Academic literature on the topic 'Petroleum products Prices Australia'
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Journal articles on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Australia"
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Palethorpe, Nick. "FINANCING PETROLEUM DEVELOPMENTS IN THE 1990'S." APPEA Journal 33, no. 1 (1993): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj92035.
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Banks in many parts of the world, including Australia, have tightened credit because of their level of loan losses in the late 1980's and early 1990's. However, recent financings of petroleum projects in this region indicate that the banks' appetite for such lending has not been adversely affected. In fact, banks which lent to Australian petroleum projects in the 1970s and 1980s have generally not only had a return on their money but have also had the return of their money.The funding requirements for Australian petroleum developments in the 1990s and beyond appear considerable. It is expected that there will be keen competition from the banking sector to supply these funds.The need to properly assess and mitigate the risks inherent in such developments will continue, if not heighten, as advanced technology, often in hostile environments, is required to develop more marginal fields.In so far as oil price, foreign exchange and interest rate risks are concerned, there is likely to be a growing emphasis by banks on managing risk so as to contain what historically have been high levels of volatility. A number of products have been developed by banks to manage these risks and if correctly applied they can also serve to reduce risk. There is some cost, however this can be offset by application of the same bank products. By reducing risk it is also possible to obtain higher levels of debt.
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Rojanadilok, Rojanadilok, and Bunchapattanasakda . "Marketing Strategies of Imported Herbal Cosmetic Products in Thailand." Information Management and Business Review 3, no. 4 (October 15, 2011): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/imbr.v3i4.936.
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This research investigated the factors that influence marketing strategies of imported herbal cosmetic products in Thailand. The study is qualitative research using in - depth interview to collect primary data and use content analysis to analyze the obtained data. The facial herbal cosmetics products using in this study were moisturizer, whitening lotions, creams, powder, toner, make up cleansing, mask, cleansing oil, soap bar, anti-aging lotions and creams which imported from Australia and the USA. Findings from the study found that product A positioned itself as a premium biodynamic natural plus innovation technology product using the greenhouse concept. The shops were decorated using recycle woods. The products’ packaging give customers a sense of the source, herb images grow around the boxes and bottles, whilst the text grows with the image, creating a sense of energy. Product A conscious of the environment and strive to source and use the most environmentally aware materials where possible. The retail price strategy depends on local marketing promotions. It has the stand-alone shops plus day spa and counters in department stores. The advertisement media strategies focus on magazine, direct mail, social network advertisement; facebook. Product B sets the position as an innovative organic beauty solution using pure certified organic ingredients without paraben, petroleum, and silicones. Recycled materials were used to make packaging and printed using soy ink. It has shop online and 12 counters in department stores. The local price strategy is discount on vocation. The promotion strategies focused on premium product and cash discount. The advertisement strategies of product B focused on magazines, direct mail, social network advertisement; facebook and popular brand ambassadors. Product C set position as ancient herbal product. The product’s formulations have made with the unique natural ingredients, effective botanical extracts with the latest innovations from around the world since a 160 years old formula. The products avoid using of preservative and perfume. It has 8 counters in department stores and used the recyclable packaging so that product C concentrate the efforts and cost on the substance and quality of products which reflex selling price. The advertisement strategies focused on brochure and social network advertisement (facebook and twitter) while selling promotion strategies of the product are free premium sampling, customers refer friends, and 28 days satisfaction guarantee for refund.
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Tetteh, Akyene, and Qi Xu. "Forecasting Refined Petroleum Products Prices in Ghana." British Journal of Economics, Management & Trade 8, no. 2 (January 10, 2015): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjemt/2015/17766.
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Bethune, Graeme, and Susan Bethune. "Petroleum production and development across Australia 2017." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj18009.
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This Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia review looks in detail at the trends and highlights for oil and gas production and development both onshore and offshore Australia during 2017. Gas production soared while oil production plummeted yet again. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) did well; 2017 was a great year for LNG and 2018 should be even better. There are stark contrasts between domestic gas on the west and east coasts. On the west coast, prices are affordable and supply relatively plentiful. On the east, prices are high and gas is in short supply. This paper canvasses these trends and makes conclusions about the condition of the oil and gas industry in Australia. This paper relies primarily on production and reserves data compiled by EnergyQuest. In its latest review of Australian energy policy, the International Energy Agency comments yet again on the weaknesses of Australian oil and gas statistics. This paper also makes some observations on these weaknesses.
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Savosko, O. V., and V. T. Vodyannikov. "REGARDING THE GROWTH OF PRICES FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." Экономика сельского хозяйства России, no. 3 (March 2020): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32651/203-38.
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Keith, Joe. "Australia petroleum production and development – 2020." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21007.
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This Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia review considers the production and development of oil and gas in Australia over the year 2020. In a challenging year, which included commodity price wars and severe global impacts felt from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the Australian industry continued to produce high gas volumes due to sustained liquefied natural gas (LNG) output, and minimal decreases were seen in liquids production. Development approvals for large offshore projects did not materialise as expected in 2020 as operators reduced capital spend and focused on portfolio management in a year when oil prices fell by around USD 45bbl. Critically, all major projects with an financial investment decision (FID) target of 2020/21 were not cancelled, but development decisions were instead deferred. By the end of 2020, domestic-focused gas projects continued to be pursued for development with a target to support the declining resources for the Australian east coast domestic gas market.
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Molyneux, Simon. "PESA Australian business environment review 2019." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20009.
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This Petroleum Exploration Society of Australia review looks at the major issues that impacted the Australian petroleum business environment in 2019. While the petroleum business in 2020 has been combating an oil price slump and a global economic slowdown driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, 2019 will be remembered as a pivotal year in the petroleum industry. At a global level, climate change moved centre-stage with global protests, extensive media coverage and clear commitments from global players in the resource industry to become net-zero emitters of carbon. Oil prices averaged US$64/barrel for Brent, liquefied natural gas (LNG) prices fell and global CO2 emissions from power generation were flat for the first time. In Australia, petroleum production also increased, driven by LNG production, and Australia became the world’s largest producer of LNG, the world’s largest CO2 injection plant became operational and the regulatory system was tested by current operations and future drilling. Meanwhile, society’s relationship with the petroleum industry was reframed with the linking of extensive bushfires to climate change. This paper will describe each of these issues and frame the issues facing the industry in 2020 and beyond.
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Posokhov, Igor Mykhailovych, Nadezhda Oleksiivna Horenko, and Viktor Volodymyrovych Chelak. "METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO PREDICTING PRODUCER PRICES FOR PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA 1, no. 2(14) (March 1, 2018): 147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2018-2-2(14)-147-153.
