Journal articles: 'PET'

1

Park, Eun-Soo. "Morphology, mechanical, and dielectric breakdown properties of PBT/PET/TPE, PBT/PET/PA66, PBT/PET/LMPE, and PBT/PET/TiO2blends." Polymer Composites 29, no. 10 (October 2008): 1111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.20626.

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Jareonsri, L., S. Nawalertpanya, and W. Jantaporn. "Preparation and Characterization of Novel Membrane from Waste Polyethylene terephthalate and Bio-based Polymer." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1280, no. 1 (April 1, 2023): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1280/1/012010.

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Abstract A large amount of post-consumer Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle waste could be recycled for downstream products. In this work, used PET bottles were utilized as a raw material to develop environmentally-friendly ultrafiltration membranes by phase inversion technique. Poly(ethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate) (PEF), prepared from a sustainable bio-based monomer, 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), was blended into rPET matrix to improve the mechanical properties of the membrane. Ethanol was also used as a non-solvent in a coagulation bath and polyethylene glycol (PEG) with a molecular weight of 400 Da was added as a hydrophilic additive. The effects of PEF and PEG incorporation to waste PET-based membranes have been thoroughly studied. The morphology of obtained membrane was investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The membrane’s permeation and resistance were tested using a pressure-driven dead-end membrane module. The result revealed that adding PEF increased the roughness of the membrane surface, which lowered the flux recovery ratio and rejection performance. However, the filtration performance and the membrane resistance could be improved by adjusting the content of the PEG additive.

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Wang, Rui-yuan, Xiao-dong Chen, Qun-jie Xu, Yin-jie Wang, and Qiang Zhang. "Study on crystallization performance of polyethylene terephthalate/polybutylene terephthalate alloys." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 8 (October 1, 2014): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0106.

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Abstract Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a kind of high performance engineering plastic. However, the application of pure PET is subject to limitation because of its slow crystallization rate. In order to overcome this difficulty, thermoplastic resins are often added into PET matrix by a compounding technique. Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) possesses many advantages such as a high degree of crystallinity and rapid molding, thus, is very suitable to adjust the crystallization behaviors of PET. In this work, the crystallization behaviors of PET/PBT alloys were studied by a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermal platform polarizing microscope. The obtained results indicate that the content of PBT could tune the melting and crystallization behaviors of the alloy. The parameters of non-isothermal crystallization of the alloys for blends were analyzed by the Jeziorny and Kissinger methods. The non-isothermal crystallization process for PET, PBT and PET/PBT alloys fit the Jeziorny model well at the early stage, but there is a certain small deviation at the later stage, indicating that the nucleation mechanism of PET/PBT alloy is complicated. In addition, the crystallization rate accelerates with an increase in cooling rate. The alloys show the best crystallization performance when the content of PBT is 10 wt%, and their crystallization activation energy reaches up to -201.78 kJ/mol.

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Tao, Jie, Xiang Dong, Tao Wang, and Yi Hua Cui. "Crystallization Behaviour of Nano-ZnO/PET and Nano-ZnO/Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)/PET Composites by In Situ Polymerization." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 853–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.853.

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In order to improve the crystallization properties of the polyethylene terephthalate (PET), nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO)/PET and nano-ZnO/polyethylene glycol (PEG)/PET composites were successfully synthesized by in-situ polymerization method in this work. The experimental results indicated that nano particles can accelerate the crystallization of the PET which was demonstrated by increase in the intensities of the XRD peaks. PEG and PET form copolymer in composites, leading to the improvement of the flexibility of the molecule chain. Meanwhile, PEG was able to encapsulate the nano particles to make them have both good compatibility to matrix and uniform dispersion in the composites. Therefore, the crystallization rate and crystallization capability of nano-ZnO/PEG/PET composites were reasonably raised.

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Shirakawa, Sachiyo, Ippei Matsumoto, Kazuki Terashima, Makoto Shinzeki, Sadaki Asari, Tadahiro Goto, Hideyo Mukubo, et al. "Usefulness of FDG-PET in the evaluation of tumor response to proton beam therapy for locally advanced pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2013): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.4_suppl.271.

