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1
Hartwell, John. "2009 Release of offshore petroleum exploration acreage." APPEA Journal 49, no. 1 (2009): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj08030.
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John Hartwell is Head of the Resources Division in the Department of Resources, Energy and Tourism, Canberra Australia. The Resources Division provides advice to the Australian Government on policy issues, legislative changes and administrative matters related to the petroleum industry, upstream and downstream and the coal and minerals industries. In addition to his divisional responsibilities, he is the Australian Commissioner for the Australia/East Timor Joint Petroleum Development Area and Chairman of the National Oil and Gas Safety Advisory Committee. He also chairs two of the taskforces, Clean Fossil Energy and Aluminium, under the Asia Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate (AP6). He serves on two industry and government leadership groups delivering reports to the Australian Government, strategies for the oil and gas industry and framework for the uranium industry. More recently he led a team charged with responsibility for taking forward the Australian Government’s proposal to establish a global carbon capture and storage institute. He is involved in the implementation of a range of resource related initiatives under the Government’s Industry Action Agenda process, including mining and technology services, minerals exploration and light metals. Previously he served as Deputy Chairman of the Snowy Mountains Council and the Commonwealth representative to the Natural Gas Pipelines Advisory Committee. He has occupied a wide range of positions in the Australian Government dealing with trade, commodity, and energy and resource issues. He has worked in Treasury, the Department of Trade, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and the Department of Primary Industries and Energy before the Department of Industry, Science and Resources. From 1992–96 he was a Minister Counsellor in the Australian Embassy, Washington, with responsibility for agriculture and resource issues and also served in the Australian High Commission, London (1981–84) as the Counsellor/senior trade relations officer. He holds a MComm in economics, and Honours in economics from the University of New South Wales, Australia. Prior to joining the Australian Government, worked as a bank economist. He was awarded a public service medal in 2005 for his work on resources issues for the Australian Government.
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Moss, Diana L. "The Petroleum Industry, Merger Enforcement, and the Federal Trade Commission." Antitrust Bulletin 53, no. 1 (March 2008): 203–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x0805300112.
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Jan�en, Onno, and H. Thomas Feuerhelm. "Measurement uncertainty and trade: an example from the petroleum industry." Accreditation and Quality Assurance 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2003): 576–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00769-003-0687-8.
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Rykunova, T. "Trade and investment opportunities in the petroleum industry of Russia." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 31, no. 3 (March 1995): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00723924.
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Huang, Xin, and Nan Jun Lai. "WTO Accession Brings Opportunities, Challenges to CNOOC and Corresponding Countermeasures." Advanced Materials Research 433-440 (January 2012): 1492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.433-440.1492.
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China join in WTO means that China petroleum industry will be integrated into economic globalization also means that China petroleum industry will have a direct impact by market competition. As being Chinese’s largest offshore oil and gas producer, China National Offshore Oil Corporation must take active measures to deal with the opportunities and challenges brought by joining the World Trade Organization.
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Shaallan, Dr Hisham Yas. "Economic Feasibility Study for Petroleum Projects (Practical Aspects)." Journal of Petroleum Research and Studies 3, no. 1 (May 6, 2021): 26–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.52716/jprs.v3i1.62.
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An increasing importance is given to the Economic Feasibility Study of Petroleum Projects. The reason behind that is the critical role played by the Petroleum Industry in Society, Economy and Foreign Trade. In general, Petroleum Industry is involved with the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources to satisfy the country's needs (households and industrial sectors) and to export these resources, in order to, gain foreign currencies which are necessary for
funding the country's social and economic requirements. Petroleum Projects have diversity features in terms of location, size, capital, technology and risks. On the Other hand, because of the importance of the Petroleum Industry, high significance should be given to the Economic Feasibility Study, especially the necessary of good knowledge of the nature of Petroleum Activities, Projects and Contracts, as well as the fundamentals of Advanced Feasibility Study.
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Chen, Si-Yuan, Qi Zhang, Benjamin Mclellan, and Tian-Tian Zhang. "Review on the petroleum market in China: history, challenges and prospects." Petroleum Science 17, no. 6 (August 30, 2020): 1779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12182-020-00501-6.
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AbstractThe petroleum industry plays an essential role in driving China’s economic development. In the past few decades, several reforms in the petroleum industry have been implemented; however, there are still some issues that have not been resolved. Moreover, with the new-normal economy, the transition to green energy and international trade disputes, the petroleum market is also facing emerging challenges. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to review the historical development of China’s petroleum market, identify the current challenges and propose corresponding countermeasures for future prospects. As a conclusion, five main challenges are highlighted totally, namely lack of marketization, excess oil refining capacity, high external dependency, environment pollution and unstable international trading relationship. To address these challenges, it is encouraged to deepen petroleum market reform, accelerate the elimination of inefficient refining capacity, diversify oil supply sources, as well as improve domestic petroleum enterprises’ ability to resist price risks.
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Trotman, Paul. "2021 Offshore petroleum exploration acreage release." APPEA Journal 61, no. 2 (2021): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj20191.
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In 2020, the liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade saw a modest increase of 1%, which is in contrast to the strong growth of previous years. Recently, the global LNG trade has picked up following the easing of impacts from the pandemic and demand growth in Asia. An increase of 6% in the global LNG trade is expected in 2021 and 2022. Domestic demand for gas remains high, with gas being used both for residential supply and also as an essential feedstock for the manufacturing industry. With a projected domestic gas shortfall, the future exploration and development of oil and gas will play a key role in ensuring access to secure, reliable and affordable energy in the future as well as assisting economic recovery from the pandemic. The importance of remaining an attractive investment destination is essential. Our challenge is to not only strike the balance of being agile and adaptive to market disruptions but also provide robust policy and regulatory frameworks to underpin future investment in the sector. Against this backdrop, this paper provides details of the 2021 offshore petroleum exploration acreage release and information about the ongoing policy work of the department.
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Wyld, Irene, and Bruce Godfrey. "RESEARCH WITH A PURPOSE IN THE AUSTRALIAN PETROLEUM INDUSTRY." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93034.
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Research—defined broadly as any activity in the concept to delivery continuum—is critical to the success of the present thrust for development of a competitive Australia. It provides the key to maintenance of existing competitive advantages, and the development of new competitive advantages both within Australia and in export markets. Nowhere is this more important than in the Australian petroleum industry (oil and gas). This industry contributes in the order of $10 billion annually to Australia's balance of trade. Yet until recently little research has been undertaken by Australian petroleum companies to support their exploration and production activities here.There is now recognition by Australian petroleum companies that research must be undertaken by them to support access to prospective areas, enhance exploration success, maximise production and minimise environmental damage. The contribution which research can make to the growth of the industry will only accrue if that research is targeted on priorities which meet the short, medium, and long-term needs of the industry. To define these priorities APEA, working in conjunction with ERDC, has produced a research and development strategy for the Australian upstream petroleum industry.The priorities resulting from this process cover the areas of exploration, production efficiencies, reservoir management, environmental effects and safety. Implementation of the strategy is occurring via ajoint Petroleum R&D Committee. ERDC's role in this process is to manage its investment in the projects resulting from the strategy to maximise the chances of successful implementation of the outcomes for the benefit of the industry and Australia.
