Academic literature on the topic 'Peter Borsay'

Writing in Urban History in the spring of 1991, Peter Borsay considered how the gap between the ‘popular presentations of the urban past’ produced by the growing heritage industry and ‘the booming academic study of urban history’ might be bridged. Heritage, he argued, was ‘deeply bound up with the meanings and functions of towns’ and urban historians should play a crucial role within communities ‘engaged in a complex discourse with the past . . . that for many was fundamental to their livelihood and identity’. Borsay's concerns 27 years later continue to be mirrored in academic discussions surrounding heritage and materiality, echoing wider questions that surround the relevance of urban history beyond the academy. Recent conferences have also demonstrated the continued salience of Borsay's argument, considering the potential of the study of cities to shape approaches to their management through work with local communities, heritage partners, cultural institutions and professional groups. This emphasis on knowledge exchange and partnership has also attracted the support of funding bodies through collaborative doctoral awards that have sought to ‘increase opportunities for all researchers to develop their work in collaboration with public, private and third sector partners that increase the flow, value and impact of world-class arts and humanities research from academia to the UK's wider creative economy and beyond’. This has included the author's own work on the heritage of Middlesbrough's iron and steel industries, which has involved working collaboratively with local archives and heritage partners.

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The oily sludge is a complex mix of hydrocarbons, organic impurities, inorganic and water. One of the major problems currently found in petroleum industry is management (packaging, storage, transport and fate) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promising for refining and adsorbents process for environment protection. The aim of this work was to study the oily sludge from primary processing (raw and treated) and vacuum residue, with application of thermal analyses technique (pyrolysis), thermal and catalytic pyrolysis with nanomaterials, aiming at production petroleum derived. The sludge and vacuum residue were analyzed using a soxhlet extraction system, elemental analysis, thin layer chromatography, thermogravimetry and pyrolysis coupled in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py GC MS). The catalysts AlMCM-41, AlSBA-15.1 e AlSBA-15.2 were synthesized with molar ratio silicon aluminum of 50 (Si/Al = 50), using tetraethylorthosilicante as source of silicon and pseudobuhemita (AlOOH) as source of aluminum. The analyzes of the catalysts indicate that materials showed hexagonal structure and surface area (783,6 m2/g for AlMCM-41, 600 m2/g for AlSBA-15.1, 377 m2/g for AlSBA-15.2). The extracted oily sludge showed a range 65 to 95% for organic components (oil), 5 to 35% for inorganic components (salts and oxides) and compositions different of derivatives. The AlSBA-15 catalysts showed better performance in analyzes for production petroleum derived, 20% increase in production of kerosene and light gas oil. The energy potential of sludge was high and it can be used as fuel in other cargo processed in refinery
A borra oleosa (BO) de petr?leo ? uma mistura complexa de hidrocarbonetos, impurezas org?nicas, inorg?nicas e ?gua. Um dos grandes problemas encontrados atualmente na ind?stria de petr?leo ? o gerenciamento (acondicionamento, armazenamento, transporte e destino) de res?duos. Os nanomateriais (catalisadores) mesoporosos e microporosos s?o considerados promissores em processos de refino de petr?leo e como adsorventes para prote??o ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a BO de petr?leo oriunda do processamento prim?rio (bruta e tratada) e res?duo de v?cuo, com aplica??o de an?lise termogravim?trica, t?cnica de pir?lise t?rmica e catal?tica com nanomateriais, visando a produ??o de derivado de petr?leo. As borras extra?das em um equipamento soxhlet foram analisadas por an?lise elementar, cromatografia em