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271 Background: Evaluation of tumor response to radiation therapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) using conventional radiological tests is difficult due to generally small size and inflammatory or fibrotic changes of radiated tissue. Although increasing evidence has shown that 18-F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positoron emission tomography (FDG-PET) can assess functional changes in various tumors, available data in PDA with radiation therapy is scarce. In this study, we investigated the role of FDG-PET in long-term monitoring tumor response to proton beam therapy (PBT) for PDA. Methods: Thirty-four locally advanced PDA patients with pre- and post-PBT FDG-PET data were included in this study. Local tumor responses by computed tomography (CT) and FDG-PET were defined as below: response group in CT (complete response: CR, partial response: PR, stable disease: SD, progressive disease: PD) was defined according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, but only evaluation of primary tumor; and in FDG-PET, CR was defined as disappearance of FDG uptake, PR as decrease, SD as unchange, and PD as increase, compared to pre-PBT data. We evaluated tumor response at three different time points: 0-3, 3-6, and 6-12 months after PBT. Also serum CA19-9 values were evaluated. Results: Radiation doses were 50.4-70.2 GyE and 28 (82%) patients received concomitant chemotherapy. During the follow-up period (median 19 months), a total of 90 FDG-PET tests were performed. At the first time point, SD was noted in 90% (9/10) of patients by CT, whereas CR or PR in all by FDG-PET. At the second point, 39% (7/18) of patients demonstrated PR by CT, whereas 91% CR or PR by FDG-PET. Two patients with PD by FDG-PET were diagnosed as SD by CT, while one patient with PD by CT was diagnosed as PR by FDG-PET. At the third point, four patients with PD by FDG-PET were diagnosed as PR or SD by CT. Serum CA19-9 values supported FDG-PET findings. In four of 14 patients with serial FDG-PET, the maximum effects were noted at the second point. Conclusions: Serial FDG-PET can detect changes in local tumor response to PBT for PDA earlier and more sensitively than CT. Of note, there is the risk for false positive in early post-PBT FDG-PET.

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Paszkiewicz, Sandra, Izabela Irska, and Elzbieta Piesowicz. "Environmentally Friendly Polymer Blends Based on Post-Consumer Glycol-Modified Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (PET-G) Foils and Poly(Ethylene 2,5-Furanoate) (PEF): Preparation and Characterization." Materials 13, no. 12 (June 12, 2020): 2673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13122673.

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Environmentally friendly polymer blends between post-consumer PET-G and bio-based poly(ethylene 2,5 furanoate) (PEF) have been prepared. The PET-G granules were obtained from the post-consumer glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) PET-G foils from Nicrometal S.A. as a result of materials recycling. PEF was synthesized from dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate and 1,2-ethylene glycol (BioUltra) by a two-stage melt polycondensation process. According to the calculations followed by Hoy’s method, one has studied the miscibility of the components in the blend. The molecular structure of PET-G/PEF blends was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the morphology of the blends was determined by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). To evaluate phase transition temperatures, as well as the thermal effects in PET-G/PEF blends, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), were performed. Tensile tests revealed that along with an increase in the amount of PEF, an increase in Young’s modulus was observed. Besides, the existence of interfacial interactions between polymers, especially in the case of PET-G/PEF 80/20, enabling the PET-G chains to form a network structure with the PEF by reacting with their functional groups, allows observation of a synergistic effect in the improvement of thermal stability and water absorption.

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El-Zahhar, Adel A., Khalid M. Yassien, and Mohamed A. El-Bakary. "Study on the thermal and structural properties of gamma-irradiated polyethylene terephthalate fibers." Journal of Polymer Engineering 40, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0234.

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AbstractPolyethylene terephthalate (PET) fiber samples were irradiated using different gamma radiation doses. The physicochemical and structural properties of the irradiated PET samples, either the pristine sample or the sample chemically modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG), were assessed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The surface morphology and characteristics of the irradiated PET fiber samples were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pristine and PEG-modified PET fibers were exposed to gamma radiation with doses ranging from 0.5 to 20 kGy. The FTIR analysis results showed certain degradation via irradiation, deduced from a decrease in the intensities of most of the PET original infrared bands. The XRD and DSC analysis results indicated the reduction of crystallinity upon irradiation of pristine and modified PET fibers. Conversely, an improvement in the crystallinity was observed at high doses compared with low doses. The crystallinity of the PEG-modified PET was found to be improved. Two types of morphological changes, wrinkles and small particles, were observed on the PET fiber surface due to gamma irradiation.

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IDA, Shin-ichiro, Hiroko YAMAMOTO, Mai TERUNUMA, and Masayoshi ITO. "Effects of Transesterification on the Homogenization of PET/PEN/PET-PEN Copolymer Blends." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 66, no. 2 (2009): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.66.55.

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9

Pan, Chang Jiang, Jin Wang, H. Sun, and Nan Huang. "Hemocompatibility of PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Films Grafted PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) by Plasma Surface Modification." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.339.