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Urgency of the research. Every day, scientists solve problems in economics. To find, which action leads to the expected result with the smallest losses and risks, it’s necessary to predict the further development of events. Target setting. The most widespread problem is the allocation of resources. To make proper calculations and right decisions of distribution, the science of economic theory exists. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The studies of Khaikin S. and Callan R. are the most famous among the studies of foreign authors. Yakhyaeva G. E. investigated the theory of neural networks. Matviychuk A. V. suggested a methodical approach to forecasting financial time series with the use of neural networks. Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining. At the moment about 200 methods of estimation are being used, but in practice only a few of them are used. The research objective. The study of each criterion takes a lot of time on preparation of data for the study and careful verification of the original data. For this, it is necessary to choose the correct methodology for developing a forecast to identify the problems to be solved. The statement of basic materials. In this article, the stages of research and prediction are considered of wholesale prices for petroleum products, a methodological approach is proposed in order to evaluate the accuracy of forecasting using neural networks, based on an algorithm with linear partial descriptions of the method of group accounting of the argument. Conclusions. The proposed methodological approach to estimating the accuracy of forecasting using neural networks shows that neural networks allow us to obtain reliable predictions. However, the data on which the training took place had a high degree of similarity among itself, therefore the proposed methodological approach on the one hand does not pretend to be "universal" in forecasting for different sectors of the Ukrainian economy, since different industries have their own characteristics. On the other hand, it can become universal and will allow us to obtain reliable forecasts when taking into account modern features of the development of the Ukrainian economy.
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Gavrys, M., R. Nesterenko, and O. Gavrys. "PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE OIL PRODUCTS MARKET IN UKRAINE TODAY AND IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD." Scientific journal of the National Academy of National Guard "Honor and Law" 2, no. 81 (2022): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33405/2078-7480/2022/2/81/263770.
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The article is aimed to identify threats to national security due to the current state of the petroleum products market and factors that affect the cost of fuel in Ukraine during the war and will shape fuel prices in Ukraine and the whole world in the short and medium term. Such factors now are the almost complete absence of the domestic product on the market, the rupture of old logistics chains and problems with the development of new logistics routes for fuel supply from Europe, high world prices for oil and petroleum products, instability of the national currency and risks, associated with the war. It is estimated that the fair price for imported petrol and diesel fuel at the end of May ? beginning of June 2022 is 45 UAH in the western regions, and up to 50 UAH per liter in the eastern regions of Ukraine. Factors that will affect prices in the near future include the possible unblocking of Ukraine?s seaports, oil and petroleum products supplies from the United States, Central Asia and the Middle East, shale oil from the United States, increased market competition and increased demand as a result of the end of COVID-19 crisis. Ukrainian people should be ready to high prices of petroleum products in the near future and the Ukrainian state should prepare the system of national security and national defense for solving of the logistics problems with delivery of the petroleum products and potential social problems.
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Dickinson, Richard R. "Fuel Oil." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 2-3 (May 1986): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400204.
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As the price of petroleum has increased, the power industry has displaced a great deal of more expensive petroleum and natural gas with coal and nuclear power. The petroleum industry has installed processing facilities to upgrade its heavy fuel oil to make lighter products. These two actions, when combined, have effectively resulted in producing clean products indirectly from coal. A profitable synfuels industry has been created by the refining and power industries without conscious direction on their part—and without government support. The net effect has been to substantially reduce demand for both crude oil and natural gas, stretching future supplies of petroleum energy. This displacement has contributed to the temporary bubble in natural gas and the present oversupply of crude oil, creating downward price pressures on both crude oil and products. Even so, fuel oil prices have remained relatively stable because the industry has installed sufficient capability through its refinery improvements to upgrade fuel oil into more clean products, thereby reducing production of heavy fuel oil. In the future, we can expect the interaction among these fuels to continue to exert their effects. Since there are many consumers who can use either natural gas or fuel oil, their prices will remain tied to each other. Fuel oil prices will set the upper limits to which the burner tip price of natural gas can rise. Conversely, natural gas prices will tend to set the floor under fuel oil prices.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Australia"
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Yahia, Abdusalam Faraj. "The effects of the fluctuations in oil prices on the performance of the Libyan economy." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/95.
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Wells, Lauren E. "The short-term effect of the movement of the USD on oil prices." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/wellsl/laurenwells.pdf.
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Wills-Johnson, Nick. "Competition in a spatial retail petroleum market." Thesis, Curtin University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/197.
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This thesis examines the behaviour of retail petroleum markets, with a case study examining prices in Perth, Australia. The aim of the thesis is two-fold. Firstly, it aims to extend the Edgeworth Cycles literature by showing how a simple, distance-based model of duopolistic competition can give rise to Edgeworth Cycles. Secondly, it makes use of the results of this model to build a model of the structure of the Perth market and to explore competition in that network.In the empirical component of the thesis, I explore whether network structure influences both the prices charged by each retail petroleum outlet and the shape of price cycles exhibited by each retail petroleum outlet. In addition, having performed a spectral analysis on prices and finding that most retail petroleum outlets do not follow a single cycle, but in fact use cycles of differing lengths, mostly seven and ten-day cycles, I explore whether network structure influences these choices or not. In the empirical analysis, I find evidence that network structure does, in fact, influence both price and the nature of cycles.
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Fossum, John Erik. "Assessing state intervention : federal oil policies 1973-84." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30576.
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In the last decade or so political scientists have found the pluralist and marxist theoretical perspectives wanting for their inadequate attention to the causal role of states. In response, a burgeoning international literature has emerged which sets out to develop a state-centred theoretical perspective. This study is deeply informed by the emerging statist theoretical perspective.
This thesis explores the relative capacity of the federal state to increase its autonomy in relation to the powerful oil MNCs in the period 1973-84 through an expanded federal presence in the energy sector. Whereas many scholars have assumed that a positive relationship existed between state capacity and the effectiveness of state intervention, Evans and Ikenberry for instance argue that an almost inverse relationship exists between the magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness.
In Canada the literature on federalism has long been cognizant of the important role of states. This thesis therefore attempts to fuse the two bodies of literature, namely statism and federalism, in order to shed added light on the development of federal oil policy during 1973-84.
The fact that the Canadian state is federal accounts for the recurring tendency for the energy issue to be redefined from its "obvious" focus on state-oil industry relations to intrastate issues (federal-provincial relations). A major contribution of this thesis is to explore the circumstances in which jurisdictional concerns deflect attention from policy substance - and also to those in which the reverse occurs.
The thesis finds that when one level of government sought to become more independent of dominant societal actors, such as the oil industry, the intervention, whether so intended or not, was redefined to follow intergovernmental lines of conflict, rather than state-society lines of conflict. The nature of the issues also changed as distributional problems became subsumed under and were driven by the jurisdictional concerns of governments. This increased the policy interdependence between the two levels of government, squeezed out industry interests from intergovernmental deliberations, and generated intervention aimed directly at curtailing the power of the other level of government. This intervention which at first rendered the aggregate state less dependent on the oil industry by for example the creation of Petro-Canada, and later by the NEP, ultimately backfired on the state, at both levels. Important world oil market changes, intergovernmental conflicts and stalemates, deteriorating economic performance, industry reactions, and other mounting economic and political problems undermined the federal government's intervention and led to concessions for the industry. Such concessions were therefore the product of an increasingly irrelevant regulatory framework rather than purely a reflection of the power of the oil industry as such.