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Yazdani, Mehdi, and Hamed Pirpour. "Evaluating the effect of intra-industry trade on the bilateral trade productivity for petroleum products of Iran." Energy Economics 86 (February 2020): 103933. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.03.003.
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Novotny, Sandra K., and Thearin R. Wendel. "A COMPARISON OF REGULATIONS RELATED TO THE OIL SPCC PROGRAM." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1989, no. 1 (February 1, 1989): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1989-1-23.
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ABSTRACT Several federal agencies regulate selected aspects of the production, refining, transportation, and storage of petroleum and petroleum products. Based on analyses of such programs, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) may propose modifications to the Oil Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (SPCC) program. These proposed changes would be likely to result in improved consistency with other government and industry standards. Regulatory changes may occur in two extensive and significant areas: adoption of specific and widely recognized industry and regulatory tank standards, and mandatory contingency planning at all facilities covered by the SPCC regulations. Relevant industrial, trade association, and technical standards generated by the American Petroleum Institute, the Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., the National Fire Protection Association, the American National Standards Institute, and the National Association of Corrosion Engineers have been reviewed for applicability to the SPCC regulations. Areas of concern include materials specifications, welding requirements, pressure testing prior to service, overpressure and vacuum relief requirements, design specifications, hydrostatic testing requirements, and siting specifications.
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Lin, Kun-Chin. "Protecting the petroleum industry: renewed government aid to fossil fuel producers." Business and Politics 16, no. 4 (December 2014): 549–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bap-2014-0019.
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The dual pressures of the global economic crisis in 2008 and high crude prices through the subsequent recovery period have prompted oil-producing countries to adopt a wide range of protectionist measures including subsidies in all forms and trade and investment restrictions. Focusing on fiscal and industrial policy adjustments in the UK and the People's Republic of China since 2008, this paper argues that both governments have sought an increase in tax contributions from the corporate sector in exchange for intensified, targeted support for specific capital investments that will address the challenges of overall decline in domestic oil production and new field exploration and oil recovery opportunities. These novel “rent-sharing” schemes – inadequately captured in recent academic debates over precise measurements of fuel subsidies – raise concerns for fair competition in the upstream market and politicians’ long-term commitment to the transitioning of energy mix toward green and renewable sources.
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Lecourtier, J. "Trace Analysis in the Petroleum Industry - Opening Address." Oil & Gas Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (November 2005): 879–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2005061.
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Siskos, Evangelos, and Konstantia Darvidou. "OIL AND NATURAL GAS TRADE BALANCE AND PRODUCTION EFFECTS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION AND BLACK SEA ECONOMIC COOPERATION COUNTRIES." JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN ECONOMY 16, no. 3 (2017) (2017): 261–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/jee2017.03.261.
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Most European Union and Black Sea Economic Cooperation countries are net importers of petroleum and natural gas. Searching for new deposits and construction of new pipelines can improve energy security in the region. The problem is topical for Greece which has a developed refinery industry and needs to improve its trade balance to repay the accumulated external and public debt. Several new pipeline initiatives through Greece can support relations between the EU and BSEC countries. The paper provides previous research review about energy dependency and the effects of trade, production and transportation of hydrocarbons. Next we provide analysis of the effect of the trade on balance of payments in both the EU and BSeC countries. Import dependency of GDP on oil and natural gas is especially large in Malta, Georgia, Ukraine, Serbia and Latvia. On the other hand Russia and Azerbaijan are large net exporters of hydrocarbons. Then we analyse the impact of mining on labour market and refinery industry development. On average larger value added in mining leads to larger employment at least for males and middle age group of people. But the effect largely varies across countries and time periods. Together with construction of new pipelines growth of extraction can result in dozens of thousands of new jobs in Greece. There is a close link between value added in mining and compensation of employees in that industry. We have found evidence that the clustering effect between mining and manufacture of refined petroleum products and coke exists only in some EU countries.
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Conway, Kyle, and Manjulika E. Robertson. "Oil as Solution to the Problems of Oil." Environmental Humanities 13, no. 1 (May 1, 2021): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/22011919-8867197.
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Abstract In North America, one factor shaping petromodernity is the idea that oil offers a solution to the very problems it causes. This article examines that paradox, focusing on the 1950s. It analyzes a set of pamphlets from the Petroleum Industry School Program that were distributed by the American Petroleum Institute (API), the trade organization that promotes the US oil industry. It first describes the evolution of support for and opposition to the oil industry as well as that of the ideas of freedom that the industry sought to mobilize to gain public support. Next it describes the content of the pamphlets, which employed a series of binary pairs, such as success/failure and risk/reward. API used these pairs to craft stories that acknowledged problems inherent in the oil industry, invoked their inverse, and showed how oil solved them. This article concludes by describing the real-world consequences of API’s efforts as they were manifest in processes of policy formation in North Dakota during its 1951–54 oil boom. Through its efforts to frame discussions about oil, API made it possible for political leaders to make decisions about technical issues from which the oil industry stood to benefit.
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Khalid, Umer. "Impact of Trade Liberalization on the Industry Wages in Pakistan (1995 – 2015)." Global Social Sciences Review IV, no. I (March 30, 2019): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2019(iv-i).12.
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The paper estimates the effects of trade reforms on workers' earnings in Pakistan's manufacturing sector during 1995-2015, employing data from 14 rounds of the Pakistan Labour Force Survey. OLS technique has been used for estimation and separate analysis for workers engaged in informal manufacturing activities is also undertaken. The results indicate that a tariff fall on intermediate products is associated with a rise in real earnings of workers employed in the manufacturing sector during this period, while a corresponding decline in tariffs on final goods has no effect on worker's wages. The results show that real wages of workers employed in the mainly export oriented industries of food, beverages and tobacco, textiles, apparel and leather and non-metallic mineral industries have declined over the twenty years period of trade reforms implemented in Pakistan. On the other hand, real wages are observed to have increased in the chemical and petroleum and basic metals industries.
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Glazov, Aleksandr A. "European Comecon Members in Search of Oil Shortage Solutions: The Establishment of the Petroleum Bureau in 1973." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no. 4 (2021): 194–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.4.074.
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This article examines attempts at multilateral cooperation between the USSR and European Comecon members which experienced a shortage of primary energy resources, in the acquisition and transportation of large volumes of oil from the developing world in the early 1970s. The paper focuses on the creation of the so-called Bureau of Petroleum, a new Comecon working body as part of the Standing Commission on Foreign Trade. This Bureau carried out its activities, which were of a closed nature, in 1973–1978. The Petroleum Bureau was created to fulfill the functions of an effective focal point of the Comecon member countries interested in jointly solving the problems of increasing oil imports from developing countries and expanding economic and technical cooperation with said countries. This is the first study dedicated to the causes and the process of creating the Bureau of Petroleum. It is based on documents of the XXV and XXVI sessions of the CMEA, the CMEA Executive Committee, the CMEA Standing Commission on Foreign Trade, as well as other materials from the CMEA fund in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE). The author concludes that the creation of the Petroleum Bureau was associated with the shortage of oil at the beginning of the 1970s in the socialist countries of Eastern Europe and the nationalisation of Iraq’s oil industry adopted by the Baathist government on 1 June 1972.