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In this paper, polyethylene glycol (PEG) of various different molecular weights was grafted onto PET films using plasma surface grafting modification. The surface structure of PEG-grafted PET films was analyzed by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), suggesting that the surface structure and composition of PET films changes due to the presence of PEG. Blood compatibility was characterized by in vitro platelet adhesion experiments and coagulation factors. The tests of platelet adhesion and coagulation factors in vitro suggest that PEG grafted onto polymer surfaces can improve the blood compatibility of PET films remarkably. The modified PET films were pre-coated with albumin and fibrinogen respectively; platelet adhesion tests in vitro then indicated that samples pre-coated with albumin have better blood compatibility than with fibrinogen, resulting in the conclusion that the albumin can improve blood compatibility. The contact angle of PEG-grafted films was measured by the sessile drop method and the surface free energy and interface free energy were induced. It is indicated that the PEG-grafted PET films have the characteristic of preferentially adsorbing albumin.

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Xu, Liyun, Yu Zhang, Ying Guo, Ruiyun Zhang, Jianjun Shi, Yue Shen, and Jianyong Yu. "The Effect of Hydroxyl on the Superhydrophobicity of Dodecyl Methacrylate (LMA) Coated Fabrics through Simple Dipping-Plasma Crosslinked Method." Coatings 10, no. 12 (December 21, 2020): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings10121263.

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In order to obtain stable superhydrophobicity, suitable hydrophobic treatment agents should be selected according to different material properties. In this paper, cotton and poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fabrics were respectively coated with dodecyl methacrylate (LMA) via argon combined capacitively coupled plasma (CCP), and the surface hydrophobicity and durability of the treated cotton and polyester fabrics are also discussed. An interesting phenomenon happened, whereby the LMA-coated cotton fabric (Cotton-g-LMA) had better water repelling and mechanical durability properties than LMA-coated PET fabric (PET-g-LMA), and LMA-coated hydroxyl-grafted PET fabrics (PET fabrics were successively coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and LMA, PET-g-PEG & LMA) had a similar performance to cotton fabrics. The water contact angles of Cotton-g-LMA, PET-g-LMA and PET-g-PEG & LMA were 156°, 153° and 155°, respectively, and after 45 washing cycles or 1000 rubbing cycles, the corresponding water contact angles decreased to 145°, 88°, 134° and 146°, 127° and 143°, respectively. Additionally, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polyamides-6 (PA6) fabrics all exhibited the same properties as the PET fabric. Therefore, the grafting of hydroxyl can improve the hydrophobic effect of LMA coating and the binding property between LMA and fabrics effectively, without changing the wearing comfort.

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Alhamidi, Abdullah, Arfat Anis, Saeed M. Al-Zahrani, Zahir Bashir, and Maher M. Alrashed. "Conductive Plastics from Al Platelets in a PBT-PET Polyester Blend Having Co-Continuous Morphology." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1092. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061092.

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Conductive plastics are made by placing conductive fillers in polymer matrices. It is known that a conductive filler in a binary polymer blend with a co-continuous morphology is more effective than in a single polymer, because it aids the formation of a ‘segregated conductive network’. We embedded a relatively low-cost conductive filler, aluminium nano platelets, in a 60/40 PBT/PET polymer blend. While 25 vol.% of the Al nanoplatelets when placed in a single polymer (PET) gave a material with the resistivity of an insulator (1014 Ωcm), the same Al nano platelets in the 60/40 PBT/PET blend reduced the resistivity to 7.2 × 107 Ωcm, which is in the category of an electrostatic charge dissipation material. While PET tends to give amorphous articles, the 60/40 PBT/PET blends crystallised in the time scale of the injection moulding and hence the conductive articles had dimensional stability above the Tg of PET.

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Sousa, Andreia F., Rafael Patrício, Zoi Terzopoulou, Dimitrios N. Bikiaris, Tobias Stern, Julia Wenger, Katja Loos, et al. "Recommendations for replacing PET on packaging, fiber, and film materials with biobased counterparts." Green Chemistry 23, no. 22 (2021): 8795–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc02082j.

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What are the most promising biobased PET replacements? Are they economically feasible? Are they sustainable? Industrially feasible? In the future, PET will certainly be replaced by more than one option, e.g., PEF, PTF, bio-PET, and PLA.

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Dobó, Zsolt, Tamara Mahner, Balázs Hegedüs, and Gábor Nagy. "The influence of PET and PBT contamination during transportation fuel production via pyrolysis." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 15, no. 1 (August 10, 2021): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.1.82-87.

