending the life of the project and increase in the cost of capital as well. These scenarios are illustrated as followings: -
1- The refinery was considered non-feasible in case of the crude feed price is taken (65$) and the products prices still constant. Discounted of oil feed was taken gradually by 10% and the products prices stay constant turns the project to be feasible at (50%) discounted oil price which gives positive financial parameters as can be seen in scenario (1), (2) but no longer feasible when increasing inflation by (3%) and (5%) as shown in scenario (3) and (4).
2- The price of crude oil feed was taken constant (65$) and the products prices were gradually increased by (10%) till (50%) with constant other parameters gives negative financial parameters means non feasibility as can be seen in scenario (5).
3- Increasing products prices by 10% and discount crude oil price by 10% together makes the project feasible at (25%) for both as shown in scenario (6). Conversely, when inflation was taken into account for OPEX and cost of capital, the project shifted to be feasible at (40%) for both crude oil and products as seen in scenario (7, 8, 9). The crude oil feed price and products was increased gradually by (10%) and decreased by the same percent. Both scenarios give negative financial parameters as shown in (10) and (11).
4- Extending life of project from (4) to (6) years and let other parameters constant including CAPEX to study the impact on the financial parameters. It is noticed that the refinery gives negative income compared to previous period of project in scenarios (12), (13). The cost of capital was increased from 2,100 million to 3000 million with no change in the other parameters gives negative income as seen in scenario (14) and (15). On the other hand, cost of capital and life of project were changed together makes the project worse income due to decline in the financial parameters as illustrated in scenario (14) and (16).
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Jegede, B. M., O. T. Ojo, and B. O. Akinnuli. "EMPIRICAL MODEL AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR CRUDE OIL CARGO QUANTITY MEASUREMENT AND DISCREPANCIES DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA." FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 16, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51459/futajeet.2022.16.1.415.
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The petroleum industry is faced with measurement problem. This problem could be attributed to low value of petroleum products derived at the time of installation. However, over the years, with increasing crude oil prices of associated petroleum products, there is need to ensure that cargoes loaded and discharged are measured more accurately with minimum loses. Hence, this research focuses on development of an empirical model for oil cargo quantity shipment, discrepancies determinations in Nigerian oil and gas sector. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, collection of data of past shipping activities were carried out. The data collected were statistically analyzed using MATLAB and model was developed as well as a discrepancy predictive software, using Visual Basis Software. The volume correction factor (VCF), a factor used in converting crude oil volume at tank temperature to volume at standard temperature 15oC was determined. The weight correction factor (WCF), a factor used in converting volume of crude oil in barrels to weight in long tons was generated through a model which can be used to get the corresponding weight correction factor at different temperatures. A comparison was done between the results generated from the developed software and the certificate of quantity COQ of crude oil obtained from the Department of Petroleum Resources in the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria (July 2019). It was found out that 80 metric ton valued at N12,000,000.00 of crude oil was lost due to the miscalculation of the transported crude oil. With the aid of this software, similar errors in crude oil shipment can be detected and minimized.
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Elekanachi, Maraizu Stella, Wonu, Nduka, Onu, and Obineke Henry. "Multivariate Analysis and Modeling the Effect of the Gdp of Nigeria on the Petroleum Product Prices (1987-2018)." Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Computational Mathematics 3, no. 1 (October 4, 2021): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/jmscm.3104.
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The study presented multivariate analysis and modeling of the effect of the GDP of Nigeria on the Nigerian petroleum product prices from 1987 to 2018. The petroleum products considered as the response variables were the Premium Motor Spirit (PMS(Y1)), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO(Y2)) and Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK(Y3)) while the predictors were GDP(Z1), Total Reserve(Z2), External Debt(Z3), Gross National Expenditure(Z4) and GDP/Capita(Z5). These predictors were studied in pairs on the responses and also studied jointly with all the five predictors on the responses. Comparisons were made among the pairs, also, each pair was compared with the joint analysis. SPSS software was used in the analysis in which Pillai's Trace, Wilks' Lambda, F-value, P-value, coefficient of determination and sum of square errors were applied to determine the contributions of each predictor variable in the models built, to the petroleum product prices. Correlation and covariance analysis were also applied to know the joint effects of the variables. It was observed that PMS was greatly affected by the economic policies of Nigeria, same to the AGO and then DPK. PMS is insignificantly impacted in an economy with two indicators where GNE is involved. PMS and AGO proved better than DPK in the economy of Nigeria. The relationship between GDP on Total reserve or External debt is positive. That is to say, any increase in these variables will result to an increase in the petroleum product prices. Correlation and Covariance analysis revealed that the analysis between GNE and External debt proved to be the worst pair. The analysis on all the five predictors, GNE and External Debt, Total Reserve and External Debt, Total Reserve and GNE and Total Reserve and GDP had no negative correlation, while GDP and GNE had negative correlations between AGO and DPK and AGO and PMS, also, GDP and GDP/Capita and GDP and Total Reserve recorded negative correlation respectively between PMS and AGO and AGO and PMS.
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Covaci, Florina Livia, and Pascale Zaraté. "Modelling decision making in digital supply chains: insights from the petroleum industry." Kybernetes 49, no. 4 (May 31, 2019): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2018-0565.