camada fina, termogravimetria (TG) e pir?lise acoplado a um cromatogr?fico gasoso/espectro de massa (Py-GC/MS). Os catalisadores AlMCM-41 e AlSBA-15 foram sintetizados com uma raz?o molar de s?licio/alum?nio de 50 (Si/Al = 50), usando tetraetilortossilicato (TEOS) como fonte de sil?cio e pseudobuhemita (AlOOH) como a fonte de alum?nio. Os catalisadores indicam que os materiais apresentaram estrutura hexagonal, ?rea espec?fica de 783,6 m2/g para o AlMCM-41, 600 m2/g para o AlSBA-15.1 e 377 m2/g para o AlSBA-15.2). A BO extra?da apresentou de 65 a 95% de componentes org?nicos (?leo), de 5 a 35% de componentes inorg?nicos (sais e ?xidos) e diferentes composi??es dos derivados. Os catalisadores tipo AlSBA-15 apresentaram melhor desempenho na obten??o dos derivados de petr?leo, aumentando em 20% a produ??o de querosene e gas?leo leve. O potencial energ?tico da BO foi elevado, pois ela pode ser utilizada como combust?vel e processada com outras cargas pesadas do petr?leo para a produ??o de diferentes derivados de petr?leo

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During the storage of oil, sludge is formed in the bottoms of tanks, due to decantation, since the sludge is composed of a large quantity of oil (heavy petroleum fractions), water and solids. The oil sludge is a complex viscous mixture which is considered as a hazardous waste. It is then necessary to develop methods and technologies that optimize the cleaning process, oil extraction and applications in industry. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the composition of the oil sludge, to obtain and characterize microemulsion systems (MES), and to study their applications in the treatment of sludge. In this context, the Soxhlet extraction of crude oil sludge and aged sludge was carried out, and allowing to quantify the oil (43.9 % and 84.7 % - 13 ?API), water (38.7 % and 9.15 %) and solid (17.3 % and 6.15 %) contents, respectively. The residues were characterized using the techniques of X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Xray diffraction (XRD) and transmission Infrared (FT-IR). The XRF technique determined the presence of iron and sulfur in higher proportions, confirming by XRD the presence of the following minerals: Pyrite (FeS2), Pyrrhotite (FeS) and Magnetite (Fe3O4). The FT-IR showed the presence of heavy oil fractions. In parallel, twelve MES were prepared, combining the following constituents: two nonionic surfactants (Unitol L90 and Renex 110 - S), three cosurfactants (butanol, sec-butanol and isoamyl alcohol - C), three aqueous phase (tap water - ADT, acidic solution 6 % HCl, and saline solution - 3.5 % NaCl - AP) and an oil phase (kerosene - OP). From the obtained systems, a common point was chosen belonging to the microemulsion region (25 % [C+S] 5 % OP and AP 70 %), which was characterized at room temperature (25?C) by viscosity (Haake Rheometer Mars), particle diameter (Zeta Plus) and thermal stability. Mixtures with this composition were applied to oil sludge solubilization under agitation at a ratio of 1:4, by varying time and temperature. The efficiencies of solubilization were obtained excluding the solids, which ranged between 73.5 % and 95 %. Thus, two particular systems were selected for use in storage tanks, with efficiencies of oil sludge solubilization over 90 %, which proved the effectiveness of the MES. The factorial design delimited within the domain showed how the MES constituents affect the solubilization of aged oil sludge, as predictive models. The MES A was chosen as the best system, which solubilized a high amount of aged crude oil sludge (~ 151.7 g / L per MES)
