Journal articles on the topic 'Petits satellites'

Depuis les années 1960, la forêt amazonienne se réduit face à l'extension des surfaces commerciales agricoles. Ce phénomène a été renforcé par l'augmentation de la population due à l'immigration vers ces nouveaux secteurs défrichés. Le phénomène a alors tendance à s'amplifier aux dépens de la forêt. Dans ce contexte, il devient essentiel de surveiller ces fronts pionniers afin de caractériser les changements rapides qui s'y opèrent. Les satellites à haute résolution ne sont pas adaptés pour surveiller ces milieux très dynamiques car leur résolution temporelle est faible et leur traitement reste compliqué. Inversement, les données satellitaires à basse résolution semblent être plus adaptées pour ce genre d'analyses. En se basant sur des données à basse résolution obtenues à partir du satellite SPOT-VEGETATION cette étude propose une méthode de surveillance adaptée à des fronts de déforestations de petites étendues. La méthode peut être extrapolée à d'autres fronts pionniers afin de les surveiller et d'établir des diagnostics sur les dynamiques temporelle des transformations paysagères.

Derrière le clinquant des annonces médiatiques, la flotte de satellites Starlink soulève de multiples interrogations. Petit tour d’horizon d’aspects liés à l’astronomie, la navigation dans l’espace, les télécommunications, l’environnement, mais aussi l’économie et les traités internationaux.

In the past triennium members of the Commission 20 have been very active in studying positions and motions of minor planets, comets and satellites including rings by observational and theoretical investigations, as it is described in this report In fact observers have been producing tremendous amount of astrometric data, much more than we could imagine twenty years ago, when we heard many complains and appeals to observers for needs of more observations, particularly, for minor planets and satellites. Technically, several new devices to detect faint objects and to measure their positions more effectively, have been developed. Theoreticians have faced many interesting and important problems to explain observational facts with several powerful methods developed recently.

This Comm. 20 triennial report is prepared as a short summary of the scientific progress in the fields of interest, where, by necessity, only a few highlights are to be mentioned. On the Comm. 20 webpage, the interested reader may find a more complete list of recent references to the relevant literature. Its URL at the time of writing (October 1999) is www.astro.uu.se/IAU/c20/, but mirror sites are expected to have been set up at the time of appearance of these Transactions.

The past triennium was characterized by important advances in several directions within the broad field of this Commission. Among the most exciting events were the Phobos 2 and Voyager 2 missions to Mars/Phobos and Neptune/Triton; their navigation was critically dependent on precise space- and ground-based observations as well as refined theoretical models of the motions in the solar system. Among many other achievements, the secular acceleration of Phobos was accurately measured and the dynamical analysis of the ring-like arcs at Neptune has just begun.

Dans le vent solaire, plasma et champ magnétique se déplacent ensemble à grande échelle. L'interface avec la magnétosphère terrestre est une frontière fine, la magnétopause, où il peut exister des échelles suffisamment petites où les deux mouvements se dissocient. Il en résulte un phénomène nommé « reconnexion magnétique », au cours duquel le plasma est fortement accéléré le long de la frontière. La mission MMS a des points forts qui en font le meilleur outil pour étudier ce phénomène : une résolution temporelle des mesures inégalée, et des satellites très proches les uns des autres (environ 10 km, de l'ordre du rayon de Larmor des électrons dans les plasmas rencontrés).

Les systèmes d’acquisition de photographies de petit format pour la cartographie des régions côtières sont des alternatives viables, sur les plans technique et économique, aux images photogrammétriques conventionnelles et aux images satellitales à haute résolution. Au-delà de leur coût réduit, ces systèmes peuvent intéresser les équipes de recherche pour acquérir des images à des dates et à des horaires particuliers, comme les marées les plus hautes et les plus basses de l’année, ou encore en volant au-dessous des nuages dans des zones constamment nuageuses. Cet article présente et discute l’adaptation des dispositifs, la combinaison de différents outils logiciels pour le traitement des images et les résultats d’une campagne d’acquisition aérienne dans un but de recherche océanographique sur des zones côtières du Pernambuco (Brésil). Pour l’acquisition des images, une caméra non métrique de petit format et un récepteur GPS de navigation ont été embarqués sur un avion monomoteur et sur un hélicoptère à des heures de marée basse.

Abstract. Current knowledge about the European terrestrial biospheric carbon sink, from the Atlantic to the Urals, relies upon bottom-up inventory and surface flux inverse model estimates (e.g., 0.27 ± 0.16 Gt C a−1 for 2000–2005 5 (Schulze et al., 2009), 0.17 ± 0.44 Gt C a−1 for 2001–2007 (Peters et al., 2010), 0.45 ± 0.40 Gt C a−1 for 2010 (Chevallier et al., 2014), 0.40 ± 0.42 Gt C a−1 for 2001–2004 (Peylin et al., 2013). Inverse models assimilate in situ CO2 atmospheric concentrations measured by surface-based air sampling networks. The intrinsic sparseness of these networks is one reason for the relatively large flux uncertainties (Peters et al., 2010; Bruhwiler et al., 2011). Satellite-based CO2 measurements have the potential to reduce these uncertainties (Miller et al., 2007; Chevallier et al., 2007). Global inversion experiments using independent models and independent GOSAT satellite data products consistently derived a considerably larger European sink (0.9–1.2 Gt C a−1 for September 2009–August 2010 (Basu et al., 2013), 1.2–1.8 Gt C a−1 in 2010, Chevallier et al., 2014). However, these results have been considered unrealistic due to potential large scale retrieval biases and/or long-range transport errors (Chevallier et al., 2014) or have not been discussed at all (Basu et al., 2013; Takagi et al., 2014). Here we show that the satellite-derived European terrestrial carbon sink is indeed much larger (1.02 ± 0.30 Gt C a−1 in 2010) than previously expected. Our analysis comprises a regional inversion approach using STILT (Gerbig et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2003) short range (days) particle dispersion modelling, rendering it insensitive to large scale retrieval biases and less sensitive to long-range transport errors. The highest gain in information is obtained during the growing season when satellite observation conditions are advantageous and a priori uncertainties are largest. The consistency among an ensemble of five different inversion set-ups and five independent satellite retrievals (BESD (Reuter et al., 2011) 2003–2010, ACOS (O’Dell et al., 2012) 2010, UoL-FP (Cogan et al., 2012) 2010, RemoTeC C (Butz et al., 2011) 2010, and NIES (Yoshida et al., 2013) 2010) using data from two different instruments (SCIAMACHY, Bovensmann et al., 1999 and GOSAT, Kuze et al., 2009) provides evidence that our current understanding of the European carbon sink has to be revisited.

Abstract. Current knowledge about the European terrestrial biospheric carbon sink, from the Atlantic to the Urals, relies upon bottom-up inventory and surface flux inverse model estimates (e.g. 0.27±0.16 GtC a−1 for 2000–2005 (Schulze et al., 2009), 0.17±0.44 GtC a−1 for 2001–2007 (Peters et al., 2010), 0.45±0.40 GtC a−1 for 2010 (Chevallier et al., 2014), 0.40±0.42 GtC a−1 for 2001–2004 (Peylin et al., 2013)). Inverse models assimilate in situ CO2 atmospheric concentrations measured by surface-based air sampling networks. The intrinsic sparseness of these networks is one reason for the relatively large flux uncertainties (Peters et al., 2010; Bruhwiler et al., 2011). Satellite-based CO2 measurements have the potential to reduce these uncertainties (Miller et al., 2007; Chevallier et al., 2007). Global inversion experiments using independent models and independent GOSAT satellite data products consistently derived a considerably larger European sink (1.0–1.3 GtC a−1 for 09/2009–08/2010 (Basu et al., 2013), 1.2–1.8 GtC a−1 in 2010 (Chevallier et al., 2014)). However, these results have been considered unrealistic due to potential retrieval biases and/or transport errors (Chevallier et al., 2014) or have not been discussed at all (Basu et al., 2013; Takagi et al., 2014). Our analysis comprises a regional inversion approach using STILT (Gerbig et al., 2003; Lin et al., 2003) short-range (days) particle dispersion modelling, rendering it insensitive to large-scale retrieval biases and less sensitive to long-range transport errors. We show that the satellite-derived European terrestrial carbon sink is indeed much larger (1.02±0.30 GtC a−1 in 2010) than previously expected. This is qualitatively consistent among an ensemble of five different inversion set-ups and five independent satellite retrievals (BESD (Reuter et al., 2011) 2003–2010, ACOS (O’Dell et al., 2012) 2010, UoL-FP (Cogan et al., 2012) 2010, RemoTeC (Butz et al., 2011) 2010, and NIES (Yoshida et al., 2013) 2010) using data from two different instruments (SCIAMACHY (Bovensmann et al., 1999) and GOSAT (Kuze et al., 2009)). The difference to in situ based inversions (Peylin et al., 2013), whilst large with respect to the mean reported European carbon sink (0.4 GtC a−1 for 2001–2004), is similar in magnitude to the reported uncertainty (0.42 GtC a−1). The highest gain in information is obtained during the growing season when satellite observation conditions are advantageous, a priori uncertainties are largest, and the surface sink maximises; during the dormant season, the results are dominated by the a priori. Our results provide evidence that the current understanding of the European carbon sink has to be revisited.

Abstract. A novel method of comparison between an atmospheric model and satellite probabilistic estimates of relative humidity (RH) in the tropical atmosphere is presented. The method is developed to assess the Météo-France numerical weather forecasting model ARPEGE (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle) using probability density functions (PDFs) of RH estimated from the SAPHIR (Sondeur Atmosphérique du Profil d'Humidité Intertropicale par Radiométrie) microwave sounder. The satellite RH reference is derived by aggregating footprint-scale probabilistic RH to match the spatial and temporal resolution of ARPEGE over the April–May–June 2018 period. The probabilistic comparison is discussed with respect to a classical deterministic comparison confronting each model RH value to the reference average and using a set confidence interval. This study first documents the significant spatial and temporal variability in the reference distribution spread and shape. We demonstrate the need for a finer assessment at the individual case level to characterize specific situations beyond the classical bulk comparison using determinist “best” reference estimates. The probabilistic comparison allows for a more contrasted assessment than the deterministic one. Specifically, it reveals cases where the ARPEGE-simulated values falling within the deterministic confidence range actually correspond to extreme departures in the reference distribution, highlighting the shortcomings of the too-common Gaussian assumption of the reference, on which most current deterministic comparison methods are based.