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Purpose This paper aims to overcome some of the limitations of previous works regarding automated supply chain formation (SCF). Hence, it proposes an algorithm for automated SCF using multiple contract parameters. Moreover, it proposes a decision-making mechanism that provides means for incorporating risk in the decision-making process. To better emphasize the features of the proposed decision-making mechanism, the paper provides some insights from the petroleum industry. This industry has a strategic position, as it is the base for other essential activities of the economy of any country. The petroleum industry is faced with volatile feed-stock costs, cyclical product prices and seasonal final products demand. Design/methodology/approach The authors have modeled the supply chain in terms of a cluster graph where the nodes are represented by clusters over the contract parameters that suppliers/consumers are interested in. The suppliers/consumers own utility functions and agree on multiple contract parameters by message exchange, directly with other participant agents, representing their potential buyer or seller. The agreed values of the negotiated issues are reflected in a contract which has a certain utility value for every agent. They consider uncertainties in crude oil prices and demand in petrochemical products and model the decision mechanism for a refinery by using an influence diagram. Findings By integrating the automated SCF algorithm and a mechanism for decision support under uncertainty, the authors propose a reliable and practical decision-making model with a practical application not only in the petroleum industry but also in any other complex industry involving a multi-tier supply chain. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this approach reveals in situations where the parameters can take values over continuous domains. In these cases, storing the preferences for every agent might need a considerable amount of memory depending on the size of the continuous domain; hence, the proposed approach might encounter efficiency issues. Practical implications The current paper makes a step forward to the implementation of digital supply chains in the context of Industry 4.0. The proposed algorithm and decision-making mechanism become powerful tools that will enable machines to make autonomous decisions in the digital supply chain of the future. Originality/value The current work proposes a decentralized mechanism for automated SCF. As opposed to the previous decentralized approaches, this approach translates the SCF optimization problem not as a profit maximization problem but as a utility maximization. Hence, it incorporates multiple parameters and uses utility functions to find the optimal supply chain. The current approach is closer to real life scenarios than the previous approaches that were using only cost as a mean for pairwise agents because it uses utility functions for entities in the supply chain to make decision. Moreover, this approach overcomes the limitations of previous approaches by providing means to incorporate risk in the decision-making mechanism.
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Mohammadbeigi, K. F., S. Daniali, and Y. Mohammadbeiki. "Prioritizing factors affecting Iranian non-oil export using group decision making approach based on hierarchical analysis process." Upravlenie 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-60-66.
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Iran’s economy has three sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture and services. Due to the historical trend, Iranian economy is under the influence of government governance in production and services. Considering the role of non-oil exports and the over-reliance of Iranian economy on petroleum and petroleum products, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine the factors, which affect non-oil export.Since oil revenues are not considered as a reliable source of revenue for the government due to their volatility, development of non-oil export is one of the major goals of Iranian most important goals. If the goals, set in this area will be achieved, the country’s position will be improved in terms of foreign exchange, curbing the volatility, caused by oil prices and gaining economic and competitive advantages in the global arena. The most important issue in the development of nonoil exports is the liberalization of economic capacity through new investments.In this article all factors, affecting non-oil exports have been determined, based on studying literature. Considering a survey of 32 executives and experts of Fajre Jam Refining Company as one of the most important condensate exporter companies in the country and region, the most important of them have been identified and then categorized using the affinity graph approach. Pairwise comparisons were used to weight the main and sub-factors with the participation of 10 executives and experts of the mentioned company within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process in expert choice software.
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Nikkeh, Nada Salman, Suhair Muafaq Abdulhussein, and Mohammed Ali Mohammed. "Implementation of the decision making along with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approaches in the assessment of the petroleum products cost based on the statical model." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 13(118) (August 31, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.263192.
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In this study, the investigation of the decision-making strategy was used to select the alternative that was finally adopted in the crude oil refining process. This strategy was used to select the option that was ultimately implemented in the process. The Doura industrial refinery was the source of the information that was acquired for the analysis. The super decision software was applied in order to carry out an examination of the PDS components. After going through the process of refining, one can get the items on the following list: There are five main types of petroleum products, and they are: gasoline, gas oil, liquid gas, black oil, and white oil. Gasoline is the most common type of petroleum product. In order for the parameters to be optimally accommodated by the solution that is finally decided to be the most practical one, the analytic hierarchy process, also known as AHP, technique has been applied. This has been done in conjunction with the parameter determination system, or PDS. This has been done in order to reach the maximum potential level of productivity in the most efficient manner. As a result of the fact that this was the circumstance, a probe into the preliminary phase of the project was carried out, which in the end resulted in the expenditure of a grand total of 3969463 USD. This was determined by taking into account the costs of running the firm in addition to the prices of the raw materials that were utilized in the production process. In addition, the output of the refining process was not only dependent on the price and quantity of the product, but also on the amount of product that was actually sold. This meant that the cost and quantity of the product were not the only factors that determined the output. In order to determine what should be done during the process of making an estimate of what should be done in order to arrive at the response that was going to be the most advantageous taking everything into consideration, a mathematical model was applied as part of the process.
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Gheiratmand, Alireza, Reza Effatnejad, and Mahdi Hedayati. "Technical and Economic Evaluation of Hybrid wind/PV/Battery Systems for Off-Grid Areas using HOMER Software." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i1.pp134-143.
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Incremental consumption of electrical energy, reduction of fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution problems caused by them are the main reasons, which tend the managers and officials in countries energy sector to develop use of renewable systems. In the not-too-distant future the use of renewable energy such as wind and solar will be very important and will play predominant role in economic indices of power systems. In recent years, technological advances in renewable energy and increasing price of petroleum products promote system managers to use low-cost and low-emission energy resources in form of hybrid systems and widespread propagation of electricity generation have been developed in remote areas. In Hybrid systems two or more sources of renewable energy is typically adopted, which increases the reliability of these systems. In this paper, the technical and economical consideration of a wind and solar hybrid system to supply electrical energy for a number of remote users (aid and medical emergency Shelter in Yazd) is provided. In order to investigate optimization and economic analysis of the proposed hybrid system, the HOMER software is used. The results of Simulation in HOMER software show that Solar cells and wind systems with average generation power of 896 kWh/yr. and 343 kWh/yr., consist proportion of 72 and 28 percent of the total generated energy respectively, which are dedicated to satisfy the loads
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Yadav, Dhiraj Devendra. "Optimization Technique for Reducing Energy Consumption of Rapid Transit Mode." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38929.
