Journal articles on the topic 'Peterborough Public Library (N.H.)'

The third scientific and practical conference “The letters and digits: The libraries on the way to digitalization” “BilioPiter–2022” is reviewed. The conference w as h eld i n S t. P etersburg o n A pril 6–8, 2022. Every year, the conference gathers together library professionals, educationalists and researchers to contribute to the development of library and information sphere. The conference key topic is discussed: joint efforts of the libraries and educational, informational and research organizations in developing new approaches, methods and technologies for the library and information sphere in the modern digital environment. The focus is made on specialized research and practical seminar “Automation of libraries in the digital information educational environment” and IRBIS School one-day session (St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture); lecture-seminar series “The libraries in the modern information and digital environment “Concepts, technologies, laws and regulations”; discussion round table “The libraries’ interacting with the society, business and authorities”; presentation of the memorial threevolume book “My friend Katya Genieva” (V. V. Mayakovsky Central City Public Library); special seminar “Information support of science and Education: Theory and practice” (National Library of Russia); and special seminar “The projects of the National Library of Russia in digitalization of the national cultural heritage” (Russian Academy of Science Library). The key topics and keynote papers are also discussed.

A Review of: Luetkenhaus, H., Hvizdak, E., Johnson, C., & Schiller, N. (2017). Measuring library impacts through first year course assessment. Communications in Information Literacy, 11(2), 339-353. http://comminfolit.org/index.php Abstract Objective – To determine whether there is a correlation between information literacy skill development and participation in one or more library instruction sessions. Design – Learning outcomes assessment. Setting – A public research institution with multiple campuses. Subjects – 244 first-year undergraduates enrolled in a compulsory general education course during the 2014-2015 academic year. All subjects completed a series of library research assignments, followed by a final research paper. 65% of subjects participated in at least one library instruction session as part of the course, and 35% did not. Methods – The researchers convened six librarians and six instructors/faculty to score 244 research papers using a rubric designed to measure six possible information literacy learning outcomes. Evaluators established inter-rater reliability through a norming session, and each artifact was scored twice. The authors analyzed rubric scores using Ordinary Least Squares regression modeling. Main Results – Participation in a library instruction session correlated with higher rubric scores in three information literacy learning outcomes: argument building; source type integration; and ethical source citation. Conclusion – Students may achieve greater information literacy learning outcomes when they participate in course-integrated library instruction.

A Review of: Vix, H. M., & Buckman, K. M. (2011). Academic librarians: Status, privileges, and rights. Journal of Academic Librarianship, 38(1), 20-25. doi: 10.1016/j.acalib.2011.11.004 Objective – To provide cross-comparable information on the number of students per librarian, salary, faculty status, contract lengths, and maternity benefits of academic librarians. Design – Online questionnaire. Setting – Four-year private, four-year public, and two-year public academic institutions in Arkansas. Subjects – Academic library deans and directors were surveyed three times over a six-year period. Methods – Three surveys were sent to library deans and directors of four-year private, four-year public, and two-year public academic institutions in Arkansas in 2007, 2009, and 2011. The surveys were created by the College and University Library Division of the Arkansas Library Association, with questions created based on reports from the Association of College and Research Libraries (e.g., Standards and Statements). Committee members tested the survey before distribution. Over the course of the six-year period the questions were modified and were chosen to ensure that respondents could easily answer them (i.e., no questions on topics such as retirements, vacation, which can vary significantly from librarian to librarian). All responses were confidential. Main Results – The 2007 survey had a 78% response rate (n=35/45); the 2009 survey had a 93% response rate (n=42/45); and the 2011 survey had a 90% response rate (n=44/49). While the survey covered a number of topics (shown in supplementary material online), the article focused on five areas of interests and had the following findings. 1) The number of students per librarian is increasing at four-year private and two-year public institutions. While the data shows a decrease in the ratio at four-year public institutions the authors believe this is due to the addition of new institutions in the follow-up surveys, one of which had a very low study-to-librarian ration. 2) Tenured librarians make more than non-tenured librarians. 3) The number of institutions granting faculty status is increasing at a statistically significant rate at four-year private and two-year public institutions, and has remained relatively constant at four-year public institutions. 4) Most libraries have 12-month contracts for librarians, although this has decreased slightly over the survey period. 5) The number of institutions providing paid maternity leave has decreased. Conclusion – This study provides a broad overview of the changing state of academic librarians’ rights and benefits in Arkansas over the last six years. Some of the trends demonstrated, such as an increase in the number of students per librarian, are potentially troubling and may have a negative impact on the quality of service provided by individual institutions. Other trends, such as increases in institutions granting faculty status to librarians and decreasing the number of 12-month contracts, may signal that some institutions are beginning to acknowledge the significance and impact of librarian research. Ultimately, this article provides a starting point for other states and provinces to begin collecting similar data in an attempt to understand changing trends in academic libraries.

The economic burden and high mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) could be a potential alternative to combat bacterial resistance to conventional medicine. This study for the first time aimed at optimizing the synthesis conditions (concentration of copper ions, temperature, and pH) to obtain the smallest size of CuNPs, characterizing and testing the antibacterial efficacy of CuNPs prepared from Senna didymobotrya (S. didymobotrya) roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method using methanol as the solvent. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify compounds in S. didymobotrya root extracts. Box–Behnken design was used to obtain optimal synthesis conditions as determined using a particle analyzer. Characterization was done using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction, zeta potentiometer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Bioassay was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. The major compounds identified by GC-MS in reference to the NIST library were benzoic acid, thymol, N-benzyl-2-phenethylamine, benzaldehyde, vanillin, phenylacetic acid, and benzothiazole. UV-Vis spectrum showed a characteristic peak at 570 nm indicating the formation of CuNPs. The optimum synthesis conditions were temperature of 80°C, pH 3.0, and copper ion concentration of 0.0125 M. The FT-IR spectrum showed absorptions in the range 3500–3400 cm−1 (N-H stretch), 3400–2400 cm−1 (O-H stretch), and 988–830 cm−1 (C-H bend) and peak at 1612 cm−1 (C=C stretch), and 1271 cm−1 (C-O bend). Cu nanoparticle sizes were 5.55–63.60 nm. The zeta potential value was −69.4 mV indicating that they were stable. The biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition diameters of 26.00 ± 0.58 mm and 30.00 ± 0.58 mm compared to amoxicillin clavulanate (standard) with inhibition diameters of 20 ± 0.58 mm and 28.00 ± 0.58 mm, respectively.

Background: Widespread adoption of a westernized diet represents a major lifestyle change characterized by substantially higher sodium consumption and lower potassium intake, which is related to cardiovascular morbidity. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis over published studies in accordance with quantifying the dietary intake of sodium and potassium of the universal population across the world. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases were used to find research that pronounced 24-hour urinary sodium or potassium excretion (reference period: 2014–2021). The effect size was estimated using the fixed-effect model; sub-group analysis become accomplished to determine urinary sodium and potassium excretion disaggregated by geographical location. Publication bias became evaluated the usage of graphical funnel plot. Data analysis was performed using STATA 16. Results: Forty-three studies (n= 62,940) qualified the selection criteria. The mean urinary excretion of sodium and potassium was 156.73 mmol/24h [95% confidence interval (CI), 148.98–164.47] and 48.89 mmol/24 h (95% CI, 43.61–54.17), respectively; the mean urinary sodium/potassium ratio was 3.68 (95% CI, 2.96–4.40). Conclusions: This updated systematic review highlights excessively high dietary intake of sodium and low intake of potassium at the community level in most parts of the world. The urinary Na/K ratio exceeded the level recommended by the WHO guidelines.

Aria, M., & Cuccurullo, C. (2017). bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis. Journal of Informetrics, 11(4), 959–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007 Arno, A., Elliott, J., Wallace, B., Turner, T., & Thomas, J. (2021). The views of health guideline developers on the use of automation in health evidence synthesis. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01569-2 Ashiq, M., & Warraich, N. F. (2022). A systematized review on data librarianship literature: Current services, challenges, skills, and motivational factors. Journal of Librarianship and Information Science, 55(2), 414–433. https://doi.org/10.1177/09610006221083675 Beller, E., Clark, J., Tsafnat, G., Adams, C., Diehl, H., Lund, H., Ouzzani, M., Thayer, K., Thomas, J., Turner, T., Xia, J., Robinson, K., & Glasziou, P. (2018). Making progress with the automation of systematic reviews: Principles of the International Collaboration for the Automation of Systematic Reviews (ICASR). Systematic Reviews, 7(1), 77. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0740-7 Brierley, L., Nanni, F., Polka, J. K., Dey, G., Pálfy, M., Fraser, N., & Coates, J. A. (2022). Tracking changes between preprint posting and journal publication during a pandemic. PLOS Biology, 20(2), e3001285. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8806067/ Briscoe, S., Abbott, R., & Melendez‐Torres, G. J. (2022). Expert searchers identified time, team, technology and tension as challenges when carrying out supplementary searches for systematic reviews: A thematic network analysis. Health Information & Libraries Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/hir.12468 Brody, S., Loree, S., Sampson, M., Mensinkai, S., Coffman, J., Mueller, M., Askin, N., Hamill, C., Wilson, E., McAteer, M. B., & Staines, H. (2023). Searching for evidence in public health emergencies: A white paper of best practices. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 111(1), 566–578. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2023.1530 Butcher, R., Sampson, M., Couban, R. J., Malin, J. E., Loree, S., & Brody, S. (2022). The currency and completeness of specialized databases of COVID-19 publications. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 147, 52–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2022.03.006 CABI Digital Library. (2023). searchRxiv. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/journal/searchrxiv Callaway, J. (2021). The Librarian Reserve Corps: An emergency response. Medical Reference Services Quarterly, 40(1), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02763869.2021.1873627 Chappell, M., Edwards, M., Watkins, D., Marshall, C., & Graziadio, S. (2023). Machine learning for accelerating screening in evidence reviews. Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods, 1(5), e12021. https://doi.org/10.1002/cesm.12021 Chen, Y. Y., Bullard, J., & Giustini, D. (2023). Automated indexing using NLM's Medical Text Indexer (MTI) compared to human indexing in Medline: A pilot study. Journal of the Medical Library Association, 111(3), 684–695. https://doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2023.1588 Clyne, B., Walsh, K. A., O'Murchu, E., Sharp, M. K., Comber, L., O’ Brien, K. K., Smith, S. M., Harrington, P., O'Neill, M., Teljeur, C., & Ryan, M. (2021). Using preprints in evidence synthesis: Commentary on experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 138, 203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.05.010 Cooper, C., Booth, A., Husk, K., Lovell, R., Frost, J., Schauberger, U., Britten, N., & Garside, R. (2022). A Tailored Approach: A model for literature searching in complex systematic reviews. Journal of Information Science. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/01655515221114452 De Brún, C. (2022, June 1–3). Knowledge makes the world go round: Librarians working together to fight the COVID infodemic [Poster session]. European Association for Health Information and Libraries, Rotterdam, Netherlands. de Kock, S., Stirk, L., Ross, J., Duffy, S., Noake, C., & Misso, K. (2020). Systematic review search methods evaluated using the Preferred Reporting of Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and the Risk of Bias in Systematic reviews tool. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care, 37(1), E18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266462320002135 EBI-SIG. (2023). Library of Search Strategy Resources. Retrieved October 12, 2023, from https://sites.google.com/view/searchresourceslib/home El Mikati, I. K., Khabsa, J., Harb, T., Khamis, M., Agarwal, A., Pardo-Hernandez, H., Farran, S., Khamis, A. M., El Zein, O., El-Khoury, R., Schünemann, H. J., & Akl, E. A. (2022). A Framework for the development of living practice guidelines in health care. 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Context. High-resolution échelle spectra confine many essential stellar parameters once the data reach a quality appropriate to constrain the various physical processes that form these spectra. Aim. We provide a homogeneous library of high-resolution, high-S/N spectra for 48 bright AFGKM stars, some of them approaching the quality of solar-flux spectra. Our sample includes the northern Gaia benchmark stars, some solar analogs, and some other bright Morgan-Keenan (M-K) spectral standards. Methods. Well-exposed deep spectra were created by average-combining individual exposures. The data-reduction process relies on adaptive selection of parameters by using statistical inference and robust estimators. We employed spectrum synthesis techniques and statistics tools in order to characterize the spectra and give a first quick look at some of the science cases possible. Results. With an average spectral resolution of R ≈ 220 000 (1.36 km s−1), a continuous wavelength coverage from 383 nm to 912 nm, and S/N of between 70:1 for the faintest star in the extreme blue and 6000:1 for the brightest star in the red, these spectra are now made public for further data mining and analysis. Preliminary results include new stellar parameters for 70 Vir and α Tau, the detection of the rare-earth element dysprosium and the heavy elements uranium, thorium and neodymium in several RGB stars, and the use of the 12C to 13C isotope ratio for age-related determinations. We also found Arcturus to exhibit few-percent Ca II H&K and Hα residual profile changes with respect to the KPNO atlas taken in 1999.

Background: Previous studies of infants born to HIV-positive mothers have linked HIV exposure to poor outcomes from gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses, and to overall increased mortality rates. The mechanism behind this is unknown, but it is possible that differences in the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome between HIV-unexposed and HIV-exposed infants could play a role in perpetuating some outcomes. Methods: We conducted a longitudinal analysis of 170 NP swabs of healthy HIV-exposed, uninfected (HEU; n=10) infants and their HIV(+) mothers and HIV-unexposed, uninfected (HUU; n=10) infants and their HIV(-) mothers. These swabs were identified from a sample library collected in Lusaka, Zambia between 2015 and 2016. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the maturation of the microbiome over the first 14 weeks of life to determine what quantifiable differences exist between HEU and HUU infants, and what patterns are reflected in the mothers' NP microbiomes. Results: In both HEU and HUU infants, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium began as primary colonizers of the NP microbiome but were in time replaced by Dolosigranulum, Streptococcus, Moraxella and Haemophilus. When studying differences between infants, the microbe Staphylococcus haemolyticus indicated a distinctive high association with HIV exposure at birth, even when accounting for the interaction between HIV exposure status and time of sampling. When comparing infants to their mothers with paired analyses, HEU infants’ NP microbiome composition was only slightly different from their HIV(+) mothers at birth or 14 weeks, including in their carriage of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and S. haemolyticus. Conclusions: Our analyses indicate that the HEU infants in our study exhibit subtle differences in the NP microbial composition throughout the sampling interval. Given our results and the sampling limitations of our study, we believe that further research must be conducted in order to confidently understand the relationship between HIV exposure and infants’ NP microbiomes.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a deep public health concern worldwide worsened by reported multi drugresistant (MDR) and extensively drug- resistant (XDR) stralins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of the disease. A new class of thiadiazole inhibitors were reported to inhibit the enoyl-acyl transporter protein reductase (InhA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTb). We performed here the computer-aided molecular design of novel thiadiazole (TDZ) inhibitors of InhA by in situ modifying the reference crystal structure of (S)-1-(5-((1-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-1 H-pyrazol-3yl)amino)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-1-(4-methylthiazol-2-yl)ethanol-InhA (PDB code: 4BQP). Thus a training set of 15 hybrids with known inhibition potency \(\left(\mathrm{IC}_{50}^{\exp }\right)\) was selected to establish a onedescriptor quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model resulting in a linear correlation between the Gibbs free energy (GFE) during the formation of the InhA-TDZ complex and \(\mathrm{IC}_{50}^{\mathrm{exp}}\left(\mathrm{plC} \mathrm{C}_{50} \exp ==-0.29 \mathrm{x} \Delta \Delta \mathrm{G}_{\mathrm{com}}+8.13 ; \mathrm{n}=15 ; \mathrm{R}^2=0.92, \mathrm{R}^2{ }_{\mathrm{xv}}=0.91 ;\right.\) F-test of \(142.6 ; \sigma=0.21 ; \alpha>\) \(\left.95 \% ; R^2-R_{x v}^2=0.01\right)\). The 3D pharmacophore model \((\mathrm{PH} 4)\) generated from the active conformations of TDZs ( \(\mathrm{pIC}_{50}^{\mathrm{exp}}=0.93 \times \mathrm{pIC}_{50}^{\text {pred }}+0.47 ; \mathrm{n}=15 ; \mathrm{R}^2=0.97 ; \mathrm{R}_{\mathrm{xv}}=0.94 ;\) F-test of \(215.45 ; \sigma=0.17 ; \alpha>98 \% ; R^2-R_{x v}^2=0.03\) ) served as a virtual screening tool for new analogs from a virtual library (VL). The combination of molecular modeling and \(\mathrm{PH} 4\) in silico screening of (\(\mathrm{VL}\)) resulted in the identification of novel potent antitubercular agent candidates with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles of which the six best hits predicted inhibitory potencies \(\mathrm{IC}_{50}^{\text {pre }}\) in the sub nanomolar range \((0.1-0.2 \mathrm{nM})\).

Abstract Introduction Implementation of novel digital technologies into complex hospital systems, particularly within the United Kingdom’s (UKs) National Health Service, is challenging and can result in delays to the use and evaluation of innovative systems. MedEye is a bedside tool for preventing medication administration errors used as part of a closed-loop medication administration system. Aim The aim of this study was to understand the barriers and facilitators associated with implementing MedEye for the first time in a large UK Teaching Hospital Trust. Methods We used a case study approach and conducted semi-structured interviews (n=9) with key members of the project implementation team from Pharmacy (n=3), Nursing (n=2), commercial system provider(n=2), IT (n=1) and academia (n=1) and 20 hours of field observations. We explored stakeholder’s experiences about the implementation process, barriers and facilitators and any key lessons learnt according to constructs from Sittig and Singh’s Eight Dimension Sociotechnical Model.1 We analysed the data from interviews and observations using the framework approach.2 We firstly familiarised ourselves with the data, coded interviews, guided by our analytical framework, charted and then interpreted the data. All necessary ethical and organisational approvals were obtained. Results We identified themes relating to eight sociotechnical domains. Clinical Content: the format of the medication library and process for ordering medications were different to other European sites that had implemented MedEye, posing challenges for developers. Hardware and Software Computing Infrastructure: the integration of MedEye with the electronic prescribing system was one of the “biggest challenges”(P2) and contributed to delays. Human Computer Interface: the MedEye system’s user interface was described as “clean, simple and easy to use”(P2).People: nurses and senior management “absolutely wanted this [project] to work”(P1).Communication and Workflow: it was sometimes difficult to communicate effectively because the IT team had their own “set of jargon which is very technical” and the clinical team used “lots of medical jargon”(P2), resulting in misunderstandings. Internal Organisational Policies, Procedures and Culture: the hospital recognised the potential safety benefits of MedEye. However, its implementation was different to other IT products, which would “have actually gone through the development cycle”(P7).External Rules, Regulations and Pressures: the IT and informatics team’s resources were stretched with multiple projects been implemented simultaneously. System Measurement and Monitoring: the project team conducted “a lot of testing”(P3), to refine the technology. Conclusions This study sought to understand the sociotechnical challenges when implementing a novel digital technology in a UK hospital and identified themes related to eight domains. We acknowledge that our study had a few limitations: we interviewed a small number of participants who were directly involved in the implementation process, and the study was conducted in one hospital Trust, limiting the generalisability of the findings. However, use of the eight-domain sociotechnical framework strengthened our study, allowing us to derive the specific facilitators and barriers to the implementation and deployment process. This study also emphasises the importance of working closely with IT managers who can coordinate work within an organisation to anticipate delays and mitigate against project risks. References 1. Sittig, D.F. and H. Singh, A new sociotechnical model for studying health information technology in complex adaptive healthcare systems. Quality & safety in health care, 2010. 19 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): p. i68-i74. 2. Pope, C., S. Ziebland, and N. Mays, Qualitative research in health care. Analysing qualitative data. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2000. 320(7227): p. 114–116.

Today there is a lot of competition for education to stay abreast of the very rapid developments of globalization. Education is the primary need of the community where formal education can be obtained, one of which is through the library. Nowadays, public awareness of the importance of reading books is very minimal, so designers need to make changes to the concept of the library to attract people's interest in starting a lifestyle of reading books. Complete facilities, especially in the field of technology, in a library can be one of the attractions for visitors and is equipped with relaxing facilities and a café for a short break. In general, libraries are indoor and closed which gives a serious and tense impression so designers provide several digital library innovations with the concept of a learning commons library according to today's lifestyle. Uplifting the 'Transitional Contemporary' style of Banten culture with contemporary culture and 'Natural' style which can produce harmonious designs and do not collide with each other, are able to combine aesthetic elements that complement each other and produce a new room design that feels different. With that, a theme was created "Innovative Bantenese Transitional Contemporary Interior Design For The Future Library" which can achieve the initial goal of designing the Banten Province Regional Library to be able to increase reader interest by paying attention to aspects of comfort, efficiency and productivity with a touch of technology and adjustments to the lifestyle of the next generation. now without leaving the locality of Banten culture.Keywords: Banten, innovative, natural, library.AbstrakMasa kini banyak persaingan pendidikan agar tetap mengikuti perkembangan arus globalisasi yang sangat pesat. Pendidikan menjadi kebutuhan primer masyarakat dimana pendidikan formal mampu diperoleh salah satunya melalui perpustakaan. Zaman ini, kesadaran masyarakat akan pentingnya membaca buku sangat minim sehingga desainer perlu melakukan perubahan konsep pada perpustakaan untuk menarik minat masyarakat memulai pola hidup membaca buku. Kelengkapan fasilitas terutama pada bidang teknologi dalam suatu perpustakaan mampu menjadi salah satu daya tarik pengunjung dan dilengkapi dengan fasilitas bersantai dan café untuk istirahat sejenak. Pada umumnya perpustakaan bersifat indoor dan tertutup yang memberikan kesan serius dan menegangkan sehingga desainer memberikan beberapa inovasi perpustakaan digital dengan konsep perpustakaan learning commons sesuai gaya hidup masa kini. Mengangkat gaya ‘Transisional Kontemporer’ kebudayaan Banten dengan kebudayaan masa kini dan gaya ‘Natural’ yang dapat menghasilkan desain harmonis dan tidak bertabrakan satu sama lain, mampu menggabungkan elemen estetis saling melengkapi dan menghasilkan suatu desain ruangan baru yang terasa berbeda. Dengan itu, terciptalah sebuah tema “Innovative Bantenese Transitional Contemporary Interior Design For The Future Library” yang dapat mencapai tujuan awal perancangan Perpustakaan Daerah Provinsi Banten agar mampu meningkatkan minat pembaca dengan memperhatikan segi kenyamanan, efisiensi, dan produktivitas dengan sentuhan teknologi serta penyesuaian gaya hidup generasi kini tanpa meninggalkan kelokalitasan budaya Banten.Kata Kunci: Banten, inovatif, natural, perpustakaan. Authors:Michelle Florencia : Universitas TarumanagaraMaitri Widya Mutiara : Universitas TarumanagaraSri Fariyanti Pane : Institut Kesenian JakartaReferences:Azhari, R. (2021). Perancangan Tirai untuk Sekat Ruangan dengan Tali Goni Pewarna Remasol Menggunakan Teknik Macrame. Medan: Unimed.Content, W. (2022). Mengenal Gaya Desain Transisional Yang Unik Dan TimelessNo Title. https://www.kanafurniture.com/blog/d/mengenal-gaya-desain-transisional-yang-unik-dan-timeless (diakses tanggal 14 Mei 2023).Effendi, E. M., & Rahmah, E. (2019). Penerapan Konsep Learning Commons Sebagai Upaya Dalam. Jurnal Ilmu Informasi Perpustakaan Dan Kearsipan, 8(1), 147–153.Gibbons, S. (2016). Design Thinking 101. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/ (diakses tanggal 12 Mei 2023).Lechner, N. (1968). Heating, Cooling Lighting: Design Methode For Architects (Fourth Edi). New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.Manalu, A., & Mesra, M. (2019). Analisis Analisis Produk Kerajinan Lampu Hias Dari Batok Kelapa Pada Perajin Wak Jek Art (Wja) Di Medan Ditinjau Dari Bentuk. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 8(1), 267. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v8i1.13638.Mesra, M., Kartono, G., & Ibrahim, A. (2022). Penerapan Ornamen Tradisional Sumatera Utara Pada Toples Makanan Sebagai Sarana Revitalisasi. Gorga : Jurnal Seni Rupa, 11(1), 81. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i1.33639.Mafaza, M. Z. (2022). Transisional: Pengaruh Gaya Modern pada Desain Tradisional yang Elegan. https://interiordesign.id/gaya-desain-transisional-sentuhan-pengaruh-modern-pada-desain-tradisional-yang-elegan/ (diakses tanggal 10 Mei 2023).Puni, K. D., Nurwidyaningrum, D., & Apriliansyah, C. T. (2020). Evaluasi Sistem Pencahayaan Pada Perpustakaan Nasional. Vitruvian Jurnal Arsitektur Bangunan Dan Lingkungan, 9(3), 157. https://doi.org/10.22441/vitruvian.2020.v9i3.005.Retno, H. (2021). Miris, Minat Baca di Indonesia Menurut UNESCO Hanya 0,001 Persen. https://portalbandungtimur.pikiran-rakyat.com/pendidikan/pr-941922838/miris-minat-baca-di-indonesia-menurut-unesco-hanya-0001-persen (diakses tanggal 10 Mei 2023).Saputro, R. F. (2022). Menuju Perpustakaan Ideal Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Dan Peraturan. https://www.bpkp.go.id/pustakabpkp/index.php?p=perpustakaan ideal (diakses tanggal 12 Mei 2023).Siregar, H. A., & Adi, R. (2021). Kajian Desain Interior Bernuansa Natural-Modern Studi Kasus Khana Spa, Surabaya. Jurnal Patra, 3(1), 53–58.Surachman, A. (2014). Analisis Penerimaan Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan ( SIPUS ) Terpadu versi 3 ( Tiga ) di Lingkungan Universitas Gadjah Mada. 3(January 2008).Tannuwijaya, R., Marizar, E. S., & Mutiara, M. W. (2020). Penerapan Tema “Oasis in Urbanism” pada Perancangan Interior Hotel Resort Novotel Palembang. Visual, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.24912/jurnal.v13i2.8023.