This thesis confirms in general terms Ikenberry's finding that an inverse relationship exists between the degree and magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness. Evans and Ikenberry see this most clearly in relation to NOCs, that is in their propensity to evade state control schemes and to undermine centralized state control. In Canada the opposite change.exacerbated conflicts, namely the efforts by governments to shore up their capabilities as corporate actors and the emergence of "political federalism" which saw decision-making becoming centralized within each government, in the hands of decision-makers with jurisdiction-wide concerns. The ensuing process of intrajurisdictional policy coordination not only exacerbated conflicts but also oriented the emerging policy instruments along intergovernmental lines. Another contributing factor was the learning process that decision-makers underwent in the intergovernmental arena. In addition, 'policy mobilization' in the NEP served to link Petro-Canada closer to the political objectives of federal elites.
Therefore, while the effects are the same in Canada, the process is almost the reverse of the one described by Evans and Ikenberry. Evans and Ikenberry see ineffective state intervention largely as the product of state actors mobilizing societal actors and state and societal actors becoming more closely linked. This study supplements the statist literature by noting that the attempts of a number of interventionist governmental actors to introduce comprehensive and more independent interventionist strategies heightened conflicts, generated inefficiencies and essentially caused the intervention to fail.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
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Al-Ajmi, Fahed M. "The Determinants of OPEC Market Share Stability." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1189.
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The objectives of this dissertation are to explain the production behavior of OPEC's member countries from 1971 to 1987 and to determine whether there was any structural shift in OPEC's production behavior after the organization attempted to assign a quota to each member. This study focused on political and social as well as economic variables, in order to overcome the misspecification of previous models. In order to achieve the above objectives, the study used the following four models, with modifications: the cartel, competitive, target revenue, and property rights models. The double log multiple linear regression technique was used to operationalize the cartel, competitive, and target revenue models; simple linear regression was used to estimate the property rights model. The cartel model was based not only on economic variables but also on social and political variables. The internal political instability of each OPEC country was measured by the number of armed attacks within the country. The structural shift in OPEC's production behavior between the 1971-1982 period and the 1983-1987 period was evaluated using the Chow-test. The Chow-test showed no significant difference between these two periods for OPEC overall or for individual members. Thus, the two periods were combined so that the study was performed for the entire 1971-1987 period. Because this period of analysis was relatively short, alternative models were applied to pool the data and thereby increase the reliability of the model estimates. A cross-sectional correlated and time-wise auto-regressive model (CCTA) was selected to pool the data and to estimate OPEC's production coefficients. Then each individual OPEC member's production model was estimated and compared to the pooled model. The results indicate that OPEC behaved as a cartel, and that a partial market-sharing hypothesis was significant for all 11 OPEC members. These findings indicate that OPEC was a loose cartel, with only partially effective cooperation on production decisions. Political instability was found to be significant (at the 10-percent level) overall, and it negatively affected production. It was also significant at the 5-percent level for the price-pusher group (Iran, Venezuela, and Algeria). This group was also the only one pooled using least squares with dummy variables (LSDV), because of its common slope and different intercepts. Overall results suggest that OPEC members were basing their production decisions on crude oil prices, excess production capacity, and each member's share of total OPEC output.
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Planting, Ronald James. "Petroleum futures trading and price volatility." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91138.
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This study investigates the effects of futures trading on petroleum price variability. Though a number of critics from various quarters claim futures markets have made petroleum prices more volatile, economic reasoning does not support this viewpoint.
A review of theoretical studies and empirical investigations of other commodities shows general support for the hypothesis that futures markets do not destabilize prices and may, in fact, add to price stability. In this study, regression analysis is used to explain the price variability of heating oil and gasoline in terms of factors that may affect this variability, including the existence of futures markets. Though the empirical tests performed are biased towards finding destabilizing effects of futures markets, no statistically significant increase in price volatility is found, and in the case of gasoline, indications of stabilizing effects are found. Thus, neither the results of other studies of futures markets nor examination of petroleum futures trading support the critics' contention that futures trading has destabilized petroleum prices.M.A.
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Buchanan, William K. "Market Timing, Forecast Ability and Information Flow in Petroleum Futures Markets." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278807/.
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Three petroleum futures contracts are examined over a ten-year period from 1986 to 1996. Intertemporal changes in futures prices and the net open interest positions of three trader types are compared to determine what, if any, market timing ability the traders have. Seasonal variation is considered and a simple trading rule is adopted to determine the dollar-return potential for market participation and
shed light on issues of market efficiency.
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Kumar, Akhil. "Budget-Related Prediction Models in the Business Environment with Special Reference to Spot Price Predictions." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331533/.
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The purpose of this research is to study and improve decision accuracy in the real world. Spot price prediction of petroleum products, in a budgeting context, is the task chosen to study prediction accuracy. Prediction accuracy of executives in a multinational oil company is examined. The Brunswik Lens Model framework is used to evaluate prediction accuracy. Predictions of the individuals, the composite group (mathematical average of the individuals), the interacting group, and the environmental model were compared. Predictions of the individuals were obtained through a laboratory experiment in which experts were used as subjects. The subjects were required to make spot price predictions for two petroleum products. Eight predictor variables that were actually used by the subjects in real-world predictions were elicited through an interview process. Data for a 15 month period were used to construct 31 cases for each of the two products. Prediction accuracy was evaluated by comparing predictions with the actual spot prices. Predictions of the composite group were obtained by averaging the predictions of the individuals. Interacting group predictions were obtained ex post from the company's records. The study found the interacting group to be the least accurate. The implication of this finding is that even though an interacting group may be desirable for information synthesis, evaluation, or working toward group consensus, it is undesirable if prediction accuracy is critical. The accuracy of the environmental model was found to be the highest. This suggests that apart from random error, misweighting of cues by individuals and groups affects prediction accuracy. Another implication of this study is that the environmental model can also be used as an additional input in the prediction process to improve accuracy.
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Tait, Hennie Leon. "Adapting retail business models for the petroleum industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1110.
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Deregulation as an open market system is likely to be implemented in the Petroleum industry of South Africa. To secure the success of the retail petroleum industry by means of business and job opportunities one has to investigate the current evolution of the industry and what factors will have a measurable impact on the retail petroleum industry.
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Menezes, Hearton Dounetty Amado de. "Estudos dos impactos da política de fixação do preço dos combustíveis em São Tomé e Principe." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25522.
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A flutuação do preço do petróleo e a sua subvenção ao praticada por alguns países, incluindo São Tomé
e Príncipe, é um tema de grande relevância dada a enorme importância que o petróleo assume nas
economias dos países que, tal como o nosso, não dispõem de recursos energéticos próprios (salvo
a ´agua, o vento e o sol).
A Empresa Nacional de Combustíveis e Òleo (ENCO, SARL), representa o monopólio de
importação e venda dos produtos petrolíferos (gasolina, gasóleo, Jet-A1 e Petróleo) em São Tomé
e Príncipe. A mesma é encarregada de elaborar a estrutura de preços dos produtos acima
mencionados sempre que há uma importação. A elaboração desta estrutura de preços é baseadas
nas leis e normas de importação e vendas de produtos petrolíferos vigentes no País, onde o preço
de venda ao consumidor final ´e fixo causando com isto um diferencial de preço que será o nosso
objecto de estudo.