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Abstract: Since the time, our mother earth was created, energy was taken from the universe(System),now energy is being depleted as non-renewable source. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed as it transforms in one form to another. So researchers came up with renewable source of energy as the solution like solar, wind and tidal waves. The world is experiencing an energy crisis and the prices of petroleum products like petrol and diesel has gone up. So its time to come forward and save the future of our mother earth. The paper deals in reducing energy consumption of rail rapid transit mode i.e. of metro. It shows how driving behaviour can be controlled using optimized speed profile and efficiency can be managed. It states round trip data taken of Mumbai(India) metro from Versova to Ghatkopar and viceversa. Speed data was taken from GPS(Global Postioning System) embedded in Smart watch Software. Time interval was noted and distance, acceleration data was formulated using Newtons Equations of Motion. Energy Consumed was drawn out from tractive effort data. Then efficiency, energy lost and regenerative braking energy was calculated using Work Energy Theorem. Maximum efficiency of 88.27% was obtained between Asalpha to Jagruti Nagar Station while between Western Express Highway to Andheri Station a 72.66% efficiency was analysed. This affects the time interval of metro trains arriving at station, also the amount of boarding and alighting passengers from the train. A model was designed and simulated using results obtained. The paper also deals with the prototype of Regenerative energy which can either be used in braking systems but also for acceleration and cruising purpose. The idea can benefit a developing country like India where 6.3% GDP is from Transportation Industry. Keywords: optimized speed profile, efficiency, regenerative braking energy
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Tetteh, Akyene, and Qi Xu. "Forecasting Refined Petroleum Products Prices in Ghana." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 8, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2015/17766.
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Savosko, O. V., and V. T. Vodyannikov. "REGARDING THE GROWTH OF PRICES FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 3 (March 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/203-38.
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Posokhov, Igor Mykhailovych, Nadezhda Oleksiivna Horenko, and Viktor Volodymyrovych Chelak. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING PRODUCER PRICES FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no. 2(14) (March 1, 2018): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2018-2-2(14)-147-153.
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Urgency of the research. Every day, scientists solve problems in economics. To find, which action leads to the expected result with the smallest losses and risks, it’s necessary to predict the further development of events. Target setting. The most widespread problem is the allocation of resources. To make proper calculations and right decisions of distribution, the science of economic theory exists. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The studies of Khaikin S. and Callan R. are the most famous among the studies of foreign authors. Yakhyaeva G. E. investigated the theory of neural networks. Matviychuk A. V. suggested a methodical approach to forecasting financial time series with the use of neural networks. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. At the moment about 200 methods of estimation are being used, but in practice only a few of them are used. The research objective. The study of each criterion takes a lot of time on preparation of data for the study and careful verification of the original data. For this, it is necessary to choose the correct methodology for developing a forecast to identify the problems to be solved. The statement of basic materials. In this article, the stages of research and prediction are considered of wholesale prices for petroleum products, a methodological approach is proposed in order to evaluate the accuracy of forecasting using neural networks, based on an algorithm with linear partial descriptions of the method of group accounting of the argument. Conclusions. The proposed methodological approach to estimating the accuracy of forecasting using neural networks shows that neural networks allow us to obtain reliable predictions. However, the data on which the training took place had a high degree of similarity among itself, therefore the proposed methodological approach on the one hand does not pretend to be "universal" in forecasting for different sectors of the Ukrainian economy, since different industries have their own characteristics. On the other hand, it can become universal and will allow us to obtain reliable forecasts when taking into account modern features of the development of the Ukrainian economy.
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Gavrys, M., R. Nesterenko, and O. Gavrys. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE OIL PRODUCTS MARKET IN UKRAINE TODAY AND IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD." Scientific journal of the National Academy of National Guard "Honor and Law" 2, no. 81 (2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2078-7480/2022/2/81/263770.
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The article is aimed to identify threats to national security due to the current state of the petroleum products market and factors that affect the cost of fuel in Ukraine during the war and will shape fuel prices in Ukraine and the whole world in the short and medium term. Such factors now are the almost complete absence of the domestic product on the market, the rupture of old logistics chains and problems with the development of new logistics routes for fuel supply from Europe, high world prices for oil and petroleum products, instability of the national currency and risks, associated with the war. It is estimated that the fair price for imported petrol and diesel fuel at the end of May ? beginning of June 2022 is 45 UAH in the western regions, and up to 50 UAH per liter in the eastern regions of Ukraine. Factors that will affect prices in the near future include the possible unblocking of Ukraine?s seaports, oil and petroleum products supplies from the United States, Central Asia and the Middle East, shale oil from the United States, increased market competition and increased demand as a result of the end of COVID-19 crisis. Ukrainian people should be ready to high prices of petroleum products in the near future and the Ukrainian state should prepare the system of national security and national defense for solving of the logistics problems with delivery of the petroleum products and potential social problems.
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Dickinson, Richard R. "Fuel Oil." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400204.
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As the price of petroleum has increased, the power industry has displaced a great deal of more expensive petroleum and natural gas with coal and nuclear power. The petroleum industry has installed processing facilities to upgrade its heavy fuel oil to make lighter products. These two actions, when combined, have effectively resulted in producing clean products indirectly from coal. A profitable synfuels industry has been created by the refining and power industries without conscious direction on their part—and without government support. The net effect has been to substantially reduce demand for both crude oil and natural gas, stretching future supplies of petroleum energy. This displacement has contributed to the temporary bubble in natural gas and the present oversupply of crude oil, creating downward price pressures on both crude oil and products. Even so, fuel oil prices have remained relatively stable because the industry has installed sufficient capability through its refinery improvements to upgrade fuel oil into more clean products, thereby reducing production of heavy fuel oil. In the future, we can expect the interaction among these fuels to continue to exert their effects. Since there are many consumers who can use either natural gas or fuel oil, their prices will remain tied to each other. Fuel oil prices will set the upper limits to which the burner tip price of natural gas can rise. Conversely, natural gas prices will tend to set the floor under fuel oil prices.
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Saputera, Denny. "Pengaruh Harga Minyak Bumi, Harga Bahan Baku Plastik Terhadap Return On Asset Pada Perusahaan Penghasil Bahan Baku Plastik." Jurnal Manajemen 9, no. 1 (July 1, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/jm.v9i1.1000.