B a c k g r o u n d . The article examines the directions of development of the cultural sphere at the local level after the decentralization reform. The main task now is to reset the perception of the economic attractiveness of culture at the local level and increase the institutional capacity of cultural institutions. Under martial law, the development of the cultural sphere in Ukraine becomes even more urgent. Goals and objectives. The article is aimed at defining the modern perspective directions of development of the cultural sphere of Ukraine under conditions of decentralization. Main tasks: proving the need to create Centers for cultural services in communities; identifying the benefits of involving the private sector to improve the quality of cultural services and community cooperation in the cultural sphere; clarification of the main directions of activity of cultural institutions online. The object of research is the cultural sphere in Ukraine. M e t h o d s . In the process of research, a systematic approach was used, as well as the following research methods: terminological analysis (when defining the concepts of "cultural service", "basic set of cultural services", "center of cultural services", etc.); comparative analysis (for consideration of foreign and domestic experience); statistical analysis and grouping (to determine quantitative indicators in the field of culture); generalization (for writing conclusions). R e s u l t s . The necessity of creating Centers for Cultural Services in order to increase the institutional and financial capacity of community cultural institutions has been proved. It is determined that the center of cultural services is a multifunctional cultural institution that has a convenient location, is provided with qualified personnel, has a modern material and technical base and is able to provide a range of cultural services for residents of one or several communities. The issue of community participation in cultural projects in order to receive grants for their implementation has been actualized. The implementation of grant cultural projects contributes to solving problems in the field of culture, and is also a tool for community marketing. The French experience of cooperation of communities in the sphere of culture is analyzed. C o n c l u s i o n s . The directions of activity of cultural institutions in online mode are described, in particular the creation of online lessons, master classes, courses, exhibitions; digitalization of museum and library funds, creation of English-language content, etc. The benefits and expediency of using the mechanism of communities cooperation in the cultural sphere are characterized: pooling material, human and financial resources in order to provide high-quality and accessible cultural services. The advantages of the mechanism of public-private partnership in the cultural sphere as a tool for attracting extrabudgetary funds are proved: financial, social-economic and political.

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ABSTRAK Tujuan utama dari makalah ini untuk menguji secara empiris pengaruh zakat, Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (PDRB) perkapita, Upah Minimum Regional/Provinsi (UMP), dan inflasi terhadap tingkat gini rasio di 34 provinsi di Indonesia selama tahun 2018-2020. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa distribusi zakat yang diproksikan dengan Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS serta tingkat inflasi secara statistik tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Sementara itu, tingkat PDRB perkapita dan UMP memiliki arah hubungan negatif dan berpengaruh signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi kepada pengelola zakat untuk menciptakan dan mengembangkan program zakat yang mampu memberdayakan perekonomian mustahik sehingga mampu mengurangi tingkat kesenjangan pendapatan dalam masyarakat. Selain itu, seluruh pemangku kepentingan (stakeholders) harus bersinergi dalam upaya meningkatkan realisasi pengumpulan dana zakat di lembaga dengan melalui peningkatan literasi dan kesadaran masyarakat guna mengoptimalisasikan peran zakat dalam peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kata kunci: Indeks Kesejahteraan BAZNAS, Ketimpangan Pendapatan, Makroekonomi, Zakat. ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper was to empirically examine the effect of zakat, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) percapita, Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage, and inflation on the gini ratio in 34 provinces in Indonesia during 2018-2020. The findings of this study indicate that the distribution of zakat, which is proxied by the BAZNAS Welfare Index, and the inflation rate has no statistically significant effect on the level of income inequality in Indonesia. Meanwhile, GRDP per capita and Regional/Provincial Minimum Wage levels have a negative and statistically significant relationship to the level of income inequality in Indonesia. In order to lessen the degree of income inequality in society, this study offers recommendations to zakat managers on how to design and develop zakat programs that can strengthen the mustahik's economy. In addition, all stakeholders must work together in an effort to increase the realization of zakat fund collection in institutions by increasing literacy and public awareness in order to maximize the contribution of zakat to raising the welfare of mankind. Keywords: Baznas Welfare Index, Income Inequality, Macroeconomics, Zakat. REFERENCES Abdelbaki, D. H. H. (2013). The impact of zakat on poverty and income inequality in Bahrain. Review of Integrative Business & Economics Reseacrh, 2(1), 133–154. Afandi, A., Rantung, V. P., & Marashdeh, H. (2017). Determinants of income inequality. 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Stimulating children's creativity through social media is important by utilizing platforms that are relevant to their interests and daily interactions. This research aims to determine the benefits of using smartphone technology in stimulating creativity in early childhood through exploratory whipping activities. With the increasing adoption of technology into various aspects of life, including early childhood education, it is important to understand its positive and negative impacts. This research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study approach and focused observation on group B children at RA Al-Islam Petabumi, Seberida District, Indragiri Hulu Regency, Riau Province who are involved in TikTok exploration activities using smartphones. Data collection was carried out through direct observation, interviews, and field notes. This research shows that the use of smartphone technology, especially through applications such as TikTok, can trigger creativity in young children. By taking part in various creative content and challenges on TikTok, children can engage in a process of self-exploration that allows them to develop their creative skills. This shows that social media can be an effective tool for stimulating imagination and innovation in young children. Keywords: early childhood education, creativity, social media TikTok References: Adawiyah, D. P. R. (2020). Pengaruh Penggunaan Aplikasi TikTok Terhadap Kepercayaan Diri Remaja Di Kabupaten Sampang. In Jurnal Komunikasi. https://doi.org/10.21107/ilkom.v14i2.7504 Aditya, B. R., Andrisyah, Ismiatun, A. N., Atika, A. R., & Permadi, A. (2021). Digital disruption in early childhood education: A qualitative research from teachers’ perspective. Procedia Computer Science, 197(2021), 521–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.169 Aisyah, S., Novita, D., Prastati, T., Chandrawati, T., & Dewi, A. C. (2023). 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Abstract Background. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive disease with few innovative treatment options. This is also contributed by the lack of models capable of capturing the complexity of the tumor and its microenvironment. Aims. To identify patient-specific vulnerabilities and novel therapeutic strategies in T-ALL and interrogate the mechanisms of the crosstalk between leukemic and stromal elements. Methods. We established a drug-testing platform using patient-derived-tumor-xenografts (PDTX) and a mixed-culture approach using E4ORF1-transduced endothelial cells (ECs) (Seandel M et al, PNAS 2008) to overcome host-mediated chemoresistance. We performed functional experiments using total and single-cell RNA sequencing. Results. First, we established a battery of 22 T-ALL PDTX models that matched both phenotypically (immune-histochemistry, flow cytometry) and genotypically (TCR rearrangement, transcriptome) with the primary patients' samples. We then challenged these models (n=14 samples belonging to different PDTX and serial passages within each model) with a library of compounds (n=433) targeting redundant proteins (n=634). Unsupervised clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrated two clusters of T-ALL samples based on differential drug susceptibility. We could at least partially correlate these differences to specific transcriptomic signatures predictive of drug response (Figure 1A). We then defined a group of pan-active compounds across all models (n=40), which we validated using an independent screening with/without ECs (Figure 1B). We found that ECs counteracted the activity of selected compounds (i.e. TSA, THZ1 and MLN2238). By PCA, we observed distinct response profiles based on different T-ALL models. We vectorized the EC-rescue and found that the direction was the same across all 3 models tested, indicating that it relied on similar mechanisms regardless of model identity. Based on the known role of IGF1-IGFR1 as a supportive EC-rescue axis (Medyouf H et al, J Exp Med 2011), we performed the same screening with/without recombinant IGFBP-7 (500 ng/mL), a decoy IGF1 molecule. Remarkably, IGFBP-7 completely or partially abrogated the EC-mediated rescue of selected compounds [enzastaurin (PKC-β inhibitor), SC144 (GP130 inhibitor), CHIR124 (Chk1 inhibitor) and YM155 (Survivin inhibitor)] (Figure 1B). Drugs not rescued by ECs (n=30) were considered positive hits and 5 of them (ruxolitinib, tofacitinib, panobinostat, bortezomib, irinotecan) ultimately proved to be effective in vivo in randomized pre-clinical trials either alone or in combination (Figure 1C). Our stepwise endothelial-leukemia platform led to the discovery of "public" and "private" vulnerabilities and the proof-of-principle of prediction-guided in vivo pre-clinical trials. We propose a list of compounds that could be readily translated into T-ALL clinical trials (Figure 1D). We finally proved the validity of our platform using other disease models (i.e. B and T-lymphoma PDTXs). Mechanistically, at single-cell resolution, in vitro interacting T-ALL cells and ECs underwent reciprocal transcriptome changes, with T-ALL shifting towards stemness/undifferentiation and ECs towards tumor-ECs (TECs) phenotypes. Furthermore, in vitro EC-educated T-ALL cells mimicked distinct T-ALL subsets of the leukemic spleen of corresponding PDTX mice (Figure 1E). Conclusions. These data demonstrate that our EC-T-ALL culture system simulates in vivo conditions, offering a robust platform to study drug response, leukemia-host interactions and cell plasticity. This approach will improve the pre-clinical predictability of novel drugs/combinations for T-ALL, as well as for other hematologic malignancies, and propel the development of patient-tailored treatments. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Melnick: Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Daiichi Sankyo: Research Funding; Epizyme: Consultancy; Constellation: Consultancy; KDAC Pharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Elemento: AstraZeneca: Research Funding; Freenome: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder in a privately-held company; Volastra Therapeutics: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder, Research Funding; Champions Oncology: Consultancy; Owkin: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder; One Three Biotech: Consultancy, Other: Current equity holder; Eli Lilly: Research Funding; Johnson and Johnson: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding. Chiaretti: amgen: Consultancy; pfizer: Consultancy; novartis: Consultancy; Incyte: Consultancy. Cerchietti: Celgene: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Research Funding.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the short-term and long-term relationship between the Islamic capital markets of 5 selected countries in the Covid-19 era. This study used a quantitative approach using weekly secondary data from January 2020 to December 2022. The data analysis model used Vector Auto Regression (VAR) analysis. The results of this study show that in the short term, variants in the capital market will change due to shocks in other ASEAN Islamic capital markets, but short-term deviations in the Islamic capital market will adjust in the long term. meanwhile, in the long run, Islamic capital markets in ASEAN countries that were tested, have integrated despite the occurrence of a health crisis that also has an impact on the financial crisis. This provides an opportunity for investors to mitigate risks and increase profit margins, especially in Islamic stock exchanges in ASEAN countries. On the other hand, this research allows investors to reformulate a more diversified portfolio after the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Integration, Islamic Capital Market, ASEAN, Covid 19 ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis hubungan jangka pendek dan jangka panjang antara pasar modal syariah 5 negara terpilih di era Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menggunakan data sekunder mingguan januari 2020 sampai dengan desember 2022. Model analisis data menggunakan analisis Vector Auto Regression (VAR). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam jangka pendek, varian di pasar modal akan berubah karena guncangan di pasar modal syariah ASEAN lainnya, namun penyimpangan jangka pendek di pasar modal syariah akan menyesuaikan dalam jangka panjang. sementara dalam jangka panjang, pasar modal syariah di negara-negara ASEAN yang teruji, memiliki integrasi meskipun terjadi krisis kesehatan yang juga berdampak pada krisis keuangan. 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Breast cancer is the commonest malignancy in women worldwide and leading cause of cancer related deaths in women, almost half of these occurring in developing countries. Aim was to know the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC for detection of malignancy in palpable breast lump and its comparison with tru-cut biopsy Methodology: Six months following the publication of this report, researchers in the Surgical Department of Allied Hospital Faisalabad conducted this study. Starting on March 31st, 2019, and running all the way through September 30th, 2019. Allied Hospital Faisalabad's ethics council approved the study's summary, and patients who presented to the hospital's breast clinic with a palpable breast lump met the criteria for inclusion in the research. Across all patients, histopathology was performed on FNAC, tru-cut, and excisional biopsy specimens. H&E staining was performed on both the tru-cut biopsy and tissue specimens from later excision procedures to examine the histological characteristics of the tumor tissue. Results: In our study, out of 190 cases, frequency of malignancy on was recorded in 28.42%(n=54), the diagnostic accuracy of Tru-cut biopsy for detection of malignancy in patients with palpable breast lump taking histopathology examination after excision biopsy (HPE) as gold standard was recorded as 80.33% sensitivity, 96.12% specificity, 90.74% positive predictive value,91.18% negative predictive value and 91.05% accuracy rate, likelihood ratio was calculated as 20.72 and diagnostic accuracy of FNAC biopsy for detection of malignancy in patients with palpable breast lump taking histopathology examination after excision biopsy (HPE) as gold standard was recorded as 70.49% sensitivity, 93.80% specificity, 84.31% positive predictive value, 87.05% negative predictive value and 86.32% accuracy rate, likelihood ratio was calculated as 11.37. Conclusion: As far as diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy in patients with palpable breast lumps, FNAC and Tru-cut biopsy are both good, although Tru-cut biopsy is more accurate than FNAC in terms of detecting the disease. Keywords: Palpable breast lump, malignancy, diagnosis, FNAC, Tru-cut biopsy, diagnostic accuracy

Naturalist intelligence of early childhood has a very big role in today's modern age as the basis for children to have environmental-loving behaviour. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Loose Parts learning media on the naturalist intelligence. This study uses a quasi-experimental method with data collection techniques through multiple intelligence tests of children's intelligence instruments. The subjects of this study were 17 children aged 5-6 years. The results showed that there was a significant effect of giving Loose Parts media to the naturalist intelligence of early childhood after seeing a difference between pre-test and post-test. The use of natural-based Loose Parts media can be a means for teachers to increase children's naturalist intelligence in kindergarten and be a development of conventional media made from manufacturers in the learning cycle so far. For further research, it is recommended to look at the influence of other factors on naturalist intelligence in early childhood. Keywords: Early Childhood, Loose Parts, Naturalist Intelligence References: Aljabreen, H. (2020). Montessori, Waldorf, and Reggio Emilia: A Comparative Analysis of Alternative Models of Early Childhood Education. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(3), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00277-1 Anjari, T. Y., & Purwanta, E. (2019). Effectiveness of the Application of Discovery Learning to the Naturalist Intelligence of Children About the Natural Environment in Children Aged 5-6 Years. International Conference on Special and Inclusive Education (ICSIE 2018), 296, 356–359. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsie-18.2019.65 Armstrong, T. (2002). You’re Smarter Than You Think: A Kid’s Guide to Multiple Intelligences. Free Spirit Publishing Inc., 217 Fifth Ave., North, Suite 200, Minneapolis, MN 55401-1299. Asih, S., & Susanto, A. (2017). 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Journal on Teacher Education, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.31004/jote.v2i1.1193 Nurhafizah, N. (2018). Development of Naturalist Intelligence of Children in Kindergarten. International Conference of Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2017), 169, 17–20. https://doi.org/10.2991/icece-17.2018.5 Nurjanah, N. E. (2020). Pembelajaran STEM Berbasis Loose Parts Untuk Meningkatkan Kreativitas Anak Usia Dini. Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Ilmu Anak Dan Media Informasi PUD, 1(1), 19–31. Olsen, H., & Smith, B. (2017). Sandboxes, loose parts, and playground equipment: A descriptive exploration of outdoor play environments. Early Child Development and Care, 187(5–6), 1055–1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2017.1282928 Prameswari, T., & Anik Lestariningrum. (2020). Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis STEAM Dengan Bermain Loose Parts Untuk Pencapaian Keterampilan 4c Pada Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun. Efektor, 7(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.29407/e.v7i2.14387 Rahmatunnisa, S., & Halimah, S. (2018). 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Abstract Cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) is an incurable skin homing T cell malignancy. We have previously reported p38 as therapeutic targets for CTCL.1 However, the mechanism underlying p38 signaling is not completely understood. To further investigate p38 and its downstream signaling components, we examined public database of gene expression and found that p38γ is overexpressed in CTCL as compared to normal T cells. In addition, p38γ has negligible expression in normal lymphoid tissues, with the exception of high level expressed in smooth and cardiac muscle cells. We have demonstrated that p38γ over-expression increases cell proliferation and knockdown of p38γ causes Hut78 cell death. p38γ plays an important role in inflammation-associated tumorigenesis3 and inhibition of its activity has emerged as a strategy to treat a spectrum of cancers.4 The transcription factor, NFATc4, downstream of p38γ, is also significantly up-regulated in CTCL cells by microarray analysis, and it is at non-detectable level in normal T cells.1We have demonstrated that shRNA-mediated knockdown of p38γ reduced NFATc4 mRNA levels in Hut78 cells, and that inhibition of NFATc4 by siRNA reduces the proliferation of CTCL cells. We also found that the cytokine IL17A functions downstream of p38γ and NFATc4, as knockdown of either p38γ or NFATc4 significantly reduced IL17A mRNA levels in Hut78 cells. This result suggests that IL17A is a target for transcriptionally activated NFATc4. Previously we have shown that IL17A rescues Hut78 cells from apoptosis induced by combined inhibition of NFAT and NFkB (treated with curcumin and Ly2228820). This implicates IL17A as a key mediator for CTCL survival. Therefore, we propose a novel p38γ - NFATc4 - IL17A signaling pathway in malignant T cells that promotes the survival of CTCL which provides potential therapeutic target against this disease. To further define the role of p38 and identify targets that increase the antitumor efficacy of p38 inhibition, we performed a synthetic lethal RNA interference (RNAi) screen in Hut78 cells treated with 10 µM of the p38 MAPK inhibitor Ly2228820. We transduced control and Ly2228820-treated Hut78 cells with a pooled retroviral RNAi library consisting of 4290 shRNAs that targeted more than 1000 genes involved in human cancers. If a shRNA from the library is not toxic to the control cells, but causes cell death in Ly2228820-treated cells, the gene targeted by this shRNA would be identified by the screen as synthetically lethal to p38 inhibition. Among many hits identified from the screen, we selected UCHL5 for further analysis. UCHL5encodes a deubiquitin enzyme that cleaves K48-linked polyubiquitin chains and plays an important role in the regulation of protein stability. Interestingly, combination of Ly2228820 and b-AP15, a small molecule inhibitor of UCHL5, significantly reduced the protein levels of NFATc4 isoform but not other NFAT isoforms. NFATc4 protein levels are known to be regulated by ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.2 Our finding thus suggests UCHL5 as a potential new regulator that stabilizes NFATc4 protein. Further studies are needed to confirm this prediction. More importantly, combination of Ly2228820 and b-AP15 enhanced apoptosis in CTCL cell lines (HH and Hut78) and primary Sézary cells, but was not toxic in normal PBMC cells. In summary, our findings suggest that the p38γ - NFATc4 - IL17A signaling pathway plays an important role in the survival of CTCL. In addition, improving the efficacy of targeting this pathway via p38 may also benefit from combined inhibition of UCHL5, a potentially important regulator of NFATc4 that needs further characterization. Reference: 1 Bliss-Moreau M, Coarfa C, Gunaratne PH, Guitart J, Krett NL, Rosen ST (2015). Identification of p38beta as a therapeutic target for the treatment of Sezary syndrome. The Journal of investigative dermatology135:599-608. 2 Fan Y, Xie P, Zhang T, Zhang H, Gu D, She M et al (2008). Regulation of the stability and transcriptional activity of NFATc4 by ubiquitination. FEBS letters582:4008-4014. 3 Qi X, Yin N, Ma S, Lepp A, Tang J, Jing W et al (2015). p38gamma MAPK Is a Therapeutic Target for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Stimulation of Cancer Stem-Like Cell Expansion. Stem cells33:2738-2747. 4 Yin N, Qi X, Tsai S, Lu Y, Basir Z, Oshima K et al (2015). p38gamma MAPK is required for inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis. Oncogene. Disclosures Querfeld: Actelion: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Speakers Bureau.