Une étude comparative entre des acquisitions Pléiades et par drone a été menée pour des applications de viticulture de précision dans la région Aquitaine, sur le vignoble de Buzet et deux domaines du Bordelais. Cette étude montre une bonne cohérence entre les résultats obtenus à partir des différents capteurs, à la fois pour la caractérisation des paramètres parcellaires et pour l'estimation de la vigueur de la vigne. En particulier, Pléiades met en évidence les variabilités et hétérogénéités intra-parcellaires. Pléiades est donc pertinent pour caractériser des domaines viticoles à l'échelle de l'appellation. Cependant, la résolution du satellite Pléiades limite la détection des plus petites structures à l'intérieur des rangs et empêche la caractérisation des parcelles pour lesquelles les rangs sont plus resserrés (écarts inférieurs à deux mètres). Le recours à des technologies de meilleure résolution (notamment le drone) est complémentaire afin d'obtenir des caractérisations plus précises à l'échelle d'un domaine.

CX Draconis /HD 174237, B2.5Ve, v.sin i = 160 km.s-1/ is a typical Be star displaying most of the well known spectroscopic and photometric characteristics of these stars.Koubský /1978/ disclosed that CX Dra is a SB1 /P=6.69603d, K = 35 km.s-1, e = 0/. Penrod /1985/ confirmed that the secondary is a F star. Peters and Polidan /1984/ reported strong, variable lines of NV, CIV and SilV from high-resolution spectra secured with IUE satellite. These features were interpreted to arise from gas stream and accretion close to the photosphere of the B-component of the system.

Cet article présente une méthode de prévision de récolte de canne à sucre à partir d'images satellites à haute résolution spatiale Spot, adaptée à des zones de production de canne à sucre composées d'une multitude de petites parcelles. Cette étude est réalisée sur l'exemple de l'île de La Réunion. Elle est basée sur l'ajustement d'une relation empiriqueentre l'indice de végétation NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), mesuré au maximum de développement du couvert végétal, et le rendement en biomasse fraiche à la récolte. Le rendement est traduit en production à différentes échelles (centre de réception, bassin de production, sucrerie, à le entière) par produit avec la surface des parcelles. Le modèle est appliqué en mode relatif pour estimer les variations de production d'une année à l'autre. Les variations de production estimées, ajoutées à la production mesurée de l'année précédente, permettent d'estimer la production de l'année à venir. La précision des prévisions de récolte ainsi réalisée est évaluée à partir des résultats de récolte desannées 2008 et 2009. Les résultats sont très satisfaisants, avec une précision atteignant 6,6 % à l'échelle des centres de réception et 1,5 % à l'échelle de l'île entière. Ils démontrent l'intérêt économique et technique d'une telle méthode dans le cas de zones de production disposant de peu d'informations sur les conditions de culture de la canne (état végétatif denombreuses parcelles, météorologie contrastée).

Abstract The National Weather Forecast Centre of Météo-France has developed a tool that corrects the state of the atmosphere within the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) operational global model by adjusting the potential vorticity when the initial conditions and available observations disagree. Among observational datasets, geostationary satellite data are the primary source of information. Here, the representation of the coherent structures of the tropopause in the model is assessed with Meteosat ozone and water vapor images. Modifications to the initial conditions of the potential vorticity (PV) in areas where the model fails can be applied using a potential vorticity inversion, thus providing a new balanced distribution of the wind and temperature that will then be used as a new initial state. The purpose of the paper is to investigate the degrees of weakness of the present qualitative approach. To this end, PV modifications to the initial conditions are applied by different experts on the eve of the windstorm Klaus (24 January 2009) that hit southwestern France. The different initial PV fields and the subsequent forecasts show significant differences in terms of wind and mean sea level pressure, while sharing some common features. The human modification process is therefore partially reproducible and skillful since the forecast is improved most of the time.

Abstract The high vertical density soundings recorded during the 2006 African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) campaign are assimilated into the French numerical weather prediction Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle (ARPEGE) four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) system, with and without a bias correction for relative humidity. Four different experiments are carried out to assess the impacts of the added observations. The analyses and forecasts from these different scenarios are evaluated over western Africa. For the full experiment using all data together with a bias correction, the humidity analysis is in better agreement with surface observations and independent GPS observations than it was for the other experiments. AMMA data also improve the African easterly jet (AEJ) on its southeasterly side, and when they are used with an appropriate bias correction, the daily and monthly averaged precipitation results are in relatively good agreement with the satellite-based precipitation estimates. Forecast scores are computed with respect to surface observations, radiosondes, and analyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The positive impacts of additional radiosonde observations (with a relevant bias correction) are found to propagate downstream with a positive impact over Europe at the 2–3-day forecast range.

Connaître la distribution des espèces vectrices de zoonoses est fondamentale pour comprendre les dynamiques épidémiologiques et caractériser les zones à risque. Cette distribution peut être appréhendée à différentes échelles : régionalement, l'aire de répartition de ces espèces définit les limites d'occurrence de la transmission d'agents pathogènes et, localement, leurs niches déterminent l'aléa. Cette dernière échelle requiert une connaissance très précise des milieux qui peut être acquise par l'analyse d'images satellite à très haute résolution spatiale. Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche sur la leptospirose à La Réunion (LeptOI), cette étude propose de mesurer le potentiel d'utilisation d'une image Pléiades (pixels de 50 cm) pour caractériser la distribution locale de différents petits mammifères terrestres autour de l'Etang de Saint-Paul. Trois campagnes de piégeage ont permis la capture de 134 animaux appartenant à quatre des cinq espèces présentes à La Réunion (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, Suncus murinus et Tenrec ecaudatus). Une analyse orientée-objet de l'image Pléiades a permis de discriminer dix classes d'occupation des sols avec une précision totale de 83,6%. Des indices paysagers ont été calculés à partir de cette classification autour de chacun des pièges (distances les plus courtes aux classes d'occupation, densité de contours et pourcentages de surface des classes au sein de zones tampon de 50 et de 100 mètres). Trois zones (« humide », « anthropisée » et « sèche ») sont clairement discriminées par ces variables, qui pourront être utilisées comme déterminants écologiques de différents profils épidémiologiques : la zone humide étant propice à la leptospirose et la zone anthropisée étant un lieu de co-occurrence des quatre espèces et ainsi potentiellement une zone d'échanges de pathogènes.

Electromagnetic Radiation comes out from different electrical, or electronics gadget used for Lab as well as household purposes. As many circuits of household, industrial, and communication systems operate at close proximity of each other and one such circuit can affect the performance of other nearby circuits adversely via inadvertent couplings of their signal through near and far region, propagating electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic waves generated by different wireless systems like mobile systems, satellite systems, other microwave links, etc. facilitates our communications throughout the world. Thus the hazard of electromagnetic radiation causes interference among these instruments and at the same time affects the living cells which includes both plant and animal cells. Here our research is to study the electromagnetic radiation of all these instruments including mobile phones on the plant cells. For the purpose of this study, here Hibiscus Flower is taken, exposed to electromagnetic radiation for the different time interval with a constant power and at certain temperature. It is observed that the physical condition of the flower as well as dielectric constants is changed. Here, in this case the dielectric properties have been measured on a flower named Hibiscus (petals) using open ended coaxial probe technique at four different temperature levels i.e. at 0th hour, after 1hour, after 2hours and after 3 hours. There are the dielectrics properties for mentioned flowers have been measured and plotted graphically within frequency range of 0.02 GHz to 8.5 GHz at many sample points. Another important observation is that the condition of Hibiscus petals at different time interval after exposing electronic magnetic radiation from Horn Antenna. From this study we can get an idea that how electromagnetic radiation can be affected for plants.

Abstract. Sea-level rise due to anthropogenic climate change is projected not only to exacerbate extreme events such as cyclones and storms but also to cause more frequent chronic flooding occurring at high tides under calm weather conditions. Chronic flooding occasionally takes place today in the low-lying areas of the Petit Cul-de-sac marin (Guadeloupe, West Indies, French Antilles). This area includes critical industrial and harbor and major economic infrastructures for the islands. As sea level rises, concerns are growing regarding the possibility of repeated chronic flooding events, which would alter the operations at these critical coastal infrastructures without appropriate adaptation. Here, we use information on past and future sea levels, vertical ground motion, and tides to assess times of emergence of chronic flooding in the Petit Cul-de-sac marin. For RCP8.5 (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5; i.e., continued growth of greenhouse gas emissions), the number of flood days is projected to increase rapidly after the emergence of the process so that coastal sites will be flooded 180 d a year within 2 decades of the onset of chronic flooding. For coastal locations with the lowest altitude, we show that the reconstructed number of floods is consistent with observations known from a previous survey. Vertical ground motions are a key source of uncertainty in our projections. Yet, our satellite interferometric synthetic-aperture radar results show that the local variability in this subsidence is smaller than the uncertainties in the technique, which we estimate to be between 1 (standard deviation of measurements) and 5 mm/yr (upper theoretical bound). Despite these uncertainties, our results imply that adaptation pathways considering a rapid increase in recurrent chronic flooding are required for the critical port and industrial and commercial center of Guadeloupe. Similar processes are expected to take place in many low-elevation coastal zones worldwide, including on other tropical islands. The method used in this study can be applied to other locations, provided tide gauge records and local knowledge of vertical ground motions are available. We argue that identifying times of emergence of chronic flooding events is urgently needed in most low-lying coastal areas, because adaptation requires decades to be implemented, whereas chronic flooding hazards can worsen drastically within years of the first event being observed.