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This study focuses on the effect of petroleum prices, the price of plastic raw materials on return on assets in companies producing plastic raw materials in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the high growth return on assets, making the companies that produce plastic raw materials will get the maximum benefit from the use or turnover of assets owned. If directly related to the relationship between the growth of petroleum prices, the growth of the plastic industry and growth return on assets has a relationship, namely plastic raw materials derived from petroleum, where the price of plastic raw materials becomes very sensitive to fluctuations in oil price movements which will affect the company's profitability. The Independent Variables used are Petroleum Prices, Naphtha Prices, Ethylene Prices, Polyethylene Prices, Ethylene Glycol Prices, Polyvinyl Chloride Prices, Propylene Prices and Polyproylene Prices. The analytical method used is multiple linear regression using the help of SPSS 20 software. The results of this study can be concluded that Ethylene Prices and Ethylene Glycol Prices have an influence on return on assets.
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Irshad, Muhammad, Mudasser Ali Khan, Ather Akhlaq, and Munir Hussain. "Strategies to Deregulate the Downstream Petroleum Sector of Pakistan." Journal of Economic Impact 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2022): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.52223/jei4012214.
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Oil products play a dynamic role in the overall energy domain because it supports country-wide transport, industries, and households. The oil market in most countries is deregulated and provides free access to every organization or independent player. Some of them have followed this policy from the very beginning, while others have followed the strategy regarding deregulation at a later stage. In Pakistan, there is a usual tug of war between Government authorities and Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) concerning the decision of setting oil prices. This exploratory study aims to assess the prospects of deregulation of oil prices from the point of view of stockholders from the Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs). Data is gathered through interviews from the professional stakeholders who are working in the supply chain department in the downstream petroleum sector of Pakistan, and a thematic analysis method was used to analyze the data. As per the data obtained from the interviewees, there are both advantages and disadvantages of deregulation of petroleum. Advantages are like low prices of petroleum products, positive impact on the economy, opportunities for new entrants, and creation of new jobs. While the disadvantages are oligopoly created by the mafias, failure of the system, dumping of fuel, and increase in cross border smuggling. While the major barriers to deregulation are the Oil and Gas Regulatory Authority (OGRA) and political forces, and the facilitators for the deregulation are foreign direct investment and high tax collection of the Government. The deregulation must be done immediately to pass on the benefits of reduced and appropriate prices of petroleum products besides their availability in every city of the country. Government should also promote bulk import and storage of petroleum products so that the companies get possible economic ordering benefits of low prices.
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Oehm, Gerald L. "Products." Mathematics Teacher 91, no. 3 (March 1998): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.91.3.0270.
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Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewer's opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Saeed Saeed, Dindar, Sadeq Taha Abdulazeez, Sarbast Kamal Rasheed, Rogash Younis Masiha, and Diyar Hashim Malo. "The relationship between petroleum price and real exchange rate: an example of Iraq." General Letters in Mathematics 11, no. 1 (September 2021): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31559/glm2021.11.1.3.
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Petroleum is one of the world's most important economic products. It is widely accepted that petroleum is not only an energy product, but also a financial asset. Therefore, it is important to understand the dependence of petroleum prices on economic conditions and financial markets and how they can affect the world economy. The fluctuations in world petroleum prices affect the economies of petroleum importing countries through different channels. One of the most important of these influence channels is the exchange rate. Because changes in exchange rates cause different economic problems in fragile economies. Changes in petroleum prices affect the economic performance of any country through various channels. One of the channels of influence is exchange rates. Petroleum prices affect the transfer of income from petroleum exporting countries to petroleum importing countries through trade and thus determine the exchange rate. In this study, the Relationship between Petroleum Price and Real Exchange Rate in Iraq was examined by ADF unit root test, Johansen-Juselius cointegration test and Granger causality analysis. For the analysis, the Petroleum Price and Real Exchange Rate data of Iraq were taken from the official website of the World Bank and transferred to the Eviews 10 program and necessary analyzes were made. The results of the analysis were analyzed and interpreted in tables.
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Handley, David M. "Publications and Products." Mathematics Teacher 87, no. 8 (November 1994): 654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.87.8.0654.
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Galchynsky, Leonid, and Andriy Svydenko. "Multiagent model of prices dispersion on the retail market of petroleum products." SHS Web of Conferences 65 (2019): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20196504021.
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In this study a multiagent model of behaviour of the dispersion of retail prices for petroleum products has been developed, depending on changes of external factors, in particular, sharp changes in wholesale prices. Therefore, there is a need for a model that would not only have the potential to test the existence of a price dispersion as a consequence of the specifics of competition in the market of petroleum products and consumer search strategies, but would have the ability to quantify the price variance as a consequence of the behaviour of individual market agents. The basis of the behaviour of market agents of this model is algorithms of price oligopolistic competition from traders and user price search strategies. Calibration models and verification of historical data of the Kyiv region, where they were previously established empirical data on the dispersion of prices showed a fairly good correspondence between the model and the actual data. In particular, the existence of a price pattern has been established at jump-like changes of wholesale prices. The presence of price strategy of buyers, which are based on the strategy of the base price, is shown. The coincidence of model and real data still needs to be improved.