Insects represent a relevant didactic resource to work with artistic skills, concepts, attitudes and values in the Science teaching because they are diversified in forms and colors, and because they have different life styles. However, there are relatively few reports of experience with evidence of their importance as a didactic resource. In this sense, our main aims were to describe and analyze: (1) the perceptions of seventh-year elementary school students of a public school in Uberlândia-MG, Brazil, about insects; and (2) a didactic sequence in which insects are used to work concepts, artistic skills, attitudes and values, such as respect for life. In 2018, we applied and analyzed 47 questionnaires with five questions about insects; and after we prepared a didactic sequence to stimulate student’s learning through strategies such as reading, dictionary use, research, expository lecture, and drawing. We noticed that most students knew at least one insect, although they had little information on insects’ scientific and ecological importance. We also noticed from the reports, participation, and evaluation of the students that the didactic sequence was useful on several competencies abovementioned, suggesting that the use of different types of strategies can stimulate students to become interested and participate actively in the classes. Therefore, insects represent an excellent didactic resource to work conceptual, procedural and attitudinal concepts in Science teaching.ResumoPor serem diversificados em formas e cores, e também por possuírem variados modos de vida, os insetos representam um relevante recurso didático para trabalhar com habilidades artísticas, conceitos, atitudes e valores no ensino de Ciências. Contudo, há relativamente poucos relatos de experiência com evidências da importância deles como recurso didático. Neste contexto, os principais objetivos deste relato foram descrever e analisar: (1) as percepções de estudantes do sétimo ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública de Uberlândia-MG quanto aos insetos; e (2) uma sequência didática em que os insetos são utilizados para trabalhar conceitos, habilidades artísticas, atitudes e valores, como o respeito à vida. Em 2018 foram aplicados e analisados, em uma perspectiva quali-quantitativa, 47 questionários com cinco questões sobre os insetos. Depois, foi desenvolvida uma sequência didática envolvendo leitura com uso de dicionário, pesquisa, aula expositiva dialogada, momento musical e confecção de desenhos. De maneira geral, os questionários evidenciaram que a maior parte dos estudantes foi capaz de reconhecer pelo menos um tipo de inseto, embora soubessem pouco sobre sua importância científica e ecológica. Notou-se também, pelos relatos, participação, avaliação dos estudantes e comportamento deles para com os insetos, que a sequência didática foi útil para trabalhar as diferentes competências acima mencionadas, o que sugere que o uso dos insetos junto com variados tipos de estratégias pode estimular os estudantes a se interessarem e participarem ativamente das aulas. Portanto, os insetos representaram um excelente recurso didático para trabalhar conteúdos conceituais, procedimentais e atitudinais no ensino de Ciências.ResumenPor ser diversificados en formas y colores, y también por sus variados modos de vida, los insectos representan un relevante recurso didáctico para trabajar con habilidades artísticas, conceptos, actitudes y valores en la enseñanza de las Ciencias. Sin embargo, hay relativamente pocos relatos de experiencia con evidencias de su importancia como recurso didáctico. En este contexto, los principales objetivos de este estudio fueron: (1) describir y analizar las percepciones de estudiantes del séptimo año de la Enseñanza Fundamental de una escuela pública de Uberlândia-MG en cuanto a los insectos; y (2) describir una secuencia didáctica en la que los insectos se utilizan para trabajar conceptos, habilidades artísticas, actitudes y valores, como el respeto a la vida. En el año 2018 se aplicaron y analizaron 47 cuestionarios con cinco preguntas sobre los insectos y luego se preparó y analizó una secuencia didáctica que involucra lectura con uso de diccionario, investigación, clase expositiva dialogada y confección de dibujos. En general, los cuestionarios evidenciaron que la mayor parte de los estudiantes fue capaz de reconocer al menos un tipo de insecto, aunque supieron poco sobre su importancia científica y ecológica. Se ha notado también, por los relatos, participación y evaluación de los estudiantes, que la secuencia didáctica ha sido útil para trabajar diferentes competencias, lo que sugiere que el uso de variados tipos de estrategias puede estimular a los estudiantes a interesarse y participar activamente en las clases. Por lo tanto, los insectos representan un excelente recurso didáctico para trabajar contenidos conceptuales, procedimentales y actitudinales en la enseñanza de las Ciencias.Palavras-chave: Ensino de Ciências, Insetos na educação básica, Metodologias ativas, Recurso didático.Keywords: Active methodologies, Didactic resource, Insects in elementary school, Science teaching.Palabras claves: Enseñanza de Ciencias, Insectos en la educación básica, Metodologías activas, Recurso didáctico.ReferencesALMEIDA-NETO, José Rodrigues; COSTA-NETO, Eraldo Medeiros; SILVA, Paulo Roberto Ramalho; BARROS, Roseli Faria Melo. 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Introduction: The policy in Indonesia faces problems at the central government level (Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs, Coordinating Ministry for PMK, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Home Affairs); West Java Provincial Government level; as well as health policies at the district/city government level through which the Citarum River flows. This relationship pattern determines the pattern of interactions (pattern of interactions) of all stakeholders related to Citarum policies. This study uses Grindle's (1980) approach because policy (the content of policy) and implementation environment (context of implementation) are two things that influence the success of implementation. The purpose of this study was to analyze, describe, and find a model for implementing pollution and damage control program policies for the Citarum River Basin using the Grindle approach (1980). Theoretical Reference Framework: Previous research that supports this research is research conducted by Jung et al. (2021); Koch I, Reeves A. (2021); Tri N, Hau D, Duyen N, (2021); Dutta, et al., (2021); Wiryanto W, (2020); Idris, H. (2017); Rashid and Alfina. (2017; and Raharja, SJ (2015). Related to the implementation of public policy, Grindle (1980) introduces the implementation model as a political and administrative process, this model describes the decision-making process carried out by various actors where the final output is determined by both the program material used has been achieved as well as through the interaction of decision-makers in the context of administrative politics. The political process can be seen through the decision-making process involving various policy actors while the administrative process is seen through the general process regarding administrative actions that can be examined at a specific program level. Method: The type of research used in this study is qualitative the focus of the research consists of the Content of Policy, Context of Implementation, Output, and Outcome of policy implementation, as well as the Model of Policy implementation. This research was carried out in the Provincial Government of West Java and all Regencies and Cities which are also in the Citarum River Basin by collecting data on communities along the Citarum River, especially people who receive BPJS Health facilities along the Citarum River. Informants in this study were selected using a sampling technique, namely, purposive sampling, namely informants who understand the condition of the Citarum River, starting from implemented policies, pollution control, and destruction of the area. Data collection techniques were carried out through library research, observation, in-depth interviews, as well as documentation and analysis. Results: The results of this study indicate that: (1) In general, the study of the Health Insurance Policy Implementation Model and the Citarum Watershed Pollution and Damage Control Program Policy based on the Grindle perspective still has several obstacles in its implementation, (2) Judging from the implementation environment, there are strengths and interests will maintain the existing status at the research site, then some things that still leave problems, for example, the unclear authority in implementing the program needs serious attention, so that similar phenomena do not recur. The Citarum watershed problem has become a very serious waste problem locally and nationally. The issuance of Presidential Decree number 15 of 2018 shows the government's seriousness in solving the problem of pollution in the Citarum watershed area. Policy implementers are highly committed to preventing, controlling, and restoring the Citarum watershed so that it becomes clean, beautiful, and free of waste and pollution. Discussion: The implementation of the health insurance policy and pollution and damage control program policies for the Citarum River Basin does not yet have an implementing organizational structure, so this section needs to be completed. In addition, the supporting funds provided are not sufficient so financing factors need to be considered and supported. Conclusions: In the Recommended Model, in addition to proposing additional dimensions to the Grindle model, the author also proposes that it is necessary to complete the Grindle implementation model with policy output. This is important because when studying policy implementation, it does not only examine policy outcomes but also examines policy output. Given this, it occupies an important position in policy implementation.

ABSTRACT The research aimed to identify and collect issues discussed regarding Islamic banking from user activity, sentimen, and content on Twitter. This study used a qualitative approach by collecting data on 145,475 conversations from Twitter using the Twitter Crawling technique with the Drone Emprit Academy (DEA) engine from 28 July 2020 – 10 March 2023 in Indonesia. Text data mining is used with the help of the DEA system by analyzing sentimen, Social Network Analysis (SNA), and other Twitter data analysis. The results showed that the highest number of tweets related to Islamic banking came from the number of tweets which were dominated by millennials and millennials with positive sentimens of 66%, then negative sentimens of 28% and neutral sentimens of 5%. From these results, both positive, negative and neutral sentimens are a challenge for various stakeholders in the field, including academics, government and others, in a more massive manner to explain and provide a more solid and stronger understanding of Islamic finance, especially Islamic banking.Keywords: Islamic Banking; Sentimen Analysis; Twitter; Academic Emprit Drone ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mengindetifikasi dan mengumpulkan isu yang dibahas terkait perbankan syariah dari aktivitas pengguna, sentimen, dan konten di Twitter. Metode ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan mengumpulkan data 145.475 percakapan dari Twitter menggunakan teknik Twitter Crawling dengan mesin Drone Emprit Academy (DEA) dari tanggal 28 Juli 2020 – 10 Maret 2023 di Indonesia. Text data mining digunakan dengan bantuan sistem DEA dengan menganalisis sentimen, Social Network Analysis (SNA), dan analisis data Twitter lainnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jumlah tweet tertinggi terkait perbankan syariah berasal dari jumlah tweet yang didominasi oleh kaum millennials dan zillenial dengan sentimen positif sebesar 66%, kemudian sentimen negatif 28% dan sentimen netral sebesar 5%. Dari hasil tersebut, baik sentimen positif, negative, maupun netral menjadi tantangan bagi berbagai pemangku kepentingan di lapangan, termasuk akademisi, pemerintah, dan lainnya, secara lebih massif untuk menjelaskan dan memberikan pemahaman yang lebih kokoh dan kuat tentang keuangan syariah khususnya perbankan syariah. Kata Kunci: Perbankan Syariah, Analisis Sentimen, Twitter, Drone Emprit Akademik REFERENCES Ahmad, A., Sohail, A., & Hussain, A. (2021). Emergence of financial technology in Islamic banking industry and its influence on bank performance in covid-19 scenario: A case of developing economy. Gomal University Journal of Research, 37(1), 97-109. Alotaibi, M. S. (2013). 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When children only see their friends in little squares via Google Meet or Zoom, can teachers really address concepts like the importance of teamwork or how to manage conflict? This is a learning phenomenon during the COVID-19 pandemic and the era after it. This study aims to see the role of parents as children's learning companions in terms of mentors and motivators when online education takes place. This research using photovoice within phenomenological methodology and have been doing with thematic analysis and collecting data through interviews and observations. The participants were eight parents and one female teacher as a homeroom teacher. The research findings show that although there are many obstacles in online learning for children, learning during the COVID-19 pandemic can still run by involving the role of parents and teachers as pillars of education for preschool-age children. For further research, it is hoped that the findings will be a way in solving learning problems for children. Keywords: early childhood education, parents’ role, online learning References: Adedoyin, O. B., & Soykan, E. (2020). Covid-19 pandemic and online learning: The challenges and opportunities. In Interactive Learning Environments. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2020.1813180 Aras, S. (2016). Free play in early childhood education: A phenomenological study. Early Child Development and Care, 186(7). https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2015.1083558 Arkorful, V. (2021). The role of e-learning, advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in higher The role of e-learning, the advantages and disadvantages of its adoption in Higher Education . International Journal of Education and Research, 2(December 2014). Atiles, J. T., Almodóvar, M., Chavarría Vargas, A., Dias, M. J. A., & Zúñiga León, I. M. (2021). 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E-learning is aptly a practical response to continuous learning given the surge in the use of information technology, and economic disruptions impinging on the schools. The need to shift to e-learning has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, we sought to develop an organizational assessment instrument to internally ascertain the level of readiness of the school for sustainable e- learning in the new normal. This assessment instrument was primarily developed for the use of the Mendiola Consortium member schools in their pursuit to conduct elearning. We intended that as an internal self-assessment it can diminish the threat of failure and provide some assurance of the successful implementation of e-learning. We noted that many survey instruments had been made to assess organizational readiness as a construct for e-learning. However, it revealed that these instruments have varying limitations in validity and reliability to establish the domains of organizational readiness for e-learning. We anchored our study on the organizational readiness model developed by Schreurs and Al-Huneidi (2012) and Mercado (2002). From our review of related literature, we were able to generate seven basic dimensions of our model, namely: teacher, student, curriculum, technology, administrative support, financial support, and learning environment. We used a mixed method of qualitative and quantitative approach to come up with a validated instrument. We conducted a three-phase approach in developing the instrument. The final instrument yielded 45 items to be rated on a five-point Likert scale. For its content validity, the Item-Content Validity Index ranged from 0.91 to 0.96, while the Scale-Content Validity Index was 0.94. It has a Cronbach alpha of .975 for its reliability. ReferencesAlok , Kumar (2011). 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Environmental education exists as a solution to improving the intelligence of early childhood naturalists, but its implementation is often forgotten or only as a hidden curriculum. The purpose of this study is to provide information related to the implementation of environmental education for early childhood to improve the intelligence of early childhood naturalists. The research method used in this study is a qualitative method presented in the form of an in-depth literature review. Literature study efforts are carried out by reading, observing, recognizing, and describing to analyze reading material in the form of related literature as a reference source. The result of this study is that the use of instructional strategies for gardening activities and creative game-based environmental learning can be considered to improve the intelligence of early childhood naturalists. In addition, it was also found that the material often used by educators to improve naturalist intelligence is the introduction of animals and plants. The trend of measuring the intelligence of early childhood naturalists uses many observation sheets, but it is also recommended to use research instruments that have been standardized or published in reputable scientific articles to obtain valid and reliable data. Keywords: environmental education, early childhood, naturalist intelligence References: Adawiyah, A. S. R., &; Dewinggih, T. (2021). Environmental Education in Early Childhood through the provision of trash cans and simulation methods. Proceedings UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung, 1(November), 12–23. https://proceedings.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/Proceedings Adawiyah, R., Rohyana, F., &; Ashari, M. A. (2019). Development of Naturalist Intelligence through Science-based Project Methods at TK Titipan ilahii rencoong Kelayu Jorong. 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Contemporary artist Takashi Murakami from Japan works in painting, sculpture, and commercial media including fashion, merchandise and animation with the superflat theory. The creative process combines traditional culture with contemporary culture, this study aims to understand Murakami's background in managing the dynamics of traditional culture with critical and genius visual discourse. The superflat theory was finally able to lead Murakami to become a well-known artist, due to the meeting of the dynamics of traditional and capitalist culture in the global market. The use of kawaii elements which mean cute and sweet, both as a style and a way of life can be found in Murakami's art. Symbolism plays an important role in attracting people's attention and working to elevate otaku culture's status as a representation of Japan. Murakami's mythical sensibility presents traditional Japanese, Chinese, and Buddhist myths giving mythopoeic achievements. This study uses library research with a semi-systematic approach that originates from journals, dissertations, theses, and internet media, based on the results of data and information processing, the works of artist Murakami are influenced by Japanese cultural structures such as Soga Shohaku, kawaii, and otaku. Murakami's awareness in understanding art discourse by incorporating a kawaii style, so that it is easily accepted in the global art market. Understanding how Murakami's formula manages traditional culture to become today's art, can be analyzed in a work entitled “Dragon in Clouds – Indigo Blue”. The conclusion of Murakami's work is the symbolism influenced by his personal experience.Keywords: soga shohaku, kawaii, otaku, superflat. AbstrakSeniman kontemporer Takashi Murakami dari Jepang mengerjakan karya lukisan, patung, dan media komersial termasuk fashion, barang dagang, dan animasi dengan teori superflat. Proses kreatif memadukan budaya tradisional dengan budaya kontemporer. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami latar belakang Murakami mengelola dinamika budaya tradisional dengan wacana visual yang kritis dan jenius. Teori superflat akhirnya mampu mengantarkan Murakami menjadi seniman ternama, karena pertemuan dinamika budaya tradisional dan kapitalis di pasar global. Penggunaan unsur kawaii yang berarti imut dan manis, baik sebagai gaya maupun gaya hidup dapat ditemukan dalam karya seni Murakami. Simbolisme memainkan peran penting untuk menarik perhatian orang, dan berupaya mengangkat status budaya otaku sebagai representasi Jepang. Kepekaan mitis Murakami menghadirkan mitos tradisional Jepang, Cina, dan Buddha memberikan pencapaian mythopoeic. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian kepustakaan dengan pendekatan semi-sistematik yang bersumber dari jurnal, disertasi, tesis, dan media internet. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data dan informasi, karya seniman Murakami dipengaruhi oleh struktur budaya Jepang seperti soga shohaku, kawaii, dan otaku. Kesadaran Murakami dalam memahami wacana seni dengan memasukkan gaya kawaii, sehingga mudah diterima di pasar seni global. Memahami bagaimana formula Murakami mengelola budaya tradisional menjadi seni masa kini, dapat dianalisis dalam karya berjudul “Dragon in Clouds – Indigo Blue”. Kesimpulan dari karya Murakami adalah simbolisme yang dipengaruhi pengalaman pribadinya.Kata Kunci: soga shohaku, kawaii, otaku, superflat. Author:Dwi Yunizal : Institut Seni Indonesia Yogyakarta References:Birlea, O. M. (2021). “Cute Studies”. Kawaii (“Cuteness”) – A New Research Field. Philobiblon, 26(1), 83–100. https://doi.org/10.26424/philobib.2021.26.1.05.Borggreen, G. (2011). Cute and Cool in Contemporary Japanese Visual Arts. The Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies, 29(01), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v29i1.4020.Hashimoto, M. (2007). Visual Kei Otaku Identity - An Intercultural Analysis. Intercultural Communication Studies, XVI(1), 87–99. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239576790_Visual_Kei_Otaku_Identity-An_Intercultural_Analysis.Hu, X. (2021). Is Takashi Murakami’s Art an Exploration of Symbolism ?. Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Modern Management and Education Technology, 582, 560–564. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211011.101.Khairi, I. A ., & Hafiz, H. (2022). Kajian Estetika Lukisan Realis Kontemporer Drs. Irwan, M.Sn. yang Berjudul di Ujung Tanduk. Gorga: Jurnal Seni Rupa, 11(01), 138-146. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i1.34129. Mamat, R., Rashid, R. A., Paee, R., & Ahmad, N. (2022). VTubers and anime culture: A case study of Japanese learners in two public universities in Malaysia. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 11958–11974. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.8231.Pellitteri, M. (2018). Kawaii Aesthetics from Japan to Europe: Theory of the Japanese “Cute” and Transcultural Adoption of Its Styles in Italian and French Comics Production and Commodified Culture Goods. Arts, 7(3), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/arts7030024.Raman, K., Othman, A. N., Idris, M. Z., & Muniady, V. (2021). Kawaii-Style Pedagogical Agents Designs in Virtual Learning Environment: A Research Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(01), 154-170. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v10-i1/8489.Raubenheimer, L. (2006). Blandness and the digital sublime in Takashi Murakami’s designs for Louis Vuitton. South African Journal of Art History, 21(2), 74–88. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/10629.Rupadha, I. K. (2016). Memahami Metode Analisis Pasangan Bibliografi (Bibliographic Coupling) dan Ko-Sitasi (Co-Citation) Serta Manfaatnya untuk Penelitian Kepustakaan. Lentera Pustaka, 2(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.14710/lenpust.v2i1.12358. Sanjaya, B. & Citra, P. A. C. (2022). Fenomena Aku Setelah Pandemi Covid-19 sebagai Ide Penciptaan Karya Seni Lukis. Gorga: Jurnal Seni Rupa, 11(01), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.24114/gr.v11i1.33867.Sari, M. (2020). Penelitian Kepustakaan (Library Research) dalam Penelitian Pendidikan IPA. NATURAL SCIENCE: Jurnal Penelitian Bidang IPA dan Pendidikan IPA. 6(1). 41-53. https://ejournal.uinib.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/naturalscience/article/view/1555.Sharp, K. (2007). Superflatlands : The global cultures of Takashi Murakami and superflat art. ACCESS: Critical Perspectives on Communication, Cultural & Policy Studies, 26(1), 32–42. https://search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.665904534038717. Uzelac. G. (2022). Harnessing The Myths of Now :Restoring Social Harmony Through Mythic Art. The University of Sydney, 1-69. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/27724.Yazovskaya, O., (2018). Artistic Language of Mass Culture As Illustrated By Takashi Murakami (On Materials From “Under The Radiation Falls” Exhibit, 2017-2018, Moscow). IJASOS-International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, IV(11), 516-520. https://doi.org/10.18769/ijasos.455682.

