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Journal articles on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Software"
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AL-Azzawi, Omar M., Harith I. Mohammed, Hussam J. Mousa, Assad O. Rabit, and Sura K. Hussein. "Mathematical Model & Feasibility Study for Construction an Invested Refinery of 100,000 (bbl / Day) in AL-Nasiriya Governorate." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 12, no. 1(Suppl.) (April 21, 2022): 150–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v12i1(suppl.).628.
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A mathematical Model and feasibility study of construction an invested Refinery with 100,000 (Bbl/day) in AL-Nasiriya governorate was performed. The project is composed of three Units, Atmospheric Column Distillation Unit (CDU), Catalytic Reformer Unit (CRU) and Residue Fluidized Catalytic Cracking Unit (RFCC) that produce different products. Based on the Platts prices of petroleum products which was provided by State Organization for Marketing of Oil (SOMO) for May of this year and by standard specifications and technical information of Petroleum Research and Development Center (PRDC), Material balance for feed and products as well as optimization process using LINGO software for these three Units were calculated in order to determine influential financial parameters: (NPV), (IRR), (PI) and Payback period of the project. Different calculation scenarios were prepared taking into account discount of crude oil and products prices, inflation indicator of Capital expenditure (CAPEX) and operation expenditure (OPEX) in addition to extending the life of the project and increase in the cost of capital as well. These scenarios are illustrated as followings: -
1- The refinery was considered non-feasible in case of the crude feed price is taken (65$) and the products prices still constant. Discounted of oil feed was taken gradually by 10% and the products prices stay constant turns the project to be feasible at (50%) discounted oil price which gives positive financial parameters as can be seen in scenario (1), (2) but no longer feasible when increasing inflation by (3%) and (5%) as shown in scenario (3) and (4).
2- The price of crude oil feed was taken constant (65$) and the products prices were gradually increased by (10%) till (50%) with constant other parameters gives negative financial parameters means non feasibility as can be seen in scenario (5).
3- Increasing products prices by 10% and discount crude oil price by 10% together makes the project feasible at (25%) for both as shown in scenario (6). Conversely, when inflation was taken into account for OPEX and cost of capital, the project shifted to be feasible at (40%) for both crude oil and products as seen in scenario (7, 8, 9). The crude oil feed price and products was increased gradually by (10%) and decreased by the same percent. Both scenarios give negative financial parameters as shown in (10) and (11).
4- Extending life of project from (4) to (6) years and let other parameters constant including CAPEX to study the impact on the financial parameters. It is noticed that the refinery gives negative income compared to previous period of project in scenarios (12), (13). The cost of capital was increased from 2,100 million to 3000 million with no change in the other parameters gives negative income as seen in scenario (14) and (15). On the other hand, cost of capital and life of project were changed together makes the project worse income due to decline in the financial parameters as illustrated in scenario (14) and (16).
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Jegede, B. M., O. T. Ojo, and B. O. Akinnuli. "EMPIRICAL MODEL AND SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR CRUDE OIL CARGO QUANTITY MEASUREMENT AND DISCREPANCIES DETERMINATION IN NIGERIA." FUTA JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY 16, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.51459/futajeet.2022.16.1.415.
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The petroleum industry is faced with measurement problem. This problem could be attributed to low value of petroleum products derived at the time of installation. However, over the years, with increasing crude oil prices of associated petroleum products, there is need to ensure that cargoes loaded and discharged are measured more accurately with minimum loses. Hence, this research focuses on development of an empirical model for oil cargo quantity shipment, discrepancies determinations in Nigerian oil and gas sector. In order to achieve the objectives of this research, collection of data of past shipping activities were carried out. The data collected were statistically analyzed using MATLAB and model was developed as well as a discrepancy predictive software, using Visual Basis Software. The volume correction factor (VCF), a factor used in converting crude oil volume at tank temperature to volume at standard temperature 15oC was determined. The weight correction factor (WCF), a factor used in converting volume of crude oil in barrels to weight in long tons was generated through a model which can be used to get the corresponding weight correction factor at different temperatures. A comparison was done between the results generated from the developed software and the certificate of quantity COQ of crude oil obtained from the Department of Petroleum Resources in the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Nigeria (July 2019). It was found out that 80 metric ton valued at N12,000,000.00 of crude oil was lost due to the miscalculation of the transported crude oil. With the aid of this software, similar errors in crude oil shipment can be detected and minimized.
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Elekanachi, Maraizu Stella, Wonu, Nduka, Onu, and Obineke Henry. "Multivariate Analysis and Modeling the Effect of the Gdp of Nigeria on the Petroleum Product Prices (1987-2018)." Journal of Mathematical Sciences & Computational Mathematics 3, no. 1 (October 4, 2021): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/jmscm.3104.
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The study presented multivariate analysis and modeling of the effect of the GDP of Nigeria on the Nigerian petroleum product prices from 1987 to 2018. The petroleum products considered as the response variables were the Premium Motor Spirit (PMS(Y1)), Automotive Gas Oil (AGO(Y2)) and Dual Purpose Kerosene (DPK(Y3)) while the predictors were GDP(Z1), Total Reserve(Z2), External Debt(Z3), Gross National Expenditure(Z4) and GDP/Capita(Z5). These predictors were studied in pairs on the responses and also studied jointly with all the five predictors on the responses. Comparisons were made among the pairs, also, each pair was compared with the joint analysis. SPSS software was used in the analysis in which Pillai's Trace, Wilks' Lambda, F-value, P-value, coefficient of determination and sum of square errors were applied to determine the contributions of each predictor variable in the models built, to the petroleum product prices. Correlation and covariance analysis were also applied to know the joint effects of the variables. It was observed that PMS was greatly affected by the economic policies of Nigeria, same to the AGO and then DPK. PMS is insignificantly impacted in an economy with two indicators where GNE is involved. PMS and AGO proved better than DPK in the economy of Nigeria. The relationship between GDP on Total reserve or External debt is positive. That is to say, any increase in these variables will result to an increase in the petroleum product prices. Correlation and Covariance analysis revealed that the analysis between GNE and External debt proved to be the worst pair. The analysis on all the five predictors, GNE and External Debt, Total Reserve and External Debt, Total Reserve and GNE and Total Reserve and GDP had no negative correlation, while GDP and GNE had negative correlations between AGO and DPK and AGO and PMS, also, GDP and GDP/Capita and GDP and Total Reserve recorded negative correlation respectively between PMS and AGO and AGO and PMS.