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The pyrolysis of plastic waste is a promising method to reduce waste accumulation while it could provide value-added transportation fuels. The main goal of this study is to investigate the influence of PET and PBT contamination during plastic pyrolysis oil production utilizing HDPE, LDPE, PP, and PS mixtures as these plastics are good candidates for transportation fuel production via pyrolysis and distillation. Seven different waste blends were prepared and pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale batch reactor equipped with reflux. Mass balance, gas analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and deposit formation were evaluated. It was concluded that by increasing the PET or PBT concentration in the initial solid waste mixtures, the oil production decreases while the amount of gases increases. Additionally, either PET or PBT generates operational difficulties due to they form deposits in piping system in form of benzoic acid. The maximum concentration of these plastic waste materials was 20% (PET) and 25% (PBT) in this study as further increase blocked the cross-section of piping, causing operational difficulties. Based on the obtained results the concentration of PET and PBT should be limited in waste mixtures when transportation fuel production is desired.

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Güngör Ertuğral, Tuğba, and Cemil Alkan. "Synthesis of thermally protective PET–PEG multiblock copolymers as food packaging materials." Polymers and Polymer Composites 29, no. 9_suppl (October 18, 2021): S1125—S1133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911211045683.

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One of the storage conditions affecting quality of food stuffs due to short shelf life is temperature. Thermal insulation can be achieved by adding phase change materials (PCMs) to packaging materials. PCMs store and release latent heat of phase change during melting and crystallization operations, respectively. Thus, they can provide thermal protection for packaged foods. The aim of this study is to prepare new food packaging materials poly (ethylene terephthalate)–poly (ethylene glycol) (PET–PEG) multiblock copolymers as solid–solid phase change materials (SSPCM) as potential food packaging materials with thermal energy storage (TES) property. Polyesterification was carried out with PEG at different average molecular weights (1000, 4000 and 10,000 g/mol), ethylene glycol (EG) and terephthaloyl chloride (TPC). Synthesized PET–PEG multiblock copolymers were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. The crystal structures of PET–PEG multiblock copolymers were characterized by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and their surface properties were determined by performing contact angle tests. TES capacity of the PET–PEG multiblock copolymers was found in range of 26.1–150.5 J/g. Consequently, this study demonstrates the potential of PET–PEG multiblock copolymers suitable for effective thermal preservation in packaging material applications to maintain the quality of packaged food stuffs.

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Ruamcharoen, Polphat, Chor Wayakron Phetphaisit, Ratree Bumee, Jareerat Ruamcharoen, Bussara Niyomdecha, and Supattra Nillawat. "The Chemical Modification of Waste PET and its Application for a Wood-Polymer Composite Binder." Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (March 2012): 648–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.648.

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The application of hydroxyl terminated polyethylene terephthalate (PET-OH) as a starting pre-polymer to react with polymeric methylene di-isocyanate (p-MDI) for synthesis of polyurethane as a wood-composite binder was studied. The PET-OH was modified from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by glycolysis reaction. The effect of weight ratios of binder and rubber-wood sawdust particles and the mole ratios of hydroxyl (OH) of PET-OH and isocyanate (NCO) of p-MDI on mechanical properties were investigated. The properties of wood-polymer composites from PET-OH were also compared with the polyurethane composites from polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a commercial polyol. It was found that mechanical properties of wood-polymer composites increased with the increase of binders and polyol contents and then decreased and PET-OH showed the greater properties than PEG. The ratio of wood particle and the binder of 60:40 by weight and the ratio of OH and NCO of 0.01:1 by mole gave the best mechanical properties.

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Friedberg, Jonathan W. "PET positive, PET negative, or PET peeve?" Blood 115, no. 4 (January 28, 2010): 752–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2009-09-244947.

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Perera, R., C. Rosales, M. A. Araque, and M. A. Coelho. "Composites of Pet and PBT/PP with Bentonite." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1019–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1019.

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The need for solid-waste management has pushed the development of alternative systems for recycling and revalue used plastic containers. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is being widely used as raw material for beverage bottles. However, as has been widely reported, PET undergoes degradation and hydrolysis when reprocessed. On the other hand, poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is another thermoplastic polyester with easy processability but high brittleness and cost. Hence, it has been blended with other polymers such as polypropylene to overcome its disadvantages. In this work, bentonite was incorporated into recycled PET and PBT/polypropylene blends by extrusion. Rheological and tensile properties and processability of the composites thus prepared were studied. Results showed a strong newtonean character of extrudates of recycled PET and higher viscosities and a more pseudoplastic behavior and improved reprocessability when bentonite was added to PET. Furthermore, inclusion of the filler increased its initial degradation temperature, as observed during rheological testing. All composites displayed a brittle behavior. However, the tensile properties of PET composites were not strongly deteriorated. There was a slight increase in the Young’s modulus values and in the tensile strength, with unnoticeable effects on the elongation at break. The Young’s modulus values of PBT/PP composites were not significantly affected.