No armazenamento de petr?leo a borra ? formada nos fundos de tanques, devido a sua decanta??o, j? que a borra ? composta por grande quantidade de ?leo (fra??es pesadas de petr?leo), ?gua e s?lidos. A borra de petr?leo ? uma mistura complexa, viscosa e considerada um res?duo perigoso, tornando-se necess?rio desenvolver tecnologias e m?todos que facilitem a limpeza, a extra??o do ?leo e a aplica??o na ind?stria. Portanto, neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar a composi??o da borra de petr?leo, obter e caracterizar sistemas microemulsionados (SME), e estudar as suas aplica??es no tratamento da borra. Neste contexto, utilizou-se a extra??o Soxhlet da borra de petr?leo bruta e da borra envelhecida, permitindo quantificar o teor de ?leo (43,9 % e 84,7 % - 13 ?API), de ?gua (38,7 % e 9,15 %) e de s?lidos (17,3 % e 6,15 %), respectivamente. Os res?duos foram caracterizados atrav?s das t?cnicas de fluoresc?ncia de raios X (FRX), de difra??o de raios X (DRX) e Infravermelho de transmiss?o (IFT). O FRX determinou a presen?a de ferro e enxofre em maiores propor??es, comprovando-se pelo DRX a presen?a dos seguintes minerais: Pirita (FeS2), Pirrotita (FeS) e Magnetita (Fe3O4). O IFT mostrou a presen?a de fra??es pesadas de petr?leo. Em paralelo foram obtidos doze SME, combinando os seguintes constituintes: dois tensoativos n?o i?nicos (Unitol L90 e Renex NP110 - T), tr?s cotensoativos (butanol, sec-butanol e ?lcool isoam?lico - C), tr?s fases aquosas (?gua de torneira - ADT, solu??o ?cida HCl 6 % e solu??o salina NaCl 3,5 % - Fa) e uma fase ?leo (querosene - Fo). A partir da obten??o destes sistemas, foi escolhido um ponto em comum na regi?o de microemuls?o (25 % [C+T], 5 % Fo e 70 % Fa), os quais foram caracterizados, a temperatura ambiente (25?C), atrav?s da viscosidade (Re?metro de Haake Mars), di?metro de part?culas (Zeta Plus) e estabilidade t?rmica. Misturas com essa composi??o foram aplicadas na solubiliza??o da borra do petr?leo, sob agita??o, na propor??o de 1:4, variando tempo e temperatura. As efici?ncias de solubiliza??o foram obtidas desconsiderando o teor de s?lidos, situado em uma faixa de 73,5 % a 95 %. Assim, escolheram-se dois sistemas como destaque para aplica??o em tanques de armazenamento, com efici?ncias de solubiliza??o da borra de petr?leo acima de 90 %, comprovando-se assim a efic?cia do SME. Os planejamentos experimentais fatoriais delimitaram dentro do dom?nio a influ?ncia de constituintes dos SME na solubiliza??o da borra de petr?leo envelhecida, com modelos preditivos. O SME A foi escolhido como o melhor sistema, que solubilizou elevada concentra??o de borra de petr?leo bruta envelhecida (~151,7 g/L por SME)

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The petroleum industry, in consequence of an intense activity of exploration and production, is responsible by great part of the generation of residues, which are considered toxic and pollutants to the environment. Among these, the oil sludge is found produced during the production, transportation and refine phases. This work had the purpose to develop a process to recovery the oil present in oil sludge, in order to use the recovered oil as fuel or return it to the refining plant. From the preliminary tests, were identified the most important independent variables, like: temperature, contact time, solvents and acid volumes. Initially, a series of parameters to characterize the oil sludge was determined to characterize its. A special extractor was projected to work with oily waste. Two experimental designs were applied: fractional factorial and Doehlert. The tests were carried out in batch process to the conditions of the experimental designs applied. The efficiency obtained in the oil extraction process was 70%, in average. Oil sludge is composed of 36,2% of oil, 16,8% of ash, 40% of water and 7% of volatile constituents. However, the statistical analysis showed that the quadratic model was not well fitted to the process with a relative low determination coefficient (60,6%). This occurred due to the complexity of the oil sludge. To obtain a model able to represent the experiments, the mathematical model was used, the so called artificial neural networks (RNA), which was generated, initially, with 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 neurons in the hidden layer, 64 experimental results and 10000 presentations (interactions). Lesser dispersions were verified between the experimental and calculated values using 4 neurons, regarding the proportion of experimental points and estimated parameters. The analysis of the average deviations of the test divided by the respective training showed up that 2150 presentations resulted in the best value parameters. For the new model, the determination coefficient was 87,5%, which is quite satisfactory for the studied system