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Covaci, Florina Livia, and Pascale Zaraté. "Modelling decision making in digital supply chains: insights from the petroleum industry." Kybernetes 49, no. 4 (May 31, 2019): 1213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2018-0565.
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Purpose This paper aims to overcome some of the limitations of previous works regarding automated supply chain formation (SCF). Hence, it proposes an algorithm for automated SCF using multiple contract parameters. Moreover, it proposes a decision-making mechanism that provides means for incorporating risk in the decision-making process. To better emphasize the features of the proposed decision-making mechanism, the paper provides some insights from the petroleum industry. This industry has a strategic position, as it is the base for other essential activities of the economy of any country. The petroleum industry is faced with volatile feed-stock costs, cyclical product prices and seasonal final products demand. Design/methodology/approach The authors have modeled the supply chain in terms of a cluster graph where the nodes are represented by clusters over the contract parameters that suppliers/consumers are interested in. The suppliers/consumers own utility functions and agree on multiple contract parameters by message exchange, directly with other participant agents, representing their potential buyer or seller. The agreed values of the negotiated issues are reflected in a contract which has a certain utility value for every agent. They consider uncertainties in crude oil prices and demand in petrochemical products and model the decision mechanism for a refinery by using an influence diagram. Findings By integrating the automated SCF algorithm and a mechanism for decision support under uncertainty, the authors propose a reliable and practical decision-making model with a practical application not only in the petroleum industry but also in any other complex industry involving a multi-tier supply chain. Research limitations/implications The limitation of this approach reveals in situations where the parameters can take values over continuous domains. In these cases, storing the preferences for every agent might need a considerable amount of memory depending on the size of the continuous domain; hence, the proposed approach might encounter efficiency issues. Practical implications The current paper makes a step forward to the implementation of digital supply chains in the context of Industry 4.0. The proposed algorithm and decision-making mechanism become powerful tools that will enable machines to make autonomous decisions in the digital supply chain of the future. Originality/value The current work proposes a decentralized mechanism for automated SCF. As opposed to the previous decentralized approaches, this approach translates the SCF optimization problem not as a profit maximization problem but as a utility maximization. Hence, it incorporates multiple parameters and uses utility functions to find the optimal supply chain. The current approach is closer to real life scenarios than the previous approaches that were using only cost as a mean for pairwise agents because it uses utility functions for entities in the supply chain to make decision. Moreover, this approach overcomes the limitations of previous approaches by providing means to incorporate risk in the decision-making mechanism.
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Mohammadbeigi, K. F., S. Daniali, and Y. Mohammadbeiki. "Prioritizing factors affecting Iranian non-oil export using group decision making approach based on hierarchical analysis process." Upravlenie 7, no. 4 (January 27, 2020): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-60-66.
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Iran’s economy has three sectors: hydrocarbons, agriculture and services. Due to the historical trend, Iranian economy is under the influence of government governance in production and services. Considering the role of non-oil exports and the over-reliance of Iranian economy on petroleum and petroleum products, it is necessary to conduct a research to determine the factors, which affect non-oil export.Since oil revenues are not considered as a reliable source of revenue for the government due to their volatility, development of non-oil export is one of the major goals of Iranian most important goals. If the goals, set in this area will be achieved, the country’s position will be improved in terms of foreign exchange, curbing the volatility, caused by oil prices and gaining economic and competitive advantages in the global arena. The most important issue in the development of nonoil exports is the liberalization of economic capacity through new investments.In this article all factors, affecting non-oil exports have been determined, based on studying literature. Considering a survey of 32 executives and experts of Fajre Jam Refining Company as one of the most important condensate exporter companies in the country and region, the most important of them have been identified and then categorized using the affinity graph approach. Pairwise comparisons were used to weight the main and sub-factors with the participation of 10 executives and experts of the mentioned company within the framework of the analytic hierarchy process in expert choice software.
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Nikkeh, Nada Salman, Suhair Muafaq Abdulhussein, and Mohammed Ali Mohammed. "Implementation of the decision making along with analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approaches in the assessment of the petroleum products cost based on the statical model." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 4, no. 13(118) (August 31, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2022.263192.
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In this study, the investigation of the decision-making strategy was used to select the alternative that was finally adopted in the crude oil refining process. This strategy was used to select the option that was ultimately implemented in the process. The Doura industrial refinery was the source of the information that was acquired for the analysis. The super decision software was applied in order to carry out an examination of the PDS components. After going through the process of refining, one can get the items on the following list: There are five main types of petroleum products, and they are: gasoline, gas oil, liquid gas, black oil, and white oil. Gasoline is the most common type of petroleum product. In order for the parameters to be optimally accommodated by the solution that is finally decided to be the most practical one, the analytic hierarchy process, also known as AHP, technique has been applied. This has been done in conjunction with the parameter determination system, or PDS. This has been done in order to reach the maximum potential level of productivity in the most efficient manner. As a result of the fact that this was the circumstance, a probe into the preliminary phase of the project was carried out, which in the end resulted in the expenditure of a grand total of 3969463 USD. This was determined by taking into account the costs of running the firm in addition to the prices of the raw materials that were utilized in the production process. In addition, the output of the refining process was not only dependent on the price and quantity of the product, but also on the amount of product that was actually sold. This meant that the cost and quantity of the product were not the only factors that determined the output. In order to determine what should be done during the process of making an estimate of what should be done in order to arrive at the response that was going to be the most advantageous taking everything into consideration, a mathematical model was applied as part of the process.
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Gheiratmand, Alireza, Reza Effatnejad, and Mahdi Hedayati. "Technical and Economic Evaluation of Hybrid wind/PV/Battery Systems for Off-Grid Areas using HOMER Software." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 7, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v7.i1.pp134-143.
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Incremental consumption of electrical energy, reduction of fossil fuel resources and environmental pollution problems caused by them are the main reasons, which tend the managers and officials in countries energy sector to develop use of renewable systems. In the not-too-distant future the use of renewable energy such as wind and solar will be very important and will play predominant role in economic indices of power systems. In recent years, technological advances in renewable energy and increasing price of petroleum products promote system managers to use low-cost and low-emission energy resources in form of hybrid systems and widespread propagation of electricity generation have been developed in remote areas. In Hybrid systems two or more sources of renewable energy is typically adopted, which increases the reliability of these systems. In this paper, the technical and economical consideration of a wind and solar hybrid system to supply electrical energy for a number of remote users (aid and medical emergency Shelter in Yazd) is provided. In order to investigate optimization and economic analysis of the proposed hybrid system, the HOMER software is used. The results of Simulation in HOMER software show that Solar cells and wind systems with average generation power of 896 kWh/yr. and 343 kWh/yr., consist proportion of 72 and 28 percent of the total generated energy respectively, which are dedicated to satisfy the loads
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Yadav, Dhiraj Devendra. "Optimization Technique for Reducing Energy Consumption of Rapid Transit Mode." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 902–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.38929.