Pretendemos com esta dissertação identificar os beneficiários da política de fixação do preço dos
produtos petrolíferos praticado pelo Estado santomense durante os anos de 2001 a 2017 e construir
modelos estatísticos que permitam explicar a evolução desse diferencial e fazer uma previsão futura
desse mesmo diferencial.
No final apresentaremos as conclusões e, caso se justifique, algumas recomendações futuras;
Abstract:
STUDY OF THE IMPACTS OF FUEL PRICE FIXING POLICY IN São TOMÉ E
PRÍNCIPE
The fluctuations in oil prices and its subsidy practiced by some countries, including S˜ao Tomé e
Príncipe, is a subject of great importance given the enormous importance of oil in the economies of
countries that, like ours, do not have their own energy resources (except water, wind and sun).
The National Fuel and Oil Company (ENCO) represents the monopoly on the import and sale
of petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, Jet-A1 and Petroleum) in S˜ao Tom´e e Pr´ıncipe, which is
responsible for elaborating the price structure of the products mentioned above whenever there is an
import. The elaboration is made based on the laws and norms of importation and sales of petroleum
products in force in the Country, where the sale price to the final consumer is fixed causing with this a
differential of price that will be our object of study.
We intend with this dissertation to identify the beneficiaries of the petroleum products pricing
policy practiced by the State of S˜ao Tomé e Príncipe during the years 2001 to 2017, and to construct
statistical models that allow to explain the evolution of this differential and to make a future prediction
of this same differential.
In the final chapter, we will present the conclusions and, if appropriate, some future
recommendations.
Books on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Australia"
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Neil, Sipe, ed. Shocking the Suburbs: Oil Vulnerability in the Australian City. Sydney: University of NSW Press, 2008.
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Sullivan, Kate. Historical prices of petroleum and petroleum products in California. Sacramento, CA: California Energy Commission, 1993.
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Kumar, G. Prasanna. Petroleum pricing in India. New Delhi: Sar Media Publications, 2000.
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Petroleum prices: Past, present, and prospective. Indianapolis, Ind: Hudson Institute, 1987.
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Krapels, Edward N. Petroleum pricing in developing countries. Washington, D.C: Foreign Policy Institute, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, 1985.
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Horsnell, Paul. Oil markets and prices: The Brent market and the formation of world oil prices. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 1993.
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Gouri, Geeta. Pricing for welfare: Petroleum products in India. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1988.
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Rhode Island. General Assembly. Special Legislative Commission to Study Excessive Price Increases for Petroleum Products in Rhode Island. Report of the Commission to Study Excessive Price Increases for Petroleum Products in Rhode Island. [Providence]: The Commission, 1992.
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Sambodo, Maxensius Tri. Pengaruh kebijakan harga energi (BBM dan TDL) terhadap aktivitas ekonomi dan tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat. Edited by Pusat Penelitian Ekonomi (Indonesia). Jakarta: Pusat Penelitian Ekonomi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, 2009.
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Claessens, Stijn. Oil price instability, hedging and an oil stabilization fund: The case of Venezuela. Washington, D.C: World Bank, International Economics Department, International Trade Division, and Europe and Central Asia/Middle East and North Africa Regions Technical Department, Finance and Private Sector Development Group, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Australia"
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Shettigar, Jagadish, and Pooja Misra. "Petroleum Products Pricing." In Resurgent India, 182—C3.6.P10. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866486.003.0036.
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Abstract With petrol and diesel prices surging to a record high in India, the skyrocketing prices were a cause of worry for the Government and common man alike. Higher fuel prices lead to increased travel costs and keeping in mind that oil is an essential raw material for the industrial and agricultural sectors both, it would also lead to increased cost of production, thereby having a supply-side inflationary impact on the economy and negatively impacting household budgets. The reason for the spiralling price increase had been ascribed to output cuts by oil-producing nations. Looking at fuel prices from a different perspective, petrol and diesel prices in India consist of international prices of crude oil price, i.e. the base price; import duty; refinery cost; freight cost, central excise; state value-added tax; marketing companies’ margin and outlets’ margin. The current point of debate seeing the light of the day was that India had one of the highest tax rates on diesel and petrol of approximately 60% of the total price. In addition to rising crude oil prices in the international market, the heavy load of taxes had raised fuel prices to an all- time high and it was the pandemic affected revenue stream collection which was impeding both the Centre and States from considering a duty cut. Thus, the chapter analyses the likely impact of bringing petrol and diesel prices are brought under the ambit of GST.
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Alshehri, Feras Ahmed, Saeed M. Al-Shihri, Mohammed C. Al-Kinany, Bandar M. Al-Hudaib, Abdulaziz F. Al-Ghashem, Ali A. Algarni, Sami D. Alzahrani, Peter P. Edwards, and Tiancun Xiao. "Advanced Catalysis and Processes to Convert Heavy Residues Into Fuels and High Value Chemicals." In Advanced Catalysis Processes in Petrochemicals and Petroleum Refining, 110–38. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8033-1.ch004.
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The petroleum refining process begins with distillation, first at atmospheric pressure and after at reduced pressure. The volatile fractions, in both cases, have greater economic value, and the distillation residue-produced atmospheric residue and vacuum residue represent a significant portion of a barrel of crude. The need to convert bottom of the barrel into cleaner and more valuable olefins and liquid products is continuously increasing. Thus, residue must be converted into more valuable products, and further processes can be employed for upgrading residue. Examples are delayed coking, visco-reduction, and fluidized catalytic cracking. On the other hand, the optimization of refining facilities to deal with such feeds brings economic competitiveness since these oils have low prices in the international market. Studies on processes and catalytic cracking are quite important under this aspect. The conversion of heavy petroleum fraction into valuable liquid products and high value chemicals has been important objectives for upgrading heavy petroleum oils.
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Jhanji Dhir, Yamini. "Natural Fibers: The Sustainable Alternatives for Textile and Non-Textile Applications." In Natural Fiber [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106393.
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The increasing environmental concerns and depletion of petroleum resources have increased the importance of natural fibers and have stimulated researchers and industries to use sustainable fibers instead of conventional synthetic fibers. Besides exceptionally brilliant mechanical and physical properties are also attractive aspects of natural fibers enabling the utilization of natural fibers in myriad of textile and non-textile applications such as clothing, and reinforced composite products in various industries such as automotive, building, and furniture. Natural fiber composites are composite materials comprising of reinforcing fibers derived from renewable and carbon dioxide neutral resources such as wood or plants. NFCs find application in molded articles that demand moderate strength for acceptable performance for various indoor and outdoor applications. A rapid drift from oil-derived polymers and mineral-reinforced materials to sustainable alternatives has fostered automotive and packaging industries to start utilizing natural fiber composites in their designs. Accordingly, natural fiber composites are serving as energy efficient and sustainable alternatives replacing traditional materials such as metals, polymeric resins, and reinforcement fibers. A worldwide clamor for green products and thus upsurge in sustainable alternatives have been witnessed as a result of diminishing petroleum reserves worldwide, exorbitant prices of petroleum, and high disposal costs of petroleum-based composites along with inability of decomposition of some petroleum-based composites. Contrastingly, natural materials outshine the petroleum-based products in being renewable, inexpensive, biodegradable, and eco-friendly.