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Wambugu, Conrad, and James Ngang’a. "RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OIL PRICES, EXCHANGE RATES AND MAIZE PRICES IN KENYA." International Journal of Finance 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijf.44.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship between oil prices, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted exploratory and descriptive design. Exploratory research was used to understand the relationships among the variables of this research. Descriptive research was used to understand the current situation. The population used for the 3 variables are; Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) crude oil prices for oil prices, Central Bank of Kenya for KES/USD exchange rates and Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nairobi (due to missing data for Eldoret) wholesale maize prices per metric ton for maize prices.Results: The study findings revealed that these three markets namely the crude oil market, the foreign exchange market and the commodity market have separate risk management dynamics and should be administered individually. Central Bank of Kenya prudential guidelines (2008) on risk management that came into effect this year, mandate financial institutions to use derivatives to manage risk by using different kinds of instruments like foreign exchange derivatives interest rate derivatives, commodity based derivatives etc. though implementation has not started. However, current risk management strategies in the financial market allow for hedging against adverse movement in foreign exchange market. This would drastically reduce the costs of imports especially petroleum products and its derivatives that go into production.Policy recommendation: The study recommended creation of a commodity exchange that would add value to commercial participants such as farmers and millers with benefits accruing to consumers. This could prove difficult in the beginning especially in policy guidelines and implementation but would prove worthwhile in the end. Some of the steps taken towards a fully-fledged commodity exchange is the introduction of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). This allows farmers to concentrate on farming as they store their produce for future selling and also as security for loans in commercial banks.Procurement policies should be reviewed especially in regards to the oil sector. Although the government through the Kenya Gazette, 2012 has granted a 30% import quota of refined petroleum products to oil marketer National Oil Corporation of Kenya and 100% import quota of crude oil to Kenya Petroleum Refinery Limited (KPRL) hence giving them volumes needed to hedge in the international market, steps should be taken to widen the scope of players to involve the private sector to participate. Keywords: Relationship, oil price, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship between oil prices, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted exploratory and descriptive design. Exploratory research was used to understand the relationships among the variables of this research. Descriptive research was used to understand the current situation. The population used for the 3 variables are; Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) crude oil prices for oil prices, Central Bank of Kenya for KES/USD exchange rates and Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nairobi (due to missing data for Eldoret) wholesale maize prices per metric ton for maize prices.Results: The study findings revealed that these three markets namely the crude oil market, the foreign exchange market and the commodity market have separate risk management dynamics and should be administered individually. Central Bank of Kenya prudential guidelines (2008) on risk management that came into effect this year, mandate financial institutions to use derivatives to manage risk by using different kinds of instruments like foreign exchange derivatives interest rate derivatives, commodity based derivatives etc. though implementation has not started. However, current risk management strategies in the financial market allow for hedging against adverse movement in foreign exchange market. This would drastically reduce the costs of imports especially petroleum products and its derivatives that go into production.Policy recommendation: The study recommended creation of a commodity exchange that would add value to commercial participants such as farmers and millers with benefits accruing to consumers. This could prove difficult in the beginning especially in policy guidelines and implementation but would prove worthwhile in the end. Some of the steps taken towards a fully-fledged commodity exchange is the introduction of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). This allows farmers to concentrate on farming as they store their produce for future selling and also as security for loans in commercial banks.Procurement policies should be reviewed especially in regards to the oil sector. Although the government through the Kenya Gazette, 2012 has granted a 30% import quota of refined petroleum products to oil marketer National Oil Corporation of Kenya and 100% import quota of crude oil to Kenya Petroleum Refinery Limited (KPRL) hence giving them volumes needed to hedge in the international market, steps should be taken to widen the scope of players to involve the private sector to participate. Keywords: Relationship, oil price, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaPurpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the Relationship between oil prices, Exchange rates and maize prices in KenyaMethodology: The study adopted exploratory and descriptive design. Exploratory research was used to understand the relationships among the variables of this research. Descriptive research was used to understand the current situation. The population used for the 3 variables are; Abu Dhabi National Oil Corporation (ADNOC) crude oil prices for oil prices, Central Bank of Kenya for KES/USD exchange rates and Food Agricultural Organization (FAO) Nairobi (due to missing data for Eldoret) wholesale maize prices per metric ton for maize prices.Results: The study findings revealed that these three markets namely the crude oil market, the foreign exchange market and the commodity market have separate risk management dynamics and should be administered individually. Central Bank of Kenya prudential guidelines (2008) on risk management that came into effect this year, mandate financial institutions to use derivatives to manage risk by using different kinds of instruments like foreign exchange derivatives interest rate derivatives, commodity based derivatives etc. though implementation has not started. However, current risk management strategies in the financial market allow for hedging against adverse movement in foreign exchange market. This would drastically reduce the costs of imports especially petroleum products and its derivatives that go into production.Policy recommendation: The study recommended creation of a commodity exchange that would add value to commercial participants such as farmers and millers with benefits accruing to consumers. This could prove difficult in the beginning especially in policy guidelines and implementation but would prove worthwhile in the end. Some of the steps taken towards a fully-fledged commodity exchange is the introduction of the Warehouse Receipt System (WRS). This allows farmers to concentrate on farming as they store their produce for future selling and also as security for loans in commercial banks.Procurement policies should be reviewed especially in regards to the oil sector. Although the government through the Kenya Gazette, 2012 has granted a 30% import quota of refined petroleum products to oil marketer National Oil Corporation of Kenya and 100% import quota of crude oil to Kenya Petroleum Refinery Limited (KPRL) hence giving them volumes needed to hedge in the international market, steps should be taken to widen the scope of players to involve the private sector to participate.
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Rodousakis, Nikolaos, George Soklis, and Theodore Tsekeris. "A Supply and Use Model for Estimating the Contribution of Costs to Energy Prices." Energies 15, no. 19 (September 20, 2022): 6878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15196878.
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This paper develops a supply and uses a model to estimate the direct and indirect contribution of costs to the formation of energy prices. The model is implemented into the Greek economy based on data from the supply and use tables. The findings of the analysis indicate that the main component of energy prices are profits, mainly distributed to the energy sector itself, and imports, which mostly concern Mining and quarrying products and Coke and refined petroleum products imported from non-EU countries. As far as the contribution of the energy sector to the price formation of the other industries of the Greek economy is concerned, it is found that the energy sector mainly contributes to the price formation of industrial sectors. The results imply that the containment of energy prices should be principally based on an income policy that would limit excessive profits within the energy sector and an import substitution policy towards the exploitation of domestic mining and quarrying products as well as coke and refined petroleum products.
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Burke, Maurice. "Technology Reviews, Publications and Products." Mathematics Teacher 86, no. 6 (September 1993): 500–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.86.6.0500.
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Bezugla, K., and N. Kostyuchenko. "GLOBAL MARKET OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS: CURRENT STATE AND PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT." Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu, no. 3 (2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2020.3-3.