Perubahan hidup serba digital di era revolusi industri dewasa ini telah mengakibatkan meningkatnya pengangguran. Sebagai sebuah negara, Indonesia bertanggung jawab terhadap warganya untuk menyediakan pekerjaan layak dan mengaturnya agar hak tersebut dapat dipenuhi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk perlindungan hukum negara terhadap tenaga kerja yang terkena PHK akibat digitalisasi industri. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian hukum yang dilakukan untuk memecahkan problem hukum dengan cara mengidentifikasi problem hukum, melakukan penalaran hukum, menganalisis masalah secara normatif. Pendekatannya kualitatif melalui penelitian pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negara Indonesia secara spesifik belum mengatur peraturan terkait PHK akibat digitalisasi industri. Namun Indonesia telah memberikan perlindungan hukum melalui dua bentuk, preventif dan represif. Perlindungan hukum preventif ditunjukkan dengan ditetapkannya UUK Pasal 164 Ayat (3), UUK Pasal 156 ayat (2), Pasal 156 ayat (3), dan Pasal 156 ayat (4). Sementara perlindungan hukum berbentuk represif dilakukan pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan sengketa hubungan industrial antara pengusaha dan tenaga kerja. Aturan ini tertuang dalam UUK Pasal 189. Kata kunci: Perlindungan Hukum, PHK, Era Digital, Preventif, Represif Changes in human being’s life style today's digital era have increased an unemployment. As a country, Indonesia is responsible for its citizens to provide decent jobs and regulate them so that these rights can be fulfilled. This study aims to determine the form of state legal protection for workers affected by layoffs due to industrial digitalization. This research is a type of legal research conducted to solve legal problems by identifying legal problems, doing legal reasoning, and analyzing problems normatively. The approach is qualitative through library research. The results of the study show that the Indonesian state has not specifically regulated regulations related to layoffs due to industrial digitalization. However, Indonesia has provided legal protection in two forms, preventive and repressive. Preventive legal protection is demonstrated by the enactment of UUK Pasal 164 Ayat (3), Pasal 156 Ayat (2), Pasal 156 Ayat (3), and Pasal 156 Ayat (4). Meanwhile, the government provides repressive legal protection to resolve industrial relations disputes between enterpreneur and workers. This rule is contained in UUK Pasal 189. Keywords: Legal protection, PHK, digital era, preventive, repressive REFERENCES Abdul Rahmad Budiono, 2009, Hukum Perburuhan, Jakarta: Indeks. Adi Fahrudin, 2012, Pengantar Kesejahteraan Sosial, Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama. Agusmidah, 2011, Dilematika Hukum Ketenagakerjaan, Tinjauan Politik Hukum, Cetakan I, Jakarta: Sofmedia. Barber, Benjamin R. 1939-2017., Strong Democracy : Participatory Politics For A New Age (Twentieth Anniversary Edition With A New Preface Ed.). Berkeley. (2003). ISBN 0520242335. OCLC 54531414. De Vos (et al), 2014, South African Constitutional Law – In Context: Oxford University Press. Jeremy Rifkin, 1995, the End of Work, Putnam Publishing Group. Kartasapoetra, 1992, Hukum Perburuhan di Indonesia, Jakarta:Sinar Grafindo, 1992. Kelly D, Community participation in rangeland management : a report for the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. (RIRDC: Barton ACT), 2001. Lane J Non-governmental organisations and participatory development: the concept in theory versus the concept in practice. In ‘Power and Participatory Development’. (Ed. S Wright). Intermediate Technology Publications: London, 1995, h. 2. Mardani Wijaya Dkk, Hak Konstitusional Warga Negara Untuk Bekerja Pada Era Revolusi Industri 4.0, Jurnal IUS (Kajian Hukum Dan Keadilan) Volume 7 No. 2, 2019. 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How the Grundtvig Society was foundedA paper read by Henning Høirup to the Annual Conference of the GS on 15th January 1988This paper was given close to the fortieth anniversary of the date when the GS made itself known to the public with a press notice announcing its foundation at a meeting, held at Vartov on 13th January 1948 when the Society was formally constituted. The notice includes the names of the fifteen founder members. The reason why the GS has nevertheless insisted on 8th September 1947 as the date of its foundation is given by Bishop Høirup in this paper. The latter date is the correct one, and the place where the GS was founded is the episcopal residence at Ribe, but the six founders (who had come together at a meeting of Grundtvig scholars) agreed to widen the circle so as to include nine co-founders who were present at the meeting on 13th January 1948.Concurring with Albeck Høirup maintains that the renewed interest in Grundtvig began in the Thirties when the literary historian Georg Christensen had completed Svend Grundtvig’s edition of his father’s Poetiske Skrifter, which had come to a standstill after the Editor’s death in 1889. Approximately at the same time the Haandbog i N. F. S. Grundtvig’s Skrifier by Ernst J. Borup and Fr. Schrøder was published. It was also the time of appearance of Edvard Lehmann’s book on Grundtvig in Swedish with a Danish version following later on. All this occured about ten years earlier than the so-called Grundtvig Renaissance launched by Hal Kochs university lectures on Grundtvig in 1940.However, to Høirup the most important event in the Thirties was the appearance of the eleventh edition of the song-book of the folk high school with the scores for tunes by Carl Nielsen, Thomas Laub and Thorvald Aagaard, which gave new life to Grundtvig’s songs and hymns. Høirup’s pastor colleague of the adjacent parish in Funen, Kaj Thaning at Asperup, had started a card index on main concepts in Grundtvig’s work, and the two clerics got permission to take out Grundtvig mss. on loan pledging that they would keep the invaluable fascicles in the fire-proof safes of their vicarages. Bishop Hans .llgaard of Odense supported research on Grundtvig’s theology as when he convened a working synod of his diocese in 1946, where both Thaning and H.irup presented results of the research projects that led to their doctoral dissertations. At the Royal Library in Copenhagen Høirup met other Grundtvig scholars, Steen Johansen, William Michelsen and Helge Toldberg. In September 1947 those three and Høirup came to Ribe to meet Bishop C. I. Scharling and Villiam Grønbæk, the Diocesan Dean, both known as “High Church” men. But all misgivings about them were soon laid aside. Scharling was able to present his book on “Grundtvig and Romanticism”, that appeared in the same year. At this meeting the idea to set up a society for the advancement of cooperation in research and in the editing of documentary scholarly editions of Grundtvig’s writings was discussed along with a proposal from Bishop Øllgaard that a future yearbook be called Grundtvig-Studier. On the following day, Grundtvig’s birthday, regulations were drafted, just as it was agreed to widen the circle so as to include Bishop Øllgaard and Professor Poul Andersen and Hal Koch, as well as the literary historians Gustav Albeck, Georg Christensen and Magnus Stevns. Helge Toldberg was appointed Secretary and Høirup himself Editor of Grundtvig-Studier. The meeting at Ribe was not convened with the foundation of the GS as its aim. The resolve tofound it grew out of a feeling of the value that working together would entail. The proposed co-founders were all in favour and were joined by Pastor Balslev of Vartov. At the meeting at Vartov, where the Society was constituted, Bishop Scharling was elected President. When he died in 1951, Ernst J. Borup, the Warden of Vartov, rightly said that thanks to Scharling the Society “had been taken beyond the limitations of the partisan dominance to which it might otherwise have been confined.” The circle of co-founders were further augmented with Kaj Thaning and Holger Kjær, a folk high school teacher. An invitation to membership was issued, and at the first annual conference in 1948 the membership stood at 333. At the conference Magnus Stevns lectured on “The Kingo Hymn and Grundtvig”, though he was already hampered by the disease that was to bring him to his grave shortly afterwards.After some remarks about the activities of the Society over the past forty years Høirup pointed out that new scholars constantly have come forward including undergraduates, as those who wrote most of the chapters in the book “For the Sake of Continuity” (1977), which was published as a double-volume of Grundtvig Studier.The 1988 volume of Grundtvig Studier opens with an obituary on P. G. Lindhardt. He was a professor of ecclesiastical history in the University of Aarhus and a member of the Committee of the GS from 1956. He is the author of a biography of Grundtvig in English and contributed an article “Some Light Thrown on Grundtvig’s Trip to England in 1843” to Kirkehistoriske Samlinger 1972. He made an edition of Grundtvig’s sermons 1854-56 with a commentary (1974-1977). His monumental scholarly work was chiefly concerned with the rise of the revivalist movements in the 19th century. The obituarist is J. H . Schjørring, D.D ., who was elected a member of the Commitee of the GS in 1988.The Grundtvig Manuscript .Fragen aus Dänemark an die Universitäten Deutscher Zunge., an unpublished fragment lodged in the Grundtvig Archives of the Royal Library in Copenhagen (fasc. 168), dates from the period 1816-1820. It contains an appeal to the professors of German universities that they offer themselves to the German princes as intermediaries between these and their subjects in setting up constitutional rules of government after the Vienna Conference 1815-1816. As the situation changed, when the writer August von Kotzebue was murdered on 23. March 1819, the manuscript was probably written shortly before this date.

На тридцатикилометровой катене Баргузинского хребта в четырех высотных выделах (побережье, низко‒, средне‒ и высокогорье) взяты выборки жужелиц. Проведены морфометрические промеры по шести линейным признакам. На основе полученных результатов в оболочке R строили линейные модели для выяснения влияния внешних факторов среды на изменчивость формы. Показано, что форма тела самцов исследуемого вида значимо отличается от самок. На изменчивость формы наибольшее влияние оказывают высотный уровень и характер местообитания: надкрылья становятся более выпуклыми в апикально-базальном направлении. В высокогорье форма надкрылий жуков становится более выпуклой, самцы в среднегорье имеют более плоские надкрылья по сравнению с самками. Значимые изменения формы жуков наблюдаются также под влиянием характера биотопа. Литература Ананина Т.Л. Динамика численности жужелиц в горных условиях Северо-Восточного Прибайкалья. Улан-Удэ: Изд-во Бурятского ун-та, 2010. 136 с. Ананина Т.Л., Суходольская Р.А. 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Влияние факторов среды на изменчивость формы жужелицы Pterostichus niger Sch. // Российский журнал прикладной экологии. 2018. № С. 58–68. Шиленков В.Г. Жужелицы рода Саrаbus L. (Coleoрtеrа, Саrаbidае) Южной Сибири. Иркутск: Изд-во Иркутского ун-та, 1996. 80 с. Шиленков В.Г., Ананина Т.Л. Материалы по фауне жужелиц Баргузинского заповедника // Биоразнообразие Байкальского региона / Труды биолого-почвенного факультета Иркутского ун-та. 2001. Вып. 5. С. 26–41. Хобракова Л.Ц., Шиленков В.Г., Дудко Р.Ю. Жуки-жужелицы (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Бурятии. Улан-Удэ: БНЦ СО РАН, 380 с. Alpatov W.W. Biometrical studies on variation and races of the honeybee (Apis mellifera) // Review of Biology. 1929. V. 4. P. 1–58. Ananina T.L., Ananin A. Some results of monitoring the temperature regime in the altitude zone of the Barguzin Ridge (Northen Baikal region) // Material of the International Conference (Birmingham, United Kingdom, November 14, 2019). 2019. P. 113–121. DOI: 10.34660/INF. 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THE ROLE OF POSYANDU CADRES IN EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TODDLERS IN SUKA MAKMUR VILLAGE, PATILANGGIO DISTRICT Ripanwati Aridi1), Titin Dunggio2), Novian S. Hadi3) 1.2.3)University Of Bina Mandiri Gorontalo, Gorontalo E-Mail: Aridiripanwati@gmail.com ABSTRACT The Integrated Health Post is a community role that is managed by cadres, generally who manages the Posyandu in their respective regions voluntarily. The success of Posyandu can be seen from the maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and under-five mortality rate. Posyandu's specific goal is to increase community participation in the implementation of basic health efforts (primary health care), increase the role of cross-sector, and increase the reach of basic health services. The purpose of this study was to find out the role of Posyandu cadres in improving the nutritional status of toddlers in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District. This research was conducted in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District. The method in this study is quantitative using a cross-sectional approach with a point time approach design. The population in this study was mothers who have children aged 1 to 5 years in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District. The sampling technique was taken by total sampling. The results of the study about the role of cadres in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District, the best roles were 25 people (83.3%). The increase in the nutritional status of toddlers in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District, the most with good nutritional status was 26 respondents (86.7%). The results of statistical tests with Fisher's Exact Test correction obtained p-value = 0.048 <á (0.05), thus there is a significant relationship between the role of Posyandu cadres in efforts to improve the nutritional status of toddlers in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District. Keyword: The Role of Cadres, improved Nutritional Status, Toddle INTRODUCTION Posyandu is a Community Based Health Efforts (UKBM) which is managed, by, for, and with the community to empower the community and provide facilities for the community in obtaining basic health services. The Integrated Health Post is a community role that is managed by cadres, generally, these cadres manage posyandu in their respective areas voluntarily [1]. If the Posyandu is programmed thoroughly the problems of malnutrition in children under five, malnutrition, edema, and other health problems related to the health of mothers and children will be easily avoided because remembering that Posyandu is also one of the places for public health services that directly interact with the community. The Success of Posyandu can be seen from the maternal mortality rate, infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate, and also coverage of other Posyandu programs such as immunization [2]. RPJMN policy direction for health 2020-2024 Improves health services towards universal health coverage, especially strengthening primary health care by encouraging increased promotional and preventive efforts, supported by innovation and the use of technology. RPJMN Strategy 2020-2024 to Improving maternal and child health, family planning, and reproductive health, accelerating community nutrition improvement, increased disease control, strengthening the Healthy Living Community Movement (Germas), Strengthening Health Systems, Drug and Food Control. Ministry of Health Strategic (2020-2024) Increasing quality universal health coverage, Improving public health status through a life cycle approach, increasing the culture of healthy living people through community empowerment and health mainstreaming, increased disease prevention and control and management of public health emergencies, increased health resources, improved good governance [3]. Village Community Health Development (PKMD) is an activity carried out by the community, from the community, and for the community. One of the operational forms of community participation or UKBM (community-based health efforts) namely with the posyandu. Posyandu is one of the means in health service efforts carried out by, from, and with the community, to empower the community and provide facilities for the community to obtain maternal and child health, which is the main objective of posyandu. Posyandu's specific goal is to increase community participation in the implementation of primary health care, increasing the role across sectors, and increasing the reach of basic health services [4]. Posyandu is held for the benefit of the community so that the community itself is actively involved in forming, organizing, and making the best use of posyandu. Community participation is needed in utilizing posyandu. In carrying out their duties, previous health cadres will be given the training to support the smooth implementation of activities to improve the nutritional status of children under five [5]. Nationally, the nutritional status of children in various regions in Indonesia is still a problem. The amount of people with malnutrition in the world reaches 104 million children, and malnutrition is the cause of one-third of all causes of child deaths worldwide. Indonesia is among a group of 36 countries in the world that contribute 90% of the world's nutritional problems [6]. Cadres are the central point in implementing posyandu activities. It is hoped that participation and activeness will be able to drive community participation. However, the presence of cadres is relatively unstable because their participation is voluntary, so there is no guarantee that they will continue to carry out their functions properly as expected. If there are family interests or other interests, the posyandu will be abandoned [7]. In 2017, the total of Posyandu in Indonesia was 291,447 but only 164,487 were active with the percentage of active Posyandu 56.57% [8]. In Gorontalo Province in 2017, the highest proportion of Posyandu was Posyandu Madya 48.5%, then Posyandu Purnama 39%, Posyandu Pratama 10.7%, and Posyandu with Independent strata only 1.9%. According to data from the health office of Gorontalo Province, in 2017 the highest of posyandu was in the Gorontalo Regency area, namely 442 posyandu and the least in the Gorontalo City is 128 posyandu [9]. The development of posyandu in Gorontalo Province aims to provide services to the community, especially improving the nutritional status of children under five. Based on data from the Health Office of Gorontalo Provincial. The results of nutritional surveillance through a survey of monitoring nutritional status (PSG) in 2015 in all areas of Gorontalo province involving the Poltekes of the Ministry of Health found that the prevalence of underweight/malnutrition in Gorontalo province is 24.4%, consisting of 18.8% malnourished toddlers and 5.6% malnutrition. Then the prevalence of stunting / short and very short was 36.5% consisting of 22.4% short and very short toddlers and 14.1%. The prevalence of wasting / thin and very thin children was 13.4% consisting of thin children 9.0% and 4.4% very thin. In 2015 the number of cases of malnutrition in Pohuwato Regency reached 105 cases, in 2016 it decreased to 57 cases and in 2017 totaled 57 cases of malnutrition, this shows that there is still a lack of health services provided by health workers and the role of cadres, especially in improving the nutritional status of children under five [9]. From the results of observations in the work area of Puskesmas Patilanggio, there are 21 posyandu with 30 cadres active in implementing posyandu. Although all of them are active, their roles are still not optimal. There are those whose participation is good and those that are lacking. From 30 cadres, it was found that 60% of their roles were motivators, 70% were administrators, and 60% were educators. After the researcher saw the implementation of posyandu activities carried out by cadres based on the implementation of the Vtable system, it did not implement properly. The implementation is limited to table II (weighing) and table III (recording in KMS). The counseling that should be provided by cadres is, in fact, in the field most cadres are still very dependent on health workers. Cadres only weigh children under five and if there is a scale that is less or more, cadres do not provide health education to mothers who bring a toddler. From the results of interviews conducted by researchers with 5 cadres, 2 cadres said that besides being active in implementing the posyandu, the cadres also do house visits to invite mothers with toddlers to come to the posyandu and take time to discuss with mothers who the house is close to each other. Meanwhile, 3 cadres said that their activities were limited to implementing posyandu. Based on the monthly reports of Puskesmas Patillanggio, in March 2020 the total of all toddlers was 120 people, with 1 person with malnutrition status, 23 people deficient nutrition, 1 person over nutrition, and 95 good nutrition. Meanwhile, in the Sukamakmur village in April 2020 the total of all toddlers was 167 people, with a malnutrition status of 15 people, over-nutrition 2 people, and good nutrition 143 people. The background above encourages researchers to research “The Role of Posyandu Cadres in Improving the Nutritional Status of Toddlers in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District. RESEARCH METHODS This type of research is quantitative using a cross-sectional approach with a point time approach design. This research was conducted from June 2020 to August 2020. The location of this research was in Suka Makmur Village, Patillanggio District. The population in this research was mothers who have children aged 1 to 5 years in Suka Makmur village, Patilanggio district, with a total of 167 mothers of children under five. The sampling of this research using the Slovin formula, where the results obtained that the number of samples of 30 mothers who have toddlers 1 - 5 years old adjusted to the number of samples (cadres). Samples were taken by random sampling. The research analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis, where the bivariate analysis used the chi-square statistical test. RESEARCH RESULTS Univariate Analysis Age distribution of respondents Table 1. Distribusi umur responden Mother's age N % 20 - 25 Years 11 36,7 26 – 30 Years 7 23,3 31 – 35 Years 6 20,0 > 36 Years 6 20,0 Jumlah 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 1 above, it can be seen that it shows that from 30 respondents (100%), the most respondents were aged 20-25 years as much as 11 people (36.7%). Distribution of respondents' education Table. 2 Distribution of respondents' education Education N % SD SMP SMA Diploma/Sarjana 19 6 3 2 63,3 20,0 10,0 6,7 Total 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 2 above, it can be seen that from the 30 respondents (100%), most of them had primary school education as much as 19 respondents (63.3%). Distribution of respondents' work Table 3. Distribution of respondents' work Pekerjaan N % Housewife Entrepreneur PNS 28 1 1 93,3 3,3 3,3 Total 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 3 above, it can be seen that from the 30 respondents (100%) the most respondents have IRT jobs totaling 28 people (93.3%). Child sex distribution Table 4. Child sex distribution Jenis kelamin N % Man Woman 11 19 36,7 63,3 Total 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 4 above, it can be seen that from the 30 respondents (100%), most respondents were female, as much as 19 people (63.3%). Age distribution of children under five Table 5. Age distribution of children under five Toddler’e Age N % 12 – 18 Month 19 – 26 Month 27 – 43 Month 51 – 60 Month 8 7 10 5 26,6 23,3 33,5 16,6 Total 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 5 above, it can be seen that from the 30 respondents (100%), most respondents were aged 27 - 43 months, totaling 10 people (33.5%). Distribution of cadre roles Table 6. Distribution of cadre roles Cadres’ Role N % Poor Good 5 25 16,7 83,3 Total 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 6 above, it can be seen that from the 30 respondents (100%), most respondents had a good role as many as 25 people (83.3%). Distribution of Nutritional Status Table 7. Distribution of Nutritional Status Nutrition Status N % Good Poor Fat 26 3 1 86,7 10,0 3,3 Total 30 100,0 Source: Processed data (2020) Based on table 7 above, it can be seen that from the 30 respondents (100%), most respondents with good nutritional status were 26 respondents (86.7%). Bivariate Analysis Table 8. The relationship between cadres of posyandu cadres and nutritional status of toddler Cadres’ Roler Nutrition Status Total Sig. Good Poor Fat Poor Good 3 (10,0%) 23 (76,7%) 1 (3,3%) 2 (6,7%) 1 (3,3%) 0 (0%) 5 (16,7%) 25 (83,3%) p= 0,048 Total 26 (86,7%) 3 (10,0%) 1 (3,3%) 30 (100,0%) Source: Processed data (2020) The results of statistical analysis using the chi-square test at the level of significance á = 0.05 or the confidence interval p <0.05. The results of statistical tests with the Fisher's Exact Test correction obtained p value = 0.048 <á (0.05), thus it can be said that there is a relationship between the role of Posyandu cadres in improving the nutritional status of toddlers in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District. DISCUSSION The Role of Cadre Based on the results of this research, according to the data obtained, it shows that most of the roles of cadres in Suka Makmur Village have a good role, as much as 25 people (83.3%). The results of this research are in line with research conducted by Onthonhie in Sangihe, whose research results found that most of the cadres (86.9%) had carried out their duties well as cadres in carrying out posyandu activities both as motivators, administrators, and educators [10]. The role of cadres is very important because cadres are responsible for implementing the posyandu program. If the cadres are not active, the implementation of posyandu will also not run smoothly and as a result, the nutritional status of infants and toddlers (under five years old) cannot be detected early clearly [11]. The role of cadres as a motivator can improve the quality of Posyandu, especially in handling health problems. Cadres play a role in implementing posyandu activities and mobilizing maternal activity in posyandu activities. Cadres as implementers at posyandu are tasked with filling in the KMS for toddlers. The completeness and correctness of filling in KMS are very important as information on the status of toddler growth and development. If the role of cadres is lacking, monitoring of toddler growth and development will increase [12]. The role of cadres as educators in providing maximum understanding to mothers of toddlers is very much needed for the progress of children's development and nutritional status. The role of cadres as educators, among others, can explain the KMS data for each toddler or the condition of the child based on the weight gain data depicted in the KMS graph, hold group discussion activities with mothers whose houses are close together, and home visit activities [12]. Nutritional status of children under five Based on the results of this research, according to the data obtained, it shows that most of the nutritional status of a toddler in Suka Makmur Village has a good nutritional status of as many as 26 people (86.7%). The factors that influence the nutritional status of a toddler in Suka Makmur village are in terms of good health services and the role of cadres in increasing education of food consumption for toddlers. The results of this research are in line with the research conducted by Onthonie, most of the results (85.2%) had a good nutritional status [10]. The problem of poor nutrition is caused by various causes in children, namely the result of the consumption of bad food so that the energy entering and leaving is not balanced. The body needs good food choices so that nutritional needs are met and the body functions properly [13]. Lack of knowledge of mothers about nutrition results in low spending, food and quality budgets, as well as less food diversity, besides the ability of mothers to apply information about nutrition in their daily life [14]. Nutrition activities in posyandu are one of the main activities and are generally a priority in the implementation of Posyandu activities and are carried out by cadres [15]. The relationship between the role of cadres on the nutritional status of toddler The results of this research indicate that there is a relationship between the role of posyandu cadres in improving the nutritional status of a toddler. This research is in line with the research conducted by Purwanti et al, which states that there is a relationship between the role of cadres and the nutritional status of children under five [16]. Fitriah's research also states that there is a relationship between the role of cadres and the nutritional status of children under five [17]. The duties of cadres in activities at the posyandu are to conduct early detection of abnormalities in under-fives weight, providing additional food, and how to prevent diarrhea in a toddler. Posyandu cadres are health providers that are close to the targeted posyandu activities. The frequency of meeting with cadres is more frequent than other health workers. Therefore, cadres must be active in various activities, not only in implementation but also in management matters such as planning activities, recording, and reporting of cadre meetings [15]. The role of cadres can help the community in reducing the number of malnutrition, besides, role cadres also help in reducing maternal and toddler mortality rates, by utilizing the expertise and other supporting facilities related to improving the nutritional status of a toddler, so it can be concluded that the role of cadres affects the nutritional status of a toddler, If the role of cadres is higher, the rate of reduction of malnutrition among toddler also high [16]. Based on the results of the research above, the researchers assumed that the role of cadres would be better in carrying out their roles in posyandu activities and helping health workers because cadres had the duties and responsibilities to help improve the nutritional health of toddler. Thereby, the role of a good cadre can affect the nutritional status of children where the better the role of the cadres, the higher rate of good nutrition in toddler and can improve the quality of posyandu, especially in handling toddler health problems so that malnutrition can be resolved quickly through prevention and rapid handling. Besides, the role of good cadres tends to motivate mothers of toddlers to always pay attention to things that can improve the nutrition of their children and motivate mothers to routinely bring toddlers to posyandu to monitor their health. In this research using anthropometric indicators of weight/height because height can provide an overview of the growth function seen from the thin and short stature and height is also very good for seeing past nutritional conditions, especially those related to low birth weight and underweight conditions and nutrition in toddlerhood. Height is expressed in the form of Index TB / U (height for age), or also index weight/height (weight for height) is rarely done because changes in height are slow and usually only done once a year. CONCLUSION The role of cadres in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District is mostly cadres who have a good role. The nutritional status of toddlers in Suka Makmur Village, Patilanggio District has increased with good nutritional status. There is a significant relationship between the role of Posyandu cadres in efforts to improve nutritional status, the better the role of cadres, the better the reduction in malnutrition in a toddler in Suka Makmur village, Patilanggio district. Therefore, it is hoped that cadres will further improve their knowledge and skills by attending regular meetings at every meeting held by the Puskesmas, to further improve themselves in participating actively in posyandu programs. REFERENCES [1] Kemenkes RI. 2012 Pusat Promosi Kesehatan Tahun 2012 tentang Buku Saku Posyandu. [2] Adisasmito W, 2016. Sistem Kesehatan. [3] Kemenkes RI. 2020. Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan Tahun 2020 - 2024. Jakarta [4] Kemenkes RI. 2013. Laporan Akuntabilitas Kinerja Kementerian Kesehatan. Jakarta. [5] Depkes RI. 2012. Buku Paket Pelatihan Kader Kesehatan. Jakarta. [6] World Health Organization. The Global Burden Of Disease : Geneva: WHO Library. [7] Syafei, A. 2010. Faktor – Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Partisipasi Kader Dalam Kegiatan Gizi Posyandu Di Kelurahan Rengas Kecamatan Ciputat Timur Kota Tangerang Selatan. Jakarta: Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah [8] Kemenkes RI. 2018. Data dan Informasi Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2017. Jakarta [9] Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Gorontalo. 2017. Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Gorontalo. [10] Ontonhie. 2014. Hubungan Peran Serta Kader Posyandu dengan Status Gizi Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Manganitu Kabupaten Kepulauan Sangihe. E-Journal Keperawatan. Program Studi Ilmu keperawatan Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Samratulangi. [11] Isaura, V. 2011. Faktor – Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kinerja Kader Posyandu Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Tarusan Kecamatan Koto XI Tarusan Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan. Padang: Universitas Andalas [12] Anondo. 2007. Kualitas Kader Rendah, Peran Posyandu Melemah [13] Almatsier. 2009. Prinsip Dasar Ilumu Gizi. Jakarta. [14] Ernawati A., 2006. Hubungan Faktor Sosial Ekonomi, Higiene Sanitasi Lingkungan, Tingkat Konsumsi dan Infeksi dengan Status Gizi Anak Usia 2-5 tahun di Kabupaten Semarang Tahun 2003. Tesis. Universitas Diponegoro. [15] Wahyutomo, A. H. 2010. Hubungan Karakteristik Dan Peran Kader Posyandu Dengan Pemantauan Tumbuh Kembang Balita Di Puskesmas Kalitidu-Bojonegoro. Surakarta: Universitas Sebelas Maret [16] Purwanti, D., Pajeriaty., & Rasyid, A. 2014. Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Status Gizi Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Madello Kabupaten Barru. Jurnal Ilmiah Kesehatan Diagnosis Volume 5 Nomor 1 [17] Fitriah, R. 2012. Faktor – Faktor Yang Berhubungan Dengan Peningkatan Gizi Balita Di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Dasan Cermen Kecamatan Sandubaya. Mataram: Politeknik Kesehatan.