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Ohki, Yuriko, Yohei Ogiwara, and Kotohiro Nomura. "Depolymerization of Polyesters by Transesterification with Ethanol Using (Cyclopentadienyl)titanium Trichlorides." Catalysts 13, no. 2 (February 16, 2023): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13020421.

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Exclusive chemical conversions of polyesters [poly(ethylene adipate) (PEA), poly(butylene adipate) (PBA), poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)] to the corresponding monomers (diethyl adipate, diethyl terephthalate, ethylene glycol, 1,4-butane diol) by transesterification with ethanol using Cp’TiCl3 (Cp’ = Cp, Cp*) catalyst have been demonstrated. The present acid-base-free depolymerizations by Cp’TiCl3 exhibited completed conversions (>99%) of PET, PBT to afford diethyl terephthalate and ethylene glycol or 1,4-butane diol exclusively (selectivity >99%) without formation of any other by-products in the NMR spectra (150–170 °C, Ti 1.0, or 2.0 mol%). The resultant reaction mixture after the depolymerization of PBA with ethanol via the CpTiCl3 catalyst (1.0 mol%, 150 °C, 3 h), consisting of diethyl adipate and 1,4-butane diol, was heated at 150 °C in vacuo for 24 h to afford high molecular weight recycled PBA with unimodal molecular weight distribution (Mn = 11,800, Mw/Mn = 1.6), strongly demonstrating a possibility of one-pot (acid-base-free) closed-loop chemical recycling.

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Kubo, Kazuhiro. "[PET] 4. PET/MRI." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 79, no. 4 (April 20, 2023): 373–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2023-2183.

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Chemrak, Mohammed Amin, Abdelkader Chougui, Mustapha Hafani, Sara Chourouk Benali, Djellal Adda Benattia, and M’hammed Djennad. "Preparation and characterization of ultrafiltration membranes derived from recycled Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles." STUDIES IN ENGINEERING AND EXACT SCIENCES 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2024): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54021/seesv5n1-009.

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The pressing need for sustainable practices and eco-friendly materials in the face of escalating environmental concerns has led to exploring the transformation of discarded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into functional ultrafiltration membranes. This research prepares and characterizes ultrafiltration membranes derived from PET bottle waste. The study involves collecting PET waste material and fabrication processes to develop asymmetric flat sheet membranes blended with varying proportions of hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) using phase inversion techniques. Rigorous characterization employing SEM, EDS analysis, and water vapor permeability (WVP) assessments examine these membranes' structural, morphological, and performance attributes. The surface analysis elucidates a notable correlation between increased PEG content and larger pore sizes, consistent with prior studies involving PEG in membrane modifications. Additionally, incorporating PEG in the casting solution elevates water vapor permeability. Ultrafiltration experiments reveal differing rejection rates, with membrane M2 exhibiting enhanced anti-fouling properties despite reduced flux compared to M3 and M4. This research lays the groundwork for repurposing PET waste into selective membrane materials, emphasizing optimization strategies to enhance membrane quality and performance for diverse operational settings.

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Xu, Qiu Shu, Lian Tang, Chao Sheng Wang, Biao Wang, and Hua Ping Wang. "Effects of Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Segment on Physical and Chemical Properties of Poly(Ether Ester) Elastomers." Materials Science Forum 898 (June 2017): 2147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.898.2147.

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Poly (ether ester) elastomer, a segmented copolymer, recently has attracted a wide attention for its unique properties such as elasticity, low temperature impact resistance and chemistry resistance. In this work, a range of poly (ether ester) s were synthesized via a two-step polymerization method using poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as rigid segment and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) as flexible segment. The effects of the molecular weight (1000-8000 g/mol) and the weight ratios with PEG (30/100-70/100) of PET segments on the performance of synthetic copolymers were investigated. The chemical structure, thermal properties and hydrophilic performance of the copolymers were respectively characterized. Additionally, the practical block ratios of PEG/PET were calculated by the 1H-NMR Spectra of the copolymer after Soxhlet extraction. Through the obtained results, it revealed that increasing the molecular weight or content of PEG could enhance the hydrophilic performance of the copolymers and reversely reduce its thermal stability. It was shown that the reactivity of PEG in the polymerization process was weakened when its molecular weight was above 4000 or weight ratio with PTA was higher than 60/100, subsequently affected the practical block ratios of PEG/PET in the resulting poly(ether ester)elastomers.