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The paper is devoted to the peculiarities and perspectives of the global petroleum market development. The peculiarities of supply and demand formation at the global market of petroleum products are investigated in the article. The balance of supply and demand at the petroleum market is determined. The paper outlines the peculiarities of pricing for petroleum products. The dynamics of price changes on the global petroleum market in the period of 2010-2020 is studied. The conclusion was made that there is a price volatility on the global petroleum market. An analysis of the dynamics and structure of the world petroleum production by regions revealed that the total output of oil has increased due to the development of new technologies and due to the increased efficiency of petroleum production. The performed forecasting made it possible to conclude that petroleum price is expected to increase in the coming two periods. That will allow to establish a balance between supply and demand at the petroleum products’ market. Accordingly, the equalization of supply and demand for petroleum products is forecasted (even despite the crisis in the world). The econometric method of economic analysis was applied in the paper. The authors constructed an additive model for time series data to predict the dynamics of prices on the global market of petroleum products. The model was designed based on 16 observations in the period of October 2016 – July 2020.
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Flanders, Jim. "Technology Reviews, Publications and Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 4 (April 1996): 359–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.4.0359.
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Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewer's opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Flanders, Jim. "Technology Reviews, Publications and Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 8 (November 1996): 694–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.8.0694.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reuiewer's opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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Galchynskyi, Leonid. "Estimation of the price elasticity of petroleum products’ consumption in Ukraine." Equilibrium 15, no. 2 (June 24, 2020): 315–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/eq.2020.015.
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Research background: The analysts of the petroleum product markets of industrial countries believe that the elasticity of demand varies at different periods, which gave rise to the hypothesis that behavioral and structural factors have changed the consumers’ reaction during the last few decades, with a change in prices of petroleum products.
Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to study the elasticity of demand and prices in order to identify changes in consumer behavior in the oil market after significant socio-economic shocks and to establish a correlation between changes in elasticity and price volatility, with the Ukrainian petroleum products market as an illustrative example.
Methods: Based on the time series of the petroleum product market of Ukraine, static and dynamic models for assessing the demand elasticity were constructed. It was found that the time series of demand for petroleum products is non-stationary but then the time series of the first differences is stationary according to the extended Dickey-Fuller test; further, the fact of co-integration between time series of consumption, income, and prices was established by the Johansson test. This made it possible to construct co-integration dependence, allowing, in turn, the development of models for assessing the elasticity of demand for petroleum products, on the basis of which objective assessments of changes in consumer behavior were established. Analysis of the monthly calculation of petroleum products’ price volatility during the period 2008 to 2018 has showed that the values of volatility increased abnormally in the period between the beginning of 2014 and the middle of 2015. The estimates of price and demand elasticities obtained for the two periods up to the beginning of 2014 and the second half of 2015 differ significantly from the values of the corresponding elasticities between the beginning of 2014 and the middle of 2015.
Findings & Value added: Assessments of income elasticities and price elasticities for petroleum products in the Ukrainian market were obtained by three co-integration models, both short and long term, for each of the three previously defined time intervals. In one of them, characterized by a high level of price volatility conditionally referred to as a crisis, the value of elasticities differed markedly from the corresponding values in the other two periods, in particular, -0.383 for price elasticity and 1.068 for a long-term bond. In the other two periods, these were, respectively, 0.543 for price elasticity and 0.274 for long-term pre-crisis elasticity, and -0.470 for price elasticity and 0.235 for long-term post-crisis elasticity. Appropriate elasticity estimates were obtained for both the short-run and the dynamic model, for the same defined intervals. A comparison of these estimates showed the closeness of the values of elasticities for the pre-crisis and post-crisis intervals and a marked difference from the estimates of the elasticities in the crisis interval. Thus, it was found that a significant change in elasticities is accompanied by an increase in price volatility.
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Karpova, Tatiana S., Vladimir I. Moiseev, and Vera A. Ksenofontova. "Simulation of the circulation method for discharging viscous petroleum products." Transportation Systems and Technology 6, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/transsyst20206294-105.
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Background: In the domestic market, the consumption of fuel oil increases during the winter period, leading to higher prices. At the same time, the cost of inputs and the time for the discharge of viscous oil products are greatly increased. The duration of the discharge process is related to the physico-chemical properties of the fuel oil. Its viscosity depends on the temperature of the product itself and the temperature of the environment, which in our country averages 5.5 C per year.
Aim: Reduction in the length and cost of transport of viscous petroleum products.
Methods: The article proposes a new method for the carriage of viscous petroleum products by rail, ensuring that their fluidity is preserved without the use of thermal insulation of the boiler of the tank-wagon and the means for carrying the heating. Simulation models of the processes of pouring out viscous petroleum products for a traditional and new method of pouring in the circulation method of discharge of viscous petroleum products, which make it possible to estimate the quantity of resources consumed, are constructed.
Results: The work shows the peculiarities of the existing process of discharging viscous petroleum products. Simulation and functional-cost analysis of the discharge process were carried out under the circulatory method for heating viscous petroleum products. The results were compared.
Conclusion: In the new pouring method, the discharge process is similar to the summer period.
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Siddiqui, Rehana. "Energy and Economic Growth in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 43, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 175–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v43i2pp.175-200.
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Recent rise in energy prices, shrinking existing resources, and the search for alternative sources of energy and energy conservation technologies have brought into focus the issue of causality between energy use and economic growth. The results of this study show that energy expansion is expected to lead to higher growth and its shortage may retard the growth process. The impact of all sources of energy on economic growth is not the same. The impact of electricity and petroleum products as well as that of electricity only is high and statistically significant. However, the reverse causality is critical for the petroleum products.
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Gluyas, Jon, Simon Mathias, and Salim Goudarzi. "North Sea – next life: extending the commercial life of producing North Sea fields." Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series 8, no. 1 (October 27, 2016): 561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/pgc8.30.