Abstract. This article focuses on the selection of satellite infrared IASI (Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer) observations in the global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system ARPEGE (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle). The observation simulation is performed with the sophisticated radiative transfer model RTTOV-CLD, which takes into account the cloud scattering and the multilayer clouds from atmospheric profiles and cloud microphysical profiles (liquid water content, ice content and cloud fraction). The aim of this work is to select homogeneous scenes by using the information of the collocated Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) pixels inside each IASI field of view and to retain the most favourable cases for the assimilation of IASI infrared radiances. Two methods to select homogeneous scenes using homogeneity criteria already proposed in the literature were adapted: the criteria derived from Martinet et al. (2013) for cloudy sky selection in the French mesoscale model AROME (Applications of Research to Operations at MEsoscale) and the criteria from Eresmaa (2014) for clear-sky selection in the global model IFS (Integrated Forecasting System). A comparison between these methods reveals considerable differences, in both the method to compute the criteria and the statistical results. From this comparison a revised method representing a kind of compromise between the different tested methods is proposed and it uses the two infrared AVHRR channels to define the homogeneity criteria in the brightness temperature space. This revised method has a positive impact on the observation minus the simulation statistics, while retaining 36 % of observations for the assimilation. It was then tested in the NWP system ARPEGE for the clear-sky assimilation. These criteria were added to the current data selection based on the McNally and Watts (2003) cloud detection scheme. It appears that the impact on analyses and forecasts is rather neutral.

Généralement, les Territoires-du-Nord-Ouest (40 000 habitants) ne sont guère considérés dans les tableaux traitant de l'économie du Canada. Pourtant, per capita, le volume total des affaires manutentionnées à l'intérieur des TNO est l'un des plus élevés de tout le pays. Nous n'étudierons que trois thèmes ; ceux-ci sont très rarement abordés même par ceux qui écrivent sur l'économie du Nord. L'examen de la masse générale des affaires (valeur de production et capitaux) montre un état élevé de dépendance à l'endroit de l'extérieur (qui fournit 65%), une participation gouvernementale à 50% et l'effacement de l'économie des Amérindiens (3%). La grande économie privée est surtout engagée dans l'exploitation rémunératrice de minerais. Moins par intention que de fait, le Nord est un satellite ou une colonie. Le budget du gouvernement territorial dépasse 100 000 000 de dollars par an. La répartition des types de dépenses indique une forte priorité accordée au bien-être des populations, caractéristique liée au fait que les TNO n'ont guère de juridiction sur les ressources naturelles. L'on ne pourrait comparer facilement les dépenses des TNO à celles des Provinces. Du côté du financement des dépenses gouvernementales, les TNO ne prélèvent que 10% de l'actif, le gouvernement fédéral demeurant le grand pourvoyeur. Au chapitre des finances publiques, le Nord est un gouffre. Le bilan d'affaires de la petite communauté esquimaude de Pelly Bay (215 habitants) montre un état élevé de dépendance à l'endroit de l'extérieur (qui fournit 65%), une de $250 000 et des valeurs annuelles de production de $225 000. Dominent les activités primaires et tertiaires. Le capital local est insuffisant au financement des coûts. Les Sudistes qui oeuvrent dans le Nord se donnent des objectifs à court terme. Il n'existe malheureusement pas de planning d'inspiration nordique qui serait à la fois polyrégional, polysectoriel et pluriannuel.

Abstract Satellite remote sensing data indicate that greenness has been increasing in the northern high latitudes, apparently in response to the warming of recent decades. To identify feedbacks of this land-cover change to the atmosphere, the authors employed the atmospheric general circulation model ARPEGE-CLIMAT, an adaptation of the Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle model for climate studies, to conduct a set of control and sensitivity modeling experiments. In the sensitivity experiments, they increased the greenness poleward of 60°N by 20% to mimic the manifestation of vegetation changes in the real world, and by 60% and 100% to represent potential aggressive vegetation change scenarios under global warming. In view of the direct exposure of vegetation to sunlight during the warm seasons, the authors focused their study on the results from late spring to early fall. The results revealed significant thermodynamic and hydrological impacts of the increased greenness in northern high latitudes, resulting in a warmer and wetter atmosphere. Surface and lower-tropospheric air temperature showed a marked increase, with a warming of 1°–2°C during much of the year when greenness is increased by 100%. Precipitation and evaporation also showed a notable increase of 10% during the summer. Snow cover decreased throughout the year, with a maximum reduction in the spring and early summer. The above changes are attributable to the following physical mechanisms: 1) increased net surface solar radiation due to a decreased surface albedo and enhanced snow–albedo feedback as a result of increased greenness; 2) intensified vegetative transpiration by the additional plant cover; and 3) reduced atmospheric stability leading to enhanced convective activity. The results imply that increased greenness is a potentially significant contributing factor to the amplified polar effects of global warming.

This paper incorporates the structural characteristics of chrysanthemums in nature and fractal geometry theory into the antenna structure design and a novel-structured fractal multiband fractal microstrip antenna with a chrysanthemum petal structure is proposed. The antenna can cover commercial frequency bands from the second to fourth generation (4G), satellite navigation, wireless local area networks, and Bluetooth. The antenna radiator imitates the structure of chrysanthemum’s petals in nature, and a basic arc shape is iterated many times according to a certain proportional coefficient. After simulation and comparison, the second iteration can achieve the best antenna performance, and the antenna adopted the coplanar waveguide feeding method to broaden the antenna bandwidth. The antenna covers three effective frequency bands of 1.58–2.68 GHz (64.7%), 2.76–4.01 GHz (33.9%), and 4.68–5.35 GHz (13.4%). The antenna dielectric board is made of FR-4 material, the dielectric constant is 4.4, and the actual size is 41 × 29 × 1.6 mm3. The antenna performs fractal iteration at a small size, and the approximate calculation of the frequency band is completed by comparing the ratio of each ring to the current vector diagram. The design of the antenna is to use HFSS for antenna modeling and parameter optimization, and the model under different conditions were compared and analyzed. By comparing the test results of the antenna prototype with the simulation structure in the electromagnetic anechoic chamber, the rationality of the antenna is verified.

ResumoEste artigo apresenta uma análise geomorfológica da Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins. A base cartográfica foram cartas topográficas na escala 1:100.000 com apoio de imagens de satélites (LANDSAT 5) e de radar (SRTM/TOPODATA), trabalhadas no software Spring do INPE, versões 5.0.1 e 5.1.8. Os trabalhos de campo foram realizados por caminhos e estradas da região com uso de receptor GPS. Os estudos determinaram oito classes geomorfológicas, que são: a) planície de inundação, onde ocorrem significativas deposições sedimentares recentes; b) dunas eólicas, depósitos recentes pela ação do vento; c) vales abertos, associados a curso d’água em áreas planas com menos de 2% de declividade; d) vales fechados, quando a rede de drenagem encontra-se sob controle estrutural de lineamentos geológicos; e) colinas arenosas, representam relevo levemente ondulado com substrato de arenitos e solos arenosos; f) morros e morrotes, representadas por relevos residuais com topo arredondado; g) mesas e mesetas, caracterizadas como relevos residuais tabulares descontínuos e; h) chapada, que são relevos tabulares, topos planos e retilíneos, com grande continuidade de área.Palavras-chave: Relevo; Geomorfologia; Unidade de Conservação da Natureza; Estação Ecológica Serra Geral do Tocantins Abstract This study develops in Ecological Station Serra Geral do Tocantins. The topographic base map at 1:100.000 scale with support for images from satellites LANDSAT 5 and SRTM radar images / TOPODATA. Were performed by the Spring software (INPE), versions 5.0.1 and 5.1.8. Field surveys were conducted through profiles made by paths and roads in the area with the use of GPS receiver equipment. The subdivision geomorphological defined eight classes, which are: a) floodplain, where there are significant recent sedimentary deposits; b) dunes, recent sediment by wind; c) open valleys, associated with stream in flatter areas with less than 2% slope; d) closed valleys, when the drainage system is structural control of geological lineaments; e) sandy hills, represent slightly wavy relief with substrate of sandstones and sandy soils; f) hills and buttes, represented by residual relief with rounded top; g) butte of flat top, characterized as a discontinuous and tabular forms; h) plateau, which are tabular reliefs, flat tops and with great continuity area.Keywords: Relief; Geomorphology; Nature Conservation Unit; Ecological Station Serra Geral do Tocantins RésuméCette étude développe dans Station Serra Geral do Tocantins. Ont été utilisées cartes topographiques à l'échelle 1/100.000 avec support, images satellites Landsat 5 et radar (SRTM / TOPODATA), à partir de software Spring (INPE), versions 5.0.1 et 5.1.8. Le travail de terrain a été réalisée par des profils le long des chemins et des routes dans la région avec l'utilisation du récepteur GPS. Les études ont mesuré huit classes géomorphologiques, qui sont: a) plaine d’inondacion, où il ya des dépôts récents; b) dunes, des dépôts causée par le vent; c) vallées ouvertes, associés aux chenal de rivière dans les zones les plus plates avec moins de 2% de pente d) vallées fermées, lorsque le système de drainage est sous contrôle structurel des linéaments géologiques; e) collines sablonneuses, représenter relief légèrement ondulé avec un substrat de grès et de sols sableux; f) buttes et petites buttes, représentés par le relief résiduel; g) buttes témoin tabulaire, caractérisé que des formes et des reliefs tabulaires et isolée; h) plateau, qui sont reliefs tabulaires.Mots-clés: Relief; Géomorphologie;Unité pour la Conservation de la Nature, Écologique Station Serra Geral do Tocantins.