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Wagner-Egea, Paula, Lucía Aristizábal-Lanza, Cecilia Tullberg, Ping Wang, Katja Bernfur, Carl Grey, Baozhong Zhang, and Javier A. Linares-Pastén. "Marine PET Hydrolase (PET2): Assessment of Terephthalate- and Indole-Based Polyester Depolymerization." Catalysts 13, no. 9 (August 24, 2023): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13091234.

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Enzymatic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) recycling processes are gaining interest for their low environmental impact, use of mild conditions, and specificity. Furthermore, PET hydrolase enzymes are continuously being discovered and engineered. In this work, we studied a PET hydrolase (PET2), initially characterized as an alkaline thermostable lipase. PET2 was produced in a fusion form with a 6-histidine tag in the N-terminal. The PET2 activity on aromatic terephthalate and new indole-based polyesters was evaluated using polymers in powder form. Compared with IsPETase, an enzyme derived from Ideonella sakaiensis, PET2 showed a lower PET depolymerization yield. However, interestingly, PET2 produced significantly higher polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyhexylene terephthalate (PHT) depolymerization yields. A clear preference was found for aromatic indole-derived polyesters over non-aromatic ones. No activity was detected on Akestra™, an amorphous copolyester with spiroacetal structures. Docking studies suggest that a narrower and more hydrophobic active site reduces its activity on PET but favors its interaction with PBT and PHT. Understanding the enzyme preferences of polymers will contribute to their effective use to depolymerize different types of polyesters.

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Moreira, Leonardo Marmo, and Juliana Pereira Lyon. "Photodynamic Therapy in Veterinary Medicine: Applications in dogs and cats." Pubvet 16, no. 6 (June 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.31533/pubvet.v16n06a1129.1-4.

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The present article represents a critical review focused on the application of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) in Veterinary Medicine. Presenting an especial highlight to pet area, this manuscript brings together interesting articles on the application of PDT in pets, especially dogs and cats. Evaluating relevant publications that denote the state-of-art of this area, this present work demonstrates the wide potential of PDT application in several veterinary diseases. In fact, this work presents advantages and disadvantages of PDT and the partially positive results that several important research groups have published. We believe that this work can be useful to researchers and clinical veterinary medicine, mainly those that worked mainly with small animals of the PET area. We believe that this work can be useful for researchers and clinical veterinarians, especially those who work mainly with small animals in the pet area.

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Norrie, J., M. E. D. Graham, and A. Gosselin. "Potential Evapotranspiration as a Means of Predicting Irrigation Timing in Greenhouse Tomatoes Grown in Peat Bags." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 119, no. 2 (March 1994): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.119.2.163.

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The use of potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates to identify irrigation timing for greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in peat-based substrate was evaluated for a spring and fall crop. PET (using the Penman equation) was calculated from leaf, wet and dry bulb temperatures, and incident and reflected photosynthetic photon flux. Substrate matric potential (SMP) was monitored continuously using electronic tensiometers. Two irrigation starting setpoints (-4.5 and -6.5 kPa SMP) and two nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) treatments (1.5 and 3.0 dS·m-1) were factorially combined in a completely randomized design. Irrigation frequency was greater in treatments irrigated at -4.5 than at -6.5 kPa. The integral of calculated PET values was correlated with SMP for both experiments. Accumulated PET values were higher at the start of irrigation in the -6.5-kPa treatments for spring and fall crops. Nutrient solution EC did not influence irrigation frequency. Leaf pressure potential (LPP) was correlated to PET-predicted LPP (r2 > 0.56) in plants subjected to high EC, low (-6.5 kPa) matric potential setpoint, or both treatments. PET and electronic tensiometer technology can be used jointly to improve irrigation management for tomatoes grown in peat-based substrates by more accurately responding to crop needs for water and nutrients.

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Zhan, Congcong, Chuanjun Xia, Pengfei Wang, Pingdeng Ming, Shanfeng Zhang, Junying Chen, and Xia Huang. "Modulation of neo-endothelialization of vascular graft materials by silk fibroin." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 66, no. 6 (October 11, 2021): 573–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2020-0238.