Introduction: There are numerous methods of isolating and detecting organisms that are similar and closely related; one of the most reliable method is molecular typing of 16S rRNA. Apart from being omnipresent as a multigene family, or operons; it is evolutionarily stable; the 16S rRNA gene (1,500 bp) is large enough for informatics purposes. Materials and Method: This study employed molecular sequencing of 16S rRNA by Sanger method to reveal the specific organisms’ nucleotides and blasting (BLASTn) to show the similarities between the resulting organisms and existing organisms. The 16S rRNA remains the best choice of identification process for bacteria because of its distinguishing sizes and evolutionary stability. Results: All isolates were Gram positive rods and were positive in Biochemical tests such as oxidase, catalase, citrate, and protease but were in turn negative in coagulase and indole test tests. On sensitivity test; 80% of all the isolates were resistant to common antibiotics except ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone. Based on the sequence difference in the variable region (V1) of 16S rRNA as observed from the molecular sequencing results; four isolates out of ten were identified. Six were different strains of B cereus. Others isolates include: wiedmannii, thuringensis, toyonensis and pseudomycoides. Sequence analysis of the primer annealing sites showed that there is no clear‐cut difference in the conserved region of 16S rRNA, and in the gyrB gene, between B. cereus and B. thuringiensis strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that four isolates showed high similarity to each other; hence the limited number of deletions when subjected to alignments by maximum neighborhood joining parsimony using MEGA X software. B. toyonensis, B. wiedmannii and thuringensis were distantly related. Introduction Authors Pathogens cause illness and death in some countries and it also causes infections and gastrointestinal diseases in other countries thereby causing public health concern. Pathogens are organisms capable of causing diseases. Reliable methods are needed for the detection of pathogens due to pathogen evolution as a result of new human habits or new industrial practices. Microbial classification of organisms ranges from genus to specie level depending upon the technique used either phenotypic or genotypic. Presently, molecular methods now obtain advances to allow utilization in microbiology [1]. There are numerous molecular methods which are of fast and simple application to the detection of pathogen. Among the pathogens involved in human health, Bacillus cereus is interesting due to their ability to survive in various habitats [2]. The genus Bacillus is aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria, gram positive spore forming rod shaped bacteria. Which can be characterized by two morphological forms, the vegetative cell which range from 1.02 to 1.2 um in width and from 3.0 to 5.0 in length, it can be straight or slightly curve, motile or non-motile, and the endospore (the non-swelling sporangium). The genus Bacillus is been characterized by the presence of endospore, which is not more than one per cell and they are resistant to many adverse environmental conditions such as heat, radiation, cold and disinfectants. It can also respire either in the presence or absence of oxygen [3]. Cell diameter of Bacillus cereus, sporangium and catalase test do not allow differentiation, where as important in differentiation among B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis can be considered by parasporal crystals and the presence of capsule. [4] Showed a B. thuringiensis strain capable of producing a capsule resembling that of B. anthracis. Most species of the genus display a great kind in physiological characteristics such as degradation of cellulose, starch, pectin, agar, hydrocarbons, production of enzymes and antibiotics and other characteristic such as acidophile, alkalinophile, psychrophile, and thermophile's which allows them to adapt to various environmental conditions [5]. In differentiating between species of the genus Bacillus it was difficult at early attempts when endospore formation and aerobic respiration were the main character used for classification. As reported by many authors that at molecular method level, the differentiation between B. thuringiensis and B. cereus is also very difficult. cereus can survive at the temperature between 4°c and 55°c. The mesophile strains can grow between the temperature of 10°c and 42°c, while psychotropic strains can survive at 4°c, whereas other strains are able to grow at 52 to 55°c. B. cereus vegetative cells grow at pH between 1.0 and 5.2. Heat resistant strain can survive and multiply in wet low acid foods in temperature ranging from 5 to 52°c. The survivability of B. cereus spores at 95°c decreases when the pH level decreases from 6.2 to 4.7 [6]. B. cereus can grow in the presence of salt with concentration up to 7.5% depending on the pH value. thuringiensis possesses a protein crystal that is toxic to insects. This toxin protein was first known as parasporal crystalline inclusion but was later referred to as π - endotoxin or in other ways known as insecticidal crystal protein [7]. Strains of B. thuringiensis bacteria possess a wide range of specificity in various orders of insects such as Lepidoptera, dipteral, coleoptera. These strains of bacteria produce crystalline proteins known as cry protein during sporulation. When B. thuringiensis infects an insects, it will cause the insect to loose appetite, enhances slow movement and over time the insect will die due to crystals of proteins that have been dissolved in the insect's stomach. In the cultivation of vegetable crops, the plant can be attack by many types of pests. Hence, in overcoming pest attacks farmers often use pesticides that contain active synthetic materials. Many negative effects arise from the folly use of chemical pesticides. Among the negative effect is the increase of pest population, resistance, death of natural enemy population and increase in residue level on Agricultural product which makes it unsafe for public consumption [8]. Therefore, it is necessary to find an alternative method in the control of crop pest. The best alternative that can be done is to replace the chemical insecticide with biological control which involves the use of living things in the form of microorganisms. In these profiling microbial communities, the main objective is to identify which bacteria and how much they are present in the environments. Most microbial profiling methods focus on the identification and quantification of bacteria with already sequenced genomes. Further, most methods utilize information obtained from entire genomes. Homology-based methods such as [1–4] classify sequences by detecting homology in reads belonging to either an entire genome or only a small set of marker genes. Composition-based methods generally use conserved compositional features of genomes for classification and as such they utilize less computational resources.Using the 16S rRNA gene instead of whole genome information is not only computational efficient but also economical; Illumina indicated that targeted sequencing of a focused region of interest reduces sequencing costs and enables deep sequencing, compared to whole-genome sequencing. On the other hand, as observed by [8], by focusing exclusively on one gene, one might lose essential information for advanced analyses. We, however, will provide an analysis that demonstrates that at least in the context of oral microbial communities, the 16S rRNA gene retains sufficient information to allow us detect unknown bacteria [9, 10]. This study aimed at employing 16S rRNA as an instrument of identification of seemingly close Bacillus species. Abbreviations BLAST, Basic Local Alignment sequence Tools; PCR, Polymerase Chains reactions; rRNA, ribosomal RNA; Material and methods T Sample collection. Soil samples were collected from three sources from Rice, Sugar Cane, vegetables and abandoned farmland in January 2019. The samples were labeled serially from Sample 1 to Sample 10 (S1 to S10). Bacterial culture: A serial dilution of 10 folds was performed. Bacterial suspension was diluted (10-10) with saline water and 100 μl of bacterial suspension werespread on Nutrient Agar plate and incubated for 24 hours. Bacterial colonies were isolated and grown in Nutrient Broth and nutrient agar. Other microbiological solid agar used include: Chocolate, Blood Agar, EMB, MacConkey, Simon citrate, MRS Agar. Bacteria were characterized by conventional technique by the use of morphological appearance and performance on biochemical analysis [11]. Identification of bacteria:The identification of bacteria was based on morphological characteristics and biochemical tests carried out on the isolates. Morphological characteristics observed for each bacteria colony after 24 h of growth included colony appearance; cell shape, color, optical characteristics, consistency, colonial appearance and pigmentation. Biochemical characterizations were performed according to the method of [12] Catalase test: A small quantity of 24 h old culture was transferred into a drop of 3% Hydrogen peroxide solution on a clean slide with the aid of sterile inoculating loop. Gas seen as white froth indicates the presence of catalase enzyme [13] on the isolates. DNA Extraction Processes The extraction processes was in four phase which are: Collection of cell, lyses of cell, Collection of DNA by phenol, Concentration and purification of DNA. Collection of cell: the pure colonyof the bacteria culture was inoculated into a prepared sterile nutrient broth. After growth is confirmed by the turbidity of the culture, 1.5ml of the culture was taken into a centrifuge tube and was centrifuge at 5000 rpm for 5 minutes; the supernatant layer was discarded leaving the sediment. Lyses of cell: 400 microns of lyses buffer is added to the sediment and was mixed thoroughly and allow to stand for five minutes at room temperature (25°c). 200 microns of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) solution was added for protein lyses and was mixed gently and incubated at 65°c for 10 minutes. Collection of DNA by phenol; 500 microns of phenol chloroform was added to the solution for the separation of DNA, it was mixed completely and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The white pallet seen at the top of the tube after centrifugation is separated into another sterile tube and 1micron of Isopropanol is added and incubated for 1hour at -20°c for precipitation of DNA. The DNA is seen as a colorless liquid in the solution. Concentration and purification of DNA: the solution was centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant layer was discarded and the remaining DNA pellets was washed with 1micron of 17% ethanol, mixed and centrifuge at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The supernatant layer was discarded and air dried. 60 micron TE. Buffer was added for further dissolving of the DNA which was later stored at -40°c until it was required for use [14]. PCR Amplification This requires the use of primers (Forward and Reverse), polymerase enzyme, a template DNA and the d pieces which includedddATP, ddGTP and ddTTP, ddNTP. All this are called the master mix. The PCR reactions consist of three main cycles. The DNA sample was heated at 940c to separate the two template of the DNA strand which was bonded by a hydrogen bond. Once both strand are separated the temperature is reduced to 570c (Annealing temperature). This temperature allows the binding of the forward and reverse primers to the template DNA. After binding the temperature is raised back to 720c which leads to the activation of polymerase enzyme and its start adding d NTPs to the DNA leading to the synthesize of new strands. The cycles were repeated several times in order to obtain millions of the copies of the target DNA [15]. Preparation of Agarose Gel One gram (1 g) of agarose for DNA was measured or 2 g of agarose powdered will be measured for PCR analysis. This done by mixing the agarose powder with 100 ml 1×TAE in a microwaveable flask and microwaved for 1-3 minutes until the agarose is completely dissolved (do not over boil the solution as some of the buffer will evaporate) and thus alter the final percentage of the agarose in the gel. Allow the agarose solution to cool down to about 50°c then after five minutes 10µL was added to EZ vision DNA stain. EZ vision binds to the DNA and allows one to easily visualize the DNA under ultra violet (UV) light. The agarose was poured into the gel tray with the well comb firmly in place and this was placed in newly poured gel at 4°c for 10-15 mins or it sit at room temperature for 20-30 mins, until it has completely solidified[16]. Loading and Running of samples on Agarose gel The agarose gel was placed into the chamber, and the process of electrophoresis commenced with running buffer introduced into the reservoir at the end of the chamber until it the buffer covered at least 2millimeter of the gel. It is advisable to place samples to be loaded in the correct order according to the lanes they are assigned to be running. When loading the samples keep the pipette tip perpendicular to the row of the wells as by supporting your accustomed hand with the second hand; this will reduce the risk of accidentally puncturing the wells with the tip. Lower the tip of the pipette until it breaks the surface of the buffer and is located just above the well. Once all the samples have been loaded it is advised to always avoid any movement of the gel chamber. This might result in the sample spilling into adjacent well. Place the lid on the gel chamber with the terminal correctly positioned to the matching electrodes on the gel chamber black to black and red to red. Remember that DNA is negatively charged hence the movement of the electric current from negatively charged to the positively charged depending on the bandwidth in Kilobytes. Once the electrode is connected to the power supply, switch ON the power supply then set the correct constant voltage (100) and stopwatch for proper time. Press the start button to begin the flow of current that will separate the DNA fragment.After few minutes the samples begins to migrate from the wells into the gel. As the DNA runs, the diaphragm moves from the negative electrode towards the positive electrode [17]. PCR mix Components and Sanger Sequencing This is made up of primers which is both Forward and Reverse, the polymerase enzyme (Taq), a template DNA and the pieces of nucleotides which include: ddNTP, ddATP, ddGTP and ddTTP. Note that the specific Primer’s sequences for bacterial identification is: 785F 5' (GGA TTA GAT ACC CTG GTA) 3', 27F 5' (AGA GTT TGA TCM TGG CTC AG) 3', 907R 5' (CCG TCA ATT CMT TTR AGT TT) 3', 1492R 5' (TAC GGY TAC CTT GTT ACG ACT T) 3' in Sanger Sequencing techniques. BLAST The resulting genomic sequence were assembled and submitted in GenBank at NCBI for assignment of accession numbers. The resultant assertion numbers were subjected to homology search by using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) as NCBI with the assertion number MW362290, MW362291, MW362292, MW362293, MW362294 and MW362295 respectively. Whereas, the other isolates’ accession numbers were retrieved from NCBI GenBank which are:AB 738796.1, JH792136.1, MW 015768.1 and MG745385.1.MEGA 5.2 software was used for the construction of phylogenetic tree and phylogenetic analysis. All the organisms possess 100% identities, 0% gaps and 0.0% E.value which indicated that the organisms are closely related to the existing organisms. The use of 16S rRNA is the best identification process for bacteria because 16S rRNA gene has a distinguishing size of about 500 bases until 1500bp. Rather than using 23S rRNA which is of higher variation, The 16S rRNA is adopted in prokaryotes. 18S rRNA is used for identification in Eukaryotes Results The results of both the conventional morphological and cultural identification was correlated with the molecular sequencing results. Six isolates were confirmed B. cereus species while the other four isolates were. B. wiedmannii, B. thuringiensis, B. toyonensis and B. pseudomycoides.The 16S rRNA sequence of six isolates MW 362290.1- MW362295.1 were assigned accession numbers and deposited in the GenBank while the other four sequences were aligned to those available in the NCBI database. The alignment results showed closely relatedness to LT844650.1with an identity of 100% to 92.2% as above. The six isolates of Bacillus cereus great evolutionary relatedness as shown in the phylogenetic tree constructed using MEGA X software. Results The results of both the conventional morphological and cultural identification was correlated with the molecular sequencing results. Six isolates were confirmed B. cereus species while the other four isolates were. B. wiedmannii, B. thuringiensis, B. toyonensis and B. pseudomycoides.The 16S rRNA sequence of six isolates MW 362290.1- MW362295.1 were assigned accession numbers and deposited in the GenBank while the other four sequences were aligned to those available in the NCBI database. The alignment results showed closely relatedness to LT844650.1with an identity of 100% to 92.2% as above. The six isolates of Bacillus cereus great evolutionary relatedness as shown in the phylogenetic treeconstructed using MEGA X software. Discussion The results obtained in this study is consistent with the previous studies in other countries22,23 The results of the phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA isolate of in this study was similar to the housekeeping genes proposed by [18, 19]. In comparing this study with the earlier study, B. cereus group comprising other species of Bacillus was hypothesized to be considered to form a single species with different ecotypes and pathotype. This study was able to phenotypically differentiated B. thuringiensis, B. pseudomycoides, B. toyonensis, B. wiedmannii and B. cereus sensu strito. Despite differences at the colonial appearance level, the 16S rRNA sequences have homology ranging from 100% to 92% providing insufficient resolution at the species level [6, 7, 18].After analysis through various methods, the strain was identified as Gram-positive bacteria of Bacillus cereus with a homology of 99.4%. Cohan [20] demonstrated that 95–99% of the similarity of 16S rRNA gene sequence between two bacteria hints towards a similar species while >99% indicates the same bacteria.The phylogenetic tree showed that B. toyonensis, B. thuringiensis and B. wiedmanniiare the outgroups of B. cereus group while B. pseudomycoides are most closely related to B. cereus group [19, 21, 22]. Conclusion In the area of molecular epidemiology, genotypic typing method has greatly increased our ability to differentiate between micro-organisms at the intra and interspecies levels and have become an essential and powerful tool. Phenotypic method will still remain important in diagnostic microbiology and genotypic method will become increasingly popular. After analysis through various methods, the strain was identified as Gram-positive bacteria of Bacillus cereus with a homology of between 100% and 92.3%. Acknowledgments Collate acknowledgments in a separate section at the end of the article before the references, not as a footnote to the title. Use the unnumbered Acknowledgements Head style for the Acknowledgments heading. List here those individuals who provided help during the research. Conflicts of interest The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. References: Simpkins Meyer F.; Paarmann D.; D’Souza M.; Olson R.; Glass EM.; Kubal M.; Paczian T.; Rodriguez A.; Stevens R. Wilke A The metagenomics rast server–a public resource for the automatic phylogenetic and functional analysis of metagenomes. BMC Bioinformatics. 2008, 9(1), 386. Segata N.; Waldron L.; Ballarini A.; Narasimhan V.; Jousson O.; Huttenhower C. Metagenomic microbial community profiling using unique clade-specific marker genes. Nature methods. 2012, 9(8), 811–814. Brady A.; Salzberg SL. Phymm and phymmbl: metagenomic phylogenetic classification with interpolated markov models. Nature Methods. 2009, 6(9), 673–676. Lindner MS.; Renard BY. Metagenomic abundance estimation and diagnostic testing on species level. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013, 41(1), 10–10. Wang A.; Ash G.J. Whole genome phylogeny of Bacillus by feature frequency profiles (FFP). Sci Rep. 2015, 5, 13644. Caroll L.M.; Kovac J.; Miller R.A.; Wiedmann M. Rapid, high-throughput identification of anthrax-causing and emetic Bacillus cereus group genome assemblies’ cereus group isolates using nucleotides sequencing data. Appli. Environ. 2017, 83: e01096-e01017 Liu Y.; Lai Q. L.; Goker M.; Meier-Kolthoff J. P.; Wang M.; Sun Y. M.; Wang L.S.; Shao Z. Genomic insights into the taxonomic status of the Bacillus cereus group. Rep. 2015, 5, 14082. Lindner MS.; Renard BY. Metagenomic profiling of known and unknown microbes with microbegps. PloS ONE. 2015, 10(2), 0117711. Versalovic J.; Schneider M.; de Bruijn FJ.; Lupski JR. Genomic fingerprinting of bacteria using repetitive sequence based PCR (rep-PCR). Meth Mol Cell Biol. 1994, 5, 25–40. Arthur Y.; Ehebauer MT.; Mukhopadhyay S.; Hasnain SE. The PE/PPE multi gene family codes for virulence factors and is a possible source of mycobacterial antigenic variation: Perhaps more? Biochimie. 2013, 94, 110–116. Jusuf, E. Culture Collection of Potential Bacillus thuringiensis Bacterial Strains Insect Killer and the Making of a Library of Toxic Protein Coding Genes. Technical Report LIPI Biotechnology Research Center. 2008. pp. 18-31. Fawole, M.O.; B.A. Oso. Characterization of Bacteria: Laboratory Manual of Microbiology. 4th Edn., Spectrum Book Ltd., Ibadan, Nigeria, 2004, pp: 24-33. Cheesbrough, M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. 2nd Edn., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK., 2006, ISBN-13: 9781139449298. Giraffa G.; Neviani E. DNA-based, cultureindependent strategies for evaluating microbial communities in food associated ecosystem. Int J Food Microbiol. 2001, 67, 19–34. Ajeet Singh. DNA Extraction from a bacterial cell. A video on Experimental Biotechnology. 2020. Quick biochemistry. A YouTube video on polymerase chain reaction. 2018. Bio-Rad laboratories. A YouTube video on loading and running of samples on Agarose gel. 2012. Saitou N. and Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Biol. Evol. 1987, 4, 406-425. Doi: 101093/oxfordjournals. Lazarte N.J.; Lopez R.P.; Ghiringhelli P.D.; Beron C.M. Bacillus wiedmannii biovar thuringiensis: A specialized Mosquitocidal pathogen with plasmid from diverse origins Genome. Evol. 2018, 10(10), 2823-2833. Doi.1093/gbe/evy211 Cohan, F.M. What are bacterial species? Rev. Microbiol. 2002, 56, 457-487 Abiola C.; Oyetayo V.O. Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Microorganisms Associated with the Fermentation of Kersting’s Groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum). Research Journal of Microbiology, 2016, 11: 47- 55.DOI:10.3923/jm.2016.47.55 Adeoti O.M.; Usman T.A. Molecular Characterization of Rhizobacteria Isolates from Saki, Nigeria. Eur. Of Bio. Biotech. 2021, 2(2), 159. Doi 10.24018/ejbio.2021

The Constitution of Kenya specifically recognizes the freedom of association to form and belong to trade unions. However, despite the adoption of the Labour Relations Act, union practice is still hampered by excessive restrictions. The EPZ companies are labor intensive requiring a large amount of labor to produce its goods or service and thus, the welfare of the employees play a key role in their functions. This study sought to determine the effect of trade union practices on employees’ welfare at export processing zones industries in Athi River, Kenya. The specific objectives sought to determine the effect of collective bargaining agreements, industrial action, dispute resolution and trade union representation on employees’ welfare at export processing zones industries in Athi River, Kenya. The study employed a descriptive research design. Primary data was collected by means of a structured questionnaire. The target population of the study was employees in EPZ companies in Athi River, Kenya with large employees enrolled in active trade unions. The unit of observation was the employees in the trade unions. The findings indicated that collective bargaining agreements had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. Industrial action had a positive but non-significant effect with employees’ welfare at Export Processing Zones industries. Dispute resolution had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. Trade union representation had a positive and significant coefficient with employees’ welfare at the EPZ industries. The study recommended that trade union should avoid the path of confrontation but continue dialogue through the collective bargaining process and demands should be realistic in nature with what is obtainable in the related industry. An existence of a formal two way communication between management and trade unions will ensure that right message is properly understood and on time too. Keywords: Collective Bargaining Agreements, Industrial Action, Dispute Resolution, Trade Union Representation, Employees Welfare & Export Processing Zones

McClure, Nikki. How To Be A Cat. New York, NY: Abrams Appleseed, 2013. Print.In line with Abrams high-quality art books, How To Be A Cat features self-taught artist Nikki McClure’s intricate cutout artwork and a glimpse into the daily activities of felines. Following a simple black-on-white color scheme with baby-blue highlights, readers are offered sixteen one-word lessons on how to be a cat, such as how to stretch, pounce, wait and dream.Using images and single text statements on each page, How To Be A Cat tells the story of a kitten learning about its environment. It awakens, cleans itself, and then, being playful, gets into trouble by attacking its adult cat companion, learning both how to pounce and how to be brave. It then receives a lesson in hunting—the art of simply listening—before exploring, getting lost, and inevitability being found again. The story therefore comes full circle, starting with the safety and security of life at home to the adventures and fears of the outside world and back home again where one can feast and sleep.McClure’s cutout felines bear a variety of adorable facial expressions, allowing readers the opportunity to connect and fall in love with this sweet little kitten. Further, the vignettes playfully convey feline behavior and profoundly depict the relationship of a child and its mentor, encompassing the associated trials and moments of tenderness.How To Be A Cat is recommended for elementary school libraries as well as public libraries, and would make a great book for story time. For, it is perfect for young readers, who, like the kitten in the story, are learning about themselves and the world around them.Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 starsReviewer: Jessica ThorlaksonJessica Thorlakson is a Public Services Librarian at the University of Alberta’s H. T. Coutts Education and Physical Education Library. She has a background in English Literature and enjoys little more than reading a good book and drinking some tea.