Law scientist from the Republic of Bulgaria Petar Koev in his article covers quite a specific case – comparative legal analysis of spying in the Criminal Laws of Bulgaria and Latvia. The author accentuates the development of Criminal Laws in Bulgaria and Latvia to prevent spying. P. Koev concludes that the Criminal Law on Protection of National Secrets has been worked out in compliance with the historical aspects of both countries. Similarity between Bulgarian Criminal Code and LSSR Criminal Law during the period of socialism was connected with the ideological term “state secret” defined by political systems of the USSR satellite states. Analysis of regulations related to spying has brought out several common traits performed in legal acts after democratic changes in the development of Bulgaria and Latvia after the states gained their independence form the USSR. It has been concluded that regulations on prevention and eradication on spying have been worked out to satisfy the existent regional needs and state’s political priorities. Bulgārijas Republikas tiesību zinātnieks Petars Koevs (Petar Koev) savā rakstā skata visnotaļ specifisku problēmu loku – salīdzinošo juridisko analīzi spiegošanā Bulgārijas un Latvijas krimināltiesiskajā regulējumā. Autors aplūko krimināltiesību aktu attīstību un problēmas Bulgārijā un Latvijā, lai novērtu spiegošanas darbības. P. Koevs secina, ka tiesību akti par valsts noslēpumu aizsardzību ir izstrādāti atbilstoši abu valstu vēsturiskajiem apstākļiem. Bulgārijas kriminālkodeksa un LPSR Krimināllikuma līdzība t. s. sociālisma periodā bija saistīta ar ideoloģisko jēdzienu “valsts noslēpums”, ko noteica PSRS satelītvalstu politiskā sistēma. Ar spiegošanu saistīto normatīvo aktu analīze ir noteikusi arī dažas kopīgas iezīmes, kas izdarītas likumdošanas aktos pēc demokrātiskajām pārmaiņām Bulgārijā un Latvijas attīstībā pēc tam, kad valsts kļuva neatkarīga no Padomju Savienības. Publikācijā ir secināts, ka spiegošanas novēršanas un apkarošanas noteikumi ir izstrādāti, lai apmierinātu pašreizējās reģionālās vajadzības un valsts politiskās prioritātes.

Canola (Brassica napus), with its prominent yellow flowers, has unique spectral characteristics and necessitates special spectral indices to quantify the flowers. This study investigated four spectral indices for high-resolution RGB images for segmenting yellow flower pixels. The study compared vegetation indices to digitally quantify canola flower area to develop a seed yield prediction model. A small plot (2.75 m × 6 m) experiment was conducted at Kernen Research Farm, Saskatoon, where canola was grown under six row spacings and eight seeding rates with four replicates (192 plots). The flower canopy reflectance was imaged using a high-resolution (0.15 cm ground sampling distance) 100 MP iXU 1000 RGB sensor mounted on an unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV). The spectral indices were evaluated for their efficiency in identifying canola flower pixels using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Digitized flower pixel area was used as a predictor of seed yield to develop four models. Seventy percent of the data were used for model training and 30% for testing. Models were compared using performance metrics: coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean squared error (RMSE). The High-resolution Flowering Index (HrFI), a new flower index proposed in this study, was identified as the most accurate in detecting flower pixels, especially in high-resolution imagery containing within-canopy shadow pixels. There were strong, positive associations between digitized flower area and canola seed yield with the peak flowering timing having a greater R2 (0.82) compared to early flowering (0.72). Cumulative flower pixel area predicted 75% of yield. Our results indicate that the HrFI and Modified Yellowness Index (MYI) were better predictors of canola yield compared to the NDYI and RBNI (Red Blue Normalizing Index) as they were able to discriminate between canola petals and within-canopy shadows. We suggest further studies to evaluate the performance of the HrFI and MYI vegetation indices using medium-resolution UAV and satellite imagery.

Abstract. A comprehensive analysis of the water budget over the Dome C (Concordia, Antarctica) station has been performed during the austral summer 2018–2019 as part of the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP) international campaign. Thin (∼100 m deep) supercooled liquid water (SLW) clouds have been detected and analysed using remotely sensed observations at the station (tropospheric depolarization lidar, the H2O Antarctica Microwave Stratospheric and Tropospheric Radiometer (HAMSTRAD), net surface radiation from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN)), radiosondes, and satellite observations (CALIOP, Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization/CALIPSO, Cloud Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations) combined with a specific configuration of the numerical weather prediction model: ARPEGE-SH (Action de Recherche Petite Echelle Grande Echelle – Southern Hemisphere). The analysis shows that SLW clouds were present from November to March, with the greatest frequency occurring in December and January when ∼50 % of the days in summer time exhibited SLW clouds for at least 1 h. Two case studies are used to illustrate this phenomenon. On 24 December 2018, the atmospheric planetary boundary layer (PBL) evolved following a typical diurnal variation, which is to say with a warm and dry mixing layer at local noon thicker than the cold and dry stable layer at local midnight. Our study showed that the SLW clouds were observed at Dome C within the entrainment and the capping inversion zones at the top of the PBL. ARPEGE-SH was not able to correctly estimate the ratio between liquid and solid water inside the clouds with the liquid water path (LWP) strongly underestimated by a factor of 1000 compared to observations. The lack of simulated SLW in the model impacted the net surface radiation that was 20–30 W m−2 higher in the BSRN observations than in the ARPEGE-SH calculations, mainly attributable to the BSRN longwave downward surface radiation being 50 W m−2 greater than that of ARPEGE-SH. The second case study took place on 20 December 2018, when a warm and wet episode impacted the PBL with no clear diurnal cycle of the PBL top. SLW cloud appearance within the entrainment and capping inversion zones coincided with the warm and wet event. The amount of liquid water measured by HAMSTRAD was ∼20 times greater in this perturbed PBL than in the typical PBL. Since ARPEGE-SH was not able to accurately reproduce these SLW clouds, the discrepancy between the observed and calculated net surface radiation was even greater than in the typical PBL case, reaching +50 W m−2, mainly attributable to the downwelling longwave surface radiation from BSRN being 100 W m−2 greater than that of ARPEGE-SH. The model was then run with a new partition function favouring liquid water for temperatures below −20 down to −40 ∘C. In this test mode, ARPEGE-SH has been able to generate SLW clouds with modelled LWP and net surface radiation consistent with observations during the typical case, whereas, during the perturbed case, the modelled LWP was 10 times less than the observations and the modelled net surface radiation remained lower than the observations by ∼50 W m−2. Accurately modelling the presence of SLW clouds appears crucial to correctly simulate the surface energy budget over the Antarctic Plateau.

Tous vecteurs confondus, ce sont les drones, notamment les multirotor, qui ont connu le plus fort développement pour l'acquisition d'images aériennes durant les cinq dernières années. L'imagerie accessible par ce type de plate-forme répond à un besoin de cartographie à une échelle intermédiaire entre l'imagerie submétrique (satellite à très haute résolution spatiale ou vecteurs aériens comme les ULM et certains drones) et l'imagerie acquise à très basse altitude à des résolutions parfois inférieures au centimètre. Par son prix élevé, l'imagerie submétrique aérienne et satellitaire laisse un grand nombre de besoins sans réponse acceptable. Parmi eux, citons l'imagerie à petit budget demandée par les collectivités locales ou les suivis denses (en particulier temporels). Finalement, la réglementation récente a encadré les vols drones de manière très contraignante, mettant virtuellement hors-la-loi tous les acteurs occasionnels d'imagerie par drone.L'objectif de cette communication est de présenter une méthode simple, opérationnelle et à bas coût pour la prise de vue aérienne. Il s'agit d'utiliser le cerf-volant comme vecteur alternatif aux aéronefs sans pilote. Le cerf-volant (avec le ballon) fait partie des premières plates-formes utilisées historiquement pour la photographie aérienne. Il a connu un regain d'intérêt depuis les années 70-80 avec de nombreuses applications en archéologie et la disponibilité depuis les années 2000 de capteurs et logiciels abordables et performants le rend plus attractif encore. La méthode proposée ici permet la cartographie de superficies dépassant le kilomètre carré à une résolution décimétrique. Elle présente un certain nombre d'atouts, comme le coût modique de la plate-forme et la capacité de voler sur une très large plage de vents (de 5 à 40km/h), un cerf-volant de six à dix mètres carrés ayant la même charge utile qu'un drone pour une autonomie supérieure. Enrevanche, la principale difficulté de mise en oeuvre opérationnelle du cerf-volant pour la cartographie par image aérienneest le manque de contrôle du vecteur, ce qui pose quelques verrous au niveau de l'acquisition et du traitement des données.Nous présentons dans cette communication les avancées méthodologiques réalisées afin de dépasser ces limites.Nous détaillons tout d'abord la méthode d'acquisition développée et le mode opératoire mis en oeuvre pour obtenir des jeux de données image permettant la cartographie opérationnelle de zones d'intérêt. Ensuite, nous présentons les traitements effectués à l'aide de logiciels désormais abordables qui permettent le calcul de l'aérotriangulation et de la corrélation dense sur plusieurs centaines d'images. Nous présentons enfin les résultats obtenus sur des exemples d'applications en conditions réelles afin de discuter du potentiel et des limitations de cette méthode, proposée comme alternative aux solutions existantes.

Размерные эффекты существенно меняют состояние и физико-химические свойства дисперсных систем. Особенности химических процессов, протекающих в малых (нано-, пико-, фемтолитровых) объемах, важны для технологий получения уникальных материалов. Целью работы явилось экспериментальное подтверждение размерных эффектов при химических процессах в малых объёмах и их интерпретация на основе представлений химической термодинамики.Объектом исследования были реакции органического синтеза, проводимые в ансамблях сидячих капель водных растворов органических соединений, с участием газовой среды. Для наблюдения использовались методы оптической микроскопии с цифровой обработкой изображений. Эксперименты однозначно демонстрируют влияние геометрических параметров (радиус, краевой угол) на кинетику фазовых и химических превращений в полидисперсных ансамблях сидячих капель органических и водно-органических смесей, взаимодействующих с летучими реагентами в газовой среде. Эти особенности проявляются в кинетике изменения размеров капель иморфологии продуктов, полученных при их испарении.Интерпретация размерных эффектов в рамках равновесной химической термодинамики объясняет смещение химического равновесия и изменение скорости реакции. Описаны равновесные условия, возникающие в каплях разного объёма при массообмене с газовой фазой. Утверждается, что важнейшим фактором в процессах органического синтеза с использованием спрей технологий является высокая поверхностная активность органических веществ. Понимание и практическое применение этих особенностей позволяет регулировать скорость реакций, улучшать взаимную растворимость ограниченно смешивающихся реагентов, влиять на состав и свойстваконечного продукта ЛИТЕРАТУРА 1. Третьяков Ю. Д., Лукашин А. В., Елисеев А. А. Синтез функциональных нанокомпозитов на ос-нове твердофазных нанореакторов. Успехи химии. 2004;73(9): 974–98. Режим доступа: https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=90834182. 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This study aims to develop a Local Geoid Model (LGM) for Egypt to determine the optimal combinations of global models with Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS/Levelling) data. A precise national geodetic dataset, four Global Geopotential Models (GGMs), and three global Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) have been utilized. Hence, twelve gravimetric LGMs have been developed using the Least-Square Collocation (LSC) method fitted to GNSS/Levelling data and judged over 100 checkpoints. Results revealed that improvements in local geoid accuracy are attributed mainly to GGMs models representing the long wavelength of the Earth's gravitational field. Regarding DEMs, the accuracy of LGMs does not significantly depend on the utilized DEM. Based on the available data, the attained optimum geoid of Egypt has been developed with a standard deviation, equals 0.129 m.