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Abstract Controlled neo-endothelialization is critical to the patency of vascular grafts. Expanded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) vascular grafts were grafted with polyethylene glycol (PEG), irradiated with ultraviolet light, and subsequently coated with silk fibroin (SF) and EDC in a dip-coating process. Endothelial cells were cultivated on the coated samples for 1, 3, 5, and 7 days, and characterized by fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The quantitative analyse of CCK-8 method was used to assess ECs proliferation. The results reveal the correlation between grafting components and cell adhesion. We demonstrated that PET with SF grafting facilitated cell adhesion and spreading. Following 7 days of cell culture in vitro, PET-PEG6000-SF (PEG molecular weight 6,000) displayed spreading of cells over a significantly larger area. Rapid endothelialization on a modified PET surface resulted in large tissue pack that can be observed by SEM.

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von Schulthess, Gustav K., and Thomas F. Hany. "Imaging and PET — PET/CTimaging." Journal de Radiologie 89, no. 3 (March 2008): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0221-0363(08)89019-1.

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Chen, Qing, Pibo Ma, Haiwen Mao, Xuhong Miao, and Gaoming Jiang. "The Effect of Knitting Parameter and Finishing on Elastic Property of PET/PBT Warp Knitted Fabric." Autex Research Journal 17, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 350–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aut-2017-0014.

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Abstract This study investigated the elastic elongation and elastic recovery of the elastic warp knittedfabric made of PET( polyethylene terephthalate) and PBT(polybutylene terephthalate) filament. Using 50/24F PET and 50D/24F PBT in two threadingbars, the tricot, locknit and satin warp knitted fabrics were produced on the E28 tricot warpknitting machine. The knitting parameters influencing the elastic elongation under 100N wereanalyzed in terms of fabric structure, yarn run-in speed and drawing density set on machine.Besides, dyeing temperature and heat setting temperature/time were also examined in order toretain proper elastic elongation and elastic recovery. The relationship between elastic elongationand knitting parameter and finishing parameter were analyzed. Finally, the elastic recovery ofPET/PBT warp knitted fabric was examined to demonstrate the elastic property of final finishedfabric. This study could help us to further exploit the use of PET/PBT warp knitted fabric in thedevelopment of elastic garment in future.

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Norrie, J., M. E. D. Graham, P. A. Dubé, and A. Gosselin. "Improvements in Automatic Irrigation of Peat-grown Greenhouse Tomatoes." HortTechnology 4, no. 2 (April 1994): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.4.2.154.

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An automatic irrigation system was designed for use on green-house tomatoes growing in peat-based substrates. This system uses electronic tensiometers to monitor continuously substrate matric potential (SMP) in peat-bags. The system also uses the Penman equation to evaluate potential evapotranspiration (PET) through the acquisition of many greenhouse environmental parameters. Through a series of linear equations, estimates of PET are used in a computer-controller system to vary the electrical conductivity (EC) of irrigated nutrient solutions, as well as SMP setpoints at which irrigations are started. Such modifications to current irrigation management systems may improve fruit quality and reduce the risk of water stress during periods of high PET by irrigating more frequently with less-concentrated nutrient solutions. Conversely, during periods of low PET, irrigation is less frequent with more-concentrated nutrient solutions. Although no differences were found in fruit number or overall yield using variable nutrient solution EC, plant fresh weight was higher in those treatments. It is concluded that an integrated tensiometer-PET system may give increased precision to irrigation management and the control of crop growth in the greenhouse.

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Avramova, Nadka. "Amorphous Blends of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) through Ultraquenching." Engineering Plastics 2, no. 5 (January 1994): 147823919400200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919400200501.

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Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) are obtained by means of an ultraquenching technique. The thermal behaviour, crystallization behaviour and mechanical properties are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and mechanical testing. The results for as-quenched blends are compared with those for the same blends after three years of storage at -15°C. Both calorimetric and X-ray studies indicate that immediately after preparation, the blends are amorphous regardless of the composition. The stored blends are also amorphous. The thermal and mechanical properties of asquenched samples change significantly after a long time at low temperature relaxation. As-quenched blends exhibit two glass transition temperatures, while after the storage, at each composition, they are characterized by a single Tg intermediate between those of the pure components. It is demonstrated that ultraquenched PET/PBT blends are miscible in an amorphous state. Both components crystallize simultaneously at all compositions. Each component forms its own crystal phase and the presence of the other one does not disturb but enhances the crystallization process. A well expressed positive synergistic effect is observed in the mechanical properties of PET/PBT blends. Better performance of the ultraquenched PET/PBT blends is explained by their initial amorphous structure and amorphous miscibility.