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AbstractIn 2015, the North Sea petroleum province was 50 years old. The celebrations were short lived because oil prices and gas prices were in free fall. The demand from the UK market had outstripped demand back in 2005 and, 10 years on, falling production and increasing operating expenditure, when coupled with falling prices, had brought the North Sea to crisis point. Many fields became unprofitable and companies began to close down. In an effort to avert the developing crisis, this work examines what options exist for better utilizing the North Sea industry, be that monetizing co-produced fluids or using the pore space once occupied by petroleum for waste products such as carbon dioxide. We briefly examine: the possibility of utilizing heat from the co-produced fluids for power generation; extracting gases and ores from co-produced fluids; and evaluation of the role that carbon dioxide could play in enhanced oil and gas recovery, as well as its ultimate long-term storage in geological deep storage.
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Sun, Jingwei, and Wendong Shi. "Breaks, trends, and unit roots in spot prices for crude oil and petroleum products." Energy Economics 50 (July 2015): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2015.05.001.
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Bada, Oladejo Tokunbo, Kehinde Adekunle Adetiloye, Felicia Omowunmi Olokoyo, and Grace Ukporhe. "Determinants of International Reserves Among Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)." Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe 25, no. 3 (September 14, 2022): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1508-2008.25.24.
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Member countries of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are always in the news regarding the prices and supply of crude oil to the international market. One of the economic reasons for this is liquidity and the desire to accumulate international reserves by the respective countries. This paper examined the determinants of international reserves among the cartel against the backdrop of the motives for keeping reserves. With data from 2005 to 2018, the adopted variables that were tested with the system of generalised methods of moments (Sy‑GMM) are inflation, exchange rates, oil prices, crude oil dependence, economic crises and others. The results and outputs show that inflation was negatively impactful externally and internally, while FDI inflows recorded negative significance. Economic crises and economic openness were positively significant, while oil prices and exchange rates were not significant determinants of international reserves accumulation. The paper recommends the maximisation of opportunities available by members during economic crises to accumulate reserves that will enable them to diversify from dependence on crude oil exports to include other products and a higher level of openness to open the economy up for competition to make the economies stronger.
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Radmehr, Riza, and Shida Rastegari Henneberry. "Energy Price Policies and Food Prices: Empirical Evidence from Iran." Energies 13, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4031. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13154031.
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During the last decade, the rising trend in energy prices and its potential effect on food prices have become a controversial issue between policy-makers and economists. Therefore, research addressing the relationship between food and macroeconomic variables, such as energy prices, will be useful in providing information for the design of appropriate economic policies. This study uses data from Iran to examine the impacts (short- and long-term) of exchange rate and energy prices on food prices. Iran is a good case study as in recent years its consumers have faced a rapid increase in both fuel and food prices. The variables employed in this study are the prices of ten food products, exchange rate (the value of Iranian rial per US dollar), and petroleum prices. All data in this study are from the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI). We employ the panel unit root test, Pedroni co-integration tests, Pooled Mean Group (PMG), Mean Group (MG), and Dynamic Fixed Effects (DFE) estimation techniques, applied to a panel of monthly prices for ten food products for the period of March 1995 to February 2018. Results show that in both the short- and long-run, food prices would increase in response to an increase in energy prices. Findings also suggest that the appreciation of the United States Dollar (USD) in terms of the Iranian rial exerts a positive and significant impact on food prices in the long run.
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Xu, Junze. "What can we expect from high oil prices? ——Evaluation of Chevron Corp." BCP Business & Management 28 (October 14, 2022): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v28i.2393.
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Chevron Corp. (NYSE: CVX) is one of the market leads of the energy oil and gas industry. The company primarily consists of two parts: upstream and downstream. The upstream is responsible for producing, processing, transporting crude oil, while the downstream operations includes refining it into petroleum products, manufacturing and marketing the commodity to the world. This paper mainly use the SWOT analysis to comprehensively access the Chevron company and its stock performance.
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Siwatibau, Suliana. "Energy Situation and Energy-Related Environment Issues of Pacific Island Countries." Energy & Environment 2, no. 4 (December 1991): 339–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958305x9100200406.
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Pacific Islands have experienced low economic growth during the 1980s, and face significant energy problems. Petroleum products are imported at very high prices and biofuel use often leads to resource over-exploitation. However, perhaps the most basic energy-environment concern is the potential for sea level rise. Some Pacific Island nations would vanish altogether, while others would lose their most productive areas.
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Boudekhdekh, Karim. "A Comparative Analysis of Energy Subsidy in the MENA Region." Economic Insights – Trends and Challenges 2022, no. 2 (2022): 37–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/eitc.2022.02.03.
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This paper focuses on analyzing energy prices subsidies distribution in the MENA region among its seven components, according to the products that benefit from subsidized prices, and by per capita. As a nominal average of the years 2013, 2015, and 2017, both Iran and KSA had the higher nominal pre-tax subsidy averages estimated to $52.11 and $45.54 billion respectively, and also had higher post-tax subsidy averages estimated to $118.55 and $114.81 respectively. Global warming and local air pollution were the most important components after the pre-tax subsidies component in all MENA region countries. The “Congestion” component came after the level of the two environmental components averages in oil-exporting countries, while the “accidents” component in almost all the oil-importing countries came after the level of the two environmental components averages. By products, petroleum products were the main products that benefited from energy prices subsidies in almost all MENA countries. The reform process must take into account the specifics of each country with regard to the details of energy subsidies at its level, as energy subsidies vary from one country to another, whether in terms of its value, the weight of its components, and the subsidy share of each energy products.
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Umo-Udo, Ndifreke S. "The Effects of Rolling Back State Frontiers on the Development of Nigeria’s Economy (2003 – 2007)." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2017.v8n2p259.