Abstract -We report data on 9 samples of basaltic rocks and a spinel lherzolite xenolith collected during dredging in the area of Alba Guyot (Magellan Seamounts, Pacific Ocean). The data include 40Ar–39Ar ages of five samples and mineral chemistry of rock-forming and accessory minerals and glasses, with implications for the formation conditions of Ti-amphibole in basaltic melts. The upper slope parts at Alba Guyot and its satellite Oma Vlinder at sea depths of 3600 to 2200 m, are composed of ~1400 m thick basaltic rocks that formed within the 112 to 86 Ma interval (40Ar–39Ar plateau ages). Later, in its 60 Myr history postdating the Cretaceous volcanism, the guyot was exposed to erosion, which produced a plateau-like flat top, and underwent another pulse of volcanism in the Cenozoic. Miocene (<20 Ma) eruptions of basanitic magma on the Alba Gyot plateau were associated with petit-spot volcanoes. Judging by the absence of hyaloclastic deposits around those volcanoes and the age of the lavas, the Cenozoic eruptions occurred in subaerial conditions before the guyot submerged below the sea level. The Alba volcanics have greater contents of incompatible elements than typical oceanic island basalts (OIB), apparently, because they formed by low-degree partial melting of different sources: pargasite-bearing spinel peridotite of the metasomatized oceanic lithosphere, mainly for Cretaceous basaltic rocks, and/or garnet peridotite for Miocene petit-spot basanites. Multiple eruptions at Alba Guyot for 100 Myr may have been maintained either by the Southern Pacific Superplume in the region of the South Pacific Thermal and Isotopic Anomaly (SOPITA) in the Mesozoic or by translithospheric faulting originated at the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB) in the Cenozoic.