A ind?stria de petr?leo, em decorr?ncia de uma intensa atividade de explora??o e produ??o, ? respons?vel por grande parte da gera??o de res?duos, os quais s?o considerados t?xicos e poluentes ao meio ambiente. Dentre estes, encontra-se a borra oleosa formada durante as etapas de produ??o, transporte e refino de petr?leo. Este trabalho teve como prop?sito recuperar o ?leo presente na borra oleosa por processo de extra??o, a fim de que este pudesse ser utilizado como combust?vel ou retornar em alguma corrente do processo de refino. A partir dos ensaios preliminares foram selecionadas as vari?veis independentes que exercem maior influ?ncia no processo de extra??o, s?o elas: temperatura, volume de solvente, volume de ?cido e tempo de extra??o. Inicialmente, determinou-se uma s?rie de par?metros para caracterizar a borra oleosa. Posteriormente, projetou-se um extrator para operar com a borra de petr?leo. Foram aplicados dois planejamentos experimentais: fatorial fracionado e Doehlert. Os ensaios foram realizados em processo batelada, de acordo com as condi??es dos planejamentos experimentais aplicados. Atrav?s dos par?metros de caracteriza??o constatou-se que o res?duo oleoso ? constitu?do predominantemente de material org?nico (36,2% de ?leo), 16,8% de cinzas, 40% de ?gua e 7% de compostos vol?teis. A efici?ncia m?dia do processo de extra??o foi de 70%. Entretanto, a an?lise estat?stica mostrou que o modelo quadr?tico n?o se ajustou bem ao processo, indicando um baixo coeficiente de determina??o (60,6%). Isto ocorreu devido ? complexidade do material estudado. Para obter um modelo que melhor se ajustasse aos resultados obtidos experimentalmente, utilizou-se a ferramenta da modelagem matem?tica, redes neurais artificiais (RNA), a qual foi gerada, inicialmente, com 2, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8 neur?nios na camada oculta, 64 dados experimentais e 10000 apresenta??es (intera??es), verificando-se menores dispers?es entre os valores experimentais e calculados para o n?mero de 4 neur?nios. Com base na an?lise dos desvios m?dios do teste e treinamento evidenciou-se que o n?mero de 2150 apresenta??es foi o melhor valor considerando a propor??o de pontos experimentais e par?metros estimados. Para o novo modelo, o coeficiente de determina??o foi de 87,5%, mostrando-se bastante satisfat?rio

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Alkyl polyethoxylates are surfactants widely used in vastly different fields, from oil exploitation to pharmaceutical applications. One of the most interesting characteristics of these surfactants is their ability to form micellar systems with specific geometry, the so-called wormlike micelle. In this work, microemulsions with three distinct compositions (C/T = 40 %, 30 % and 25 %) was used with contain UNITOL / butanol / water / xylene, cosurfactant / surfactante (C/S) ratio equal to 0,5. The microemulsion was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), capillary viscometry, torque rheometry and surface tensiometry experiments carried out with systems based on xylene, water, butanol (cosurfactant) and nonaethyleneglycolmonododecyl ether (surfactant), with fixed surfactant:cosurfactant:oil composition (with and without oil phase) and varying the overall concentration of the microemulsion. The results showed that a transition from wormlike micelles to nanodrops was characterized by maximum relative viscosity (depending on how relative viscosity was defined), which was connected to maximum effective diameter, determined by DLS. Surface tension suggested that adsorption at the air water interface had a Langmuir character and that the limiting value of the surfactant surface excess was independent of the presence of cosurfactant and xylene. The results of the solubilization of oil sludge and oil recovery with the microemulsion: C/S = 40%, 30% and 25% proved to be quite effective in solubilization of oil sludge, with the percentage of solubilization (%solubilization) as high as 92.37% and enhanced oil recovery rates up to 90.22% for the point with the highest concentration of active material (surfactant), that is, 40%.