Abstract Background Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) emerges worldwide and is closely associated with short- and long-term health issues in women and their offspring, such as pregnancy and birth complications respectively comorbidities, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), metabolic syndrome as well as cardiovascular diseases. Against this background, mobile health applications (mHealth-Apps) do open up new possibilities to improve the management of GDM. Therefore, we analyzed the clinical effectiveness of specific mHealth-Apps on clinical health-related short and long-term outcomes in mother and child. Methods A systematic literature search in Medline (PubMed), Cochrane Library, Embase, CINAHL and Web of Science Core Collection databases as well as Google Scholar was performed. We selected studies published 2008 to 2020 analyzing women diagnosed with GDM using specific mHealth-Apps. Controlled clinical trials (CCT) and randomized controlled trials (RCT) were included. Study quality was assessed using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) tool. Results In total, n = 6 publications (n = 5 RCTs, n = 1 CCT; and n = 4 moderate, n = 2 weak quality), analyzing n = 408 GDM patients in the intervention and n = 405 in the control groups, were included. Compared to control groups, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, off target blood glucose measurements, delivery mode (more vaginal deliveries and fewer (emergency) caesarean sections) and patient compliance showed improving trends. Conclusion mHealth-Apps might improve health-related outcomes, particularly glycemic control, in the management of GDM. Further studies need to be done in more detail.

Objectives: This study aimed to map out African health journals using publicly-available information on major databases.Methods: The authors searched the African Journals Online Library (AJOL) and Scientific Journal Rankings (SJR) databases from their inception in 1998 and 1996 respectively to 17 October 2020, and identified African health journals. The authors extracted data on journal scope, PubMed indexation, open-access status, publishing fees, Journal Publishing Practices and Standards rating and bibliometrics. The data were compared with health journals from other regions using the Chi-square test and odds ratio.Results: AJOL had 173 health journals registered on its database. One hundred (57.8%) journals were actively publishing. Fifty-seven (32.9%) had a 1-star Journal Publishing Practices and Standards rating and 4 (2.3%) had 2-star ratings. 112 (64.7%) had no star rating. The journal scope spanned all aspects of health. Few health journals were PubMed (n = 20) or SJR (n = 22) indexed. On average, African journals had lower total publications (median [IQR]: 52.0 [29.0–74.8] vs. 140.0 [75.8–272.5]), total references (55.0 [19.5–74.8] vs. 160.0 [42.0–519.8]), and H-index (12.2 [5.0–14.0] vs. 39.1 [10.0–53.0]) (P=0.01) compared to other regions.Conclusion: African health journals face unique challenges that require targeted interventions.

Photo by Richard Catabay on Unsplash ABSTRACT COVID-19 exposed deep-rooted structural inequities. Allocation protocols developed during COVID-19 may cause furtherance of structural inequalities. In this essay, I specifically address the issue of structural inequities in the context of resource allocation during a period of crisis standard of care. In response to the increasing evidence of structural inequities during the pandemic, physicians and bioethicists Douglas White and Bernard Lo proposed incorporating a correction factor into resource allocation protocols. According to them, this would provide an advantage for disadvantaged individuals. The proposed correction factors use the Area Deprivation Index to determine eligibility. I argue that the correction factor is ethically justified and supported by Rawls’s difference principle, Daniels’s equality of opportunity, and Harris’s double jeopardy argument. I also suggest that the proposed correction factor does not go far enough, particularly if used with other objective factors, such as SOFA scoring. At least one study shows that using SOFA scoring for resource allocation during COVID-19 has a discriminatory effect on non-Hispanic black patients. One problem with the correction factor using the ADI is that it only applies to those currently in the reflected socioeconomic status. Additionally, when only one hospital serves a largely socioeconomically disadvantaged community, all admissions will fall within the targeted category for application of the correction factor. Thus, further actions are needed to dismantle structural inequities, such as implementing load balancing or the planned sharing of resources among healthcare systems. INTRODUCTION COVID-19 forced deep-rooted structural inequities to the surface. SARS-CoV-2 was a novel virus, but the connection between structural inequities and the disparate impact of the virus on marginalized populations is not. The history of pandemics reflects how much structural inequities negatively influence health equity.[1] The lack of preparedness and response to the structural inequities exemplify “blistering systemic failures.”[2] Despite warnings from prior threats from SARS and H1N1, we were unprepared for COVID-19. Antommaria and Chelen show that one-half of responding hospitals did not have an allocation protocol in place.[3] When an influx of critically ill patients and limited resources required implementing a crisis standard of care, many hospitals quickly established protocols addressing the allocation of scarce resources. Most crisis standard of care (CSC) protocols reflect public health’s utilitarian focus on saving the most lives.[4] The utilitarian focus ignores the disproportionate impact resulting from structural inequities. In December 2020, two physicians and bioethicists, Douglas White and Bernard Lo responded to the increasing evidence of the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on disadvantaged communities by adding a correction factor to their CSC resource allocation protocol. The correction factor adjusts triage scores of individuals living in the most disadvantaged neighborhoods by subtracting one point from the triage score.[5] Patients with lower triage scores are more likely to receive life-saving care. Thus, subtracting a point provides an advantage. The correction factor uses a composite measure of disadvantage to determine eligibility called the Area Deprivation Index (ADI).[6] The ADI is a geographic measure of socioeconomic disadvantage that calculates an aggregate disadvantage score on a 10-point scale. The ADI measures seventeen elements of disadvantage related to poverty, education, employment, physical environment, and infrastructure.[7] The correction factor compensates for structural injustices by using ADI scores of patients in the highest quartile of socioeconomic disadvantage or having an ADI score of 8 to 10 since the strongest association between ADI scores and health outcomes occurs at the highest ADI levels.[8] l. Ethical Justifications Various theories of justice support applying the correction factor in the allocation of scarce resources. Rawls’s difference principle provides an ethical justification for the correction factor as it benefits the worse off in the event of resource allocation.[9] Applying the correction factor and subtracting one point from the triage score admittedly creates inequality among two otherwise like patients, but it is justified under Rawls’s theory since it gives the advantage to the least advantaged, addressing equity. Norman Daniels’ argument for protecting fair “equality of opportunity” also supports the correction factor.[10] The correction factor protects the equality of opportunity for those denied access to care because of deep-rooted structural inequities exacerbated by the pandemic. Using the correction factor to provide access to life-saving resources compensates patients with diminished opportunities in other arenas like the social determinants of health. Derek Parfit’s deontic egalitarianism supports the correction factor. Under Parfit’s view of deontic egalitarianism, justification of giving an advantage to the worse off depends on the reason for the inequality. If the unequal status results from circumstances such as a genetic condition or an accidental injury, like Daniel’s equality of opportunity, deontic egalitarianism does not support giving an advantage to the worse-off. If the unequal position results from the unjust actions of another, such as discriminatory treatment of people of color, deontic egalitarianism supports providing the advantage to address the inequity.[11] The disproportionate impact of resource allocation results from unjust treatment such as discrimination and structural inequity.[12] John Harris’s double jeopardy argument adds additional support to the correction factor in that[13] the socioeconomically disadvantaged or those facing racial or ethnic discrimination may have had an increased risk of contracting COVID-19 or having a severe case or death due to structural inequities. If the triage procedures do not compensate for the structural inequities and they are precluded access to critical care based only on traditional triage, they will suffer double jeopardy. The correction factor avoids this double jeopardy. ll. Operationalizing the Correction Factor Those opposing the correction factor might assert the infeasibility of mitigating inequities during a pandemic.[14] Yet one large US health system successfully applied similar criteria in allocating remdesivir[15] and the National Academy of Medicine endorsed disparity-mitigating criteria for allocating scarce vaccines.[16] Applying the correction factor is neither time nor resource intensive. It will not divert resources from the goal of treating illness and reducing morbidity. With the data available about COVID-19’s disproportionate impact, not applying an available tool to lessen inequities is an abrogation of ethical duty. One utilitarian argument asserts that we will save fewer lives if the prioritized patients are more likely to die despite interventions. Yet society bears responsibility for the social policies that created the disparities. Thus, there is an obligation to mitigate those societal problems, even when doing so might save fewer lives.[17] Some clinicians argue that they should have discretion in determining triage scores. This objection to the correction factor in formulating triage procedures reflects the conflict between clinical and public health ethics. Implementing a CSC protocol shifts decision-making from the clinician to a triage committee and from an individual focus to a community focus. Allowing clinicians to determine triage protocols would increase the risk of decisions based on bias and subjectivity. Another open question is whether the correction factor will achieve the intended goal. Nancy Kass suggests that without evidence to support the effectiveness, we cannot ethically implement the policy.[18] Thus, applying the Kass analysis, diverting a scarce resource to someone less likely to survive should require proof that doing so systematically would resolve or improve structural inequity. There is limited empirical evidence, but we may proceed with caution based on the presumptive data and the hypothesis that a triage allocation that uses a correction factor could help. Computer-based modeling or “tabletop” exercises applying the framework to actual patients but not enacting the protocols could assess the possible effects of the protocols.[19] Perhaps the most robust rebuttal in response to the opposition of applying a correction factor is in an argument proffered by Douglas White that no reasonable triage framework maximizes health outcomes if it creates significant inequalities.[20] White’s argument emphasizes the importance of addressing inequity. lll. A More Robust Version of the Correction Factor The burdens associated with any public health intervention typically fall into three categories:[21] privacy and confidentiality, risk to liberty and self-determination, and justice. Most burdens associated with allocating scarce resources fall under the justice category. I not only disagree with the arguments against using a correction factor, but I also argue that the correction factor does not go far enough. First, using the ADI neglects consideration of people of color disproportionately affected by COVID-19 no longer living in a neighborhood with the highest ADI scores. Based on new research, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores are also potentially discriminatory and not ideal for addressing structural inequity, racism, or ethnic discrimination in the triage setting, although they are applied to triage.[22] Second, public hospitals in socioeconomically depressed communities and rural locations may serve a population in which nearly the entire community will have ADI scores that qualify for application of the correction factor. lV. Relying on ADI cannot protect all people disadvantaged due to their race or ethnicity The ADI uses seventeen measures of socioeconomic disadvantage. Some racial inequality in healthcare is unrelated to socioeconomic status and can be missed by ADI. Racial inequality in healthcare may be directly related to implicit and explicit bias and past and current discrimination. But the correction factor will not help the Black patient not currently residing in a highly disadvantaged neighborhood or experiencing other vestiges of racism in the form of socioeconomic disadvantage. A correction factor that uses more information than ADI could make up for some of the weaknesses of SOFA as well. V. When all patients have high ADI Scores What happens when triaging occurs in hospitals serving populations where almost all patients have ADI scores of 8 to 10? To illustrate, I will use the example of Belle Glade, Florida, in western Palm Beach County.[23] The overwhelming majority of the neighborhoods served by the one public hospital, Lakeside Medical Center, is at a level 10 state decile, with a few neighborhoods at 8 and 9 state decile.[24] During a surge in that hospital, the correction factor will apply to every patient. The hospital must then resort to other considerations, such as random allocation. This potential dilemma suggests the need to consider further steps, such as load balancing, to lessen the inequities. Vl. Load Balancing Load balancing is a plan in which hospitals report daily census and available beds. Patients are diverted or transferred to hospitals with open beds when one hospital is at maximum capacity. Although identified as a method to avoid the need for triaging, I suggest load balancing is also equity balancing, especially when the overwhelmed hospital is in a high ADI area. Failures in load balancing exacerbate the harm to disadvantaged populations. Disadvantaged individuals are more likely to seek treatment in hospitals with limited ability to increase capacity or care for many critically ill patients. During surges in COVID-19, hospitals in poor neighborhoods were overrun by admissions and lacked resources to treat, while nearby private hospitals had available beds and resources.[25] The Arizona Department of Health Services developed an effective load-balancing system to coordinate the statewide transfer of patients from overloaded hospitals to other hospitals.[26] The system dramatically improved access to care for people of color and rural populations.[27] One of the state’s foremost responsibilities is safeguarding the health and well-being of people threatened when health systems fail to cooperate. Voluntary load balancing is preferable, but if the healthcare systems are unwilling to cooperate and if voluntary efforts are ineffective, state governments should intervene and require private hospitals to take part in load balancing. When needed, public health officials should issue emergency orders to require hospitals to participate in load-balancing efforts, including accepting patient transfers that are not part of their covered population. CONCLUSION Rawls’s difference principle, Daniels’s equality of opportunity, Parfit’s deontic egalitarianism, and Harris’s double jeopardy argument all justify and may even compel using the correction factor. COVID-19 turned academic and hypothetical discussions and debates about allocating scarce resources and making untenable choices of who lives and who dies to real-life responsibilities. Once hospitals move to a crisis standard of care, they may need to allocate scarce resources, so having systems in place that can compensate for past inequities and improve fairness in access to care is the ethical imperative. Dismantling structural inequities and reassessing allocation protocols should incorporate the correction factor as a new foundational framework and then build on it using load balancing and exercising caution if applying SOFA. It is an ethical responsibility to use these tools to dismantle the pervasive structural inequities when allocating scarce resources. - [1] Goldberg, Daniel S. “Against the Medicalization of Public Health (Ethics).” Public Health Ethics 14, no. 2 (2021): 117–19. https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phab024. [2] Morrissey, Mary Beth, and Jorge L. Rivera-Agosto. “Protecting the Public's Health in Pandemics: Reflections on Policy Deliberation and the Role of Civil Society in Democracy.” Frontiers in Public Health 9 (June 1, 2021): 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.678210. [3] Antommaria, Armand H., Tyler S. Gibb, Amy L. McGuire, Paul Root Wolpe, Matthew K. Wynia, Megan K. Applewhite, Arthur Caplan, et al. “Ventilator Triage Policies during the Covid-19 Pandemic at U.S. Hospitals Associated with Members of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors.” Annals of Internal Medicine 173, no. 3 (April 4, 2020): 188–94. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-1738; Chelan, Julia S., Douglas B. White, Stephanie Zaza, Amanda N. Perry, Deborah S. Feifer, Maia L. Crawford, and Amber E. Barnato. “US Ventilator Allocation and Patient Triage Policies in Anticipation of the Covid-19 Surge.” Health Security 19, no. 5 (2021): 459–67. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0166. [4] Lin, Janet Y., and Lisa Anderson-Shaw. “Rationing of Resources: Ethical Issues in Disasters and Epidemic Situations.” Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24, no. 3 (2009): 215–21. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000683x. [5] Executive Summary Allocation of Scarce Critical Care Resources during a ...,” April 9, 2021. https://ccm.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Model%20hospital%20policy%20for%20allocation%20of%20critical%20care_2020-03-23%20web.pdf. [6]. Executive Summary Allocation of Scarce Critical Care Resources during a ...,” April 9, 2021. https://ccm.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Model%20hospital%20policy%20for%20allocation%20of%20critical%20care_2020-03-23%20web.pdf. [7] https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/mapping; Executive Summary Allocation of Scarce Critical Care Resources during a ...,” April 9, 2021. [8] White, Douglas B., and Bernard Lo. “Structural Inequities, Fair Opportunity, and the Allocation of Scarce ICU Resources.” Hastings Center Report 51, no. 5 (2021): 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1002/hast.1285 [9] McKie, John, and Jeff Richardson. “The Rule of Rescue.” Social Science and Medicine 56 (2003): 2407–19 [10] Daniels, Norman. “Justice, Health, and Health Care.” Essay. In Medicine and Social Justice Essays on the Distribution of Health Care, edited by Rosamond Rodes, Margaret P Battin, and Anita Silvers, Seconded., 17–33. Oxford University Press, n.d. [11] Brock, Dan W. “Priority to the Worse Off in Health Care Resource Prioritization .” Essay. In Medicine and Social Justice Essays on the Distribution of Health Care, edited by Rosamond Rhodes, Margaret Battin, and Anita Silvers, 155–64. Oxford University Press, n.d. [12] Brock, Dan W. “Priority to the Worse Off in Health Care Resource Prioritization .” Essay. In Medicine and Social Justice Essays on the Distribution of Health Care, edited by Rosamond Rhodes, Margaret Battin, and Anita Silvers, 155–64. Oxford University Press, n.d. [13] Harris, J. “Qualifying the Value of Life.” Journal of Medical Ethics 13, no. 3 (1987): 117–23. https://doi.org/10.1136/jme.13.3.117. [14] White, Douglas B., and Bernard Lo. “Mitigating Inequities and Saving Lives with ICU Triage during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202010-3809cp. [15] White, Douglas B., and Bernard Lo. “Mitigating Inequities and Saving Lives with ICU Triage during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202010-3809cp. [16] White, Douglas B., and Bernard Lo. “Mitigating Inequities and Saving Lives with ICU Triage during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202010-3809cp. [17] White, Douglas B., and Bernard Lo. “Mitigating Inequities and Saving Lives with ICU Triage during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202010-3809cp. [18] Kass, Nancy E. “An Ethics Framework for Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health 91, no. 11 (November 2001): 1776–82. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776. [19] White, Douglas B., and Bernard Lo. “Mitigating Inequities and Saving Lives with ICU Triage during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 203, no. 3 (February 1, 2021): 287–95. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202010-3809cp. [20] White, Supra.12 [21] Kass, Nancy E. “An Ethics Framework for Public Health.” American Journal of Public Health 91, no. 11 (November 2001): 1776–82. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.91.11.1776. [22] Tolchin, Benjamin, Carol Oladele, Deron Galusha, Nitu Kashyap, Mary Showstark, Jennifer Bonito, Michelle C. Salazar, et al. “Racial Disparities in the SOFA Score among Patients Hospitalized with Covid-19.” PLOS ONE. Public Library of Science, September 17, 2021. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0257608; SOFA is a prognostic scoring system that assigns points for organ failure evidence within six different organ systems. Higher SOFA scores correlate with higher mortality. New research by Tolchin reveals the flaws in SOFA due to its failure to account for delays in seeking care and overestimates of Black mortality. Also see Antommaria, Armand H., Tyler S. Gibb, Amy L. McGuire, Paul Root Wolpe, Matthew K. Wynia, Megan K. Applewhite, Arthur Caplan, et al. “Ventilator Triage Policies during the Covid-19 Pandemic at U.S. Hospitals Associated with Members of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors.” Annals of Internal Medicine 173, no. 3 (April 4, 2020): 188–94. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-1738; Chelen, Julia S., Douglas B. White, Stephanie Zaza, Amanda N. Perry, Deborah S. Feifer, Maia L. Crawford, and Amber E. Barnato. “US Ventilator Allocation and Patient Triage Policies in Anticipation of the Covid-19 Surge.” Health Security 19, no. 5 (2021): 459–67. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2020.0166; and Pence, Gregory E. Pandemic Bioethics. Peterborough: Broadview Press, 2021. [23] Black – population 59.28 % Median Household income 24,322 Population 20,276 Education: 31.$ HS; 21.71% less than 95 grade, Postsecondary Asso-7%, Bachelors 6.7, ttps://worldpopulationreview.com/us-cities/belle-glade-fl-population [24] Neighborhood atlas®. Neighborhood Atlas - Mapping. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu/mapping [25] White, Douglas, Keynote Address, American Society of Bioethics and Humanities, October 13, 2021, COVID-19 at the Crossroads, https://eventpilotadmin.com/web/planner.php?id=ASBH21 [26] Angelo, A. (2020, May 26). Latest Covid-19 Model Shows Arizona can Meet a Health Care Surge. Retrieved February 15, 2022, from https://communityimpact.com/phoenix/chandler/coronavirus/2020/05/26/latest-covid-19-model-shows-arizona-can-meet-a-health-care-surge/ [27] White, Douglas, Keynote Address, American Society of Bioethics and Humanities, October 13, 2021, COVID-19 at the Crossroads, https://eventpilotadmin.com/web/planner.php?id=ASBH21

Juster, Norton. The Phantom Tollbooth. 50th Anniversary Edition. Illus. Jules Feiffer. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2011. Print. The 50th Anniversary Edition of The Phantom Tollbooth is geared as much toward nostalgic adults as it is to a new generation of children. New introductions by the author himself, as well as fellow children’s author Maurice Sendak, accompany a slew of admiring essays by authors ranging from Suzanne Collins to Michael Chabon. The new hardcover edition retains all of the original maps and illustrations, as well as new and old photos of both Juster and Feiffer. As a child, I missed out on Norton Juster’s wonderful tale of Milo’s journey through the Kingdom of Wisdom; excited as I was to finally delve into a much-hyped classic, I was slightly nervous that my adult gaze would render its charms less pointed. Of course, I needn’t have worried. Juster’s prose highlights a keen ear for dialogue, and his rollicking imagination manifests itself in a mastery of wordplay. While children will delight in the many nonsensical games afoot, adults will marvel at the higher levels of logic that string the plot together. Of course, The Phantom Tollbooth’s madcap adventures may not have made such a lasting impact were it not grounded in the touching story of Milo’s growth from a bored, unsatisfied child to one who revels in the magic and mystery of the world around him. Juster’s story mimics the general experience of reading—where brief forays into magical kingdoms only serve to make our own world brighter and more marvelous. It would be difficult to leave this book without being somehow improved by it. While The Phantom Tollbooth will certainly appeal to young teens and pre-teens, younger children (ages 8-10) with high reading levels would perhaps appreciate a book that appeals to their complicated imaginations. However, if there were ever a book that was meant to be experienced by parents and children together, this is the one. The 50th Anniversary Edition is perfect for adults looking to share a childhood treasure with their own children and grandchildren. Highly recommended: 4 out of 4 stars Reviewer: Amy PatersonAmy Paterson is a Public Services Librarian at the University of Alberta’s H. T. Coutts Education Library. She was previously the Editor of the Dalhousie Journal of Interdisciplinary Management and is very happy to be involved in the Deakin Review and the delightful world of children’s literature.

Abstract Objectives Diagnostic errors are pervasive in medicine and most often caused by clinical reasoning failures. Clinical presentations characterized by nonspecific symptoms with broad differential diagnoses (e.g., dizziness) are especially prone to such errors. Methods We hypothesized that novice clinicians could achieve proficiency diagnosing dizziness by training with virtual patients (VPs). This was a prospective, quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest study (2019) at a single academic medical center. Internal medicine interns (intervention group) were compared to second/third year residents (control group). A case library of VPs with dizziness was developed from a clinical trial (AVERT-NCT02483429). The approach (VIPER – Virtual Interactive Practice to build Expertise using Real cases) consisted of brief lectures combined with 9 h of supervised deliberate practice. Residents were provided dizziness-related reading and teaching modules. Both groups completed pretests and posttests. Results For interns (n=22) vs. residents (n=18), pretest median diagnostic accuracy did not differ (33% [IQR 18–46] vs. 31% [IQR 13–50], p=0.61) between groups, while posttest accuracy did (50% [IQR 42–67] vs. 20% [IQR 17–33], p=0.001). Pretest median appropriate imaging did not differ (33% [IQR 17–38] vs. 31% [IQR 13–38], p=0.89) between groups, while posttest appropriateness did (65% [IQR 52–74] vs. 25% [IQR 17–36], p<0.001). Conclusions Just 9 h of deliberate practice increased diagnostic skills (both accuracy and testing appropriateness) of medicine interns evaluating real-world dizziness ‘in silico’ more than ∼1.7 years of residency training. Applying condensed educational experiences such as VIPER across a broad range of common presentations could significantly enhance diagnostic education and translate to improved patient care.