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Abstract The study focused on the deregulation of the downstream of Nigeria’s petroleum sub-sector as an aspect of Rolling back the state in Nigeria. Deregulation of the downstream of the petroleum sector is occasioned by the removal of subsidies on petroleum products. This paper is adapted from my Ph.D research work at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka on rolling back the state. The objective was to examine the impact of deregulation of the downstream of the petroleum sector on the road transport sectors of the Nigerian economy within the period 2003-2007. Data for the study were generated through the observations of primary and secondary sources. The data were analysed using tables, percentage and correlation analysis. The findings of the study shows that deregulation of the downstream of the petroleum sector allowed the private sector owned road transportation system to increase the cost of transport fares anytime the government announced increase in the pump price of products. An increase in the cost of road fares translated into increase in prices of goods and services which ultimately resulted in inflation. Equally the huge amount derived from petroleum has not been judiciously expended for building and construction of roads. The research recommends that government should monitor the execution of road contracts to guard against none and poor delivery of jobs.
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Kashirina, Marina Valentinovna. "Oil extraction and refining: problematic questions of taxation and administration." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 3 (March 2020): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2020.3.32588.
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The subject of this research is the examination of relevant problems of taxation and administering the oil sector companies in the conditions of changes in oil prices. Special attention is given to the analysis of results of the conducted policy within the framework of tax maneuver with regards to hydrocarbons extraction activity. The goal consists in the analysis of the impact of changes in taxation legislation related to increase in the rates of excise duty for the refined petroleum and introduction of damping mechanism for oil refining companies, as well as improvement of taxation and administering of oil extraction companies. The conclusion is made that the implementation of damping mechanism allows to efficiently and seamlessly regulate the oil products prices even in the conditions of rapid drop in oil prices. In the conditions of drop in oil prices on the international markets, the Russian oil refining plants would reorient significant volume of exports toward domestic market. The taxation reform in oil sector would lead to increase in the refining throughput and output of high quality oil products. The author underlines the need of reducing the tax-exempt minimum in calculation of coefficient that characterized the dynamics of global oil prices, which leads to the increase of tax rates on oil.
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Bogdanov, R. M., and S. V. Lukin. "Software including the functions of automated analysis of electric power consumption in pipeline oil transportation." Proceedings of the Mavlyutov Institute of Mechanics 8, no. 1 (2011): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21662/uim2011.1.022.
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Oil and petroleum products transportation is characterized by a significant cost of electric power. Correct oil and petroleum products accounting and forecasting requires knowledge of many factors. The software for norms of electric power consumption analysis for the planned period was developed at the Ufa Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Based on the principles of the relational data model, a schematic diagram/arrangement for the main oil transportation objects was developed, which allows to hold the initial data and calculated parameters in a structured manner.
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Nguyen Thi Ngoc, Trang, and Hong Dinh Thi Thu. "Nonlinear effects of oil prices on inflation, growth, budget deficit, and unemployment." Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies 24, no. 01 (January 1, 2017): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.24311/jabes/2017.24.1.04.
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In oil-exporting countries such as members of the OPEC, fluctua-tions in oil prices exert a significant impact on the domestic econo-my. Currently, a sharp reduction in oil prices results in several ad-verse effects; however, for such a crude-oil exporter that is also an importer of petroleum products as Vietnam, does a rise or drop in oil prices is beneficial to its development? This paper attempts to de-termine the oil price threshold while analyzing oil price effects on several macro factors, such as inflation, GDP growth, budget deficit, and unemployment rate over the 2000–2015 period. Using TVAR model, we detect an oil price threshold of USD27.6/barrel. Moreover, an increase in the price of oil, which exceeds this threshold, will cause a rise in inflation, budget deficit, and unemployment rate. Still, there is no significant evidence of the impact of oil prices on GDP growth.
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Ghaderi, Shohreh, and Mostafa Heydari Haratme. "Determination and Evaluation of Relationship between the Prices of Crude Oil Sales Price of Five Petroleum Products and Creating a Model for the Pricing of Petroleum Products." Singaporean Journal of Business Economics and Management Studies 4, no. 8 (2015): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0019678.
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DUMEBI, Ideh Anthony, and Olasunmbo OLUSANYA. "GLOBAL OIL PRICES AND THE NIGERIAN LABOUR MARKET." LASU Journal of Employment Relations & Human Resource Management 2, no. 1 (December 1, 2018): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36108/ljerhrm/0202.02.0170.
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Nigeria is both a major exporter of crude oil and major importer of refined petroleum products with high level of unemployment. Nigeria depends on oil for its revenue and as major input in most industrial sectors. This paper examined the opportunities created by the low global oil prices for improving the Nigerian labour market. The study adopted qualitative research approach. The key findings are that fall in oil price provides negative challenges for Nigerian labour market in the short-run but an opportunity for improved employment generation in the long-run. The study concludes that government should take advantage of the fall in oil price to develop other sectors of the Nigerian economy. The paper has contributed to knowledge by establishing among others, that low oil prices create opportunities for nations to improve the labour market conditions.
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Nkomo, JC. "The impact of higher oil prices on Southern African countries." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 17, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2006/v17i1a3373.
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In determining the magnitude of oil shocks to the economies of Southern Africa, it is essential that we examine the various components of vulnerability, as well as the crude oil price movements and the relationship between energy and development. Because energy consumers and producers are constrained by their energy consuming appliances which are fixed n the short-run, thus making it difficult to shift to less oil intensive means of production in response to higher oil prices, oil price shocks increase the total import bill for a country largely because of the huge increase in the cost of oil and petroleum products. Low-income countries and poorer households tend to suffer the largest impact from oil price rise
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 88, no. 6 (September 1995): 528–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.88.6.0528.
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Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 88, no. 8 (November 1995): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.88.8.0688.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers af Mathematics.
45
"Products." Mathematics Teacher 88, no. 9 (December 1995): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.88.9.0780.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 1 (January 1996): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.1.0076.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 6 (September 1996): 518–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.6.0518.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 7 (October 1996): 610–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.7.0610.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books. and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the Nattonal Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 8 (November 1996): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.8.0696.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, books, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
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"Products." Mathematics Teacher 89, no. 9 (December 1996): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mt.89.9.0783.
Full textAbstract:
Prices on software, boolls, and materials are subject to change. Consult the suppliers for the current prices. The comments reflect the reviewers' opinions and do not imply endorsement by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.