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Patil, P. D. "Biodegradable Plastics from Renewable Raw Materials." In Degradation of Plastics, 37–80. m, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901335-2.
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Fossil oil prices are soaring steeply due to the depleting petroleum raw materials. Extensive research has been carried out around the globe to develop efficient processes that can replace oil-derived polymers (conventional plastic) with bio-based polymers that originate from renewable resources. Fossil-oil based plastic products take decades to degrade, leading to the unwanted accumulation of plastic waste that can be seen all around. Further, greenhouse gases emission occurs during the production and destruction of synthetic plastic. Therefore, plastic waste has become a massive threat to the biosphere and needs to be addressed immediately. To overcome this issue, a new type of plastic can be produced from bio-resources that can fulfill even the energy demand in today's world. This new form of plastic must be accommodated fast in daily life, considering the range of applications of plastics. Biodegradable plastics made from renewable raw materials can retain all the benefits of petroleum-based plastic without having any negative impacts on the environment. Bioplastics are not toxic in nature and can easily decay back into carbon dioxide via degradation. The products made from bioplastics may be commercialized, considering their superior properties over conventional plastic. The discovery and implementation of plastic made from renewable raw material resources could be a giant leap into the sustainable future.
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Schobert, Harold. "Liquefaction." In Rethinking Coal, 190—C13.P86. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199767083.003.0013.
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Abstract To eliminate much of the hardware and many of the processing steps involved in indirect liquefaction, an alternative is to add hydrogen directly to coal, intending to make liquids in one step. Direct liquefaction is simpler in concept, but still involves high temperatures and pressures and the need to convert the primary liquid products to clean, usable fuels. When petroleum is in short supply or prices are high, there is great interest in direct liquefaction. Direct liquefaction has been demonstrated to be commercially feasible, beginning with the Bergius-Bosch plants in Germany during 1939–1945. Research and development were rekindled after the oil price shocks and embargo of the 1970s. When oil is widely available at low price, there is scant interest. A direct liquefaction plant in China seems currently to be the world’s only commercial direct liquefaction plant.
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Berzins, Michelle. "Scams and the Australian E-Business Environment." In Strategic and Pragmatic E-Business, 156–75. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1619-6.ch007.
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This chapter highlights the risks and benefits of transacting business within a virtual environment. It becomes evident that e-business has changed the face of consumer/business interactions. Substantial competitive advantage can be gained by a business engaging in well-managed e-business transactions, while consumers can receive benefits such as cheaper prices, a wider range of products, and more convenient shopping via the internet. The chapter commences with a review of the current literature on scams and online fraud, including an introduction to the role that social networking sites can play in facilitating online scams. Statistics regarding e-business transactions for small and medium-sized Australian enterprises are presented followed by the exploration of two specific types of scams: overpayment scams and online shopping scams. Reported financial loss within Australia during 2010 as a result of these scams totalled AUS$29,710,420. The chapter concludes with the identification of some preventative measures to ensure the transactions occurring in any e-business environment are legitimate, followed by some directions for future research.
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Acosta, Yonni Angel Cuero, Isabel Torres Zapata, and Utz Dornberger. "Technology-Intensive Suppliers as a Key Element for Structural Change in Latin America." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 44–54. IGI Global, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6224-7.ch003.
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The current increase of commodity prices prompts the question regarding the extent to which the growth of primary industries is used as a basis of industrial development. Empirical evidence suggests the development of Technology-Intensive Suppliers (TIS) has played an important role in the industrialization process of the Nordic countries, Canada, and Australia. The development of local TIS may contribute to both reinforcing the industrial base and supporting structural change in developing countries. Therefore, it may provide a way to advance from natural resource dependence towards knowledge-based industrial activities. The TIS products are created under tailor-made concepts, giving solutions to their customers. TIS use knowledge and customer information to create innovation. These firms enhance value chains improving customer's competitive advantages (Dornberger & Torres, 2006). The relationship between the primary sector and its suppliers of technology can be seen as a backward linkage. Sectors with linkages of this kind use inputs from other industries (Hirschman, 1958). Hence, a fundamental goal of research in the context of developing countries is to understand the development of TIS and analysis of their improvement as a result of entrepreneurship intervention. This chapter covers the relevance of TIS firms in developing countries. TIS companies are frequently labeled as Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). In conclusion, the findings highlight the need to pay more attention to TIS organizations in developing economies. In Latin America, TIS firms contribute to the employment and diversification of the economic structure of the region through value-added products and services.
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Acosta, Yonni Angel Cuero, Isabel Torres Zapata, and Utz Dornberger. "Technology-Intensive Suppliers as a Key Element for Structural Change in Latin America." In International Business, 2332–43. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9814-7.ch106.
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The current increase of commodity prices prompts the question regarding the extent to which the growth of primary industries is used as a basis of industrial development. Empirical evidence suggests the development of Technology-Intensive Suppliers (TIS) has played an important role in the industrialization process of the Nordic countries, Canada, and Australia. The development of local TIS may contribute to both reinforcing the industrial base and supporting structural change in developing countries. Therefore, it may provide a way to advance from natural resource dependence towards knowledge-based industrial activities. The TIS products are created under tailor-made concepts, giving solutions to their customers. TIS use knowledge and customer information to create innovation. These firms enhance value chains improving customer's competitive advantages (Dornberger & Torres, 2006). The relationship between the primary sector and its suppliers of technology can be seen as a backward linkage. Sectors with linkages of this kind use inputs from other industries (Hirschman, 1958). Hence, a fundamental goal of research in the context of developing countries is to understand the development of TIS and analysis of their improvement as a result of entrepreneurship intervention. This chapter covers the relevance of TIS firms in developing countries. TIS companies are frequently labeled as Micro-, Small-, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). In conclusion, the findings highlight the need to pay more attention to TIS organizations in developing economies. In Latin America, TIS firms contribute to the employment and diversification of the economic structure of the region through value-added products and services.
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Crane, Hewitt, Edwin Kinderman, and Ripudaman Malhotra. "Energy Today." In A Cubic Mile of Oil. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195325546.003.0011.
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The energy industry is one of the largest of the world’s industries and one that directly influences the lives of the vast majority of the world’s population. However, the industry’s day-to-day conduct generally receives minimal public attention. Such exceptional events as an embargo on fuel shipments, a sudden rise in fuel prices, a widespread electricity shortage or outage, the rare nuclear accident, or a massive hurricane that affects oil production do make the national news, of course, and often receive prolonged coverage. Yet the more common events such as refinery fires, oil tanker wrecks, pipeline leaks and explosions, and coal-mine disasters attract the attention of only a relatively few, and then too often only in passing. And while the public attention to its activities can be fleeting, the industry is massive. Its size and influence are often overlooked, and the investments required to produce our needed energy are difficult to calculate. Using Exxon-Mobil, the largest of the petroleum companies, as a model, we estimate that the depreciated capital costs for the production of oil, gas, and chemical products derived from them are about $2.5 trillion per CMO. New investments required could be twice as large. A lack of public knowledge and the consequent lack of political will can only exacerbate our general inability to understand the enormity of rapidly changing the resources and technologies this industry employs. We begin our analysis of the state of the energy industry by first distinguishing between primary and secondary sources of energy. Next we examine the overall production of energy by the different primary sources. We then discuss the production and consumption of energy in different regions across the globe. We also look at the per capita consumption in these regions because it is germane to the discussion in chapter 4 of the projections for future energy use. Finally, because more than 40% of primary energy is converted into secondary sources or energy carriers (mainly electricity) before its end use, we survey the different secondary energy sources and their markets.