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Abstract: Since the time, our mother earth was created, energy was taken from the universe(System),now energy is being depleted as non-renewable source. Energy can neither be created nor be destroyed as it transforms in one form to another. So researchers came up with renewable source of energy as the solution like solar, wind and tidal waves. The world is experiencing an energy crisis and the prices of petroleum products like petrol and diesel has gone up. So its time to come forward and save the future of our mother earth. The paper deals in reducing energy consumption of rail rapid transit mode i.e. of metro. It shows how driving behaviour can be controlled using optimized speed profile and efficiency can be managed. It states round trip data taken of Mumbai(India) metro from Versova to Ghatkopar and viceversa. Speed data was taken from GPS(Global Postioning System) embedded in Smart watch Software. Time interval was noted and distance, acceleration data was formulated using Newtons Equations of Motion. Energy Consumed was drawn out from tractive effort data. Then efficiency, energy lost and regenerative braking energy was calculated using Work Energy Theorem. Maximum efficiency of 88.27% was obtained between Asalpha to Jagruti Nagar Station while between Western Express Highway to Andheri Station a 72.66% efficiency was analysed. This affects the time interval of metro trains arriving at station, also the amount of boarding and alighting passengers from the train. A model was designed and simulated using results obtained. The paper also deals with the prototype of Regenerative energy which can either be used in braking systems but also for acceleration and cruising purpose. The idea can benefit a developing country like India where 6.3% GDP is from Transportation Industry. Keywords: optimized speed profile, efficiency, regenerative braking energy
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Tetteh, Akyene, and Qi Xu. "Forecasting Refined Petroleum Products Prices in Ghana." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 8, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2015/17766.
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Savosko, O. V., and V. T. Vodyannikov. "REGARDING THE GROWTH OF PRICES FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 3 (March 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/203-38.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Software"
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Yahia, Abdusalam Faraj. "The effects of the fluctuations in oil prices on the performance of the Libyan economy." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/95.
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Wells, Lauren E. "The short-term effect of the movement of the USD on oil prices." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/wellsl/laurenwells.pdf.
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Fossum, John Erik. "Assessing state intervention : federal oil policies 1973-84." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30576.
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In the last decade or so political scientists have found the pluralist and marxist theoretical perspectives wanting for their inadequate attention to the causal role of states. In response, a burgeoning international literature has emerged which sets out to develop a state-centred theoretical perspective. This study is deeply informed by the emerging statist theoretical perspective.
This thesis explores the relative capacity of the federal state to increase its autonomy in relation to the powerful oil MNCs in the period 1973-84 through an expanded federal presence in the energy sector. Whereas many scholars have assumed that a positive relationship existed between state capacity and the effectiveness of state intervention, Evans and Ikenberry for instance argue that an almost inverse relationship exists between the magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness.
In Canada the literature on federalism has long been cognizant of the important role of states. This thesis therefore attempts to fuse the two bodies of literature, namely statism and federalism, in order to shed added light on the development of federal oil policy during 1973-84.
The fact that the Canadian state is federal accounts for the recurring tendency for the energy issue to be redefined from its "obvious" focus on state-oil industry relations to intrastate issues (federal-provincial relations). A major contribution of this thesis is to explore the circumstances in which jurisdictional concerns deflect attention from policy substance - and also to those in which the reverse occurs.
The thesis finds that when one level of government sought to become more independent of dominant societal actors, such as the oil industry, the intervention, whether so intended or not, was redefined to follow intergovernmental lines of conflict, rather than state-society lines of conflict. The nature of the issues also changed as distributional problems became subsumed under and were driven by the jurisdictional concerns of governments. This increased the policy interdependence between the two levels of government, squeezed out industry interests from intergovernmental deliberations, and generated intervention aimed directly at curtailing the power of the other level of government. This intervention which at first rendered the aggregate state less dependent on the oil industry by for example the creation of Petro-Canada, and later by the NEP, ultimately backfired on the state, at both levels. Important world oil market changes, intergovernmental conflicts and stalemates, deteriorating economic performance, industry reactions, and other mounting economic and political problems undermined the federal government's intervention and led to concessions for the industry. Such concessions were therefore the product of an increasingly irrelevant regulatory framework rather than purely a reflection of the power of the oil industry as such.
This thesis confirms in general terms Ikenberry's finding that an inverse relationship exists between the degree and magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness. Evans and Ikenberry see this most clearly in relation to NOCs, that is in their propensity to evade state control schemes and to undermine centralized state control. In Canada the opposite change.exacerbated conflicts, namely the efforts by governments to shore up their capabilities as corporate actors and the emergence of "political federalism" which saw decision-making becoming centralized within each government, in the hands of decision-makers with jurisdiction-wide concerns. The ensuing process of intrajurisdictional policy coordination not only exacerbated conflicts but also oriented the emerging policy instruments along intergovernmental lines. Another contributing factor was the learning process that decision-makers underwent in the intergovernmental arena. In addition, 'policy mobilization' in the NEP served to link Petro-Canada closer to the political objectives of federal elites.
Therefore, while the effects are the same in Canada, the process is almost the reverse of the one described by Evans and Ikenberry. Evans and Ikenberry see ineffective state intervention largely as the product of state actors mobilizing societal actors and state and societal actors becoming more closely linked. This study supplements the statist literature by noting that the attempts of a number of interventionist governmental actors to introduce comprehensive and more independent interventionist strategies heightened conflicts, generated inefficiencies and essentially caused the intervention to fail.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Al-Ajmi, Fahed M. "The Determinants of OPEC Market Share Stability." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1189.