AbstractAimsTo synthesize the evidence of interventions based on salutogenesis for older adults.BackgroundWith the increasing tendency of global ageing and the progression of ‘healthy ageing’, salutogenesis has been adopted as a framework of health promotion for older adults.DesignAn integrative review following PRISMA guidelines.Data SourcesSeven databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO and CINAHL Plus were systematically searched on 29 September 2022 and updated on 18 July 2023.ResultsEighteen eligible studies were included in this review. Salutogenic‐based interventions fell into three main categories: dialogue‐based, health education courses based, and goal setting and achievement based. The intervention doses: length ranged from 4 weeks to 2 years, with most (n = 12) within 12 weeks; the duration of each session ranged from 30 to 150 min, with the majority (n = 7) within 1 h; the frequency ranged from five times weekly to three times in 10 months, and in six studies was once a week. Intervention providers were mostly multidisciplinary teams, while in four studies were nurses only. Most of the studies reported that salutogenic‐based interventions could improve older adults' sense of coherence, quality of life, self‐efficacy, self‐management, meaning of life and mental health.ConclusionsThis review synthesized the interventions based on salutogenesis for older adults, including salutogenesis application, intervention and its doses, intervention settings and providers, and intervention effects. Future research on the effectiveness of the intervention, the optimal dose of the intervention and the underlying mechanisms are still necessary to understand salutogenic‐based interventions.No Patient or Public ContributionNot apply as it's a review paper.Relevance to Clinical PracticeSalutogenic‐based intervention is effective for older adults in different scenarios to improve their health outcomes. Nurses play a key role in salutogenic‐based interventional programs and thus should be essential personnel as the intervention provider.

Yaşadığımız çağda meydana gelen teknolojik gelişmeler avantajlarının yanısıra bazı dezavantajları da beraberinde getirmiştir. Otomasyon sistemlerinin yaygınlaşması bu sistemleri kullanan tüm kesimleri etkilemiştir. Bu etkilerden birisi de stresin alt boyutu olarak tanımlanan ve son yıllarda iş yaşamında ciddi problemlere yol açan ‘teknostres’tir. Teknostres, çok sayıda bilgisayar sistemiyle çalışmanın ve bu sistemler ile kişisel yaşamın, kuruluşun ve kullanıcıların taleplerini gerçekleştirirken oluşan kaygı veya zihinsel baskı hissi olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Teknostresin olumsuz etkileri; hem kütüphane personeli hem de kullanıcılar için teknoloji tabanlı eğitim ve öğretim, teknolojiye karşı olumlu bir tutum geliştirmek, yeterli ekipman ve teknik destek sağlamak, daha ergonomik çalışma ortamı sağlamak, teknolojiyi kullanırken düzenli molalar vermek, çoklu görevden kaçınmak, stres yönetimi eğitimi, etkili zaman yönetimi ve düzenli fiziksel egzersiz ve meditasyon yapmak vb. çözüm yolları ile azaltılabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı teknostres ile verimlilik arasındaki ilişkiyi ele almak, teknostresin nedenlerini ve kütüphaneciler üzerindeki etkilerini örgütsel verimlilik açısından incelemek ve teknostres yönetimine ilişkin önerilerde bulunarak alan yazına kavramsal açıdan katkı sağlamaya çalışmaktır. Betimleme yöntemi kullanılan çalışma kuramsal niteliktedir. Kaynakça Aghwotu, P. T. ve Owajeme, O. J. (2010). Technostress: Causes, symptoms and coping strategies among librarians in university libraries. Educational Research, 1(12), 713-720. doi:http://www.interesjournals.org/ER Ahmad, U. N. ve Amin, S. M. (2012). The dimensions of technostress among academic librarians. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 65, 266-271. doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.11.121 Akınoğlu, H. F. (1993). Teknostres. Türk Kütüphaneciliği, 7(3), 159-173. Erişim adresi: http://www.tk.org.tr/index.php/tk/article/view/1388 Al-Qallaf, C. L. (2006). Librarians and technology in aca­demic and research libraries in Kuwait: Perceptions and effects. Libri, 56(3), 168-179. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1515/ libr.2006.168 Arnetz, B. B. ve Wiholm, C. (1997). Technological stress: Psychophysiological symptoms in modern offices. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43(1), 35-42. Erişim adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00083-4. Ayyagari, R. (2007). What and why of technostress: Technology antecedents and implications (Doktora tezi). Amerika Birleşik Devletleri: Clemson Universitesi. Erişim adresi: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=all_dissert Ayyagari, R., Grover, V. ve Purvis, R . (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831-858. Erişim adresi: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41409963 Bondanini, G., Giorgi, G. , Ariza-Montes, A. ve Vega-Munoz, A. ve Andreucci-Annunziata, P. (2020). Technostress dark side of technology in the workplace: A scientometric analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 1-25. doi:10.3390/ijerph17218013 Brod, C. (1984). Technostress: The Human Cost of the Computer Revolution. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading. Champion, S. (1998, Nov). Technostress: Technology’s Toll. School Library Journal, 44(1), 48-51. Chauhan, K. (2018). The influence of technostress on productivity among OPJGU library professionals. Indian Journal of Library and Information Science, 12(2), 83-88. Erişim adresi: http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijlis.0973.9548.12218.2 Clark, K. ve Kalin, S. (1996). Technostressed out? How to cope in the digital age. Library Journal, 30-32. Clute, R. (1998). Technostress: A content analysis [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Ohio, USA: Kent State University. Erişim adresi: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED423911.pdf Çınar, K. (2017). Potansiyel stres kaynaklarının üniversite kütüphanecilerinin çalışma yaşamı kalitesi üzerindeki etkisi. İstanbul örneği (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Çoklar, A. N. ve Şahin, Y. L. (2011). Technostress levels of social network users based on ICTs in Turkey. European Journal of Social Sciences,, 23(2), 171-172. Erişim adresi: https://www.tecnostress.it/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Technostress-in-Social-Turkey.pdf Das, S. (2019). The status and impact of technostress on library professionals: essionals: A study among the professionals of the selected Private College Libraries in North Bengal. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal)(3642). Erişim adresi: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/3642 Davis-Millis, N. (1998). Technostress and the Organization: A Manager's Guide to Survival in the Information Age. 67th Annual Meeting of the Music Library Association, 14 February 1998. Boston, Massachusetts. Erişim adresi: https://web.mit.edu/ninadm/www/mla.html

IntroductionThis article investigates how local studies collections in public libraries can help people explore the experiences of regional Australia. Some of this discovery can be done online, but as not all local studies material has been catalogued, is online or available in a digital format, some of this exploration will need to be onsite at public libraries throughout Australia. This exploration could be combined with other investigations into regional areas. What are local studies collections in public libraries? These collections are defined as beinginclusive of local history and so the local collection should support studies that look at the historical past, both distant and recent, or at current concerns in the community, such as local environmental issues, or plans for the future development of a locality. (Dewe 1–2)This broader look at the context of a place should provide information in a range of formats to help explore an area, and to find out about the history, geography and the environment as well as other local concerns and issues. Local studies collections should contain recent as well as older material. Each local studies collection will be different (McCausland; Bateman; Johnston; Gregg; Heap and Pymm) with some of these differences simply being because each area has a unique collection of stories which can be told about it. Other differences will be in how each public library interprets their remit to collect information and stories about a community, and which stories are included or excluded from the collection. There are budget constraints as well because each public library has to choose how to fund local studies as part of their overall library provision which means there are tensions and competing priorities in what is collected and how it is made available for research as well as information and entertainment. Some areas have more research activity so there is more being written, photographed, drawn, or otherwise recorded about an area, but no matter how small an area is, there is usually new local studies material being continually created.Local Studies CollectionsLocal studies collections are important as they provide key information about an area. For professional scholars, even in social history, the local becomes interesting only within a larger context, however. Local case studies may throw light on wider questions (Reid and Macafee 127).This highlights the value which local studies can contribute as part of research as these collections may provide case studies to explore, or different avenues to investigate. It also shows the importance of information in many local studies collections being brought together so the separate, local information can be connected to other local information. This bringing together can be as a result of research or through an aggregation system such as Trove (“Trove”).Peter Reid and Caroline Macafee have stated that becausethe potential is always there for local history to be pulled into issues of wider concern, it could be said to occupy a liminal space, a borderland between knowledge that is personal, and therefore academically trivial, and knowledge that is generalizable and therefore worthy of scientific attention. (127)This seems a harsh description, but it shows how these collections can be undervalued and that this undervaluing can risk them being overlooked by biographers, historians, and other researchers. Despite this thinking, local studies collections can offer unique and valuable insights into people and places; including for regional areas. The skilled library staff who manage these collections are also key resources in the history of regional areas, as they can help connect the local studies information to other local collections. As well as connecting people to the resources, the unwritten knowledge of staff is a separate and very important resource.How to Discover Local Studies CollectionsA good way to start exploring local studies collections is by searching Trove. Trove had, around the time of writing, “over 457,524,491 Australian and online resources” (online) and is an Australia-wide database, managed by the National Library of Australia. It enables you to search many library catalogues with one search tool which means that you can search once, in one place, rather than by individual library or museum catalogues. Trove brings together metadata including catalogue records, mostly from library catalogues, from organisations who choose to contribute access to their information. Some of the resources you can search for on Trove are in local studies collections in public libraries or held by other organisations which collect local information such as state and national libraries. Start your search by the name of the location which you are exploring. Be as specific as possible, as you can always broaden your search later. If the item has been digitised, or is already digital, you are often able to view or listen to this material online.As well as providing access to library catalogues, many local newspapers have been digitised and are searchable and viewable on Trove. Some newspapers have been digitised up to 1955, while some titles have fewer years available online, and microfilm will need to be used to find more recently produced information. Public libraries often hold the microfilm for their local newspapers. State libraries may hold them as well. This timeline of digital access is important to keep in mind as searching newspapers on Trove is very easy and searching on microfilm is not so appealing because of having to work through each newspaper page by page, microfilm roll by microfilm roll. You need to check the information about what issues of a newspaper have been digitised so you know when you need to start looking at microfilm copies rather than digitised ones. Older newspapers often include syndicated stories, so an event may have occurred in an area you are interested in but be reported in the newspaper from another area. You could also use the Trove API (application programming interface) to explore high volume digitised newspaper or catalogue data (Sherratt).This method of starting with Trove can also be a helpful way to find out which public library is in the area you are looking for, as the name of the organisation which holds the resources is listed online. You can click on a link to take you to their catalogue. While public libraries are often named for the town they are in, you may be looking for a place with a different name, so this method can be helpful. It can also show resources held in other libraries which may relate to the area of your research. Trove Mosaic by Mitchell Whitelaw (online), although an older interface, is a visual way to explore Trove and clearly highlights the different organisations contributing photographs.Libraries include local studies photographs in their social media and a very small number of them are collecting social media about their community (Forsyth et al.). Searching social media for terms such as #flashbackFriday or #throwbackThursday may also provide a way to discover local studies material online, although depending on your research topic, this method could be too haphazard an approach. There are still some local studies blogs to follow (MacRitchie) and searching for these can also provide information about local studies material in public libraries.Public Libraries and Local StudiesYou can also start at the public library. Depending on where in Australia you are searching there are different tools to help find your local public library. Rather than list them all, a useful starting point is to go to your favourite search engine and search for the name of town/suburb followed by public library. This should connect you with information about the local library through the library website, the regional library website (where two or more councils work together to provide a public library service), or via the council website. This is likely to provide sufficient information to be able to contact the library. However, before you contact the library, search the library catalogue. They may even have a separate local studies database for some or all of the local studies collection. This is why is it a good idea to start with Trove, before going to a local library search, as Trove should be aggregating collection information from a variety of sources bringing together the local public library as well as other organisations (sometimes some unexpected ones) which have material of relevance.Work from the State Library of New South Wales had demonstrated that not everything in local studies collection is catalogued (State Library of New South Wales) which makes it impossible to search for everything online. Quite a few (but not all) public libraries have a webpage where they describe their local studies collections and services. This can provide helpful information so that if you do not find something online you can telephone or email the library seeking further information. If the library is nearby you could simply visit it, but it is best to ring or email first if your time is limited, as it can be helpful to make an appointment to ensure that staff will be able to assist you with using the library collection. For searching the catalogues for local studies information, again, be as specific as possible, knowing you can always broaden your search terms. Helpfully, most (but not all) library catalogues have a sort by date option once material has been found, and some even have local studies specific search help. Often you can view or listen to digitised material online, but some libraries only make low resolution images available, which is rarely of good enough quality for research. When you have searched the catalogue or other online local studies database and not found anything, contact the library as they will be able to provide further information.Library staff will help you use their collections. Some public libraries charge a fee for more detailed research, others, quite reasonably, require you to do this more detailed research yourself.There are many variables, and it really depends on what and where you are researching. Perhaps you are looking for a written history of each area you plan to visit when exploring regional areas of Australia, or you might be planning to visit local studies collections to see how they lead you to areas and stories of local interest, or there is a particular research question you want to explore in several regional areas. How local studies books and other materials are written will depend on the time they were written, and the purpose for them. They can depict ideas and priorities which are outdated and/or offensive.Not Everything Is on TroveWhile Trove is a suggested starting place, given that every item in local studies collections is not catalogued, visiting the local public library can be an important step to take. Always check if the local studies area has different opening hours to the rest of the library. If part or all of the local studies collection is in a locked room, visiting the library at a very busy time is unwise as it may make it harder for the staff to assist you as they will have many other priorities and you may not be able to access the collection.Visiting the Library Visiting a public library and looking at how their local studies collection is arranged can help you see the collecting priorities. It also makes it very clear as to which public libraries have prioritised their local studies information. Occasionally the local studies area will be a partnership with both the library and the local family or local history society providing resources or the collection. This can result in different access conditions being applied to different collections.Visiting the collection means you can talk with the library staff about the history of the area as part of your experience of regional Australia. It is interesting to see how different local studies collections are arranged and how the local area is promoted through the collection and any displays or merchandise for sale. Often local publications will be for sale in the library so that you can purchase titles about the history of the area. Some councils commission histories of their areas, other times niche histories will be written by people in the community and the local studies collection can be a helpful way to discover these.Keep in mind that local government boundaries change (Leigh) and this may mean that resources you are looking for could be in a neighbouring area, rather than the location you are exploring. This is another reason to start with Trove.You May Not Be Able to See Everything Even If You Visit...For reasons of preservation you may not be able to see everything in the local studies collection even if you visit. Sometimes you need to watch out for special tours, which may not coincide with your visit to the area. There may be parts of the collection stored but not fully explored by staff, waiting their time in the queue to be catalogued and made available for research. Generally public library staff will be very helpful for you in your research, particularly if you have specific questions about the area.Know about CopyrightKnow the information about duration of copyright as some libraries say on their catalogues that everything which has been digitised is in copyright. This may be accidental as a result of some bulk cataloguing processes linked with digitisation. Stating something is in copyright is not the same as it being in copyright. The Australian Copyright Council has a helpful information sheet on the duration of copyright to help you understand what is in copyright and how long it is likely to continue to be in copyright.ChallengesThere will be collection gaps. The risk of bias is highlighted by the statement that libraries “are not, and have never been, socially or politically neutral institutions” (Gibson et al. 753). There has not been detailed research exploring these collection gaps, so the exact extent of exclusion or omission of information is not yet able to be quantified. There is arenewed professional imperative to position information centers as central locations for social justice work [which] has also turned our attention to the need to preserve materials that support a diverse and pluralistic society … [and] as a duty to steward unexplored histories. (Sheffield 573)Material may not be in the collection because it was not collected, or because it was not created. For example, in the past not everyone could afford a camera which means they may not have photographed or videoed their family, or public events. Not every grave had a headstone so someone may not have their grave recorded. Public libraries recognise these gaps, and in some areas library staff create or commission content to help with these omissions. For example, oral histories can be recorded to include stories which were not available in other ways, and photographs can be taken of current events to make sure a wider exploration of local stories are recorded in the local studies collection.Conclusion (and Opportunities)Grant White states, in relation to local studies that thesurvival of the artefact is only ever significant when it can be accessed by someone who can see meaning in it. The collection is in fact much more than the material sitting upon the shelves, it is access to it. Access which keeps it current in the community memory rather than as a separated, isolated adjunct. It is also the participation of the community in the creation of the collection, feeding it with its experience, reflections and memories. (98)This access is crucial, and with digitisation and digital collecting the access can increasingly be at a distance, without actually visiting a library. This increasing online access, especially through aggregated sites such as Trove, will hopefully enable research exploring the similarities and differences of regional areas, as connections can be made, and not only by people who can afford to travel to different places to do research. Digitisation, digital collecting, effective cataloguing and use of metadata can open up access to collections, just as digital preservation, preservation of other formats and conservation can help make sure that these materials are available into the future. Connecting to skilled staff who manage these collections is another way of exploring access as there will be information not recorded anywhere you can find, but which the staff may know because of their experience and knowledge of the collection as well as their knowledge of the community they work in.If you have been using public library local studies collections for research, it is helpful if you can share this research back with the public library, helping to build their collection for other people who are researching the region, even if they are exploring different topics. It may be a printed book you are providing, but more public libraries are able to accept donations of ebooks, or other online content. This can be a helpful way for you to contribute to the collections which have assisted in your research.ReferencesBateman, Shirley. “Innovation in Local Studies Collections and Programs: How Melbourne Library Service Is Fostering Community Pride.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 25.1 (2012): 12–18.Dewe, Michael. Ed. Local Studies Collection Management. London: Ashgate, 2002.Forsyth, Ellen, Ngarie Macqueen, and Daniel Nitsikopoulos. Contemporary Collecting: Collecting Instagram for Local Studies. ALIA Information Online, 2019.Gibson, Amelia N., Renate L. Chancellor, Nicole A. Cooke, Sarah Park Dahlen, Shari A. Lee, and Yasmeen L. Shorish. “Libraries on the Frontlines: Neutrality and Social Justice.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36.8 (2017): 751–66.Gregg, Alison. “Our Heritage: The Role of Archives and Local Studies Collections.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 15.3 (2002): 126–32.Heap, Amy, and Bob Pymm. “Wagga Wagga Women’s Wireless and the Web: Local Studies and New Technologies.” The Australian Library Journal 58.1 (2009): 5–16.Johnston, Clinton. “Capture and Release: Cataloguing Cultural Heritage at Marrickville Library and History Services.” The Australian Library Journal 62.3 (2013): 218–23.Leigh, Carol. “From Filing Cabinet to Cultural Centre: Creating a Community History Centre in Wanneroo Western Australia.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 25.2 (2012): 83–88.MacRitchie, John. “The Manly Art of Local Studies Blogging: A New Approach to Old Stories.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 25.2 (2012): 89–93.McCausland, Sigrid. “Archives for the People: Public Libraries and Archives in New South Wales.” The Australian Library Journal 64.4 (2015): 270.Reid, Peter H., and Caroline Macafee. “The Philosophy of Local Studies in the Interactive Age.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 39.3 (2007): 126–41.Sheffield, Rebecka T. “More than Acid-Free Folders: Extending the Concept of Preservation to Include the Stewardship of Unexplored Histories.” Library Trends 64.3 (2016): 572.Sherratt, Tim. “Asking Better Questions: History, Trove and the Risks That Count.” Copyfight. Ed. Phillipa McGuinness. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2015. 112–24.State Library of New South Wales. NSW Public Libraries Local Studies Audit. 2014.“Trove.” Trove 7 Apr. 2019 <https://trove.nla.gov.au/>.White, Grant. “Message in a Bottle: Community Memory in the Local Studies Collection.” APLIS 13.3 (2000): 6.Whitelaw, Mitchell. “TroveMosaic: Exploring Trove Images.” TroveMosaic: Exploring Trove Images 7 Apr. 2019 <http://mtchl.net/TroveMosaic/>.

Abstract Background Video gaming is a recreational activity with yearly increasing popularity. It is mostly a sedentary behavior combined with repetitive movements of the upper limbs. If performed excessively, these movements may promote strain injuries and a sedentary lifestyle is one of the contributing factors to musculoskeletal disorders. Therefore, a systematic review was conducted to evaluate if video gaming negatively affects the musculoskeletal system of video gamers. Methods PubMed, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library were systematically searched in order to identify relevant peer reviewed original articles in English published between 2000 and 2021. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method was used for the analysis. Studies were included when they contained investigations of changes of the musculoskeletal system due to video gaming in healthy individuals. Studies with participants older than 60 years or solely psychological, social or cardiovascular outcomes were excluded. An adapted version of the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale was used for the risk of bias analysis. Results Sixteen observational studies involving a total of 62,987 participants met the inclusion criteria. A majority (11) of the studies reported statistical negative musculoskeletal changes due to video game playtime. Four studies did not report changes and one study found no effect of video game playtime on the musculoskeletal system. Out of the eleven studies, which demonstrated a negative impact of video game playtime on the musculoskeletal system, the most reported painful body parts were the neck (n = 4), shoulder (n = 4) and back (n = 3). Ten studies reported odds ratios (OR) for the dependence of the appearance of musculoskeletal disorders on video game playtime. In eight studies OR were significantly increased (1.3—5.2). Conclusion Eleven out of twelve studies demonstrated a negative impact of video game playtime on the musculoskeletal system. In particular, excessive video game playtimes (> 3 h/day) seemed to be a predictor for the appearance of musculoskeletal disorders. Due to their great popularity across multiple generations, specific and tailored prevention and health promotion programs for video gamers need to be developed to counteract this important public health issue.