Conference papers on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Australia"
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Galchynsky, Leonid, and Andriy Svydenko. "The Multiagent Model for Predicting the Behaviour and Short-term Forecasting of Retail Prices of Petroleum Products." In 19th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0006361706320637.
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Alexander, Elinor. "Natural hydrogen exploration in South Australia." In PESA Symposium Qld 2022. PESA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36404/putz2691.
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South Australia has taken the lead nationally in enabling exploration licences for natural hydrogen. On 11 February 2021 the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Regulations 2013 were amended to declare hydrogen, hydrogen compounds and by-products from hydrogen production regulated substances under the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000 (PGE Act). Companies are now able to apply to explore for natural hydrogen via a Petroleum Exploration Licence (PEL) and the transmission of hydrogen or compounds of hydrogen are now permissible under the transmission pipeline licencing provisions of the PGE Act. The maximum area of a PEL is 10,000 square kilometres so they provide a large acreage position for explorers. PEL applicants need to provide evidence of their technical and financial capacity as well as a 5-year work program which could include field sampling, geophysical surveys (e.g., aeromagnetics, gravity, seismic and MT) and exploration drilling to evaluate the prospectivity of the licence for natural hydrogen. Since February 2021, seven companies have lodged 35 applications for petroleum exploration licences (PELs), targeting natural hydrogen. The first of these licences (PEL 687) over Kangaroo Island and southern Yorke Peninsula was granted to Gold Hydrogen Pty Ltd on 22 July 2021. As well as issuing exploration licences, a key role of the South Australian Department for Energy and Mining is to provide easy access to comprehensive geoscientific data submitted by mineral and petroleum explorers and departmental geoscientists since the State was founded in 1836. Access to old 1920s and 1930s reports, together with modern geophysical and well data has underpinned the current interest in hydrogen exploration. Why the interest? 50-80% hydrogen content was measured in 1931 by the Mines Department in gas samples from wells on Kangaroo Island, Yorke Peninsula and the Otway Basin, potential evidence that the natural formation of hydrogen has occurred. Iron-rich cratons and uranium-rich basement (also a target for geothermal energy explorers) occur in the Archaean-Mesoproterozoic Gawler Craton, Curnamona and Musgrave provinces which are in places fractured and seismically active with deep-seated faults. Sedimentary cover ranges from Neoproterozoic-Recent in age, with thick clastic, carbonate and coal measure successions in hydrocarbon prospective basins and, in places, occurrences of mafic intrusives and extrusives, iron stones, salt and anhydrite which could also be potential sources of natural hydrogen.
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Ekeinde, Evelyn Bose, Adewale Dosunmu, Diepiriye Chenaboso Okujagu, and Dumbili Jerome Obazeh. "Deregulation of the Downstream Sector of the Nigerian Oil Industry and its Impact on Pump Price of Petroleum Products." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/211929-ms.
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Abstract The oil industry is clearly the mainstay of the Nigerian economy, with revenues from the industry accounting for over 80% of the nation's foreign exchange as well as over 80% of GDP. Therefore, the importance of the petroleum industry to Nigeria's development and economic strength cannot be over stressed. This paper discusses the deregulation of the downstream sector of the Nigerian petroleum industry with emphasis on product pump price. Over the years it has been observed that despite the large volumes of revenue coming from the petroleum industry, the price of petroleum products continues in Nigeria continues to rise even with huge amounts of money spent on subsidizing product pump price to keep them affordable to the Nigerian people. The paper tries to analyse the concept of deregulation and how a well-planned and deregulation policy can be effected to achieved the desired goals of product availability and minimal pump prices. It proposes that a truly and fully deregulated downstream will not necessarily result in product pump prices that are lower than the current both in the short or long terms, but in a competitive market with many players compete resulting in product availability and competitive pricing. It puts forward that the government would have to put in place measures to curb corruption and collusion which might disparage on the successful deregulation of the subsector. It proposes that if the deregulation of the downstream is to yield best outcomes especially in product pump price then having an effective domestic refining capacity is very imperative which would include revamping the state owned refineries, issuing licenses’ for the construction of new refineries and operating them optimally. It recommends that the deregulation of the downstream must be gradual in order to achieve its desired goals
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Mohamed, Mohamed A., Radwa Soelem, Fares Attar, and Nesrin Ozalp. "Hydrogen Production and Utilization in Petroleum Refineries: A Study of the U.S. Oil and Gas Industry." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54752.
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Petroleum refining industry in the United States is the largest in the world operating 148 refineries. These refineries contribute a major economic value to the U.S. market for providing the chemical industry with vital products. The economic gain, however, is challenged by the increasing competitiveness within the refining sector as well as the unpredictable oil prices. Furthermore, environmental obligations also have been recently advocating low emission rates that may entail additional operating costs to refineries. In this study, we analyze hydrogen production and utilization in the U.S. oil and gas industry to characterize its key role and trends in this energy-intensive industry. We referred to U.S. Department of Energy data and statistics of hydrogen production rates as well as we considered other elementary factors of refineries productivity such as; economics of crude oil, power consumption and chemical outputs. Considering the fact that hydrogen-dependent processes in refining count as a key element in oil refining; it is certainly that efficient production and implementation of hydrogen in processes such as hydro-cracking and hydro-desulfurization will result in cost saving opportunities for refineries. From this point of view, we highlight the economic and environmental advantages of solar cracking of natural gas as an alternative way of hydrogen production. Hydrogen production in refineries could possibly benefit from utilizing this alternative method on both local and global levels. Economically, this study explains how solar cracking could save about $62 million in hydrogen production for U.S. refineries. Even though the momentum of desulfurization acts are not yet strong in the U.S., major European refining investments are in jeopardy if not soon to utilize enhanced desulfurization facilities in response to demands of lower sulfur content of refined products. A comprehensive expenditures model is presented in this study to monitor primary areas of saving in hydrogen production from the early stages of establishing a hydrogen production plant. Further alternatives showing potential are also included as future considerations for the refinery sector.
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Yayar, Rüştü, Yunus Emre Birol, and Yusuf Demir. "Analysis of Turkey’s Export and Import Demand Functions within the Context of Foreign Trade with Russia." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00783.
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The main purpose of this study is to analyze the foreign trade of Russia and Turkey. Considering the foreign trade volume between the two countries, an experimental study was carried out to determine export and import demand functions of Turkey. The Russian Federation has been one of the countries having an important part in export of Turkey. Whereas textile products have taken the first place within the export of Turkey, petroleum gas and natural gas have taken the first place in import. The data used in the study covered the period between 1995 and 2010 quarterly. The data were obtained from Turkish Republic Central Bank, International Money Fund, Russian Central Bank and Russian Federal Statistics Service databases. According to obtained results, export of Turkey to Russia has affected more from the income of Russia rather than the relative prices, and import of Turkey from Russia has affected more from the income of Turkey rather than the relative prices. When income and price elasticity of export and import demands were analyzed, income and price elasticity of the export demand was noticed as being greater than the income and price elasticity of the import demand.