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ÖZGÜNER, Abdullah Mete. "Orta Anadolu-Orta Karadeniz Petrokimya Kümelenmesinin Önemi." Uluslararası Muhendislik Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dergisi 14, no. 2 (July 31, 2022): 368–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29137/umagd.874529.
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Chemical industry products, make great scale contributions to the other industrial productions and chemical industrial cluster can only be completed by seaport based petroleum refinery. Increasing demand and imports of Turkey for the petrochemical products will mostly be met when the planned blue stream oil pipeline is connected to the proposed Samsun seaport oil refinery and its coordination with the regional industry and mineral deposites. Great salt mineral reserves like tenardite-glauberite in Ankara Polatlı, trona in Ankara Beypazarı and Kazan and rock salt in Kırıkkale, Çankırı, Çorum which have been discovered within the last few years, have increased twice the reserves and varieties of Central Anatolian salt deposits and will assure the second important raw material of petrochemical industry after nafta. The real loss in petrochemical foreign trade of Turkey, is big imports of primary and secondary chemicals produced from salt raw materials. The salt solutions from the natural gas storing caverns opened within the thick rock salt beds by solution mining process can be transported to future chloralkaline facilities in the region and to the Kırıkkale and proposed Samsun petroleum refineries by pipeline siphoning with minimum cost and the surplus can be swinged into the sea so that the environmental pollution is prevented. It is possible to see the existences of Kırıkkale petroleum refinery, defence industry, iron-steel-coke industry, Samsun sulphuric acid and fertiliser factory, gas-oil pipelines, various salt mineral resources, sea-ports, and transportation lines and other infrastructures suitable for the chemical industrial clustering within Central Anatolia and Central Blacksea Regions.
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Andrews, Craig D., William F. McTernan, and Keith K. Willett. "Evaluation of Select Trade-Offs between Ground-Water Remediation and Waste Minimization for Petroleum Refining Industry." Journal of Energy Engineering 122, no. 2 (August 1996): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9402(1996)122:2(41).
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O'Callaghan, Tim. "Intellectual property in the petroleum production and exploration sector—the other hidden asset." APPEA Journal 55, no. 2 (2015): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14082.
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According to IBISWorld (2013), 7.7% of Australia’s A$11 trillion assets are natural resources and 5.4% is intellectual property. Despite this intellectual property is overlooked as a valuable asset in the oil and gas industry. As the means of extraction become more complex, the methods and tools needed for the purpose can give one company an edge over another. Intellectual property rights help to protect that competitive advantage. Companies need to have a strategy for the early identification, management and protection of this asset. Customers, contractors and joint venture partners can create intellectual property ownership issues that must also be identified and properly managed. This extended abstract provides: a framework for establishing a robust intellectual property management strategy for companies in the exploration and production sector; identification of key intellectual property assets of businesses in the sector; a review of industry specific challenges, such as the requirement under WA’s Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Resources (Environment) Regulations 2012 to disclose trade secrets and commercially sensitive material about downhole substances; and, consideration of model agreements used in the sector, such as the AMPLA Model Petroleum Exploration Joint Operating Agreement.
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Sann, Alan, and Edward C. Wayment. "PROTECTION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT FROM HYDROCARBON POLLUTION—AN INTEGRATED PLANNING APPROACH FOR OIL TERMINALS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 589–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-589.
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ABSTRACT In South Australia, the newest Australian liquid hydrocarbon marine export terminal has been completed in record time. The terminal services domestic and export trade in crude oil, condensate and liquified petroleum gases while operating within a gulf which supports a major shellfish and scalefish industry, and a small but growing recreation market. The Terminal Operator has undertaken an integrated, rational, and cost-effective environmental protection strategy based on planning studies designed to ensure government and community approval for the facility. The study subject areas include: oil slick trajectory forecasting, ballast water diffuser outfall performance, prawn taint testing, coastal habitat sensitivity rating and mapping, oil spill response equipment selection and deployment strategies, equipment field trials, and industry-government consultative groups.
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Shimko, O. V. "Analyzing the assets of the world’s leading public oil and gas corporations." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 19, no. 2 (February 28, 2020): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.19.2.359.
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Subject. The article analyzes assets of the largest public companies operating in the oil and gas industry from 2006 to 2018, like ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, PAO Gazprom, PAO NK Rosneft, PAO LUKOIL, and others. Objectives. The aim is to make a comprehensive statistical analysis of changes in absolute values and the structure of assets in the public sector of the oil and gas industry. Methods. The study employs methods of statistical analysis and generalization of materials of official annual reports based on the results of financial and economic activities of the largest public oil and gas corporations. Results. Using the comprehensive analysis of balance sheets of 25 oil and gas companies, I determine changes in the size and structure of assets in the public sector of the industry, and establish the main factors that contributed to this transformation. Conclusions. The findings revealed an increase in the book value of assets in the majority of leading public oil and gas companies. Large mergers and acquisitions and agreements for new field developments also contributed to the increase. The study established that the protracted industry crisis resulted in reducing the proportion of current assets in order to release funds for revenue increase. That was why oil and gas companies sought to accelerate the collection of receivables, primarily by means of trade component. It was also determined that they channeled a part of funds thus collected to short-term financial investments.
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Alexander, Elinor, and Alan Sansome. "Shaping the Cooper Basin's 21st century renaissance." APPEA Journal 52, no. 2 (2012): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj11104.
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The Department of Manufacturing, Innovation, Trade, Resources and Energy (DMITRE) SA has been successfully using competitive acreage releases to manage highly prospective Cooper Basin acreage since 1998. The expiry of long-term exploration licenses enabled the most significant structured release of onshore Australian acreage in the industry’s history—it has generated: 32 petroleum exploration licences (PELs) from ~70,000 km2 acreage; $432 million in guaranteed work program bids; 70 new field discoveries; $107.6 million royalties and $1.4 billion sales;and, increased gas supply-side competition. Cooper acreage turnover has also changed the makeup of Australia’s onshore exploration industry from numerous company-making discoveries. Since 1998, 10 acreage releases have been staged, enabled by the Petroleum Act 2000 (now the Petroleum and Geothermal Energy Act 2000), conjunctive agreements with Native Title claimants, access to multiple-use Innamincka and Strzelecki Regional Reserves, and transparent application and bid assessment processes. Despite delays, most recently due to flooding, all but three of the original PELs are in their second term and relinquished acreage has been incorporated into subsequent releases. All work-program variations have been kept above the second bid score (except one, where the second ranked bidder was consulted and approved the change) preserving bidding system integrity. DMITRE is planning new Cooper Basin acreage releases while contemplating acreage management options for emerging unconventional plays. Industry input to map the best possible future for the SA Cooper Basin continues to be welcomed.
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Ani, Uchenna S., and Ikenna Odife. "Oil Exploitation, Neglect of Coal and the Ngwo Society, 1909 - 1987." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 2 (March 30, 2021): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i2.2.