Os tensoativos alquil-polietoxilados s?o amplamente utilizados em diferentes campos, desde a explota??o de petr?leo at? aplica??es na ind?stria farmac?utica. Uma das caracter?sticas mais interessantes destes tensoativos ? a sua capacidade de formar sistemas micelares que apresentam uma geometria micelar espec?fica, a chamada micela wormlike, tipo verme . Neste trabalho, foram utilizados tr?s pontos de microemuls?o: C/T = 40 %, C/T = 30 % e C/T = 25 % num sistema contendo UNITOL/xileno/butanol/?gua. Esses pontos de microemuls?o foram caracterizados por espalhamento de luz din?mico (DLS), viscosimetria capilar, reometria de torque e tens?o superficial com composi??es de tensoativo, cotensoativo e ?leo fixo - 5 % (com e sem fase ?leo) e variando a concentra??o total dos pontos de microemuls?o. Os resultados mostraram que a transi??o da geometria de micela wormlike para nanogotas poderia ser caracterizada por um m?ximo na viscosidade relativa (dependendo de como a viscosidade foi definida), que foi vinculado a um m?ximo de di?metro efetivo, determinada por DLS. A tens?o superficial sugeriu que a adsor??o na interface ?gua/ar tinha um car?ter de Langmuir, o limite de excesso da superf?cie do tensoativo ? independente da presen?a de cotensoativo e do xileno, e que o valor limite do excesso superficial foi independente da presen?a de cotensoativo e xileno. Os resultados da solubiliza??o da borra de petr?leo e da recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo com os pontos de microemuls?o C/T = 40 %, C/T = 30 % e C/T = 25 %, se mostraram bastante eficaz com solubiliza??o da borra de petr?leo, com porcentagem de solubiliza??o (% solubiliza??o) at? 92,37 %, e recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo de at? 90,22 % para o ponto que apresenta maior concentra??o de mat?ria ativa (tensoativo), ou seja, C/T = 40 %.

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A borra oleosa (BO) de petr?leo apresenta um agregado complexo de hidrocarbonetos, impurezas org?nicas, inorg?nicas e ?gua. Um dos principais problemas encontrados atualmente na ind?stria petrolifera ? o gerenciamento (acondicionamento, armazenamento, transporte e destino) de res?duos. Os nanomateriais (catalisadores) mesoporosos e microporosos s?o considerados promissores em processos de refino de petr?leo e como adsorventes para prote??o ambiental. O foco deste trabalho foi estudar a BO de petr?leo oriunda do processamento prim?rio, com aplica??o de degrada??o t?rmica e termocatal?tica com nanomateriais, visando a produ??o de derivados de petr?leo. O catalisador NaY foi sintetizado com uma raz?o molar de sil?cio/alum?nio de 50 (Si/Al = 1,5), usando silicato de s?dio (Na2SiO3) como fonte de sil?cio e aluminato de s?dio (NaAlO2) como a fonte de alum?nio e, posteriormente feito uma troca i?nica para obten??o de sua forma ?cida - HY. As amostras dos materiais nanoestruturados foram caracterizadas por analise termogravim?trica (TG/DTG), difra??o de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR). A caracteriza??o mostrou que os materiais sintetizados resultaram em um catalisador nano estruturado de acordo com a literatura existente. A degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica da borra oleosa de petr?leo foi realizada nas faixas de temperatura de 100, 200, 300, 400 e 500 ?C, variando com o tempo de 0 a 60 min para cada temperatura. As curvas obtidas atrav?s da degrada??o, mostram uma deteriora??o mais acelerada da borra oleosa quando existe a presen?a de catalisador no meio. Esses dados foram corroborados pela energia de ativa??o e foram estudados pelos par?metros de Arrhenius, onde foi poss?vel observar a energia de ativa??o para degrada??o t?rmica e termocatal?tica da borra oleosa.
The oily sludge presents a complete aggregate of hydrocarbons, organic and inorganic impurities, and water. One of the main bottlenecks currently found in oil industry it's the manegement (packaging, storage, transportation and destination) of waste. The nanomaterials (catalysts) mesoporous and microporous are considered promissing in oil refining processes and as absorvents to enviromental protection. The focus of this work was study de oily sludge from primary processing, with applications of thermal degradation and thermocatalytic with nanomaterials, aiming the production of oil derivates. The catalyst NaY was sintetized with a silica/aluminum molar ratio of 50 (Si/Al = 1,5), using sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) as source of silicon e sodium aluminate (NaAlO2), as the aluminum source and, posteriorly was done a ion exchange to obtain its acid form - HY. The samples of the nanostructured materials by thermogravimetric analysis (TG/DTG), X-ray diffraction (DRX), scanning electro micorscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region with Fourier transform (FT-IR). The characterizations showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a nanostructured catalyest according to the existent literature. The thermal and catalytic degradation of the oily sludge was performed in the temperature ranges of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 ?C, varying with time of 0 to 60 min to each temperature. The curves obtained through degradation showed a faster deterioration of oily sludge when there a presence of catalyst on the midst. These datas were corroborated by the activation energy and were studied by Arrhenius parameter, where was possible to observe the activation energy to thermal and thermo-catalytic degradation of the oily sludge.