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Curtiss, Peter S., and Jan F. Kreider. "Life Cycle Analysis of Automotive Ethanol Produced From Municipal Solid Waste." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90327.
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The trend of increasing petroleum prices has prompted the consideration of other fuels for transportation. Ethanol has received a great deal of attention based on the hope that it is possible to develop a sustainable and relatively environmentally responsible alternative to gasoline. Currently, the biofuels industry depends heavily on the use of cereal crops as the feedstock for the ethanol refineries. This practice, however, has led to concern over the diversion of food supplies to fuel supplies; price increases of corn and corn-dependent products (milk, beef, etc.) have already been blamed on the market forces pushing crops towards fuel production. Additionally, sufficient land water exist in the US for cereal crop-based biofuels. Another method for producing ethanol uses waste products as the main feedstock. The waste can consist of anything fermentable — agricultural field remnants, yard clippings, and paper and food waste all are potentially inputs to the ethanol production process. An added benefit of such a system is the decrease in the amount of material that must be disposed in landfills or dumps. This paper briefly discusses the conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) to ethanol for use as an automotive replacement fuel.
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Agee, Mark A. "Gas to Liquids (GTL) Conversion: A New Option for Monetizing Natural Gas." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-055.
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A new process for converting natural gas into liquid fuels and other petroleum products is described, as is the increased market opportunity this technology portends for gas turbine manufacturers. The GTL technology, developed by Syntroleum Corporation, utilizes Autothermal Reforming with air to produce a nitrogen-diluted synthesis gas having a near ideal ratio for converting into synthetic hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. A proprietary catalyst system achieves conversion rates comparable to conventional F-T processes without the need for recycling. This results in plant capital costs low enough to make conversion of remote and/or sub-quality gas into synthetic fuels economical at current oil prices. The process is energy self-sufficient and compact enough to be constructed in small sizes for plants in remote areas, including floating or platform facilities to utilize offshore gas reserves. It can also be scaled up for 50,000 BPD or larger applications.
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Holte, Laura L., Glenn N. Doty, David L. McCree, Judy M. Doty, and F. David Doty. "Sustainable Transportation Fuels From Off-Peak Wind Energy, CO2, and Water." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90366.
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Doty Energy is developing advanced processes to permit the production of fully carbon-neutral gasoline, jet fuel, diesel, ethanol, and plastics from exhaust CO2 and off-peak clean energy (wind and nuclear) at prices that can compete with fossil-derived products. Converting CO2 into fuels will eliminate the need for CO2 sequestration, reduce global CO2 emissions by 40%, and provide a nearly insatiable market for off-peak wind. It has long been known that it is theoretically possible to convert CO2 and water into standard liquid hydrocarbon fuels at high efficiency. However, the early proposals for doing this conversion had efficiencies of only 25% to 35%. That is, the chemical energy in the liquid fuels produced (gasoline, ethanol, etc.) would be about the 30% of the input energy required. The combination of the eight major technical advances made over the past two years should permit this conversion to be done at up to 60% efficiency. Off-peak grid energy averaged only $16.4/MWhr in the Minnesota hub throughout all of 2009 (the cheapest 6 hours/day averaged only $7.1/MWh). At such prices, the synthesized standard liquid fuels (dubbed “WindFuels”) should compete even when petroleum is only $45/bbl. A more scalable alternative for transportation fuels is needed than biofuels. It is in our economic and security interests to produce transportation fuels domestically at the scale of hundreds of billions of gallons per year. WindFuels can scale to this level, and as they are fully carbon-neutral they will dramatically reduce global CO2 emissions at the same time. Switching 70% of global transportation fuels from petroleum to WindFuels should be possible over the next 30 years. WindFuels will insure extremely strong growth in wind energy for many decades by generating an enormous market for off-peak wind energy. WindFuels is based largely on the commercially proven technologies of wind energy, water electrolysis, and Fischer Tropsch (FT) chemistry. Off-peak low carbon energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. Some of the hydrogen is used to reduce CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) and water via the Reverse Water Gas Shift (RWGS) reaction. The CO and the balance of the hydrogen are fed into an FT reactor similar to those used to produce fuels and chemicals from coal or natural gas. The processes have been simulated, and key experiments are being carried out to help optimize process conditions and validate the simulations.
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Kafuku, Gerald, Makme Mbarawa, Man Kee Lam, and Keat Teong Lee. "Optimized Preparation of Moringa Oleifera Methyl Esters Using Sulfated Tin Oxide as Heterogenous Catalyst." In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90503.
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Fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel), prepared from transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats, have gained great importance in substituting petroleum based diesel for combating environmental problems and higher diesel prices. Moringa oleifera fatty acids are among the newly investigated potentials for biodiesel production in recent years. In getting rid of soap formation and thus large waste washing water from biodiesel produced from homogenous catalysts, the use of heterogeneous catalysts is currently preferred due to easily separation and purification of the final products. In this study, biodiesel was produced from moringa oleifera oil using sulfated tin oxide enhanced with SiO2 (SO42−/SnO2−SiO2) as super acid solid catalyst. The experimental design was done using design of experiment (DoE), specifically, response surface methodology based on three-variable central composite design (CCD) with alpha (α) = 2. The reaction parameters in the optimization process were reaction temperature (60°C to 180°C), reaction period (1 to 3 hrs) and methanol to oil ratio (1:6 to 1:24 mol/mol). It was observed that the yield up to 84wt% of moringa oleifera methyl esters can be obtained with reaction conditions of 150°C temperature, 150 minutes reaction time and 1:19.5 methanol to oil ratio, while catalyst concentration and agitation speed are kept at 3wt% and 350 rpm respectively.
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Taha, Ahmed A., Tarek Abdel-Salam, and Madhu Vellakal. "Hydrogen, Biodiesel and Ethanol for Internal Combustion Engines: A Review Paper." In ASME 2015 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2015-1011.
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Alternative fuels research has been on going for well over many years at a number of institutions. Driven by oil price and consumption, engine emissions and climate change, along with the lack of sustainable fossil fuels, transportation sector has generated an interest in alternative, renewable sources of fuel for internal combustion engines. The focus has ranged from feed stock optimization to engine-out emissions, performance and durability. Biofuels for transportation sector, including alcohols (ethanol, methanol…etc.), biodiesel, and other liquid and gaseous fuels such as methane and hydrogen, have the potential to displace a considerable amount of petroleum-based fuels around the world. First generation biofuels are produced from sugars, starches, or vegetable oils. On the contrary, the second generation biofuels are produced from cellulosic materials, agricultural wastes, switch grasses and algae rather than sugar and starch. By not using food crops, second generation biofuel production is much more sustainable and has a lower impact on food production. Also known as advanced biofuels, the second-generation biofuels are still in the development stage. Combining higher energy yields, lower requirements for fertilizer and land, and the absence of competition with food, second generation biofuels, when available at prices equivalent to petroleum derived products, offer a truly sustainable alternative for transportation fuels. There are main four issues related to alternative fuels: production, transportation, storage, handling and usage. This paper presents a review of recent literature related to the alternative fuels usage and the impact of these fuels on fuel injection systems, and fuel atomization and sprays for both spark-ignition and compression-ignition engines. Effect of these renewable fuels on both internal flow and external flow characteristics of the fuel injector will be presented.