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Coal was one of the catalysts of the Industrial Revolution which started in England and spread to other parts of Europe. It provided the main source of primary energy for industry and transportation. The spread of coal mining to Africa was as a result of European conquest and subsequent colonization. The conquest of Ngwo in 1908 led to the discovery and eventual mining of coal in Enugu-Ngwo from 1915. In the period exploitation lasted, coal from the town furnished the energy needed for transportation, industrialization and urban development in Nigeria. It also provided direct and indirect employment to people across Europe and Africa and as well facilitated international trade between Nigeria and her partners across the world. Since petroleum was discovered in Nigeria in 1956 and as was found a better alternative to coal in terms of energy and wealth generation, the coal industry suffered neglect and gradually collapsed. How the collapse of the coal industry as a result of the rise of petroleum affected Ngwo people is the central theme of this paper. It contends that, though petroleum is regarded as a source of wealth to Nigeria, it is, nonetheless a source of poverty to Ngwo people. The British colonialists dispossessed them of massive farmlands upon which they operated their local economy to set up the colliery and other facilities. Also, more than 8,000 of the people who contributed their youthful years mostly as miners lost their jobs without compensation. The development prospects especially under corporate–social responsibilities and employment generation which the people ought to benefit from with the continued existence of the coal exploitation were lost with the demise of the industry. Primary sources constitute greater percentage of the sources deployed for this historical reconstruction. They include oral tradition granted by reliable informants and source materials acquired from the National Archives Enugu. They are be augmented by secondary sources which include books, journal articles and other un-published materials. Available facts will be analyzed using qualitative research methodology.
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Alhabshi, Syed Othman, and Shaikh Hamzah Shaikh Abdul Razak. "Takaful: Concept, History, Development, and Future Challenges of its Industry." ICR Journal 1, no. 2 (December 15, 2009): 276–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v1i2.747.
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Mutual help and guarantee have been the ordinary practice of tribal Arabs even before the advent of Islam in Arabia. A similar but refined concept was reinforced by the Qur’an to be adopted by Muslims. It was widely applied in their daily lives. When the Muslims extended their trade by sea to the Far East, the concept of mutual assistance became more prominent and organised to protect their ships, merchandise and even lives from all sorts of dangers and mishaps. The practice by these merchants to put aside a sum of money before setting sail to the Far East for trade as a fund to compensate any loss incurred by any of them became the most prominent practice that led to the birth of what is today known as marine insurance. To circumvent some of the shari’ah non-compliant practices of mainstream insurance is the introduction of the concept of donating part of the participants’ contribution which forms the special fund to compensate losses. From then on, the takaful operators started to emerge, first in Sudan and later in other parts of the Muslim world. Several models have been formulated, namely mudarabah, modified mudarabah, wakalah and wakalah-waqf. The success of the takaful companies around the world has also been strongly influenced by the recent upsurge in the petroleum price that has led to the unprecedented increase in sovereign and private wealth. The recent emergence of ‘re-takaful’ companies add up further to the rapid growth in takaful operators and funds. Despite the success stories, there are a number of serious challenges facing takaful and ‘re-takaful’ operators which are worth noting.
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Abu Hassan Asaari, Muhammad Hasmi, Nasina Mat Desa, and Loganathan Subramaniam. "Influence of Salary, Promotion, and Recognition toward Work Motivation among Government Trade Agency Employees." International Journal of Business and Management 14, no. 4 (March 8, 2019): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n4p48.
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Reward and work motivation are very important for an organization, as this can be used to direct the staffs towards achieving the goals of the organization. Moreover, rewarding and motivating efficient employees will boost the employee's productivity. This situation has no exception to a trade agency that has an objective to promote an ethical domestic trade while protecting the interests of the consumers. Moreover, its responsibilities include monitoring domestic trade, advocating and protecting consumers' rights, protection of intellectual properties as well as registration and governance of businesses. In exercising the responsibilities, the trade agency makes and reviews related laws and policies, monitors the prices of essential items and carries out enforcement activities to maintain a healthy domestic trade environment. Furthermore, the trade agency is also responsible for coordinating the policies, licensing, regulations, and activities related to the safety of petroleum, petrochemical and gas industry. The purpose of this research is to investigate the reward, namely salary, promotion, and recognition toward work motivation factors among employees in the trade agency situated in the southern state. Self-Administered questionnaires were used to collect information from the respondents in understanding their reward on salary, promotion, and recognition; and relating them to their work motivation. The result concludes that there is a positive and significant relationship between rewards and motivation. In a nutshell, it can be concluded that as the reward increase, the motivation of employees will also be increased.
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Ibrahim, Mohamad Akmal. "Malaysia's Trade and Economy Transition between the Era of Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Mahathir, 1960s -1990s." SEJARAH 31, no. 1 (June 25, 2022): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol31no1.7.
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This article will focus on the main factors of change and development of economic modernization in trade. Since Malaysia gained independence, the agricultural sector has been a significant contributor to the country's financial income. However, in the 1980s, the industrial sector became essential to the national economy through gas and petroleum production. This situation changed the country's economic system and policies from the agricultural industry to the industrial sector in the early 1980s. The study examines the critical factors in Malaysia's economic development and trade changes from the 1960s to the 1990s. The study will also discuss changes and developments in the country's significant financial and trade policies. This research is using qualitative method by analyzing primary documents or materials from archives and secondary sources such as journal articles related to this research. The study began in the 1960s to take the year of Malaysia's independence in 1957 and ended before the Asian economic crisis in 1997. The findings show that internal factors such as government policy approaches and the country's vital financial resources were determinants of trade sector change. In addition, external factors of changes in the world economic environment and economic blocs also affect the modernization of the world economy. Therefore, internal and external factors play an essential role in developing the modernization of the trade economy.
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Wyszkowski, Mirosław, and Natalia Kordala. "Trace Element Contents in Petrol-Contaminated Soil Following the Application of Compost and Mineral Materials." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 5233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155233.
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The global use of petroleum hydrocarbons as raw materials and an energy source in industry results in serious environmental, health, and ecological problems. Consequently, there is growing interest in the development of technologies for the rehabilitation of contaminated areas. This study was undertaken in order to determine the effect of different phytostabilising materials (compost, bentonite, and CaO) on the trace element content in soil contaminated with unleaded petroleum 95 (0, 2.5, 5, and 10 cm3 kg−1 of soil). The doses of petroleum applied to the soil were based on the previously conducted preliminary experiment. The highest petroleum dose (10 cm3 kg−1 of soil) significantly reduced the chromium, zinc, and cobalt contents in the soil. Petroleum increased the cadmium, lead, nickel, and copper contents in the soil. The materials used for phytostabilisation (compost, bentonite, calcium oxide) had a significant effect on the trace element content in the soil. The application of mineral materials (bentonite and calcium oxide) was more effective than the application of compost, compared to the control series (without soil amendments) as they reduced the contents of cadmium, chromium, nickel, and cobalt in the soil to the greatest extent. The reduction effect of bentonite and calcium oxide on the content of these trace elements in the soil was stronger than compost.
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Miyazoe, Nobutaka, and Yoshihiro Hashizume. "MAJOR OIL SPILL RESPONSE PROGRAM OF THE PETROLEUM ASSOCIATION OF JAPAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 751–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-751.