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The objectives of this dissertation are to explain the production behavior of OPEC's member countries from 1971 to 1987 and to determine whether there was any structural shift in OPEC's production behavior after the organization attempted to assign a quota to each member. This study focused on political and social as well as economic variables, in order to overcome the misspecification of previous models. In order to achieve the above objectives, the study used the following four models, with modifications: the cartel, competitive, target revenue, and property rights models. The double log multiple linear regression technique was used to operationalize the cartel, competitive, and target revenue models; simple linear regression was used to estimate the property rights model. The cartel model was based not only on economic variables but also on social and political variables. The internal political instability of each OPEC country was measured by the number of armed attacks within the country. The structural shift in OPEC's production behavior between the 1971-1982 period and the 1983-1987 period was evaluated using the Chow-test. The Chow-test showed no significant difference between these two periods for OPEC overall or for individual members. Thus, the two periods were combined so that the study was performed for the entire 1971-1987 period. Because this period of analysis was relatively short, alternative models were applied to pool the data and thereby increase the reliability of the model estimates. A cross-sectional correlated and time-wise auto-regressive model (CCTA) was selected to pool the data and to estimate OPEC's production coefficients. Then each individual OPEC member's production model was estimated and compared to the pooled model. The results indicate that OPEC behaved as a cartel, and that a partial market-sharing hypothesis was significant for all 11 OPEC members. These findings indicate that OPEC was a loose cartel, with only partially effective cooperation on production decisions. Political instability was found to be significant (at the 10-percent level) overall, and it negatively affected production. It was also significant at the 5-percent level for the price-pusher group (Iran, Venezuela, and Algeria). This group was also the only one pooled using least squares with dummy variables (LSDV), because of its common slope and different intercepts. Overall results suggest that OPEC members were basing their production decisions on crude oil prices, excess production capacity, and each member's share of total OPEC output.
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Planting, Ronald James. "Petroleum futures trading and price volatility." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91138.
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This study investigates the effects of futures trading on petroleum price variability. Though a number of critics from various quarters claim futures markets have made petroleum prices more volatile, economic reasoning does not support this viewpoint.
A review of theoretical studies and empirical investigations of other commodities shows general support for the hypothesis that futures markets do not destabilize prices and may, in fact, add to price stability. In this study, regression analysis is used to explain the price variability of heating oil and gasoline in terms of factors that may affect this variability, including the existence of futures markets. Though the empirical tests performed are biased towards finding destabilizing effects of futures markets, no statistically significant increase in price volatility is found, and in the case of gasoline, indications of stabilizing effects are found. Thus, neither the results of other studies of futures markets nor examination of petroleum futures trading support the critics' contention that futures trading has destabilized petroleum prices.M.A.
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Buchanan, William K. "Market Timing, Forecast Ability and Information Flow in Petroleum Futures Markets." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278807/.
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Three petroleum futures contracts are examined over a ten-year period from 1986 to 1996. Intertemporal changes in futures prices and the net open interest positions of three trader types are compared to determine what, if any, market timing ability the traders have. Seasonal variation is considered and a simple trading rule is adopted to determine the dollar-return potential for market participation and
shed light on issues of market efficiency.
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Kumar, Akhil. "Budget-Related Prediction Models in the Business Environment with Special Reference to Spot Price Predictions." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331533/.
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The purpose of this research is to study and improve decision accuracy in the real world. Spot price prediction of petroleum products, in a budgeting context, is the task chosen to study prediction accuracy. Prediction accuracy of executives in a multinational oil company is examined. The Brunswik Lens Model framework is used to evaluate prediction accuracy. Predictions of the individuals, the composite group (mathematical average of the individuals), the interacting group, and the environmental model were compared. Predictions of the individuals were obtained through a laboratory experiment in which experts were used as subjects. The subjects were required to make spot price predictions for two petroleum products. Eight predictor variables that were actually used by the subjects in real-world predictions were elicited through an interview process. Data for a 15 month period were used to construct 31 cases for each of the two products. Prediction accuracy was evaluated by comparing predictions with the actual spot prices. Predictions of the composite group were obtained by averaging the predictions of the individuals. Interacting group predictions were obtained ex post from the company's records. The study found the interacting group to be the least accurate. The implication of this finding is that even though an interacting group may be desirable for information synthesis, evaluation, or working toward group consensus, it is undesirable if prediction accuracy is critical. The accuracy of the environmental model was found to be the highest. This suggests that apart from random error, misweighting of cues by individuals and groups affects prediction accuracy. Another implication of this study is that the environmental model can also be used as an additional input in the prediction process to improve accuracy.
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Tait, Hennie Leon. "Adapting retail business models for the petroleum industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1110.
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Deregulation as an open market system is likely to be implemented in the Petroleum industry of South Africa. To secure the success of the retail petroleum industry by means of business and job opportunities one has to investigate the current evolution of the industry and what factors will have a measurable impact on the retail petroleum industry.
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Menezes, Hearton Dounetty Amado de. "Estudos dos impactos da política de fixação do preço dos combustíveis em São Tomé e Principe." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25522.
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A flutuação do preço do petróleo e a sua subvenção ao praticada por alguns países, incluindo São Tomé
e Príncipe, é um tema de grande relevância dada a enorme importância que o petróleo assume nas
economias dos países que, tal como o nosso, não dispõem de recursos energéticos próprios (salvo
a ´agua, o vento e o sol).
A Empresa Nacional de Combustíveis e Òleo (ENCO, SARL), representa o monopólio de
importação e venda dos produtos petrolíferos (gasolina, gasóleo, Jet-A1 e Petróleo) em São Tomé
e Príncipe. A mesma é encarregada de elaborar a estrutura de preços dos produtos acima
mencionados sempre que há uma importação. A elaboração desta estrutura de preços é baseadas
nas leis e normas de importação e vendas de produtos petrolíferos vigentes no País, onde o preço
de venda ao consumidor final ´e fixo causando com isto um diferencial de preço que será o nosso
objecto de estudo.
Pretendemos com esta dissertação identificar os beneficiários da política de fixação do preço dos
produtos petrolíferos praticado pelo Estado santomense durante os anos de 2001 a 2017 e construir
modelos estatísticos que permitam explicar a evolução desse diferencial e fazer uma previsão futura
desse mesmo diferencial.
No final apresentaremos as conclusões e, caso se justifique, algumas recomendações futuras;
Abstract:
STUDY OF THE IMPACTS OF FUEL PRICE FIXING POLICY IN São TOMÉ E
PRÍNCIPE
The fluctuations in oil prices and its subsidy practiced by some countries, including S˜ao Tomé e
Príncipe, is a subject of great importance given the enormous importance of oil in the economies of
countries that, like ours, do not have their own energy resources (except water, wind and sun).