ObjectiveTo assess evidence for public health impact of syndromic surveillance.IntroductionSystematic syndromic surveillance is undergoing a transition. Building on traditional roots in bioterrorism and situational awareness, proponents are demonstrating the timeliness and informative power of syndromic surveillance data to supplement other surveillance data.MethodsWe used PubMed and Google Scholar to identify articles published since 2007 using key words of interest (e.g., syndromic surveillance in combinations with emergency, evaluation, quality assurance, alerting). The following guiding questions were used to abstract impact measures of syndromic surveillance: 1) what was the public health impact; what decisions or actions occurred because of use of syndromic surveillance data?, 2) were there specific interventions or performance measures for this impact?, and 3) how, and by whom, was this information used?ResultsThirty-five papers were included. Almost all articles (n=33) remarked on the ability of syndromic surveillance to improve public health because of timeliness and/or accuracy of data. Thirty-four articles mentioned that syndromic surveillance data was used or could be useful. However, evidence of health impact directly attributable to syndromic surveillance efforts were lacking. Two articles described how syndromic data were used for decision-making. One article measured the effect of data utilization.ConclusionsWithin the syndromic surveillance literature instances of a conceptual shift from detection to practical response are plentiful. As the field of syndromic surveillance continues to evolve and is used by public health institutions, further evaluation of data utility and impact is needed.ReferencesAyala, A., Berisha, V., Goodin, K., Pogreba-Brown, K., Levy, C., McKinney, B., Koski, L., & Imholte, S. (2016). Public health surveillance strategies for mass gatherings: Super Bowl XLIX and related events, Maricopa County, Arizona, 2015. Health Security, 14(3), 173-84. doi: 10.1089/hs.2016.0029.Bermis, K., Frias, M., Patel, M.T., & Christiansen, D. (2017). Using an Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance System to Evaluate Reporting of Potential Rabies Exposures, Illinois, 2013-2015. Public Health Reports 132(Supplement 1) 59S-64S."Borroto, R., Williamson, B., Pitcher, P., Ballester, L., Smith, W., Soetebier, K., & Drenzek, C. (2016). Using Syndromic Surveillance Alert Protocols for Epidemiologic Response in Georgia. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 9(1):e123. doi:10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7707."Daly, E.R., Dufault, K., Swenson, D.J., Lakevicius, P., Metcalf, E., & Chan, B.P. (2017). Use of emergency department data to monitor and respond to an increase in opioid overdoses in New Hampshire 2011-2015. Public Health Reports 132(Supplement 1) 73S-79S. doi: 10.1177/0033354917707934Deyneka, L., Hakenewerth, A., Faigen, Z., Ising, A., & Barnett, C. (2017). Using syndromic surveillance data to monitor endocarditis and sepsis among drug users. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, (9)1. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7708DeYoung, K., Chen, Y., Beum, R., Askenazi, M., Zimmerman, C., & Davidson, A. J. (2017). Validation of a syndromic case definition for detecting emergency department visits potentially related to marijuana. Public Health Reports, epublication.doi: 10.1177/0033354917708987"Dinh, M.M., Kastelein, C., Bein, K.J., Bautovich, T., & Ivers, R. (2015). Use of a syndromic surveillance system to describe the trend in cycling-related presentations to emergency departments in Sydney. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 27(4), 343-7. doi: 10.1111/1742-6723.12422Gevitz, K., Madera, R., Newbern, C., Lojo, J., & Johnson, C. Risk of Fall-Related Injury due to Adverse Weather Events, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2006-2011. Public Health Reports (132) 53S-58S. doi: 10.1177/0033354917706968"Gonzales-Colon, F.J., Lake, I., Barker, G., Smith, G.E., Elliot, A.J., & Morbey, R. (2016). Using Bayesian Networks to assist decision-making in syndromic surveillance. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 8(1), e15. doi:10.5210/ojphi.v8i1.6415"Harmon, KJ., Proescholdbell, S., Marshall, S., & Waller, A. (2014). Utilization of emergency department data for drug overdose surveillance in North Carolina. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 6(1), e174. doi: 10.5210/ojphi.v6i1.5200Harris, J.K., Mansour, R., Choucair, B., Olson, J., Nissen, C., & Bhatt, J. (2014). Health department use of social media to identify foodborne illness—Chicago, Illinois, 2013-2014. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63(32), 681-685. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6332a1.htm"Harrison, C., Jorder, M., Stern, H., Stavinksy, F., Reddy, V., Hanson, H., Waechter, H., Lowe, L., Gravano, L., & Balter, S. (2014). Using online reviews by restaurant patrons to identify unreported cases of foodborne illness — New York City, 2012–2013. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 63(20), 441-445. Retrieved from:https://www.cdc.gov/MMWr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6320a1.htm"Hawkins, J.B., Tuli, G., Kluberg, S., Harris, J., Brownstein, J.S., & Nsoesie, E. (2016). A digital platform for local foodborne illness and outbreak surveillance. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics 8(1), e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v8i1.6474Hines, J.Z., Bancroft, J., Powell, M., & Hedberg, K. (2017). Case finding using syndromic surveillance data during an outbreak of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli O26 infections, Oregon, 2015. Public Health Reports, epublication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354917708994Hudson, L. T., Klekamp, B.G., & Matthews, S.D. (2017). Local Public Health Surveillance of Heroin-Related Morbidity and Mortality, Orange County, Florida, 2010-2014. Public Health Reports (132), 80S-87SHughes, H.E., Morbey, R., Hughes, T.C., Locker, T.E., Pebody, R., Green, H.K., Ellis, J., Smith, G.E., & Elliot, A.J. (2016). Emergency department syndromic surveillance providing early warning of seasonal respiratory activity in England. Epidemiology and Infection, 144(5), 1052-64. doi: 10.1017/S0950268815002125Hughes, H.E., Morbey, R., Hughes, T.C., Locker, T.E., Shannon, T., Carmichael, C., Murray, V., Ibbotson, S., Catchpole, M., McCloskey, B., Smith, G., & Elliot, A.J. (2014). Using an emergency department syndromic surveillance system to investigate the impact of extreme cold weather events. Public Health, 128(7), 628-635. doi: 10.1016/j.puhe.2014.05.007Ising, A., Proescholdbell, S., Harmon, K.J., Sachdeva, N., Marshall, S.W., & Waller, A.E. (2016). Use of syndromic surveillance data to monitor poisonings and drug overdoses in state and local public health agencies. Injury Prevention 22:i43-i49.http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041821"Johnson, J. I., & Brown, K. (2015). Validation of emergency department and outpatient data using ILI syndrome classifiers. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 7(1), e83. http://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v7i1.5749Lall, R., Abdelnabi , J., Ngai, S., Parton, H.B., Saunders, K., Sell, J., Wahnich, A., Weiss, D., Marthes, R.W. (2017). Advancing the Use of Emergency Department Syndromic Surveillance Data, New York City, 2012-2016. Public Health Reports (132), 23S-30SLiljeqvist, H. T., Muscatello, D., Sara, G., Dinh, M., & Lawrence, G. L. (2014). Accuracy of automatic syndromic classification of coded emergency department diagnoses in identifying mental health-related presentations for public health surveillance. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 14(84). http://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6947-14-84Lober, W. B., Reeder, B., Painter, I., Revere, D., Goldov, K., Bugni, P. F., & Olson, D. R. (2014). Technical description of the Distribute Project: a community-basedsyndromic surveillance system implementation. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, 5(3), 224. http://doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v5i3.4938Mathes, R. W., Ito, K., & Matte, T. (2011). Assessing syndromic surveillance of cardiovascular outcomes from emergency department chief complaint data in New York City. Public Library of Science ONE, 6(2), e14677. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0014677O’Connell, E. K., Zhang, G., Leguen, F., Llau, A., & Rico, E. (2010). Innovative uses for syndromic surveillance. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 16(4), 669–671. http://doi.org/10.3201/eid1604.090688Rumoro, D.P., Hallock, M.M., Silva, J., Shah, S.C., Gibbs, G., Trenholme G.M., & Waddell, M.J. (2013). Why does Influenza-Like Illness surveillance miss true influenza cases in the emergency department?: Implications for health care providers. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 62(4), S75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.07.024Samoff E, Waller A, Fleischauer A, et al. Integration of Syndromic Surveillance Data into Public Health Practice at State and Local Levels in North Carolina. Public Health Reports. 2012;127(3):310-317.Savard, N., Bédard, L., Allard, R., & Buckeridge, D.L. (2015). Using age, triage score, and disposition data from emergency department electronic records to improve Influenza-Like Illness surveillance. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 22(3): 688-696. doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocu002Seil, K., Marcum, J., Lall, R., & Stayton, C. (2015). Utility of a near real-time emergency department syndromic surveillance system to track injuries in New York City. Injury Epidemiology, 2(1), 11. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40621-015-0044-5Smith, S., Elliot, A. J., Hajat, S., Bone, A., Smith, G. E., & Kovats, S. (2016). Estimating the burden of heat illness in England during the 2013 summer heatwave using syndromic surveillance. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 70(5), 459–465. http://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-206079Stephens, E. (2017). Development of syndrome definitions for acute unintentional drug and heroin overdose. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, (9)1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7593.Stigi, K., Baer, A., Duchin, J., & Lofy, K. (2014). Evaluation of electronic ambulatory care data for Influenza-Like Illness surveillance, Washington state. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice, 20(6)580-582.doi: 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3182aaa29bVilain, P., Larrieu, S., Mougin-Damour, K., Marianne Dit Cassou, P.J., Weber, M., Combes, X., & Filleul, L. (2017). Emergency department syndromic surveillance to investigate the health impact and factors associated with alcohol intoxication in Reunion Island. Emergency medicine journal 34(6), 386-390. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2015-204987Walsh, A. (2017). Going beyond chief complaints to identify opioid-related emergency department visits. Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, (9)1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/ojphi.v9i1.7617.White, J.R., Berisha, V., Lane, K., Menager, H., Gettel, A., & Braun, C.R. (2017). Evaluation of a Novel Syndromic Surveillance Query for Heat-Related Illness Using Hospital Data From Maricopa County, Arizona, 2015. Public Health Reports (132), 31S-39SYih WK, Deshpande S, Fuller C, et al. 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Background: Intense bleeding during general anesthesia is the major limitation during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. It affects operative eld visibility and increases complications. Hypotensive anesthesia is preffered to improve surgical outcomes. This study aimed to compare the efcacy of propofol and dexmedetomidine infusion for hypotensive anesthesia in patients undergoing FESS. To compare the efcacy Objective: and safety of dexmedetomidine and propofol for hypotensive anesthesia in functional endoscopic sinus surgeries. This Materials and methods: prospective randomized trial was conducted in 60 adult patients who were scheduled for FESS under general anesthesia. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: group P (n = 30) received propofol infusion of 50–150mcg/kg/min and group D (n = 30) received dexmedetomidine with a loading dose of 1 mcg/kg diluted in 10 mL 0.9% saline to be infused over 10 min after induction, followed by maintenance infusion of 0.4–0.8 mcg/kg/h. The infusions were titrated to maintain mean arterial pressure (MAP) between 60 and 70 mm Hg and hemodynamic stability. Intraoperative blood loss, quality of the surgical eld (Fromme- Boezaart scale), hemodynamic control, and patient recovery were recorded. Results: In our study, the mean arterial pressure and heart rate were signicantly lower in group D throughout the surgery than in group P. Blood loss was signicantly higher in group P (105.82 ± 15.16 ml) than in group D (90.50 ± 16.78 ml). The Fromme's score (Surgical eld visibility) 1/2/3 was comparable between the groups. The awakening time was signicantly short in group D than group P. Intraoperatively, only one incidence of bradycardia and hypotension was observed in group D (2.5%) compared to that in group P, which was managed successfully. In our Conclusion: study, we observed that both dexmedetomidine and propofol are efcacious and safe drugs for achieving controlled hypotension during FESS; however, dexmedetomidine provides better hemodynamic control and is associated with lesser degree of sedation without any signicant adverse effects.

<p>Istilah remedial di lembaga pendidikan formal adalah kegiatan yang terprogram. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan oleh guru mata pelajaran dan tetap dalam pengamatan kepala sekolah. Hadiah remidi ini sebagai tanggung jawab untuk belajar melaksanakan tugas studi. Remidi di lembaga pendidikan formal, sekolah Islam dan juga sekolah umum adalah masalah yang sangat penting, karena remidi yang baik akan dapat mengantarkan siswa ke dalam proses pembelajaran yang efektif dan efisien. Penelitian studi kepustakaan ini meneliti tentang cara mengoptimalkan hasil belajar dengan menggunakan remidial. Kesempatan remidi ditentukan oleh proses presentasi pelajaran sesuai dengan kurikulum yang digunakan. Banyak sekolah yang kurang memperhatikan kesempatan remidi dapat membahayakan siswa dalam pencapaian skor belajar. Remidi dalam perjalanan pembelajaran dijalankan sesuai dengan tingkat pencapaian hasil belajar siswa. Adapun prinsip remedial adalah adaptif, interaktif, intensif, fleksibel, adanya umpan balik, kesinambungan dan ketersediaan</p><p> <strong>Kata kunci: pembelajaran, remedial, hasil belajar</strong></p><div class="Section1"><p><em>O</em><em>PTIMIZING LEARNING OUTCOMES THROUGH REMIDIAL LEARNING. </em><em>The Remedial term </em><em>i</em><em>n formal education institute is a programmed activity. This activity is executed by subject tea</em><em>c</em><em>h</em><em>er </em><em>a</em><em>n</em><em>d stays in the headmaster observation. Remedial gift is as responsibility for learning to its duty in executing the study duty. Remedial gift in formal education institute, goodness of Islamic school and also public school are very crucial matter, because the good remedial gift will be able to squire the students into efficient and effective learning process. This library research examined about the way how to improve students’ learning result. The remedial gift is determined by the process of lesson presentation according to curriculum that is used. A lot of schools which are less paying attention to the gift remedial can harm the student in the learning scoring achievement. Remedial gift in the course of learning is executed by pursuant to the level achievement of result of students’ learning. The principles are adaptive, interactive, i</em><em>n</em><em>t</em><em>ensive, flexible, feedback, continuity and </em><em>a</em><em>v</em><em>a</em><em>i</em><em>l</em><em>a</em><em>bi</em><em>l</em><em>it</em><em>y</em><em>.</em></p></div><p> <strong><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>remedial learning , students’ learning achievement</em><br /></strong></p>

ObjectiveAutomated syndromic surveillance using mobile devices is an emerging public health focus that has a high potential for enhanced disease tracking and prevention in areas with poor infrastructure. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory sought to develop an Android mobile application for syndromic biosurveillance that would i) use the phone camera to take images of human faces to detect individuals that are sick through a machine learning (ML) model and ii) collect image data to increase training data available for ML models. The initial prototype use case is for screening and tracking the health of soldiers for use by the Department of Defense’s Disease Threat Reduction Agency.IntroductionInfectious diseases present with multifarious factors requiring several efforts to detect, prevent, and break the chain of transmission. Recently, machine learning has shown to be promising for automated surveillance leading to rapid and early interventions, and extraction of phenotypic features of human faces [3, 5]. In addition, mobile devices have become a promising tool to provide on-the-ground surveillance, especially in remote areas and geolocation mapping [4].Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) combines machine learning with mobile technology to provide a groundbreaking prototype of disease surveillance without the need for internet, just a camera. In this android application, VisionDx, a machine learning algorithm analyses human face images and within milliseconds notifies the user with confidence level whether or not the person is sick. VisionDx comes with two modes, photo and video, and additional features of history, map, and statistics. This application is the first of its kind and provides a new way to think about the future of syndromic surveillance.MethodsData. Human healthy (n = 1096) and non-healthy (n = 1269) facial images met the criteria for training the Machine Learning model after preprocessing them. The healthy images were obtained from the Chicago face database [6] and California Institute of Technology [2]. There are no known collections of disease facial images. Using open source image collection/curation services, images were identified by a variety of keywords, including specific infectious diseases. The criteria for image inclusion was 1. a frontal face was identified using OpenCV library [1], and 2. the image contained signs of disease through visual inspection (e.g., abnormal color, texture, swelling).Model. To identify a sick face from a healthy one, we used transfer machine learning and experimented with various pretrained Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) from Google for mobile and embedded vision applications. Using MobileNet, we trained the final model with our data and deployed it to our prototype mobile app. Google Mobile Vision API and TensorFlow mobile were used to detect human faces and run predictions in the mobile app.Mobile Application. The Android app was built using Android Studio to provide an easily navigable interface that connects every action between tabbed features. The app features (i.e., Map, Camera, History, and Statistics) are in tab view format. The custom-made camera is the main feature of the app, and it contains face detection capability. A real-time health status detection function gives a level of confidence based the algorithm results found on detected faces in the camera image.ResultsPNNL's prototype Android application, VisionDx, was built with user-friendly tab views and functions to take camera images of human faces and classify them as sick or healthy through an inbuilt ML model. The major functions of the app are the camera, map, history, and statistics pages. The camera tab has a custom-made camera with face detection algorithm and classification model of sick or healthy. The camera has image or video mode and results of the algorithm are updated in milliseconds. The Statistics view provides a simple pie chart on sick/healthy images based on user selected time and location. The Map shows pins representing all labeled images stored, and the History displays all the labeled images. Clicking on an image in either view shows the image with metadata, i.e., model confidence levels, geolocation, and datetime.The CNN model prediction accuracy has ~98% validation accuracy and ~96% test accuracy. High model performance shows the possibility that deep learning could be a powerful tool to detect sickness. However, given the limited dataset, this high accuracy also means the model is most likely overfit to the data. The training set is limited: a. the number of training images is small compared to the variability in facial expressions and skin coloring, and b. the sick images only contained overt clinical signs. If trained on a larger, diverse set of data, this prototype app could prove extremely useful in surveillance efforts of individual to large groups of people in remote areas, e.g., to identify individuals in need of medical attention or get an overview of population health. In effort to improve the model, VisionDx was developed as a data collection tool to build a more comprehensive dataset. Within the tool, users can override the model prediction, i.e., false positive or false negative, with a simple toggle button. Lastly, the app was built to protect privacy so that other phone aps can't access the images unless shared by a user.ConclusionsDeveloped at PNNL for the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, VisionDx is a novel, camera-based mobile application for real-time biosurveillance and early warning in the field without internet dependency. The prototype mobile app takes pictures of faces and analyzes them using a state-of-the-art machine learning model to give two confidence levels of likelihood of being sick and healthy. With further development of a labeled dataset, such as by using the app as a data collection too, the results of the algorithm will quickly improve leading to a ground-breaking approach to public health surveillance.References1. Bradski G. (n.d.) The OpenCV Library. Retrieved Sept 30, 2018 at http://www.drdobbs.com/open-source/the-opencv-library/1844043192. Computational Vision: Archive. (1999). Retrieved Sept 22, 2018 at http://www.vision.caltech.edu/html-files/archive.html3. Ferry Q, Steinberg J, Webber C, et al (2014). Diagnostically relevant facial gestalt information from ordinary photos. ELife, 3, e02020.4. Fornace KM, Surendra H, Abidin TR, et al (2018). Use of mobile technology-based participatory mapping approaches to geolocate health facility attendees for disease surveillance in low resource settings. International Journal of Health Geographics, 17(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-018-0141-05. Lopez DM, de Mello FL, G Dias, CM, et al (2017). Evaluating the Surveillance System for Spotted Fever in Brazil Using Machine-Learning Techniques. Frontiers in Public Health, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2017.003236. Ma DS, Correll J, Wittenbrink B. (2015) The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1122–1135. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-014-0532-5

ObjectiveTo describe the impact of civil unrest on the mental health of a community in near real-time using syndromic surveillance.IntroductionAs part of a wide-spread community discussion on the presence of monuments to Confederate Civil War figures, the Charlottesville city council voted to remove a statue of General Robert E. Lee.1 Multiple rallies were then held to protest the statue’s removal. A Ku Klux Klan (KKK) rally on July 8, 2017 (MMWR Week 27) and a Unite the Right rally on August 12, 2017 (MMWR Week 32) held in Charlottesville both resulted in violence and media attention.2,3 The violence associated with the Unite the Right rally included fatalities connected to motor vehicle and helicopter crashes.Syndromic surveillance has been used to study the impact of terrorism on a community’s mental health4 while more traditional data sources have looked at the impact of racially-charged civil unrest.5 Syndromic surveillance, however, has not previously been used to document the effect of racially-charged violence on the health of a community.MethodsThe Virginia Department of Health (VDH) analyzed syndromic surveillance data from three emergency departments (EDs) in the Charlottesville area (defined to include Charlottesville city and Albemarle county), regardless of patient residence following the Unite the Right rally. Visits to these EDs between January 1 and September 2, 2017 were analyzed using the Enhanced Surveillance System for the Early Notification of Community-based Epidemics (ESSENCE) and Microsoft SQL 2012. Encounters were identified as acute anxiety-related visits based on an International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) discharge diagnosis beginning with ’F41’. Analyses were conducted using the ESSENCE algorithm EWMA 1.2 and SAS 9.3.ResultsThe greatest number of visits with a primary diagnosis of anxiety in 2017 (N=20) was observed in MMWR week 34 (August 20-26). This represented a statistically significant increase over baseline with a p-value of 0.01.By race, a significant increase over baseline in visits with a primary diagnosis of anxiety was observed among blacks or African Americans. The largest volume of visits was observed in MMWR week 33 with a total of 8 identified visits or 1.8% of total ED visit volume. The increase in visits for anxiety observed in weeks 33-35 was 2.2 times greater among blacks or African Americans than it was among whites, p = 0.016, 95% CI [1.14, 4.16].ConclusionsPrevious work done in Virginia to identify ED visits related to anxiety included only chief complaint criteria in the syndrome definition. Due to a change in how one ED in the Charlottesville area reported data during the study period, this syndrome definition could not be applied. In order to remove any potential data artifacts, only those visits with an initial diagnosis of anxiety were included in the analysis. The resulting syndrome definition likely underestimated the occurrence of anxiety in the Charlottesville area, both because it lacked chief complaint information and because syndromic surveillance does not include data on visits to mental health providers outside of EDs. This analysis presents a trend over time rather than a true measure of the prevalence of anxiety.This analysis, while conservative in its inclusion criteria, still identified an increase in visits for anxiety, particularly among blacks or African Americans. In today’s political environment of race-related civil unrest, a way to measure the burden of mental illness occurring in the community can be invaluable for public health response. In Charlottesville, the identification of a community-wide need for mental health support prompted many local providers to offer their services to those in need pro-bono.6References1 Suarez, C. (2017, February 6). Charlottesville City Council votes to remove statue from Lee Park. The Daily Progress. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2wYOHhv2 Spencer, H., & Stevens, M. (2017, July 8). 23 Arrested and Tear Gas Deployed After a K.K.K. Rally in Virginia. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://nyti.ms/2tCiBGU3 Hanna, J., Hartung, K., Sayers, D., & Almasy, S. (2017, August 13). Virginia governor to white nationalists: ‘Go home … shame on you’. CNN. Retrieved from http://cnn.it/2vvAGHt4 Vandentorren, S., Paty, A. C., Baffert, E., Chansard, P., Caserio-Schönemann, C. (2016, February). Syndromic surveillance during the Paris terrorist attacks. The Lancet (387(10021), 846-847. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00507-95 Yimgang, D. P., Wang, Y., Paik, G., Hager, E. R., & Black, M. M. Civil Unrest in the Context of Chronic Community Violence: Impact on Maternal Depressive Symptoms. American Journal of Public Health 107(9), 1455-1462. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2017.3038766 DeLuca, P. (2017, August 19). Downtown Charlottesville Library Offers Free Counseling. NBC29.com. Retrieved from http://bit.ly/2yIzHbl

Pentingnya membangun OCB tidak lepas dari komitmen karyawan dalam organisasi. Komitmen karyawan akan mendorong terciptanya OCB dan tanpa adanya kontrol yang baik dalam pemberian kompensasi yang sesuai dengan hasil kerja tentunya memperlambat kerja pegawai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh kompensasi dan komitmen organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan OCB. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 86 orang. Pengumpulan data diperoleh dengan kuesioner menggunakan skala likert. Metode analisis data menggunakan Path Analysis. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kompensasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja dan Kepuasan kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap OCB. Kata Kunci : Komitmen Organisasi, Kompensasi, Kepuasan kerja dan OCBDAFTAR PUSTAKA Bangun, Wilson. (2012). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Erlangga. Jakarta. Bernardin, H. John, & Joyce E.A Russel. (2003). 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Introdução: O padrão ouro atual para detectar o RNA de SARS-CoV-2 é por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real de transcrição reversa (RT-rtPCR) em swabs nasofaríngeos (NPS). Por esse motivo, a demanda pelos NPS aumentou e sua escassez se tornou uma realidade em muitos países. Com isso o uso da saliva se mostra uma alternativa promissora na triagem epidemiológica além de ser de fácil coleta e não invasiva. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para avaliar o uso da saliva como um espécime alternativo para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: A pesquisa sistemática foi realizada em sete bancos de dados (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus e Google Scholar) usando a variação dos termos de pesquisa (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR 2019-nCoV) AND "Saliva" no ano de 2020, recuperando 5480 publicações. Resultados: Após a leitura dos títulos e resumos, 411 textos foram conduzidos para leitura integral e 30 publicações foram consideradas para avaliação qualitativa do artigo. Conclusão: A saliva se apresenta um método alternativo eficaz para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2 e diagnóstico de COVID-19.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Betacoronavirus; Saliva; Diagnóstico.ReferênciasHuang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506.Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. J Antimicrob Agents 2020;105948.Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382:727-733.Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of V. 2020. 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