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ABSTRACT The Petroleum Association of Japan (PAJ) has been implementing a major oil spill response program since 1991, supported and subsidized by the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), from the viewpoint of contributing to a secure, stable oil supply for Japan. PAJ's program consists of the stockpiling and lending of oil spill response equipment, and research and development related to oil spills and response techniques. In the event of major oil spill incidents, PAJ will lend the equipment stockpiled at the base, free of charge, to government agencies or parties concerned upon their request, in order to minimize damages. Those parties who borrow the equipment bear the expense of transportation, deployment, cleanup, and repair. PAJ's purpose is to support initial response operations by supplying additional equipment. To stockpile and to release it, PAJ so far has four domestic and three overseas bases, with domestic bases in Chiba, Mizushima, Yokkaichi, and Niigata, and overseas bases in Julong East, Singapore; Port-Klang, Malaysia; and Al-Khafji, Saudi Arabia. The equipment installed includes oil skimmers (36 units), foamed flotation booms (16,000 m), inflatable booms (7,000 m) and portable tanks (56 units).
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Morita, Ichiro, Akio Sasagawa, Kenji Oka, and Garrey Maxwell. "MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (MEGIS) DEVELOPMENT FOR JAPAN." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1997, no. 1 (April 1, 1997): 485–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1997-1-485.
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ABSTRACT A response management system for accidents, such as oil well blowouts and oil spills at sea, is being developed by the Safety and Environment Center for Petroleum Development (SEC) under the supervision of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) of Japan. The 5-year program, which is designed to minimize environmental damage in the event of an oil spill, commenced in 1992. The system, known as the Marine Environmental Geographic Information System (MEGIS), consists of five subsystems: (1) detection and monitoring, (2) oil and pollution spill trajectory prediction by computer simulation, (3) contingency planning for response and cleanup operations, (4) a communication and information network of all responsible agencies and participants, and (5) a geographic information system.
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SHIMKO, Oleg V. "Profitability ratios of the world's leading publicly traded oil and gas corporations as an indicator of the investment attractiveness of domestic vertically integrated oil and gas companies." Economic Analysis: Theory and Practice 21, no. 8 (August 30, 2022): 1506–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ea.21.8.1506.
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Subject. The article focuses on the key profitability ratios of twenty five leading publicly traded oil and gas companies from 2006 through 2018. The analysis encompasses ExxonMobil, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Devon Energy, Anadarko Petroleum, EOG Resources, Apache, Marathon Oil, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Husky Energy, Canadian Natural Resources, Royal Dutch Shell, BP, TOTAL, Eni, Equinor (Statoil), PetroChina, Sinopec, CNOOC, Petrobras, PAO Gazprom, PAO NK Rosneft, and PAO LUKOIL. Objectives. The aim of the study is to trace key trends in key profitability ratios of corporations in the oil and gas industry, to identify the key trends in their change within the studied period, and to establish those factors that led to this transformation. Methods. The study is based on methods of comparative and financial-economic analysis, summarizing financial reporting data. Results. I determined the dynamics of changes in key profitability indicators in the stock market sector of the industry and established the main factors that contributed to this transformation, based on the results of a comprehensive analysis of balance sheets of 25 oil and gas companies. I revealed a decrease in the profitability of the leading publicly traded oil and gas companies within the studied period, which was especially clearly manifested in the midst of the global financial and industry crises. The most difficult situation is observed in a number of independent US companies. The main reason for the drop in the profitability of the stock market sector of the industry is that the costs of core activities outstrip the corresponding revenue in terms of growth, mainly due to the costs of depreciation, depletion, and amortization. Another important factor was a significant increase in the book value of non-current assets. The study unveils that the specific burden of income tax per unit of net revenue from core activities is gradually decreasing in the stock market sector of the oil and gas industry. Conclusions. The profitability of the oil and gas stock market sector is deteriorating, however, the current price level allows the leading companies to generate net income.
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Jahangirov, Kh Kh. "The role of industrial parks in formation of additional cost for petroleum products in refining industry of Azerbaijan." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 11 (November 15, 2021): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2021-11-59-66.
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The paper analyzes the current state of industry, which has special role in Azerbaijan economy, reveals the major problems in this sphere, and shows the perspectives of more efficient use of existing potential in improvement of industrial production and increase of product range. Therefore, one of the main research principles is the formation of additional cost for petroleum products due to the more efficient use of oil factor, which is the major criterion in Azerbaijan industry, providing currency incoming to the country. For these purposes, based on the statistic data obtained through various sources, the analysis of significant aspects such as the design and capacity of production in oil and non-oil sector, the current state of main stocks, investments in the field and their sources, external trade turnover of industrial goods has been carried out. The effect of the trends seen in these spheres over the years on the country’s economy in a whole is justified. The significance of the industrial parks is marked in the organization of new and non-traditional production areas, in the increase of production range, diversification of export and reduction of dependence on the import for numerous types of goods, improvement of efficiency in these spheres as well.
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Libecap, Gary D. "Redefining Efficiency: Pollution Concerns, Regulatory Mechanisms, and Technological Change in the U.S. Petroleum Industry. By Hugh S. Gorman. Series on Technology and the Environment. Series Editors, Jeffrey Stine, and Joel Tarr. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2001. Pp. xv, 451. $49.95, cloth; $39.95, paper." Journal of Economic History 63, no. 1 (March 2003): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050703531801.
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In this well-written, documented, and technically complete book, Hugh Gorman describes the response of the American petroleum industry to pollution over the course of the twentieth century. The industry, which grew and matured during this period as an integral part of modern industrialization, faced serious, and often dramatic pollution problems. They were inherent in production from common oil pools that encouraged haste, waste, and excessive surface storage; in transportation through pipelines and tanker trucks and ships; and in refining and storing complex hydrocarbons that easily escaped into the air, soil, or aquifers. Reaction to pollution brought new technologies, organizational forms, firm collaboration, and regulation—all of which are described and documented from primary and secondary sources throughout this volume. Gorman partitions efforts to address pollution into two “ethics”—an efficiency ethic that characterized industry action through the 1960s and an environmental ethic that came into being in the 1970s. The efficiency ethic describes antipollution efforts to reduce the costly wastes associated with extraction and shipment, including saving lost oil from “gusher” wells and leaky tanks and pipelines, as well as capturing natural gas and water voided in production that could be re-injected and used to propel oil to the surface. Efficiency also required greater productivity and less waste in refining through reducing vapor and hydrocarbon discharges and recycling acids and other chemicals. The firms could capture the benefits of internalizing the externalities associated with these pollutants. In tables 2.1 and 4.3 Gorman lists some of the pollution and waste-related problems encountered in oil production, shipment, and refining that were addressed effectively by firms without much government intervention. He describes the role of the major trade association, the American Petroleum Institute, in generating information for oil firms to reduce externalities.
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Bertoncini, F., C. Vendeuvre, and D. Thiébaut. "Interest and Applications of Multidimensional Gas Chromatography for Trace Analysis in the Petroleum Industry." Oil & Gas Science and Technology 60, no. 6 (November 2005): 937–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2005066.
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Kudinova, A. A., N. K. Kondrasheva, and V. A. Rudko. "Influence of leaching parameters on the vanadium extraction from petroleum coke." E3S Web of Conferences 266 (2021): 08002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126608002.