The National Fuel and Oil Company (ENCO) represents the monopoly on the import and sale
of petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, Jet-A1 and Petroleum) in S˜ao Tom´e e Pr´ıncipe, which is
responsible for elaborating the price structure of the products mentioned above whenever there is an
import. The elaboration is made based on the laws and norms of importation and sales of petroleum
products in force in the Country, where the sale price to the final consumer is fixed causing with this a
differential of price that will be our object of study.
We intend with this dissertation to identify the beneficiaries of the petroleum products pricing
policy practiced by the State of S˜ao Tomé e Príncipe during the years 2001 to 2017, and to construct
statistical models that allow to explain the evolution of this differential and to make a future prediction
of this same differential.
In the final chapter, we will present the conclusions and, if appropriate, some future
recommendations.
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Savernini, Maira Q. M. "An Econometric Investigation of the Brazilian Ethanol Exports: The Role of Brazilian Sugar Export Prices and World Oil Prices." Ohio : Ohio University, 2008. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1213135904.
Full textBooks on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Software"
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Sullivan, Kate. Historical prices of petroleum and petroleum products in California. Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission, 1993.
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Kumar, G. Prasanna. Petroleum pricing in India. New Delhi: Sar Media Publications, 2000.
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Petroleum prices: Past, present, and prospective. Indianapolis, Ind: Hudson Institute, 1987.
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Krapels, Edward N. Petroleum pricing in developing countries. Washington, D.C: Foreign Policy Institute, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 1985.
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Horsnell, Paul. Oil markets and prices: The Brent market and the formation of world oil prices. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 1993.
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Gouri, Geeta. Pricing for welfare: Petroleum products in India. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1988.
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Rhode Island. General Assembly. Special Legislative Commission to Study Excessive Price Increases for Petroleum Products in Rhode Island. Report of the Commission to Study Excessive Price Increases for Petroleum Products in Rhode Island. [Providence]: The Commission, 1992.
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Sambodo, Maxensius Tri. Pengaruh kebijakan harga energi (BBM dan TDL) terhadap aktivitas ekonomi dan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat. Edited by Pusat Penelitian Ekonomi (Indonesia). Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Ekonomi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 2009.
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Claessens, Stijn. Oil price instability, hedging and an oil stabilization fund: The case of Venezuela. Washington, D.C: World Bank, International Economics Department, International Trade Division, and Europe and Central Asia/Middle East and North Africa Regions Technical Department, Finance and Private Sector Development Group, 1994.
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Kemp, Alexander G. The oil price responsiveness of the UK petroleum fiscal system. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen, Dept. of Economics, 1996.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Software"
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Shettigar, Jagadish, and Pooja Misra. "Petroleum Products Pricing." In Resurgent India, 182—C3.6.P10. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866486.003.0036.
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Abstract With petrol and diesel prices surging to a record high in India, the skyrocketing prices were a cause of worry for the Government and common man alike. Higher fuel prices lead to increased travel costs and keeping in mind that oil is an essential raw material for the industrial and agricultural sectors both, it would also lead to increased cost of production, thereby having a supply-side inflationary impact on the economy and negatively impacting household budgets. The reason for the spiralling price increase had been ascribed to output cuts by oil-producing nations. Looking at fuel prices from a different perspective, petrol and diesel prices in India consist of international prices of crude oil price, i.e. the base price; import duty; refinery cost; freight cost, central excise; state value-added tax; marketing companies’ margin and outlets’ margin. The current point of debate seeing the light of the day was that India had one of the highest tax rates on diesel and petrol of approximately 60% of the total price. In addition to rising crude oil prices in the international market, the heavy load of taxes had raised fuel prices to an all- time high and it was the pandemic affected revenue stream collection which was impeding both the Centre and States from considering a duty cut. Thus, the chapter analyses the likely impact of bringing petrol and diesel prices are brought under the ambit of GST.
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Brandon, Daniel M. "Software Systems for Project Management." In Project Management for Modern Information Systems, 338–50. IGI Global, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-693-8.ch015.
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A vast amount of project management software is available today in a wide variety of capabilities, applicability, platform requirements, and prices. These software products significantly enhance the PM’s job of managing a project in almost all aspects, including selection, planning, scheduling, execution, control, risk, and communications. PMs should therefore be aware of the types of tools available and the features and applicability of those tools. In this chapter, types of software products and some specific products are identified and discussed.
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Ferreira, Ronaldo, Lisane Brisolara, Julio C. B. Mattos, Emilena Spech, and Erika Cota. "Engineering Embedded Software." In Behavioral Modeling for Embedded Systems and Technologies, 245–70. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-60566-750-8.ch010.
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Since 1965, with Moore’s law statement, industry is continually aggregating complex services into their products, enhancing people’s life quality with decreasing prices. Despite the advances towards hardware integration, current electronic products are relying even more on software to offer distinguished functionalities to users. Hence, the embedded system industry is facing a paradigm shift from its old fashioned hardware driven development to a strong software based one, exposing to the embedded systems domain unforeseen software design challenges. Indeed, this domain must devise its own and very specialized software engineering techniques, in order to achieve sustainable market growth with quality in the scheduled time. Embedded software is distinct from the standard one, fundamentally in the sense that its development is driven by physical properties such as memory footprint and energy consumption. Furthermore, embedded systems are developed within a very tight time-to-market window, pushing design and development practices to their limit. In this chapter, we discuss the use of software specifications at higher abstraction levels and the need to provide tools for software automation, because reliability and safety are important criteria present in several embedded applications, as well as time-to-market. This chapter discusses the design flow for embedded software, from its modeling to its deployment in the embedded platform.
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Alshehri, Feras Ahmed, Saeed M. Al-Shihri, Mohammed C. Al-Kinany, Bandar M. Al-Hudaib, Abdulaziz F. Al-Ghashem, Ali A. Algarni, Sami D. Alzahrani, Peter P. Edwards, and Tiancun Xiao. "Advanced Catalysis and Processes to Convert Heavy Residues Into Fuels and High Value Chemicals." In Advanced Catalysis Processes in Petrochemicals and Petroleum Refining, 110–38. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8033-1.ch004.
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The petroleum refining process begins with distillation, first at atmospheric pressure and after at reduced pressure. The volatile fractions, in both cases, have greater economic value, and the distillation residue-produced atmospheric residue and vacuum residue represent a significant portion of a barrel of crude. The need to convert bottom of the barrel into cleaner and more valuable olefins and liquid products is continuously increasing. Thus, residue must be converted into more valuable products, and further processes can be employed for upgrading residue. Examples are delayed coking, visco-reduction, and fluidized catalytic cracking. On the other hand, the optimization of refining facilities to deal with such feeds brings economic competitiveness since these oils have low prices in the international market. Studies on processes and catalytic cracking are quite important under this aspect. The conversion of heavy petroleum fraction into valuable liquid products and high value chemicals has been important objectives for upgrading heavy petroleum oils.