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Aiming to reduce and reuse waste oil from oily sludge generated in large volumes by the oil industry, types of nanostructured materials Al-MCM-41 and Al-SBA-15, with ratios of Si / Al = 50, were synthesized , and calcined solids used as catalysts in the degradation of oily sludge thermocatalytic oil from oilfield Canto do Amaro, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Samples of nanostructured materials were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared Fourier transform (FT-IR) and adsorption nitrogen (BET). The characterization showed that the synthesized materials resulted in a catalyst nanostructure, and ordered pore diameter and surface area according to existing literature. The oily sludge sample was characterized by determining the API gravity and sulfur content and SARA analysis (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes). The results showed a material equivalent to the average oil with API gravity of 26.1, a low sulfur content and considerable amount of resins and asphaltenes, presented above in the literature. The thermal and catalytic degradation of the oily sludge oil was performed from room temperature to 870 ? C in the ratios of heating of 5, 10 and 20 ? C min-1. The curves generated by TG / DTG showed a more accelerated degradation of oily sludge when it introduced the nanostructured materials. These results were confirmed by activation energy calculated by the method of Flynn-Wall, in the presence of catalysts reduced energy, in particular in the range of cracking, showing the process efficiency, mainly for extraction of lightweight materials of composition of oily sludge, such as diesel and gasoline
Com o objetivo de reduzir e reutilizar o res?duo de borra oleosa de petr?leo, gerado em grandes volumes pela ind?stria petrol?fera, materiais nanoestruturados dos tipos Al-MCM-41 e Al-SBA-15, com raz?es de Si/Al = 50, foram sintetizados, calcinados e utilizados como s?lidos catal?ticos na degrada??o termocatal?tica da borra oleosa de petr?leo, proveniente do campo petrol?fero Canto do Amaro, no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. As amostras dos materiais nanoestruturados foram caracterizadas por an?lise termogravim?trica (TG/DTG), difra??o de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia de absor??o na regi?o do infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) e adsor??o de nitrog?nio (BET). A caracteriza??o mostrou que os materiais sintetizados resultaram em um catalisador nanoestruturado, ordenado e com di?metro de poros e ?rea superficial de acordo com a literatura existente. A amostra de borra oleosa foi caracterizada atrav?s da determina??o do grau API e do teor de enxofre e da an?lise do SARA (saturados, arom?ticos, resinas e asfaltenos). Os resultados mostraram um material equivalente ao petr?leo m?dio, com grau API de 26,1, baixo teor de enxofre e com quantidade consider?vel de resinas e asfaltenos, acima da apresentada na literatura. A degrada??o t?rmica e catal?tica da borra oleosa de petr?leo foi realizada da temperatura ambiente at? 870?C, nas raz?es de aquecimento de 5, 10 e 20oC min-1. As curvas geradas pela TG/DTG apresentaram uma degrada??o mais acelerada da borra oleosa quando se introduziram os materiais nanoestruturados. Esses resultados foram ratificados pela energia de ativa??o, calculada atrav?s do m?todo de Flynn-Wall, em que a presen?a dos catalisadores reduziu a energia, em especial na faixa de craqueamento, mostrando a efici?ncia do processo, principalmente para a extra??o de materiais leves da composi??o da borra oleosa, como diesel e gasolina