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More than 60 trace elements, including rare metals, can be found in heavy oils. The most valuable component of oils and petroleum products is vanadium. It is used as an alloying agent to create extra strong steel, as a cathode for lithium-ion batteries, and also as a catalyst in the chemical industry. Nowadays studies of various methods for extracting vanadium from heavy oils and petroleum products are actively carried out. This work presents the method of alkaline and acid leaching of vanadium from petroleum coke and also results of the examination of influence of factors such as the duration of the process (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 h) and the ratio of solid and liquid phases (1:2, 1:3 and 1:4). The highest yield of vanadium 80% is observed using sulfuric acid with the process duration is 1.5 hours and the ratio S/L = 1:4
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Zhang, Menghan, Suocheng Dong, Fujia Li, Shuangjie Xu, Kexin Guo, and Qian Liu. "Spatial–Temporal Evolution and Improvement Measures of Embodied Carbon Emissions in Interprovincial Trade for Coal Energy Supply Bases: Case Study of Anhui, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 17033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192417033.
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On account of the long-term dependence on energy trade and the phenomenon of embodied carbon emissions in interprovincial trade (ECEs-IPT), energy supply bases (ESBs) in the economic integration regions (EIRs) are under unprecedented dual pressure of achieving carbon emissions (CEs) reduction targets and ensuring security and stability of the energy supply. This problem has attracted more and more attention and research by experts and scholars. This paper took Anhui, the coal ESB of the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB), as an example and took the key stage of rapid development of regional economic integration (REI) and accelerated the realization of CEs reduction targets in YREB from 2007 to 2017 as the study period. From the perspectives of regions and industry sectors, we calculated the transfer amount of ECEs-IPT in Anhui among the YREB, analyzed the spatial–temporal evolution pattern of ECEs-IPT, and revealed the industrial characteristics of ECEs-IPT. Then, we classified the industry sectors and proposed the direction of industrial improvement measures. The results showed that, during the decade, the amount of provinces undertaking the net ECEs-IPT outflow from Anhui increased significantly and spatially expanded from only Jiangxi Province to almost all of the YREB. In addition, 39.77% of the net ECEs-IPT outflow of Anhui was concentrated in petroleum processing, coking, and nuclear fuel processing (RefPetraol), metal smelting and rolling processing (MetalSmelt), and electricity and heat production and supply (ElectpowerProd) that trade with Shanghai, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi. The analytical model and results will provide a useful reference for the global similar coal ESBs, especially the coal ESBs within the EIRs, to formulate improvement measures for regions or even the world to ensure stability of the energy supply and achieve regional CEs reduction targets.
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Kassim-Momodu, Momodu, Abubakar Ali Chifwang, and Safiyyah Omorinsola Alimi. "An Unconventional Clarion Call for a New Energy Order: Is Covid-19 a Blessing for the Nigerian Energy Sector?" Global Energy Law and Sustainability 1, no. 2 (August 2020): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/gels.2020.0019.
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The year 2020 commenced with the global spread of Coronavirus and COVID-19 disease from China to other parts of the world. It was declared a pandemic on May 11, 2020 with recorded cases in all continents except Antarctica. Nigeria recorded its first case of the virus on February 27, 2020 and it has been on a download slope from then on, with over 8,000 cases as at May 27, 2020. Without a doubt, the pandemic has had a number of effects on Nigerian. The national economy, financial and employment status of most citizens hang in uncertainty, health conditions have become a daily concern; amongst other issues plaguing the country in the face of the pandemic. The disruptions and uncertainties that occurred as a result of the pandemic was a hit to economies of the world. The challenges posed by the virus have expectedly thrown the global economy into a recession, the magnitude and duration of which the world is trying to decipher. The economic effects of the global crisis have been felt in different aspects of the economy, including reduced trade, financial flows, tourism and declining prices of oil, gas and other commodities. This paper will review the state of Nigeria's economy and the petroleum industry before Covid-19, the immediate and long-term impact of coronavirus pandemic on the economy and the petroleum industry, the legislative and executive actions consequent upon the pandemic. The paper will also determine whether the pandemic is a wakeup call to diversify the nation's energy mix and begin an energy transition to a new energy order to improve the economy and achieve decarbonisation in Nigeria.
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Dzhalilova, Sofia, and Vladimir Erofeev. "The Study of Technological Mode Options for Production of Oil of Required Quality." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 394–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.394.
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In the recent years, due to the introduction of new Technical Regulations in the Oil and Gas Industry in 2008, high technical and environmental performance values were set to be met by production volume and by the quality of hydrocarbons and a variety of oil products coming from the fields to factory processing and trade parks. The presence of a powerful raw material base, the shortage of petroleum products and the development of market relations create objective conditions for increased use of a variety of natural hydrocarbons, for improved technological schemes of oil preparation and oil processing on the oil fields and for modernizing the equipment used. On small and remote oil fields, which for economic reasons cannot be linked by transport pipelines, a complex system of preparation of liquid hydrocarbons is used with the ultimate goal of obtaining some refined products such as gasoline, diesel fuel and furnace oil.
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Sheppard, M. Jacqueline, and Mungo Hardwicke-Brown. "Overview of the Investment Canada Act with a Focus on Investments in Canada's Upstream Oil and Gas Industry." Alberta Law Review 30, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr682.
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Foreign investment has always played a significant role in Canada's petroleum industry. The authors trace the history of the regulation of foreign investment in general through its various phases: the early laissez-faire regime, followed by the Foreign Investment Review Act, followed in turn by the present Investment Canada Act. They then present a detailed review of the present regime as it applies to oil and gas acquisitions, with examples of recent cases.
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Zolotaryov, Viktor, Yan Pyrig, and Andrey Galkin. "THE SECOND STANDARD ON VISCOUS PETROLEUM ROAD BITUMENS: ITS CONTENT AND PERSPECTIVE." Avtoshliakhovyk Ukrayiny 264, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33868/0365-8392-2020-4-264-40-46.
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The first Ukrainian standard ДСТУ 4044 “Viscous petroleum road bitumens. Technical conditions” was implemented in 2002. According to its content and list of indicators, it met the level of the oil refining industry of Ukraine and the state of the road industry. In addition to conventional indicators, it included additional indicators of adhesion and mass content of paraffins. The indicator for paraffin remained unregulated, because there was neither acceptable method nor necessary equipment, and in generally an intention of manufacturers and users to apply it. The standard referred to in the article differs from the previous one by the principle of assigning indicators and their list. This is largely due to Ukraine’s accession to the European Free Trade Association and the deepening of scientific knowledge on predicting the behavior of bitumen under different conditions and their impact on the properties of asphalt concrete. Accordingly, the limits of normalization of bitumen grades on the depth of needle penetration were changed, which led to an increase in amount of grades from 4 to 5. Using the dependence of the penetration index on the softening point temperature, its new normative values are ordered. The Fraas breaking temperature provided by the standard is slightly lower than that normalized EN 12591 which is due the climatic conditions of Ukraine. The rate of adhesion of bitumen to the surface is normalized, which quantitatively characterizes the adhesion of bitumen to the mineral substrate, the least favorable for interaction. It is proposed to determine the indicators of technological aging by the RTFOT method. The standard contains additional indicators to be determined according to the harmonized European standards ДСТУ EN 12607-1 and ДСТУ EN 13302 (methods for determining the dynamic viscosity). Additional standards include equal viscous heating temperatures of bitumen in the production of asphalt mixtures and their compaction. The first is the temperature, which corresponds to a bitumen viscosity of 0.5 Pas, the second is 10 Pas. Elongation at a temperature of 0 ºC is included in the standard as a certain analogue of the breaking temperature. Based on the fact that at this time the next European standard is in the final stage before approval, the values of additional indicators can be included into this standard after adjusting their values with European ones based on the characteristics of bitumen used in Ukraine. Keywords: bitumen, depth of needle penetration, softening point temperature, adhesion, ductility, cohesion, heating.