The need to sustain and/or create a collective identity is regularly seen as one of the cultural priorities of diasporic peoples and this, in turn, depends upon the existence of a uniquely diasporic form of communication and connection with the country of origin. Today, digital media technologies provide easy information recording and retrieval, and mobile IT networks allow global accessibility and participation in the redefinition of identities. Vis-à-vis our understanding of the proximity and connectivity associated with globalisation, the role of ICTs cannot be underestimated and is clearly more than a simple instrument for the expression of a pre-existing diasporic identity. Indeed, the concept of “e-diaspora” is gaining popularity. Consequently, research into the role of ICTs in the lives of diasporic peoples contributes to a definition of the concept of diaspora, understood here as the result of the dispersal of all members of a nation in several countries. In this context, I will demonstrate how members of the Bulgarian diaspora negotiate not only their identities but also their identifications through one of the most popular community websites, Facebook. My methodology consists of the active observation of Bulgarian users belonging to the diaspora, the participation in groups and forums on Facebook, and the analysis of discourses produced online. This research was conducted for the first time between 1 August 2008 and 31 May 2009 through the largest 20 (of 195) Bulgarian groups on the French version of Facebook and 40 (of over 500) on the English one. It is important to note that the public considered to be predominantly involved in Facebook is a young audience in the age group of 18-35 years. Therefore, this article is focused on two generations of Bulgarian immigrants: mostly recent young and second-generation migrants. The observed users are therefore members of the Bulgarian diaspora who have little or no experience of communism, who don’t feel the weight of the past, and who have grown up as free and often cosmopolitan citizens. Communist hegemony in Bulgaria began on 9 September 1944, when the army and the communist militiamen deposed the country’s government and handed power over to an anti-fascist coalition. During the following decades, Bulgaria became the perfect Soviet satellite and the imposed Stalinist model led to sharp curtailing of the economic and social contacts with the free world beyond the Iron Curtain. In 1989, the fall of the Berlin Wall marked the end of the communist era and the political and economic structures that supported it. Identity, Internet, and Diaspora Through the work of Mead, Todorov, and boyd it is possible to conceptualise the subject in terms of both of internal and external social identity (Mead, Todorov, boyd). In this article, I will focus, in particular, on social and national identities as expressions of the process of sharing stories, experiences, and understanding between individuals. In this respect, the phenomenon of Facebook is especially well placed to mediate between identifications which, according to Freud, facilitate the plural subjectivities and the establishment of an emotional network of mutual bonds between the individual and the group (Freud). This research also draws on Goffman who, from a sociological point of view, demystifies the representation of the Self by developing a dramaturgical theory (Goffman), whereby identity is constructed through the "roles" that people play on the social scene. Social life is a vast stage where the actors are required to adhere to certain socially acceptable rituals and guidelines. It means that we can consider the presentation of Self, or Others, as a facade or a construction of socially accepted features. Among all the ICTs, the Internet is, by far, the medium most likely to facilitate free expression of identity through a multitude of possible actions and community interactions. Personal and national memories circulate in the transnational space of the Internet and are reshaped when framed from specific circumstances such as those raised by the migration process. In an age of globalisation marked by the proliferation of population movements, instant communication, and cultural exchanges across geographic boundaries, the phenomenon of the diaspora has caught the attention of a growing number of scholars. I shall be working with Robin Cohen’s definition of diaspora which highlights the following common features: (1) dispersal from an original homeland; (2) the expansion from a homeland in search of work; (3) a collective memory and myth about the homeland; (4) an idealisation of the supposed ancestral homeland; (5) a return movement; (6) a strong ethnic group consciousness sustained over a long time; (7) a troubled relationship with host societies; (8) a sense of solidarity with co-ethnic members in other countries; and (9) the possibility of a distinctive creative, enriching life in tolerant host countries (Cohen). Following on this earlier work on the ways in which diasporas give rise to new forms of subjectivity, the concept of “e-diaspora” is now rapidly gaining in popularity. The complex association between diasporic groups and ICTs has led to a concept of e-diasporas that actively utilise ICTs to achieve community-specific goals, and that have become critical for the formation and sustenance of an exilic community for migrant groups around the globe (Srinivasan and Pyati). Diaspora and the Digital Age Anderson points out two key features of the Internet: first, it is a heterogeneous electronic medium, with hardly perceptible contours, and is in a state of constant development; second, it is a repository of “imagined communities” without geographical or legal legitimacy, whose members will probably never meet (Anderson). Unlike “real” communities, where people have physical interactions, in the imagined communities, individuals do not have face-to-face communication and daily contact, but they nonetheless feel a strong emotional attachment to the nation. The Internet not only opens new opportunities to gain greater visibility and strengthen the sense of belonging to community, but it also contributes to the emergence of a transnational public sphere where the communities scattered in various locations freely exchange their views and ideas without fear of restrictions or censorship from traditional media (Appadurai, Bernal). As a result, the Web becomes a virtual diasporic space which opens up, to those who have left their country, a new means of confrontation and social participation. Within this new diasporic space, migrants are bound in their disparate geographical locations by a common vision or myth about the homeland (Karim). Thanks to the Internet, the computer has become a primary technological intermediary between virtual networks, bringing its members closer in a “global village” where everyone is immediately connected to others. Thus, today’s diasporas are not the diaspora of previous generations in that the migration is experienced and negotiated very differently: people in one country are now able to continue to participate actively in another country. In this context, the arrival of community sites has increased the capacity of users to create a network on the Internet, to rediscover lost links, and strengthen new ones. Unlike offline communities, which may weaken once their members have left the physical space, online communities that are no longer limited by the requirement of physical presence in the common space have the capacity to endure. Identity Strategies of New Generations of Bulgarian Migrants It is very difficult to quantify migration to or from Bulgaria. Existing data is not only partial and limited but, in some cases, give an inaccurate view of migration from Bulgaria (Soultanova). Informal data confirm that one million Bulgarians, around 15 per cent of Bulgaria’s entire population (7,620,238 inhabitants in 2007), are now scattered around the world (National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria). The Bulgarian migrant is caught in a system of redefinition of identity through the duration of his or her relocation. Emigrating from a country like Bulgaria implies a high number of contingencies. Bulgarians’ self-identification is relative to the inferiority complex of a poor country which has a great deal to do to catch up with its neighbours. Before the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union, the country was often associated with what have been called “Third World countries” and seen as a source of crime and social problems. Members of the Bulgarian diaspora faced daily prejudice due to the bad reputation of their country of origin, though the extent of the hostility depended upon the “host” nation (Marcheva). Geographically, Bulgaria is one of the most eastern countries in Europe, the last to enter the European Union, and its image abroad has not facilitated the integration of the Bulgarian diaspora. The differences between Bulgarian migrants and the “host society” perpetuate a sentiment of marginality that is now countered with an online appeal for national identity markers and shared experiences. Facebook: The Ultimate Social Network The Growing Popularity of Facebook With more than 500 million active members, Facebook is the most visited website in the world. In June 2007, Facebook experienced a record annual increase of 270 per cent of connections in one year (source: comScore World Metrix). More than 70 translations of the site are available to date, including the Bulgarian version. What makes it unique is that Facebook positively encourages identity games. Moreover, Facebook provides the symbolic building blocks with which to build a collective identity through shared forms of discourse and ways of thinking. People are desperate to make a good impression on the Internet: that is why they spend so much time managing their online identity. One of the most important aspects of Facebook is that it enables users to control and manage their image, leaving the choice of how their profile appears on the pages of others a matter of personal preference at any given time. Despite some limitations, we will see that Facebook offers the Bulgarian community abroad the possibility of an intense and ongoing interaction with fellow nationals, including the opportunity to assert and develop a complex new national/transnational identity. Facebook Experiences of the Bulgarian Diaspora Created in the United States in 2004 and extended to use in Europe two or three years later, Facebook was quickly adopted by members of the Bulgarian diaspora. Here, it is very important to note that, although the Internet per se has enabled Bulgarians across the globe to introduce Cyrillic script into the public arena, it is definitely Facebook that has made digital Cyrillic visible. Early in computer history, keyboards with the Cyrillic alphabet simply did not exist. Thus, Bulgarians were forced to translate their language into Latin script. Today, almost all members of the Bulgarian population who own a computer use a keyboard that combines the two alphabets, Latin and Cyrillic, and this allows alternation between the two. This is not the case for the majority of Bulgarians living abroad who are forced to use a keyboard specific to their country of residence. Thus, Bulgarians online have adopted a hybrid code to speak and communicate. Since foreign keyboards are not equipped with the same consonants and vowels that exist in the Bulgarian language, they use the Latin letters that best suit the Bulgarian phonetic. Several possible interpretations of these “encoded” texts exist which become another way for the Bulgarian migrants to distinguish and assert themselves. One of these encoded scripts is supplemented by figures. For example, the number “6” written in Bulgarian “шест” is applied to represent the Bulgarian letter “ш.” Bulgarian immigrants therefore employ very specific codes of communication that enhance the feeling of belonging to a community that shares the same language, which is often incomprehensible to others. As the ultimate social networking website, Facebook brings together Bulgarians from all over the world and offers them a space to preserve online memorials and digital archives. As a result, the Bulgarian diaspora privileges this website in order to manage the strong links between its members. Indeed, within months of coming into online existence, Facebook established itself as a powerful social phenomenon for the Bulgarian diaspora and, very soon, a virtual map of the Bulgarian diaspora was formed. It should be noted, however, that this mapping was focused on the new generation of Bulgarian migrants more familiar with the Internet and most likely to travel. By identifying the presence of online groups by country or city, I was able to locate the most active Bulgarian communities: “Bulgarians in UK” (524 members), “Bulgarians in Chicago” (436 members), “Bulgarians studying in the UK” (346 members), “Bulgarians in America” (333 members), “Bulgarians in the USA” (314 members), “Bulgarians in Montreal” (249 members), “Bulgarians in Munich” (241 members), and so on. These figures are based on the “Groups” Application of Facebook as updated in February 2010. Through those groups, a symbolic diasporic geography is imagined and communicated: the digital “border crossing,” as well as the real one, becomes a major identity resource. Thus, Bulgarian users of Facebook are connecting from the four corners of the globe in order to rebuild family links and to participate virtually in the marriages, births, and lives of their families. It sometimes seems that the whole country has an appointment on Facebook, and that all the photos and stories of Bulgarians are more or less accessible to the community in general. Among its virtual initiatives, Facebook has made available to its users an effective mobilising tool, the Causes, which is used as a virtual noticeboard for activities and ideas circulating in “real life.” The members of the Bulgarian diaspora choose to adhere to different “causes” that may be local, national, or global, and that are complementary to the civic and socially responsible side of the identity they have chosen to construct online. Acting as a virtual realm in which distinct and overlapping trajectories coexist, Facebook thus enables users to articulate different stories and meanings and to foster a democratic imaginary about both the past and the future. Facebook encourages diasporas to produce new initiatives to revive or create collective memories and common values. Through photos and videos, scenes of everyday life are celebrated and manipulated as tools to reconstruct, reconcile, and display a part of the history and the identity of the migrant. By combating the feelings of disorientation, the consciousness of sharing the same national background and culture facilitates dialogue and neutralises the anxiety and loneliness of Bulgarian migrants. When cultural differences become more acute, the sense of isolation increases and this encourages migrants to look for company and solidarity online. As the number of immigrants connected and visible on Facebook gets larger, so the use of the Internet heightens their sense of a substantial collective identity. This is especially important for migrants during the early years of relocation when their sense of identity is most fragile. It can therefore be argued that, through the Internet, some Bulgarian migrants are replacing alienating face-to-face contact with virtual friends and enjoying the feeling of reassurance and belonging to a transnational community of compatriots. In this sense, Facebook is a propitious ground for the establishment of the three identity strategies defined by Herzfeld: cultural intimacy (or self-stereotypes); structural nostalgia (the evocation of a time when everything was going better); and the social poetic (the strategies aiming to retrieve a particular advantage and turn it into a permanent condition). In this way, the willingness to remain continuously in virtual contact with other Bulgarians often reveals a desire to return to the place of birth. Nostalgia and outsourcing of such sentiments help migrants to cope with feelings of frustration and disappointment. I observed that it is just after their return from summer holidays spent in Bulgaria that members of the Bulgarian diaspora are most active on the Bulgarian forums and pages on Facebook. The “return tourism” (Fourcade) during the summer or for the winter holidays seems to be a central theme in the forums on Facebook and an important source of emotional refuelling. Tensions between identities can also lead to creative formulations through Facebook’s pages. Thus, the group “You know you’re a Bulgarian when...”, which enjoys very active participation from the Bulgarian diaspora, is a space where everyone is invited to share, through a single sentence, some fact of everyday life with which all Bulgarians can identify. With humour and self-irony, this Facebook page demonstrates what is distinctive about being Bulgarian but also highlights frustration with certain prejudices and stereotypes. Frequently these profiles are characterised by seemingly “glocal” features. The same Bulgarian user could define himself as a Parisian, adhering to the group “You know you’re from Paris when...”, but also a native of a Bulgarian town (“You know you’re from Varna when...”). At the same time, he is an architect (“All architects on Facebook”), supporting the candidacy of Barack Obama, a fan of Japanese manga (“maNga”), of a French actor, an American cinema director, or Indian food. He joins a cause to save a wild beach on the Black Sea coast (“We love camping: Gradina Smokinia and Arapia”) and protests virtually against the slaughter of dolphins in the Faroe Islands (“World shame”). One month, the individual could identify as Bulgarian, but next month he might choose to locate himself in the country in which he is now resident. Thus, Facebook creates a virtual territory without borders for the cosmopolitan subject (Negroponte) and this confirms the premise that the Internet does not lead to the convergence of cultures, but rather confirms the opportunities for diversification and pluralism through multiple social and national affiliations. Facebook must therefore be seen as an advantageous space for the representation and interpretation of identity and for performance and digital existence. Bulgarian migrants bring together elements of their offline lives in order to construct, online, entirely new composite identities. The Bulgarians we have studied as part of this research almost never use pseudonyms and do not seem to feel the need to hide their material identities. This suggests that they are mature people who value their status as migrants of Bulgarian origin and who feel confident in presenting their natal identities rather than hiding behind a false name. Starting from this material social/national identity, which is revealed through the display of surname with a Slavic consonance, members of the Bulgarian diaspora choose to manage their complex virtual identities online. Conclusion Far from their homeland, beset with feelings of insecurity and alienation as well as daily experiences of social and cultural exclusion (much of it stemming from an ongoing prejudice towards citizens from ex-communist countries), it is no wonder that migrants from Bulgaria find relief in meeting up with compatriots in front of their screens. Although some migrants assume their Bulgarian identity as a mixture of different cultures and are trying to rethink and continuously negotiate their cultural practices (often through the display of contradictory feelings and identifications), others identify with an imagined community and enjoy drawing boundaries between what is “Bulgarian” and what is not. The indispensable daily visit to Facebook is clearly a means of forging an ongoing sense of belonging to the Bulgarian community scattered across the globe. Facebook makes possible the double presence of Bulgarian immigrants both here and there and facilitates the ongoing processes of identity construction that depend, more and more, upon new media. In this respect, the role that Facebook plays in the life of the Bulgarian diaspora may be seen as a facet of an increasingly dynamic transnational world in which interactive media may be seen to contribute creatively to the formation of collective identities and the deformation of monolithic cultures. References Anderson, Benedict. L’Imaginaire National: Réflexions sur l’Origine et l’Essor du Nationalisme. Paris: La Découverte, 1983. Appadurai, Ajun. Après le Colonialisme: Les Conséquences Culturelles de la Globalisation. Paris: Payot, 2001. Bernal, Victoria. “Diaspora, Cyberspace and Political Imagination: The Eritrean Diaspora Online.” Global Network 6 (2006): 161-79. boyd, danah. “Social Network Sites: Public, Private, or What?” Knowledge Tree (May 2007). Cohen, Robin. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. London: University College London Press. 1997. Goffman, Erving. La Présentation de Soi. Paris: Editions de Minuit, Collection Le Sens Commun, 1973. Fourcade, Marie-Blanche. “De l’Arménie au Québec: Itinéraires de Souvenirs Touristiques.” Ethnologies 27.1 (2005): 245-76. Freud, Sigmund. “Psychologie des Foules et Analyses du Moi.” Essais de Psychanalyse. Paris: Petite Bibliothèque Payot, 2001 (1921). Herzfeld, Michael. Intimité Culturelle. Presse de l’Université de Laval, 2008. Karim, Karim-Haiderali. The Media of Diaspora. Oxford: Routledge, 2003. Marcheva, Marta. “Bulgarian Diaspora and the Media Treatment of Bulgaria in the French, Italian and North American Press (1992–2007).” Unpublished PhD dissertation. Paris: University Panthéon – Assas Paris 2, 2010. Mead, George Herbert. L’Esprit, le Soi et la Société. Paris: PUF, 2006. Negroponte, Nicholas. Being Digital. Vintage, 2005. Soultanova, Ralitza. “Les Migrations Multiples de la Population Bulgare.” Actes du Dolloque «La France et les Migrants des Balkans: Un État des Lieux.” Paris: Courrier des Balkans, 2005. Srinivasan, Ramesh, and Ajit Pyati. “Diasporic Information Environments: Reframing Immigrant-Focused Information Research.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 58.12 (2007): 1734-44. Todorov, Tzvetan. Nous et les Autres: La Réflexion Française sur la Diversité Humaine. Paris: Seuil, 1989.