This book is the first anthology of perspectives on the future of text, one of our most important mediums for thinking and communicating, with a Foreword by the co-inventor of the Internet, Vint. Cerf and a Postscript by the founder of the modern Library of Alexandria, Ismail Serageldin. In a time with astounding developments in computer special effects in movies and the emergence of powerful AI, text has developed little beyond spellcheck and blue links. In this work we look at myriads of perspectives to inspire a rich future of text through contributions from academia, the arts, business and technology. We hope you will be as inspired as we are as to the potential power of text truly unleashed. Contributions by Adam Cheyer • Adam Kampff • Alan Kay • Alessio Antonini • Alex Holcombe • Amaranth Borsuk • Amira Hanafi • Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. • Anastasia Salter • Andy Matuschak & Michael Nielsen • Ann Bessemans & María Pérez Mena • Andries Van Dam • Anne-Laure Le Cunff • Anthon Botha • Azlen Ezla • Barbara Beeton • Belinda Barnet • Ben Shneiderman • Bernard Vatant • Bob Frankston • Bob Horn • Bob Stein • Catherine C. Marshall • Charles Bernstein • Chris Gebhardt • Chris Messina • Christian Bök • Christopher Gutteridge • Claus Atzenbeck • Daniel Russel • Danila Medvedev • Danny Snelson • Daveed Benjamin • Dave King • Dave Winer • David De Roure • David Jablonowski • David Johnson • David Lebow • David M. Durant • David Millard • David Owen Norris • David Price • David Weinberger • Dene Grigar • Denise Schmandt-Besserat • Derek Beaulieu • Doc Searls • Don Norman • Douglas Crockford • Duke Crawford • Ed Leahy • Elaine Treharne • Élika Ortega • Esther Dyson • Esther Wojcicki • Ewan Clayton • Fiona Ross • Fred Benenson & Tyler Shoemaker • Galfromdownunder, aka Lynette Chiang • Garrett Stewart • Gyuri Lajos • Harold Thimbleby • Howard Oakley • Howard Rheingold • Ian Cooke • Iian Neil • Jack Park • Jakob Voß • James Baker • James O’Sullivan • Jamie Blustein • Jane Yellowlees Douglas • Jay David Bolter • Jeremy Helm • Jesse Grosjean • Jessica Rubart • Joe Corneli • Joel Swanson • Johanna Drucker • Johannah Rodgers • John Armstrong • John Cayle • John-Paul Davidson • Joris J. van Zundert • Judy Malloy • Kari Kraus & Matthew Kirschenbaum • Katie Baynes • Keith Houston • Keith Martin • Kenny Hemphill • Ken Perlin • Leigh Nash • Leslie Carr • Lesia Tkacz • Leslie Lamport • Livia Polanyi • Lori Emerson • Luc Beaudoin & Daniel Jomphe • Lynette Chiang • Manuela González • Marc-Antoine Parent • Marc Canter • Mark Anderson • Mark Baker • Mark Bernstein • Martin Kemp • Martin Tiefenthaler • Maryanne Wolf • Matt Mullenweg • Michael Joyce • Mike Zender • Naomi S. Baron • Nasser Hussain • Neil Jefferies • Niels Ole Finnemann • Nick Montfort • Panda Mery • Patrick Lichty • Paul Smart • Peter Cho • Peter Flynn • Peter Jenson & Melissa Morocco • Peter J. Wasilko • Phil Gooch • Pip Willcox • Rafael Nepô • Raine Revere • Richard A. Carter • Richard Price • Richard Saul Wurman • Rollo Carpenter • Sage Jenson & Kit Kuksenok • Shane Gibson • Simon J. Buckingham Shum • Sam Brooker • Sarah Walton • Scott Rettberg • Sofie Beier • Sonja Knecht • Stephan Kreutzer • Stephanie Strickland • Stephen Lekson • Stevan Harnad • Steve Newcomb • Stuart Moulthrop • Ted Nelson • Teodora Petkova • Tiago Forte • Timothy Donaldson • Tim Ingold • Timur Schukin & Irina Antonova • Todd A. Carpenter • Tom Butler-Bowdon • Tom Standage • Tor Nørretranders • Valentina Moressa • Ward Cunningham • Dame Wendy Hall • Zuzana Husárová. Student Competition Winner Niko A. Grupen, and competition runner ups Catherine Brislane, Corrie Kim, Mesut Yilmaz, Elizabeth Train-Brown, Thomas John Moore, Zakaria Aden, Yahye Aden, Ibrahim Yahie, Arushi Jain, Shuby Deshpande, Aishwarya Mudaliar, Finbarr Condon-English, Charlotte Gray, Aditeya Das, Wesley Finck, Jordan Morrison, Duncan Reid, Emma Brodey, Gage Nott, Aditeya Das and Kamil Przespolewski. Edited by Frode Hegland.