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Aluvihara, Suresh, and Jagath Premachandra. "Drastic corrosive coliation of petroleum oils and the decay of metals." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2020): 28–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv8i1p28-42.
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In the industry of petroleum oil refining industry the term of corrosion is frequently applicable regarding the several incidents because of the corrosiveness of petroleum oils due to the presence of trace corrosive compounds in such petroleum oils since the occurrences. Usually the corrosion is the results of chemical or electrochemical process of metals when it is exposing to the corrosive environment. The investigations of the impact of the organic acids, salts, elemental sulfur and the Mercaptans on the corrosion rates of seven different types of ferrous metals and the analysis of the nature of the corrosion between these materials were the objectives of the existing research. The relevant corrosive properties of two different types of selected crude oils and the chemical compositions of selected seven different types of ferrous metals were tested by the standard methods and instruments. A batch of similar sized metal coupons was immersed in both crude oil samples separately as three homogeneous metal coupons per each crude oil container. In order of after 15, 30 and 45 days from the immersion the corrosion rates of such metal coupons were determined by the weight loss method as three sets of samples while observing the corroded metal surfaces through an optical microscope. In addition, the decay of ferrous and copper from metals into crude oils while the interaction and the deductions of the initial hardness of metals were tested. As the basic investigations there were observed the relatively lower corrosion rates from stainless steels, relatively higher impact from salts on the metallic corrosion at lower temperatures, formations of FeS, Fe2O3, corrosion cracks and pitting, significant decays of ferrous and copper from some metals and the slight reductions of the initial hardness of metals after the interaction with the petroleum oils.
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Dweik, Hassan. "The Plastic Industry worldwide and in Palestine." Al-Quds Journal for Academic Research 01, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.47874/2021p9.
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A world without plastics or synthetic polymers can't be imagined today. The first synthetic plastics was produced in the beginning of the twentieth century, however industrial plastics production started in 1950. Production of plastic materials to day surpasses any other synthetic material with the exception of steel and cement. The share of plastics in municipal solid waste increased from 1% in the 1960 to more than 10% in 2005. Most monomers used today to make plastics such polyethylene (PE) or Polypropylene (PP), or polystyrene (PS) are produced from the petroleum industry and none is biodegradable, they accumulate in the environment and pose great threat and serious concern to humanity and to marine life. In 2010 approximately 8 Million Metric Ton (MT) of plastic waste entered the marine environment. Global production of polymers and fiber increased from 2 (MT) in 1960 to 380(MT) in 2015 a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% while the total production of polymers and fibers from 1960 – 2015 was estimated to be around 7800 (MT). China alone produces 28%, and 68% of world production of PP. Biodegradable plastics amount to only 4 (MT). Non fiber plastics production is (PE 36%, PP 21%), Polyvinylchloride PVC (12%) followed by polyethylene terphthalate PET, polyurethane, and polystyrene less than 10% each ,42% of plastics are used in packaging. Palestine show a fast-growing plastic industry though we import plastics worth 255 million US $ as reported in the United Nations International Trade Statistics (COMTRADE) in 2018, compared to US $200 Million imported in 2014. However, we were able to export to the world 66.3 million US $ worth of plastic materials added to that our export to Israel of plastic product worth 86 million US $, mostly packaging materials. Three important countries that export plastic materials to Palestine are Turkey. China and south Korea. Turkey alone in 2018 exported plastics worth 25 million $. The plastic industry in Palestine is among the largest industry. However, we still manufacture the traditional plastics for packaging. Our country needs to develop this industry and diversify the plastic products to meet the needs of the market such as automobile, electrical appliances, refrigerators, and many other industries.
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Aryani, Adriana Sari, Yulian Syahputri, and Hermawan Hermawan. "VALUE CHAIN PALM OIL INDUSTRY ANALYSIS ON THE POLYOL POLYESTER PATHWAY." IJTI (International Journal of Transportation and Infrastructure) 2, no. 2 (April 17, 2019): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29138/ijti.v2i2.964.
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Palm oil is one of important Indonesia's export commodities. In 2017, the export value of palm oil and its derivatives (excluding oleochemicals and biodiesel) penetrated US $ 22.97 billion. The bright prospect of the palm oil commodity in the world vegetable oil trade encouraged the Indonesian government to develop an integrated palm oil industry. On the other hand, some downstream petrochemical products have begun to experience difficulties in raw materials, including Polyurethane. Polyurethane is a polymeric material from polyols and isocyanates which are widely used as packaging. Polyol itself is a polyether produced from the petroleum fraction. The polyol industry can be developed in the industrial tree branch of glycerol / glycerin in the large palm oil industry tree. Glycerin is generally the most end product of the palm oil fractionation industry, after cooking oil, margarine, shortening, and soap. In addition, glycerin is also a by-product of fatty acid esterification during biodiesel production. The value chain analysis carried out in the palm oil industry chain shows that polyol production has added new pathways that can extend the palm oil downstream industry chain. Analysis carried out on the main chain and the combined oil palm industry chain has been successfully used to map the polyol industry value chain on the palm oil track. The extension of the palm oil industry value chain on the polyol industry pathway can unite the industry with the chain of production of the petrochemical industry, in this case polyurethane, which at least can help substitute raw materials. A more detailed analysis of the perceptions of the role of the polyol industry in two directions, namely the palm oil industry chain with the polyurethane industry shows that there is a very large intersection of interests. Almost all perceptions of the role of key value chain activities in the polyurethane industry can be covered by the role of the value chain main activities in the palm oil polyol industry. Both value chains can be said to complement and complement each other. The production of polyester polyols can be absorbed by the needs of the polyurethane industry.
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Itoh, T., and H. Kimura. "Status of the Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine Development Program." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 115, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906684.
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A seven-year program, designated “Research and Development of Automotive CGT,” commenced in June 1990 with the object of demonstrating the potential advantages of ceramic gas turbine engines for automotive use. This program has been conducted by the Petroleum Energy Center (PEC) with the support of the Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The engine demonstration project in this program is being handled by a team from Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc. (JARI). This paper describes the activities of the first year of the seven-year program, and includes the project goals and objectives, the program schedule, and the first-stage design of an experimental automotive ceramic gas turbine (CGT) engine and its components. The basic engine is a 100 kW, single-shaft gas turbine engine having a turbine inlet temperature of 1350°C and a rotor speed of 110,000 rpm. The primary engine components including the turbine hot flow path components have been designed using monolithic ceramics and are scheduled to be produced during the second year of the program.
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Schürmann, Heinz Jürgen. "Structural Changes and Performance of the German Oil Industry." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 4, no. 4 (August 1986): 237–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459878600400401.