Reports on the topic "Petroleum products Prices Australia"
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Monetary Policy Report - April 2022. Banco de la República, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/inf-pol-mont-eng.tr2-2022.
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Macroeconomic summary Annual inflation continued to rise in the first quarter (8.5%) and again outpaced both market expectations and the technical staff’s projections. Inflation in major consumer price index (CPI) baskets has accelerated year-to-date, rising in March at an annual rate above 3%. Food prices (25.4%) continued to contribute most to rising inflation, mainly affected by a deterioration in external supply and rising costs of agricultural inputs. Increases in transportation prices and in some utility rates (energy and gas) can explain the acceleration in regulated items prices (8.3%). For its part, the increase in inflation excluding food and regulated items (4.5%) would be the result of shocks in supply and external costs that have been more persistent than expected, the effects of indexation, accumulated inflationary pressures from the exchange rate, and a faster-than-anticipated tightening of excess productive capacity. Within the basket excluding food and regulated items, external inflationary pressures have meaningfully impacted on goods prices (6.4%), which have been accelerating since the last quarter of 2021. Annual growth in services prices (3.8%) above the target rate is due primarily to food away from home (14.1%), which was affected by significant increases in food and utilities prices and by a rise in the legal monthly minimum wage. Housing rentals and other services prices also increased, though at rates below 3%. Forecast and expected inflation have increased and remain above the target rate, partly due to external pressures (prices and costs) that have been more persistent than projected in the January report (Graphs 1.1 and 1.2). Russia’s invasion of Ukraine accentuated inflationary pressures, particularly on international prices for certain agricultural goods and inputs, energy, and oil. The current inflation projection assumes international food prices will increase through the middle of this year, then remain high and relatively stable for the remainder of 2022. Recovery in the perishable food supply is forecast to be less dynamic than previously anticipated due to high agricultural input prices. Oil prices should begin to recede starting in the second half of the year, but from higher levels than those presented in the previous report. Given the above, higher forecast inflation could accentuate indexation effects and increase inflation expectations. The reversion of a rebate on value-added tax (VAT) applied to cleaning and hygiene products, alongside the end of Colombia’s COVID-19 health emergency, could increase the prices of those goods. The elimination of excess productive capacity on the forecast horizon, with an output gap close to zero and somewhat higher than projected in January, is another factor to consider. As a consequence, annual inflation is expected to remain at high levels through June. Inflation should then decline, though at a slower pace than projected in the previous report. The adjustment process of the monetary policy rate wouldcontribute to pushing inflation and its expectations toward the target on the forecast horizon. Year-end inflation for 2022 is expected to be around 7.1%, declining to 4.8% in 2023. Economic activity again outperformed expectations. The technical staff’s growth forecast for 2022 has been revised upward from 4.3% to 5% (Graph 1.3). Output increased more than expected in annual terms in the fourth quarter of 2021 (10.7%), driven by domestic demand that came primarily because of private consumption above pre-pandemic levels. Investment also registered a significant recovery without returning to 2019 levels and with mixed performance by component. The trade deficit increased, with significant growth in imports similar to that for exports. The economic tracking indicator (ISE) for January and February suggested that firstquarter output would be higher than previously expected and that the positive demand shock observed at the end of 2021 could be fading slower than anticipated. Imports in consumer goods, retail sales figures, real restaurant and hotel income, and credit card purchases suggest that household spending continues to be dynamic, with levels similar to those registered at the end of 2021. Project launch and housing starts figures and capital goods import data suggest that investment also continues to recover but would remain below pre-pandemic levels. Consumption growth is expected to decelerate over the year from high levels reached over the last two quarters. This would come amid tighter domestic and external financial conditions, the exhaustion of suppressed demand, and a deterioration of available household income due to increased inflation. Investment is expected to continue to recover, while the trade deficit should tighten alongside high oil and other export commodity prices. Given all of the above, first-quarter economic growth is now expected to be 7.2% (previously 5.2%) and 5.0% for 2022 as a whole (previously 4.3%). Output growth would continue to moderate in 2023 (2.9%, previously 3.1%), converging similar to long-term rates. The technical staff’s revised projections suggest that the output gap would remain at levels close to zero on the forecast horizon but be tighter than forecast in January (Graph 1.4). These estimates continue to be affected by significant uncertainty associated with geopolitical tensions, external financial conditions, Colombia’s electoral cycle, and the COVID-19 pandemic. External demand is now projected to grow at a slower pace than previously expected amid increased global inflationary pressures, high oil prices, and tighter international financial conditions than forecast in January. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and its inflationary effects on prices for oil and certain agricultural goods and inputs accentuated existing global inflationary pressures originating in supply restrictions and increased international costs. A decline in the supply of Russian oil, low inventory levels, and continued production limits on behalf of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and its allies (OPEC+) can explain increased projected oil prices for 2022 (USD 100.8/barrel, previously USD 75.3) and 2023 (USD 86.8/barrel, previously USD 71.2). The forecast trajectory for the U.S. Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate has increased for this and next year to reflect higher real and expected inflation and positive performance in the labormarket and economic activity. The normalization of monetary policy in various developed and emerging market economies, more persistent supply and cost shocks, and outbreaks of COVID-19 in some Asian countries contributed to a reduction in the average growth outlook for Colombia’s trade partners for 2022 (2.8%, previously 3.3%) and 2023 (2.4%, previously 2.6%). In this context, the projected path for Colombia’s risk premium increased, partly due to increased geopolitical global tensions, less expansionary monetary policy in the United States, an increase in perceived risk for emerging markets, and domestic factors such as accumulated macroeconomic imbalances and political uncertainty. Given all the above, external financial conditions are tighter than projected in January report. External forecasts and their impact on Colombia’s macroeconomic scenario continue to be affected by considerable uncertainty, given the unpredictability of both the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and the pandemic. The current macroeconomic scenario, characterized by high real inflation levels, forecast and expected inflation above 3%, and an output gap close to zero, suggests an increased risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored. This scenario offers very limited space for expansionary monetary policy. Domestic demand has been more dynamic than projected in the January report and excess productive capacity would have tightened more quickly than anticipated. Headline and core inflation rose above expectations, reflecting more persistent and important external shocks on supply and costs. The Russian invasion of Ukraine accentuated supply restrictions and pressures on international costs. This partly explains the increase in the inflation forecast trajectory to levels above the target in the next two years. Inflation expectations increased again and are above 3%. All of this increased the risk of inflation expectations becoming unanchored and could generate indexation effects that move inflation still further from the target rate. This macroeconomic context also implies reduced space for expansionary monetary policy. 1.2 Monetary policy decision Banco de la República’s board of directors (BDBR) continues to adjust its monetary policy. In its meetings both in March and April of 2022, it decided by majority to increase the monetary policy rate by 100 basis points, bringing it to 6.0% (Graph 1.5).