The cognitive dimension of political order is fundamental, as the global pandemic has once again illustrated. Not only is there no good government without knowledge, but knowledge is also a resource of ever new forms of government and a motor of societal change. Referring to authority (Herrschaft) in this context serves as an invitation to become inspired and productively irritated by a still somewhat uneasy and controversial concept, a concept that differs from the governance and policy approaches that have been dominant in recent decades. This volume’s contributions undertake this from the different perspectives of law, history, media theory, political theory and philosophy, as well as empirical social research. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Alfons Bora; Prof. Dr. Marian Döhler; Prof. Dr. Franziska Dübgen; Prof. Dr. Christian Geulen; Prof. em. Dr. Otfried Jarren; Prof. Dr. Martin Kintzinger; Dr. Eva Krick; Dr. Martin Kühnel; Prof. Dr. Anne Kwaschik; PD Dr. Lars Leeten; Dr. Nina Reiners; Prof. Dr. Jörn Reinhardt; Roland A. Römhild; Prof. Dr. Jörg Rüpke; Dr. Dana Schmalz, LL.M.; Prof. Dr. Fabian Schuppert; Prof. em. Dr. Gunnar Folke Schuppert; Dr. Astrid Séville; Dr. Laura Stielike and Peter Weingart.

Using Peter Borsay's idea of an English Urban Renaissance, alongside other ideas including the Industrial Revolution and the Enlightenment, this chapter discusses the context within which Baskerville and other provincial printers worked during the eighteenth century. The Printing (Licensing) Act had restricted printing to London, Oxford and Cambridge; its lapse in 1695 allowed printing to develop in other provincial towns, though London continued to dominate the trade. Birmingham, as a manorial town, was free of the trade restrictions which operated in incorporated towns and printers and other businessmen were free to set up in business without formality. The context of Birmingham as a developing industrial town is outlined and cultural aspects of the town's history are discussed.

An important responsibility of all researchers is to communicate effectively with the rest of the scientific community, students, and the general public. Communication is “a process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs or behavior” (Merriam-Webster 1988). It is a two-way process that requires collaborations, best-information exchange practices, and effective formal and informal education. Communication of this knowledge and understanding about the boreal forest is important because it benefits scientists, policymakers, program managers, teachers, students, and other community members. Good data and a firm knowledge base are needed for improving understanding of the functioning of the boreal forest, implementing best-management practices regarding forests and other resources, making personal and communal decisions regarding livelihoods and quality of life, coping with changes in the environment, and preparing future cadres of science-informed decision makers. Communication among scientists is an essential step in the research process because it informs researchers about important ideas and observations elsewhere in the world and allows boreal researchers to contribute to general scientific understanding. For example, the Bonanza Creek LTER has developed its research program by incorporating many important concepts developed elsewhere, including ecosystem dynamics (Tansley 1935), succession (Clements 1916), state factors (Jenny 1941), predator interactions (Elton 1958), and landscape dynamics (Turner et al. 2001). Through active research and regular communication and collaboration with the international scientific community, these “imported” ideas have been adapted to the boreal forest and new ideas and insights have been developed or communicated to the scientific community, as described in detail throughout this book. New ideas have originated among boreal researchers, and their “export” has sparked research elsewhere in the world (Chapter 21). The pathways of communication are changing. Alaskan boreal researchers have participated actively in traditional modes of communication, including hundreds of peer-reviewed publications, several books, reports intended for managers, and participation in meetings and workshops. However, some of the greatest benefits of longterm research reside in the records of changes that occur. These long-term data are now available to the rest of the world through internet Web sites that house databases, publications, photographs, and other information (http://www.lter.uaf.edu).