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Jhanji Dhir, Yamini. "Natural Fibers: The Sustainable Alternatives for Textile and Non-Textile Applications." In Natural Fiber [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106393.
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The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources have increased the importance of natural fibers and have stimulated researchers and industries to use sustainable fibers instead of conventional synthetic fibers. Besides exceptionally brilliant mechanical and physical properties are also attractive aspects of natural fibers enabling the utilization of natural fibers in myriad of textile and non-textile applications such as clothing, and reinforced composite products in various industries such as automotive, building, and furniture. Natural fiber composites are composite materials comprising of reinforcing fibers derived from renewable and carbon dioxide neutral resources such as wood or plants. NFCs find application in molded articles that demand moderate strength for acceptable performance for various indoor and outdoor applications. A rapid drift from oil-derived polymers and mineral-reinforced materials to sustainable alternatives has fostered automotive and packaging industries to start utilizing natural fiber composites in their designs. Accordingly, natural fiber composites are serving as energy efficient and sustainable alternatives replacing traditional materials such as metals, polymeric resins, and reinforcement fibers. A worldwide clamor for green products and thus upsurge in sustainable alternatives have been witnessed as a result of diminishing petroleum reserves worldwide, exorbitant prices of petroleum, and high disposal costs of petroleum-based composites along with inability of decomposition of some petroleum-based composites. Contrastingly, natural materials outshine the petroleum-based products in being renewable, inexpensive, biodegradable, and eco-friendly.
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Hameed, Shahul. "Consumer Trust and Confidence in Internet Commerce." In Internet Commerce and Software Agents, 43–57. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-01-3.ch003.
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The Internet network is rapidly becoming more and more popular among companies as an avenue to do business. It has made it easy for them to advertise, market their products and services, and communicate with their customers. Advertising and marketing on the Internet offers the promise of huge profits. Sellers, though, are not the only ones to reap benefits from the Internet. Purchasing products over the Net has also become extremely beneficial. It is faster than the traditional process of mail ordering, and various on-line support forums provide advice that is not found in manuals, catalogs, or brochures. Over the last few years, retail and computer experts have called the Internet the hottest marketing trend and the new consumer market. There are a number of benefits which Internet commerce could potentially deliver to consumers—convenience, wide choice of products, better product information, new types of products and services, and even lower prices. Nevertheless, the actual volume of consumer buying on the Internet is still small, a tiny fraction of worldwide consumer purchases. At the heart of this phenomenon of Internet commerce are the most essential concerns of the consumer—trust, confidence, and protection. Trust, itself, represents an evaluation of information, an analysis that requires decisions about the value of specific information in terms of several factors. Methodologies are being constructed to evaluate information more systematically, to generate decisions about increasingly complex and sophisticated relationships. In turn these methodologies about information and trust will strongly influence the growth of the Internet as a medium for commerce. In this new business environment, consumers find themselves increasingly in the driver’s seat, holding a tremendous amount of purchasing power over providers and sellers. They are empowered because they now have access to a worldwide assortment of suppliers—the Web gives them the power to buy from anyone, anywhere, anytime. The consumers, therefore, want to have control over the collection and use of their personal data and to have appropriate redress mechanisms available in the event of a problem.
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Škorić, Miroslav. "Software in Amateur “Packet Radio” Communications and Networking." In Advances in Wireless Technologies and Telecommunication, 122–88. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-5170-8.ch006.
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In modern (amateur radio) wireless communications, we use computers. Depending on particular situations, such as employers’ and personal preferences, users can adopt more or less proprietary operating systems and related end-user programs. In emerging and developing societies, the usage of proprietary software can be costly. Not only that, contrary to so-called “open” software, the “closed” software is not able to motivate its users to upgrade those programs regularly, not only because of high prices and restricted licensing policies, but also because of its nature, which is the “closedness” of program codes, where the end-users are not allowed to change programmed software, and so assist companies in improving features of their software products. Therefore, the authors help prospective newcomers in the amateur wireless communications to become familiar with the “open” software and, as well, to encourage them in implementing many “free” software solutions at home or work.
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Patil, P. D. "Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Raw Materials." In Degradation of Plastics, 37–80. m, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901335-2.
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Fossil oil prices are soaring steeply due to the depleting petroleum raw materials. Extensive research has been carried out around the globe to develop efficient processes that can replace oil-derived polymers (conventional plastic) with bio-based polymers that originate from renewable resources. Fossil-oil based plastic products take decades to degrade, leading to the unwanted accumulation of plastic waste that can be seen all around. Further, greenhouse gases emission occurs during the production and destruction of synthetic plastic. Therefore, plastic waste has become a massive threat to the biosphere and needs to be addressed immediately. To overcome this issue, a new type of plastic can be produced from bio-resources that can fulfill even the energy demand in today's world. This new form of plastic must be accommodated fast in daily life, considering the range of applications of plastics. Biodegradable plastics made from renewable raw materials can retain all the benefits of petroleum-based plastic without having any negative impacts on the environment. Bioplastics are not toxic in nature and can easily decay back into carbon dioxide via degradation. The products made from bioplastics may be commercialized, considering their superior properties over conventional plastic. The discovery and implementation of plastic made from renewable raw material resources could be a giant leap into the sustainable future.
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Schobert, Harold. "Liquefaction." In Rethinking Coal, 190—C13.P86. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767083.003.0013.
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Abstract To eliminate much of the hardware and many of the processing steps involved in indirect liquefaction, an alternative is to add hydrogen directly to coal, intending to make liquids in one step. Direct liquefaction is simpler in concept, but still involves high temperatures and pressures and the need to convert the primary liquid products to clean, usable fuels. When petroleum is in short supply or prices are high, there is great interest in direct liquefaction. Direct liquefaction has been demonstrated to be commercially feasible, beginning with the Bergius-Bosch plants in Germany during 1939–1945. Research and development were rekindled after the oil price shocks and embargo of the 1970s. When oil is widely available at low price, there is scant interest. A direct liquefaction plant in China seems currently to be the world’s only commercial direct liquefaction plant.
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Hanson, Robin. "Farewells." In The Age of Em. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754626.003.0017.