At a time when a trip abroad was out of the reach of most women, even if they could not make the journey, Australian women could imagine “abroad” just by reading popular women’s magazines such as Woman (later Woman’s Day and Home then Woman’s Day) and The Australian Women’s Weekly, and journals, such as The Progressive Woman and The Housewife. Increasingly in the post-war period, these magazines and journals contained advertisements for holidaying abroad, recipes for international foods and articles on overseas fashions. It was not unusual for local manufacturers, to use the lure of travel and exotic places as a way of marketing their goods. Healing Bicycles, for example, used the slogan “In Venice men go to work on Gondolas: In Australia it’s a Healing” (“Healing Cycles” 40), and Exotiq cosmetics featured landscapes of countries where Exotiq products had “captured the hearts of women who treasured their loveliness: Cincinnati, Milan, New York, Paris, Geneva and Budapest” (“Exotiq Cosmetics” 36).Unlike Homer’s Penelope, who stayed at home for twenty years waiting for Odysseus to return from the Trojan wars, women have always been on the move to the same extent as men. Their rich travel stories (Riggal, Haysom, Lancaster)—mostly written as letters and diaries—remain largely unpublished and their experiences are not part of the public record to the same extent as the travel stories of men. Ros Pesman argues that the women traveller’s voice was one of privilege and authority full of excitement and disbelief (Pesman 26). She notes that until well into the second part of the twentieth century, “the journey for Australian women to Europe was much more than a return to the sources of family identity and history” (19). It was also:a pilgrimage to the centres and sites of culture, literature and history and an encounter with “the real world.”Europe, and particularly London,was also the place of authority and reference for all those seeking accreditation and recognition, whether as real writers, real ladies or real politicians and statesmen. (19)This article is about two Australian writers; Helen Seager, a journalist employed by The Argus, a daily newspaper in Melbourne Australia, and Gwen Hughes, a graduate of Emily McPherson College of Domestic Economy in Melbourne, working in England as a lecturer, demonstrator and cookbook writer for Parkinsons’ Stove Company. Helen Seager travelled to England on an assignment for The Argus in 1950 and sent articles each day for publication in the women’s section of the newspaper. Gwen Hughes travelled extensively in the Balkans in the 1930s recording her impressions, observations, and recipes for traditional foods whilst working for Parkinsons in England. These women were neither returning to the homeland for an encounter with the real world, nor were they there as cultural tourists in the Cook’s Tour sense of the word. They were professional writers and their observations about the places they visited offer fresh and lively versions of England and Europe, its people, places, and customs.Helen SeagerAustralian Journalist Helen Seager (1901–1981) wrote a daily column, Good Morning Ma’am in the women’s pages of The Argus, from 1947 until shortly after her return from abroad in 1950. Seager wrote human interest stories, often about people of note (Golding), but with a twist; a Baroness who finds knitting exciting (Seager, “Baroness” 9) and ballet dancers backstage (Seager, “Ballet” 10). Much-loved by her mainly female readership, in May 1950 The Argus sent her to England where she would file a daily report of her travels. Whilst now we take travel for granted, Seager was sent abroad with letters of introduction from The Argus, stating that she was travelling on a special editorial assignment which included: a certificate signed by the Lord Mayor of The City of Melbourne, seeking that any courtesies be extended on her trip to England, the Continent, and America; a recommendation from the Consul General of France in Australia; and introductions from the Premier’s Department, the Premier of Victoria, and Austria’s representative in Australia. All noted the nature of her trip, her status as an esteemed reporter for a Melbourne newspaper, and requested that any courtesy possible to be made to her.This assignment was an indication that The Argus valued its women readers. Her expenses, and those of her ten-year-old daughter Harriet, who accompanied her, were covered by the newspaper. Her popularity with her readership is apparent by the enthusiastic tone of the editorial article covering her departure. Accompanied with a photograph of Seager and Harriet boarding the aeroplane, her many women readers were treated to their first ever picture of what she looked like:THOUSANDS of "Argus" readers, particularly those in the country, have wanted to know what Helen Seager looks like. Here she is, waving good-bye as she left on the first stage of a trip to England yesterday. She will be writing her bright “Good Morning, Ma'am” feature as she travels—giving her commentary on life abroad. (The Argus, “Goodbye” 1)Figure 1. Helen Seager and her daughter Harriet board their flight for EnglandThe first article “From Helen in London” read,our Helen Seager, after busy days spent exploring England with her 10-year-old daughter, Harriet, today cabled her first “Good Morning, Ma’am” column from abroad. Each day from now on she will report from London her lively impressions in an old land, which is delightfully new to her. (Seager, “From Helen” 3)Whilst some of her dispatches contain the impressions of the awestruck traveller, for the most they are exquisitely observed stories of the everyday and the ordinary, often about the seemingly most trivial of things, and give a colourful, colonial and egalitarian impression of the places that she visits. A West End hair-do is described, “as I walked into that posh looking establishment, full of Louis XV, gold ornateness to be received with bows from the waist by numerous satellites, my first reaction was to turn and bolt” (Seager, “West End” 3).When she visits Oxford’s literary establishments, she is, for this particular article, the awestruck Australian:In Oxford, you go around saying, soto voce and aloud, “Oh, ye dreaming spires of Oxford.” And Matthew Arnold comes alive again as a close personal friend.In a weekend, Ma’am, I have seen more of Oxford than lots of native Oxonians. I have stood and brooded over the spit in Christ Church College’s underground kitchens on which the oxen for Henry the Eighth were roasted.I have seen the Merton Library, oldest in Oxford, in which the chains that imprisoned the books are still to be seen, and have added by shoe scrape to the stone steps worn down by 500 years of walkers. I have walked the old churches, and I have been lost in wonder at the goodly virtues of the dead. And then, those names of Oxford! Holywell, Tom’s Quad, Friars’ Entry, and Long Wall. The gargoyles at Magdalen and the stones untouched by bombs or war’s destruction. It adds a new importance to human beings to know that once, if only, they too have walked and stood and stared. (Seager, “From Helen” 3)Her sense of wonder whilst in Oxford is, however, moderated by the practicalities of travel incorporated into the article. She continues to describe the warnings she was given, before her departure, of foreign travel that had her alarmed about loss and theft, and the care she took to avoid both. “It would have made you laugh, Ma’am, could you have seen the antics to protect personal property in the countries in transit” (Seager, “From Helen” 3).Her description of a trip to Blenheim Palace shows her sense of fun. She does not attempt to describe the palace or its contents, “Blenheim Palace is too vast and too like a great Government building to arouse much envy,” settling instead on a curiosity should there be a turn of events, “as I surged through its great halls with a good-tempered, jostling mob I couldn’t help wondering what those tired pale-faced guides would do if the mob mood changed and it started on an old-fashioned ransack.” Blenheim palace did not impress her as much as did the Sunday crowd at the palace:The only thing I really took a fancy to were the Venetian cradle, which was used during the infancy of the present Duke and a fine Savvonerie carpet in the same room. What I never wanted to see again was the rubbed-fur collar of the lady in front.Sunday’s crowd was typically English, Good tempered, and full of Cockney wit, and, if you choose to take your pleasures in the mass, it is as good a company as any to be in. (Seager, “We Look” 3)In a description of Dublin and the Dubliners, Seager describes the food-laden shops: “Butchers’ shops leave little room for customers with their great meat carcasses hanging from every hook. … English visitors—and Dublin is awash with them—make an orgy of the cakes that ooze real cream, the pink and juicy hams, and the sweets that demand no points” (Seager, “English” 6). She reports on the humanity of Dublin and Dubliners, “Dublin has a charm that is deep-laid. It springs from the people themselves. Their courtesy is overlaid with a real interest in humanity. They walk and talk, these Dubliners, like Kings” (ibid.).In Paris she melds the ordinary with the noteworthy:I had always imagined that the outside of the Louvre was like and big art gallery. Now that I know it as a series of palaces with courtyards and gardens beyond description in the daytime, and last night, with its cleverly lighted fountains all aplay, its flags and coloured lights, I will never forget it.Just now, down in the street below, somebody is packing the boot of a car to go for, presumably, on a few days’ jaunt. There is one suitcase, maybe with clothes, and on the footpath 47 bottles of the most beautiful wines in the world. (Seager, “When” 3)She writes with a mix of awe and ordinary:My first glimpse of that exciting vista of the Arc de Triomphe in the distance, and the little bistros that I’ve always wanted to see, and all the delights of a new city, […] My first day in Paris, Ma’am, has not taken one whit from the glory that was London. (ibid.) Figure 2: Helen Seager in ParisIt is my belief that Helen Seager intended to do something with her writings abroad. The articles have been cut from The Argus and pasted onto sheets of paper. She has kept copies of the original reports filed whist she was away. The collection shows her insightful egalitarian eye and a sharp humour, a mix of awesome and commonplace.On Bastille Day in 1950, Seager wrote about the celebrations in Paris. Her article is one of exuberant enthusiasm. She writes joyfully about sirens screaming overhead, and people in the street, and looking from windows. Her article, published on 19 July, starts:Paris Ma’am is a magical city. I will never cease to be grateful that I arrived on a day when every thing went wrong, and watched it blossom before my eyes into a gayness that makes our Melbourne Cup gala seem funeral in comparison.Today is July 14.All places of business are closed for five days and only the places of amusement await the world.Parisians are tireless in their celebrations.I went to sleep to the music of bands, dancing feet and singing voices, with the raucous but cheerful toots from motors splitting the night air onto atoms. (Seager, “When” 3)This article resonates uneasiness. How easily could those scenes of celebration on Bastille Day in 1950 be changed into the scenes of carnage on Bastille Day 2016, the cheerful toots of the motors transformed into cries of fear, the sirens in the sky from aeroplanes overhead into the sirens of ambulances and police vehicles, as a Mohamed Lahouaiej Bouhlel, as part of a terror attack drives a truck through crowds of people celebrating in Nice.Gwen HughesGwen Hughes graduated from Emily Macpherson College of Domestic Economy with a Diploma of Domestic Science, before she travelled to England to take up employment as senior lecturer