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More than in many other countries, the oil market in West Germany is traditionally characterised by liberal trade patterns. This open market allowed a virtually free inflow of oil products. Hence, the pressure on prices at Rotterdam's spot market affected directly the product prices for German consumers. In all end-product markets, oligopoly and strong competition by outsiders prevail. If the cutthroat competition is intensified, this may lead to an alteration of the supply structure within the group of the quite heterogeneous market participants. The West German oil industry is passing through a period of painful economic adjustments. The shrinking of the market, changing demand patterns, and financial losses have led to the shedding of considerable over-capacity in refining and distribution. The process includes both a drastic reduction of simple (straight-run) distillation capacity and an increase in conversion potential, along with toll refining, reduction of marketing outlets, concentration of participants in processing and distribution, attempts at optimisation of downstream activities within the Common Market area, as well as the promotion of joint ventures with foreign state companies. The approach to the adaptation process varies from company to company according to upstream and downstream strength, financial position, access to sources of supply, international linkages, and special areas of interest. Of course, over-capacity of refining is a global phenomenon that cannot be eliminated without international co-operation. The problems may, after all, become even more complex after new export refineries in OPEC countries have been completed. This paper presents the results and features that reflect the reaction of the main companies affected. It describes the chances and challenges of a free oil market system. In recent years the petroleum industry in Germany has suffered heavy financial losses, and has embarked on a radical and seemingly successful adaptation process, but it remains vulnerable to developments on the world oil market. It would gain from better co-ordinated policies within the framework of the European Community—including a free play of market forces and a standardisation of environmental controls. Farther afield, the necessity for closer links to the government-controlled companies in producing countries is perceived to secure sources of supply on a basis of mutual advantage.
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Lewis, David. "Taxation aspects of climate change management measures." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09015.
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Climate change is undoubtedly one of the greatest economic, social, and environmental challenges now facing the world. The present Australian Government is committed to acting on climate change and Australia’s progress towards its emissions reduction targets is being closely watched internationally. To contribute effectively to global climate change action, Australia must demonstrate its ability to implement robust and sustainable domestic emissions management legislation. The Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme (CPRS), modelled after the cap-and-trade system, continues to be debated by our policymakers, as the Government moves to re-introduce its preferred CPRS legislative package for the third time. The advent of climate change legislation is inevitable and its impact will be far-reaching. This paper reviews the fiscal aspects of the proposed CPRS legislation in the context of the oil and gas industry, and whether it is conducive to creating incentives for appropriate climate change response by the industry. In particular, this paper will consider: the direct and indirect tax features specifically covered in the proposed CPRS legislation and their implications; the areas of taxation that remain uncanvassed in the proposed CPRS legislation and aspects requiring clarification from the tax administration; the interaction between Petroleum Resource Rent Tax (PRRT) and the CPRS measures; the flow-on impacts to taxation outcomes resulting from proposed accounting and financial reporting responses to the CPRS legislation; the income tax and PRRT treatment of selected abatement measures; and, elements of a good CPRS tax strategy and compliance action plan.
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Wiechert, J., M. L. Rideout, D. I. Little, D. M. McCormick, E. H. Owens, and B. K. Trudel. "Development of Dispersant Pre-Approval for Washington and Oregon Coastal Waters." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1991, no. 1 (March 1, 1991): 435–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1991-1-435.
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ABSTRACT Washington State has initiated the development process for a dispersant pre-approval policy. In order to be more effective under the aegis of the Regional Response Team (RRT), the preapproval policy should, however, cover all of Region X, rather than only a given state within the region. The Region X RRT has, therefore, instigated an environmental impact statement (EIS) for dispersant use in the coastal waters of Washington and Oregon. The objective of this study is to develop recommendations for pre-approval so that a spill response can be immediate and therefore efficient and effective. Preparation of the EIS has been funded by industry through a Clean Sound Cooperative contract to Woodward-Clyde Consultants. The first step in the study is to define those operational factors that limit the areas to be considered. The study then follows the dispersant decision guides summarized by the American Petroleum Institute2 to further define oil types, spill situations and geographical areas where dispersants are a viable option. Finally, there is an analysis of the environmental trade-offs associated with alternative treatment methods and with nontreatment, using the comparative modeling technique developed by S. L. Ross Environmental Research, Ltd. The EIS document will be issued by the Washington Department of Ecology (WDOE) and will focus on areas where dispersant use could be beneficial in terms of ecological trade-offs. Based on the study, a statement from the State of Washington Department of Ecology is anticipated to be promulgated by the end of 1990.
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Paszek, J., KJ Mason, AS Mennito, and FC McElroy. "Advances in ICP-MS Technologies for Characterization and Ultra-Trace Speciation as a Tool for the Petroleum Industry." Journal of ASTM International 2, no. 9 (2005): 12968. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/jai12968.
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Sun, Xing Wei, Hong Cui, Ke Wang, and B. Wang. "Research on NC Manufacturing of Slender Helical Curved Surface." Materials Science Forum 626-627 (August 2009): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.626-627.589.
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Along with the development and advance of science and technology, the quantity demanded of high technology and high performance mechanical equipment, such as screw pump, screw compressor, elastic and plastic extruder, steam turbine, blast engine and turbine, and so on, is great more and more in present society. And the requirement of performance is high more and more. The application of these products is widespread in many major industry fields of national economy, including military, petroleum, machinery, aviation, energy, chemical industry, elastic and plastic industry, etc.. The key part of these products is the rotor with special complex helical curved surface and leaf blade with particular slender curved surface. The machining level of them makes effect on the product performance and quality directly. In this paper, modern manufacturing technology, which makes use of tool nose’s NC trace of revolving disk milling cutter and whirlwind milling cutter to envelope milling slender curved surface by combined moving of several coordinate axes on special NC milling machine, was studied. The principle of the new technique was represented. The application instances are given in this paper.
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Aluvihara, Suresh. "Preliminaries of the Decay of Metals versus Petroleum Oils." Volume 2 issue 1 2, no. 1 (August 1, 2019): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.48103/jjeci262019.
Full textAbstract:
Petroleum oils are predominantly made of various hydrocarbons with trace compounds including corrosive aided compounds that basically known as the salts, organic acids and various forms of sulfur. The scope of the current research was based on the investigations of the effect of salts, organic, elemental sulfur and Mercaptans of crude oils on the corrosion rates of seven different types of ferrous metals that important in the industry of crude oil refining. As the procedure the important corrosive properties of two different selected crude oils and the chemical compositions of the selected ferrous metals were analyzed by the standard instruments and methods. There were determined the corrosion rates of prepared metal coupons from selected ferrous metals with the similar dimensions after certain immersion time periods with respect to both crude oils by the weight loss method while analyzing the corroded metal surfaces through the microscope also simultaneously analyzed the decayed metallic elemental concentrations from metals into crude oils and the variations of initial hardness of the metals. As the foremost outcomes of the existing analysis there were obtained the significantly lower corrosion rates from stainless steels which are having at least 12% of chromium with sufficient amount if nickel, relatively higher corrosive impact from salts especially at the lower temperatures, formations of ferrous sulfides, ferrous oxides, corrosion cracks and pitting corrosion, significantly decay of copper from Monel metal, higher decay of ferrous from some of carbon steels and slight reductions of the initial hardness of metals after the formations of the corrosion on the metal surfaces.