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Em minds age with experience, becoming less flexible and thus less able to adapt to new skills and environments. Because of this, old ems eventually become substantially less productive than young competitors, and need to retire. Here is why. Imagine that you were asked to modify an ordinary (i.e., stock) car into a truck to haul rocks. If after that you were asked to create a racecar, you would probably prefer to start from another stock car, rather than the stock car that you had turned into a truck. Similarly, species of beetles that have adapted to a varied and oft changing environment have simpler designs than beetles adapted to more stable environments. These simpler beetles are more likely to successfully invade and adapt to new environments that become available, relative to beetles that have adapted to specific stable environments ( Fridley and Sax 2014 ). A similar effect causes large software systems to “rot” with time. As software that was designed to match one set of tasks, tools, and situations is slowly changed to deal with a steady stream of new tasks, tools, and situations, such software becomes more complex, fragile, and more difficult to usefully change ( Lehman and Belady 1985 ). Eventually it is better to start over and write whole new subsystems, and sometimes whole new systems, from scratch. Similarly, while more complex and higher quality business products tend to become better adapted to circumstances, and to sell for higher prices, simpler cheaper products tend to have more descendants in new products, at least for products sold to firms ( Christensen 1997 ; Thompson 2013 ). In multi-cellular animals, flexible generic stem cells create other more varied cells that are better adapted to particular body tasks. Yet new organisms descend mostly from generic stem cells, which have far more descendant cells in the long run. All of these examples suggest that as systems become better adapted in detail to particular situations, they become more fragile and less able to adapt in detail to very different situations.
Conference papers on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Software"
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Abd-Allah, Mohammed, Ahmed Abdelrahman, Luke Van Den Brul, Taha Taha, and Mohammad Ali Javed. "Probabilistic Economical Evaluation for Business Decisions Through Integrated Uncertainty Assessment and Reliable Ensemble-Based Production Forecasts." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207317-ms.
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Abstract Economic evaluation of exploration and production projects ensures a positive return for asset operators and stakeholders and evaluates risk in field development decisions related to both reservoir model uncertainties and fluctuations in oil and gas prices. Traditionally, such evaluation is performed manually and deterministically using single or limited number of cases (limited number of reservoir models and few values of economic parameters). Such traditional approach does not integrate seismic-to-simulation reservoir model uncertainties, the reservoir model used is often unreliable due to inconsistent property modifications during the history matching process, full span of prediction uncertainty isn't properly propagated for economic evaluation and the whole process is not fully automated. This paper presents an integrated and automated forward modelling approach where static and dynamic models are connected to integrate the impact of uncertainties at the different modelling stages (seismic interpretation through geological modelling to dynamic simulation and further to economic evaluations). The approach is demonstrated using synthetic 3D model data mimicking a real North Sea field. It starts by building an integrated modelling workflow that can capture the various reservoir model uncertainties at different stages to automatically generate multiple probable model realisations. Proxy models are constructed and used to refine the history match in successive batches. For each prediction development scenario, prediction probabilities are estimated using posterior ensemble of geologically consistent runs that matches historical observed data. The ensemble of reservoir models is automatically evaluated against different possible economic scenarios. The approach presents a seamless and innovative workflow that benefits from new-generation hardware and software, enables faster simultaneous realisations, produces consistent and more reliable reservoir models. Probabilistic economic evaluation concept is implemented to calculate the statistical probabilities of economic indicators.
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Galchynsky, Leonid, and Andriy Svydenko. "The Multiagent Model for Predicting the Behaviour and Short-term Forecasting of Retail Prices of Petroleum Products." In 19th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006361706320637.
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Kinzel, Holger, and Thomas Koithan. "Planning the Cementing Job Incorporates Data Management and Technical Expertise -- A New Software to Calculate the Optimum Placement of Mechanical Cementing Products." In SPE Petroleum Computer Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/38130-ms.
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Ekeinde, Evelyn Bose, Adewale Dosunmu, Diepiriye Chenaboso Okujagu, and Dumbili Jerome Obazeh. "Deregulation of the Downstream Sector of the Nigerian Oil Industry and its Impact on Pump Price of Petroleum Products." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211929-ms.
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Abstract The oil industry is clearly the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, with revenues from the industry accounting for over 80% of the nation's foreign exchange as well as over 80% of GDP. Therefore, the importance of the petroleum industry to Nigeria's development and economic strength cannot be over stressed. This paper discusses the deregulation of the downstream sector of the Nigerian petroleum industry with emphasis on product pump price. Over the years it has been observed that despite the large volumes of revenue coming from the petroleum industry, the price of petroleum products continues in Nigeria continues to rise even with huge amounts of money spent on subsidizing product pump price to keep them affordable to the Nigerian people. The paper tries to analyse the concept of deregulation and how a well-planned and deregulation policy can be effected to achieved the desired goals of product availability and minimal pump prices. It proposes that a truly and fully deregulated downstream will not necessarily result in product pump prices that are lower than the current both in the short or long terms, but in a competitive market with many players compete resulting in product availability and competitive pricing. It puts forward that the government would have to put in place measures to curb corruption and collusion which might disparage on the successful deregulation of the subsector. It proposes that if the deregulation of the downstream is to yield best outcomes especially in product pump price then having an effective domestic refining capacity is very imperative which would include revamping the state owned refineries, issuing licenses’ for the construction of new refineries and operating them optimally. It recommends that the deregulation of the downstream must be gradual in order to achieve its desired goals
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Pashkevich, Lev, Daria Gordeeva, Oleg Skudar, Aliya Kashafutdinova, Denis Lyasovich, and Vladislav Ulyaschenko. "Cost Engineering Software: Value Based Management of Oil and Gas Assets in All Investment Process Stages." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22442-ms.
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Abstract This paper gives an overview of Gazprom Neft's strategic goals and describes how industry benchmarking helps in achieving them. In particular, we offer a general description of Gazprom Neft's cost management processes with a detailed focus on two of them: baseline cost and reserve estimate, and project cost monitoring and control. The digital landscape of cost engineering is also described, which is represented by three interrelated cost estimation tools, and a software product that allows you to manage capital expenditures at subsequent stages — to monitor and control the cost of the project. The cost engineering software products are unique solutions for the industry, and their features are described in this paper.
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Arthur, Paulo Henrique Gouvea, Bruno Carvalho Santos, Leandro Martha Pontes, Maycon Andrade Duarte, Adonias Pinheiro Pires, and Alan Marcel Fernandes Souza. "Superpagg: Uma Ferramenta Crowdsourcing para Comparação de Preços em Supermercados." In XXV Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Multimídia e Web. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/webmedia_estendido.2019.8151.