and demonstrator of Parkinson’s England, a company that manufactured electric and gas stoves. Hughes wrote in her unpublished manuscript, Balkan Fever, that it was her idea of making ordinary cooking demonstration lessons dramatic and homelike that landed her the job in England (Hughes, Balkan 25-26).Her cookbook, Perfect Cooking, was produced to encourage housewives to enjoy cooking with their Parkinson’s modern cookers with the new Adjusto temperature control. The message she had to convey for Parkinsons was: “Cooking is a matter of putting the right ingredients together and cooking them at the right temperature to achieve a given result” (Hughes, Perfect 3). In reality, Hughes used this cookbook as a vehicle to share her interest in and love of Continental food, especially food from the Balkans where she travelled extensively in the 1930s.Recipes of Continental foods published in Perfect Cooking sit seamlessly alongside traditional British foods. The section on soup, for example, contains recipes for Borscht, a very good soup cooked by the peasants of Russia; Minestrone, an everyday Italian soup; Escudella, from Spain; and Cream of Spinach Soup from France (Perfect 22-23). Hughes devoted a whole chapter to recipes and descriptions of Continental foods labelled “Fascinating Foods From Far Countries,” showing her love and fascination with food and travel. She started this chapter with the observation:There is nearly as much excitement and romance, and, perhaps fear, about sampling a “foreign dish” for the “home stayer” as there is in actually being there for the more adventurous “home leaver”. Let us have a little have a little cruise safe within the comfort of our British homes. Let us try and taste the good things each country is famed for, all the while picturing the romantic setting of these dishes. (Hughes, Perfect 255)Through her recipes and descriptive passages, Hughes took housewives in England and Australia into the strange and wonderful kitchens of exotic women: Madame Darinka Jocanovic in Belgrade, Miss Anicka Zmelova in Prague, Madame Mrskosova at Benesova. These women taught her to make wonderful-sounding foods such as Apfel Strudel, Knedlikcy, Vanilla Kipfel and Christmas Stars. “Who would not enjoy the famous ‘Goose with Dumplings,’” she declares, “in the company of these gay, brave, thoughtful people with their romantic history, their gorgeously appareled peasants set in their richly picturesque scenery” (Perfect 255).It is Hughes’ unpublished manuscript Balkan Fever, written in Melbourne in 1943, to which I now turn. It is part of the Latrobe Heritage collection at the State Library of Victoria. Her manuscript was based on her extensive travels in the Balkans in the 1930s whilst she lived and worked in England, and it was, I suspect, her intention to seek publication.In her twenties, Hughes describes how she set off to the Balkans after meeting a fellow member of the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW) at the Royal Yugoslav Legation. He was an expert on village life in the Balkans and advised her, that as a writer she would get more information from the local villagers than she would as a tourist. Hughes, who, before television gave cooking demonstrations on the radio, wrote, “I had been writing down recipes and putting them in books for years and of course the things one talks about over the air have to be written down first—that seemed fair enough” (Hughes, Balkan 25-26). There is nothing of the awestruck traveller in Hughes’ richly detailed observations of the people and the places that she visited. “Travelling in the Balkans is a very different affair from travelling in tourist-conscious countries where you just leave it to Cooks. You must either have unlimited time at your disposal, know the language or else have introductions that will enable the right arrangements to be made for you” (Balkan 2), she wrote. She was the experiential tourist, deeply immersed in her surroundings and recording food culture and society as it was.Hughes acknowledged that she was always drawn away from the cities to seek the real life of the people. “It’s to the country district you must go to find the real flavour of a country and the heart of its people—especially in the Balkans where such a large percentage of the population is agricultural” (Balkan 59). Her descriptions in Balkan Fever are a blend of geography, history, culture, national songs, folklore, national costumes, food, embroidery, and vivid observation of the everyday city life. She made little mention of stately homes or buildings. Her attitude to travel can be summed up in her own words:there are so many things to see and learn in the countries of the old world that, walking with eyes and mind wide open can be an immensely delightful pastime, even with no companion and nowhere to go. An hour or two spent in some unpretentious coffee house can be worth all the dinners at Quaglino’s or at The Ritz, if your companion is a good talker, a specialist in your subject, or knows something of the politics and the inner life of the country you are in. (Balkan 28)Rather than touring the grand cities, she was seduced by the market places with their abundance of food, colour, and action. Describing Sarajevo she wrote:On market day the main square is a blaze of colour and movement, the buyers no less colourful than the peasants who have come in from the farms around with their produce—cream cheese, eggs, chickens, fruit and vegetables. Handmade carpets hung up for sale against walls or from trees add their barbaric colour to the splendor of the scene. (Balkan 75)Markets she visited come to life through her vivid descriptions:Oh those markets, with the gorgeous colours, and heaped untidiness of the fruits and vegetables—paprika, those red and green peppers! Every kind of melon, grape and tomato contributing to the riot of colour. Then there were the fascinating peasant embroideries, laces and rich parts of old costumes brought in from the villages for sale. The lovely gay old embroideries were just laid out on a narrow carpet spread along the pavement or hung from a tree if one happened to be there. (Balkan 11)Perhaps it was her radio cooking shows that gave her the ability to make her descriptions sensorial and pictorial:We tasted luxurious foods, fish, chickens, fruits, wines, and liqueurs. All products of the country. Perfect ambrosial nectar of the gods. I was entirely seduced by the rose petal syrup, fragrant and aromatic, a red drink made from the petals of the darkest red roses. (Balkan 151)Ordinary places and everyday events are beautifully realised:We visited the cheese factory amongst other things. … It was curious to see in that far away spot such a quantity of neatly arranged cheeses in the curing chamber, being prepared for export, and in another room the primitive looking round balls of creamed cheese suspended from rafters. Later we saw trains of pack horses going over the mountains, and these were probably the bearers of these cheeses to Bitolj or Skoplje, whence they would be consigned further for export. (Balkan 182)ConclusionReading Seager and Hughes, one cannot help but be swept along on their travels and take part in their journeys. What is clear, is that they were inspired by their work, which is reflected in the way they wrote about the places they visited. Both sought out people and places that were, as Hughes so vividly puts it, not part of the Cook’s Tour. They travelled with their eyes wide open for experiences that were both new and normal, making their writing relevant even today. Written in Paris on Bastille Day 1950, Seager’s Bastille Day article is poignant when compared to Bastille Day in France in 2016. Hughes’s descriptions of Sarajevo are a far cry from the scenes of destruction in that city between 1992 and 1995. The travel writing of these two women offers us vivid impressions and images of the often unreported events, places, daily lives, and industry of the ordinary and the then every day, and remind us that the more things change, the more they stay the same.Pesman writes, “women have always been on the move and Australian women have been as numerous as passengers on the outbound ships as have men” (20), but the records of their travels seldom appear on the public record. Whilst their work-related writings are part of the public record (see Haysom; Lancaster; Riggal), this body of women’s travel writing has not received the attention it deserves. Hughes’ cookbooks, with their traditional Eastern European recipes and evocative descriptions of people and kitchens, are only there for the researcher who knows that cookbooks are a trove of valuable social and cultural material. Digital copies of Seager’s writing can be accessed on Trove (a digital repository), but there is little else about her or her body of writing on the public record.ReferencesThe Argus. “Goodbye Ma’am.” 26 May 1950: 1. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22831285?searchTerm=Goodbye%20Ma%E2%80%99am%E2%80%99&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.“Exotiq Cosmetics.” Advertisement. Woman 20 Aug. 1945: 36.Golding, Peter. “Just a Chattel of the Sale: A Mostly Light-Hearted Retrospective of a Diverse Life.” In Jim Usher, ed., The Argus: Life & Death of Newspaper. North Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing 2007.Haysom, Ida. Diaries and Photographs of Ida Haysom. <http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER1637361>.“Healing Cycles.” Advertisement. Woman 27 Aug. 1945: 40. Hughes, Gwen. Balkan Fever. Unpublished Manuscript. State Library of Victoria, MS 12985 Box 3846/4. 1943.———. Perfect Cooking London: Parkinsons, c1940.Lancaster, Rosemary. Je Suis Australienne: Remarkable Women in France 1880-1945. Crawley WA: UWA Press, 2008.Pesman, Ros. “Overseas Travel of Australian Women: Sources in the Australian Manuscripts Collection of the State Library of Victoria.” The Latrobe Journal 58 (Spring 1996): 19-26.Riggal, Louie. (Louise Blanche.) Diary of Italian Tour 1905 February 21 - May 1. <http://search.slv.vic.gov.au/MAIN:Everything:SLV_VOYAGER1635602>.Seager, Helen. “Ballet Dancers Backstage.” The Argus 10 Aug. 1944: 10. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11356057?searchTerm=Ballet%20Dancers%20Backstage&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=194>.———. “The Baroness Who Finds Knitting Exciting.” The Argus 1 Aug. 1944: 9. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/11354557?searchTerm=Helen%20seager%20Baroness&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=194>.———. “English Visitors Have a Food Spree in Eire.” The Argus 29 Sep. 1950: 6. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22912011?searchTerm=English%20visitors%20have%20a%20spree%20in%20Eire&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “From Helen in London.” The Argus 20 June 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22836738?searchTerm=From%20Helen%20in%20London&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “Helen Seager Storms Paris—Paris Falls.” The Argus 15 July 1950: 7.<http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22906913?searchTerm=Helen%20Seager%20Storms%20Paris%E2%80%99&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “We Look over Blenheim Palace.” The Argus 28 Sep. 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22902040?searchTerm=Helen%20Seager%20Its%20as%20a%20good%20a%20place%20as%20you%20would%20want%20to%20be&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “West End Hair-Do Was Fun.” The Argus 3 July 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22913940?searchTerm=West%20End%20hair-do%20was%20fun%E2%80%99&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.———. “When You Are in Paris on July 14.” The Argus 19 July 1950: 3. <http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/22906244?searchTerm=When%20you%20are%20in%20Paris%20on%20July%2014&searchLimits=l-title=13|||l-decade=195>.