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People often try to spend as little as possible when shopping at a supermarket. Many people can not reduce their costs when buying, either because of lack of time to research or because of the wide variety of products and prices. This article presents the Superpagg software, whose main objective is to help people to spend less on purchases in supermarkets by comparing the prices of different products in different supermarkets, so that the user can see where to pay less for the same products, allowing them to make their purchases with more economy. The results obtained were that the information presented by the software, using a limited sampling, is that the consumer saves from 2.01% to 17.64% monthly per product purchased.
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Ihejirika, Vivian Chinenye, Omowumi Iledare, and Bimpe Adeogun. "Economic Analysis of Gas to Power Project in Nigeria." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31944-ms.
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Abstract This research work is based on the economic analysis of Gas to Power in Nigeria. Gas is progressively substituting the time of crude which substituted Coal. Nigeria is positioned as the 9th country in Africa with 192tcf estimated gas reserve in the world and 1st in Africa. The power sector has been underdeveloped over the years. The current initiative by the Federal Government of Nigeria to reach a target of 20GW capacity of electricity by year 2020 has identified the choice of Gas-to-Power as a major key-driver in attaining such a goal. This research work considered the economic analysis of converting Gas-to-Power under the prevailing petroleum fiscal system, through a critical review of a number of literatures. Model assumptions were made based on an offshore field for the analysis of associated Gas sales and an average of 20,000kW of power generated every year for 20years. Government Net Present Value (NPV) was gotten to be $181.12 MM and contractor NPV $337.04 MM for sales of the Gas and $20.07B, $10.78B for the government and contractor NPV respectively for power generation, Internal rate of return (IRR) for the contractor was recovered as 15% and 19% for gas sales and power generation respectively and the Profitability Index (PI) was calculated to be 3.88 for Gas and 3.2 for Power at the end of 20 years field life. The effect of CAPEX, OPEX, product price, production rate and discount rate on NPV, IRR and PI at 15% discount rate was investigated to know the range of profitability of Gas-to-Power using @Risk software to perform risk and sensitivity analysis. Discount rate and Price were seen to have the most impact on the output variables. Generally, the results were favorable for converting Gas-to-Power. The economic model has proved that Gas to Power technology is profitable in Nigeria and can also lead to industry growth which will invariably lead to revenue generation, therefore bettering the Nigerian economy and increasing social and human development.
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Pourghafari, Mohammad, Mohammad Pourgol-Mohammad, Reza Alizadeh, Mojtaba Raheli Kaleibar, and Morteza Soleimani. "Deterministic Hazard Assessment for Petroleum Refinery Products Storage Tanks: Case Study of Tabriz Refinery." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-71139.
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The importance of safety regulations and risk assessments in the chemical process of industry has been doubled by the increasing number of accidents in petroleum storage facilities. Control of critical situations and conditions against risks require appropriate planning, collection of valid information of possible scenarios and utilization of proper assessment techniques. In this study, by combining numerical simulation techniques, mathematical and experimental data and utilization of commercial software, the risks of a Tabriz refinery gasoline tank (as a case study) are investigated for a total release of the reservoir scenario within a specified period of time, as the worst case. The effect of the environment temperature is evaluated on the progression of the scenario. Based on comparison of the results of numerical simulations of pool fire, and vapor cloud explosion with simulation results based on empirical-mathematical models, it can be concluded that, there are significant differences between the results in the vicinity of the boundary conditions; however, with increasing distance from the center of the accident point, this difference decreases markedly.
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Mohamed, Mohamed A., Radwa Soelem, Fares Attar, and Nesrin Ozalp. "Hydrogen Production and Utilization in Petroleum Refineries: A Study of the U.S. Oil and Gas Industry." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54752.
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Petroleum refining industry in the United States is the largest in the world operating 148 refineries. These refineries contribute a major economic value to the U.S. market for providing the chemical industry with vital products. The economic gain, however, is challenged by the increasing competitiveness within the refining sector as well as the unpredictable oil prices. Furthermore, environmental obligations also have been recently advocating low emission rates that may entail additional operating costs to refineries. In this study, we analyze hydrogen production and utilization in the U.S. oil and gas industry to characterize its key role and trends in this energy-intensive industry. We referred to U.S. Department of Energy data and statistics of hydrogen production rates as well as we considered other elementary factors of refineries productivity such as; economics of crude oil, power consumption and chemical outputs. Considering the fact that hydrogen-dependent processes in refining count as a key element in oil refining; it is certainly that efficient production and implementation of hydrogen in processes such as hydro-cracking and hydro-desulfurization will result in cost saving opportunities for refineries. From this point of view, we highlight the economic and environmental advantages of solar cracking of natural gas as an alternative way of hydrogen production. Hydrogen production in refineries could possibly benefit from utilizing this alternative method on both local and global levels. Economically, this study explains how solar cracking could save about $62 million in hydrogen production for U.S. refineries. Even though the momentum of desulfurization acts are not yet strong in the U.S., major European refining investments are in jeopardy if not soon to utilize enhanced desulfurization facilities in response to demands of lower sulfur content of refined products. A comprehensive expenditures model is presented in this study to monitor primary areas of saving in hydrogen production from the early stages of establishing a hydrogen production plant. Further alternatives showing potential are also included as future considerations for the refinery sector.
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Yayar, Rüştü, Yunus Emre Birol, and Yusuf Demir. "Analysis of Turkey’s Export and Import Demand Functions within the Context of Foreign Trade with Russia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00783.
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The main purpose of this study is to analyze the foreign trade of Russia and Turkey. Considering the foreign trade volume between the two countries, an experimental study was carried out to determine export and import demand functions of Turkey. The Russian Federation has been one of the countries having an important part in export of Turkey. Whereas textile products have taken the first place within the export of Turkey, petroleum gas and natural gas have taken the first place in import. The data used in the study covered the period between 1995 and 2010 quarterly. The data were obtained from Turkish Republic Central Bank, International Money Fund, Russian Central Bank and Russian Federal Statistics Service databases. According to obtained results, export of Turkey to Russia has affected more from the income of Russia rather than the relative prices, and import of Turkey from Russia has affected more from the income of Turkey rather than the relative prices. When income and price elasticity of export and import demands were analyzed, income and price elasticity of the export demand was noticed as being greater than the income and price elasticity of the import demand.
Reports on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Software"
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Monetary Policy Report - April 2022. Banco de la República, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).