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Avramova, Nadka. "Amorphous Blends of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) and Poly(Butylene Terephthalate) through Ultraquenching." Polymers and Polymer Composites 2, no. 5 (January 1994): 277–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119400200501.

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Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) are obtained by means of an ultraquenching technique. The thermal behaviour, crystallization behaviour and mechanical properties are investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and mechanical testing. The results for as-quenched blends are compared with those for the same blends after three years of storage at -15°C. Both calorimetric and X-ray studies indicate that immediately after preparation, the blends are amorphous regardless of the composition. The stored blends are also amorphous. The thermal and mechanical properties of asquenched samples change significantly after a long time at low temperature relaxation. As-quenched blends exhibit two glass transition temperatures, while after the storage, at each composition, they are characterized by a single Tg intermediate between those of the pure components. It is demonstrated that ultraquenched PET/PBT blends are miscible in an amorphous state. Both components crystallize simultaneously at all compositions. Each component forms its own crystal phase and the presence of the other one does not disturb but enhances the crystallization process. A well expressed positive synergistic effect is observed in the mechanical properties of PET/PBT blends. Better performance of the ultraquenched PET/PBT blends is explained by their initial amorphous structure and amorphous miscibility.

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Seiler, Stephen, and Robert E. Lenkinski. "Dedicated PET device for breast PET and MRI/PET correlations." European Journal of Radiology 81 (September 2012): S149—S150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0720-048x(12)70062-1.

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Lee, Sung Kong, Young Sil Lee, and Kwan Han Yoon. "Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PET/PEN-FBPE Copolymers Containing Fluorenylidenebis(2-phenoxyethanol)." Polymer Korea 41, no. 5 (September 30, 2017): 844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2017.41.5.844.

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Chandrupatla, Durga M. S. H., Gerrit Jansen, Elise Mantel, Philip S. Low, Takami Matsuyama, René P. Musters, Albert D. Windhorst, Adriaan A. Lammertsma, Carla F. M. Molthoff, and Conny J. van der Laken. "Imaging and Methotrexate Response Monitoring of Systemic Inflammation in Arthritic Rats Employing the Macrophage PET Tracer [18F]Fluoro-PEG-Folate." Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8092781.

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Background. In rheumatoid arthritis, articular inflammation is a hallmark of disease, while the involvement of extra-articular tissues is less well defined. Here, we examined the feasibility of PET imaging with the macrophage tracer [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate, targeting folate receptorβ(FRβ), to monitor systemic inflammatory disease in liver and spleen of arthritic rats before and after methotrexate (MTX) treatment.Methods. [18F]Fluoro-PEG-folate PET scans (60 min) were acquired in saline- and MTX-treated (1 mg/kg, 4x) arthritic rats, followed by tissue resection and radiotracer distribution analysis. Liver and spleen tissues were stained for ED1/ED2-macrophage markers and FRβexpression.Results. [18F]Fluoro-PEG-folate PET and ex vivo tissue distribution studies revealed a significant (p<0.01) 2-fold lower tracer uptake in both liver and spleen of MTX-treated arthritic rats. Consistently, ED1- and ED2-positive macrophages were significantly (p<0.01) decreased in liver (4-fold) and spleen (3-fold) of MTX-treated compared with saline-treated rats. Additionally, FRβ-positive macrophages were also significantly reduced in liver (5-fold,p<0.005) and spleen (3-fold,p<0.01) of MTX- versus saline-treated rats.Conclusions. MTX treatment reduced activated macrophages in liver and spleen, as markers for systemic inflammation in these organs. Macrophage PET imaging with [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate holds promise for detection of systemic inflammation in RA as well as therapy (MTX) response monitoring.

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Kusumadewi, Sylvia, and Samuel P. Kusumocahyo. "Development of Ultrafiltration Membrane from Polyethylene Terephthalate (Pet) Bottle Waste." ICONIET PROCEEDING 2, no. 1 (February 12, 2019): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/iconiet.v2i1.10.

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Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottle is used as beverage packaging, which is very convenient as one time use packaging. However, the huge amount of PET bottle waste has been becoming a serious problem for the environment. The utilization of PET bottle waste is very important to reduce the environmental problem. In this work, PET bottle waste was used a raw material to develop an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane. The membrane was prepared by using a phase inversion technique. The effect of the type of solvent, additive, and non-solvent on the microstructure and ultrafiltration performance of the membrane was studied. Different type of solvent, phenol, m-cresol, and DMSO were used to dissolve PET bottle as the source of membrane polymer. Two different additives, Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) and Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) were used. Membrane 3 with the composition of PET, phenol as solvent, and PEG as additive was prepared successfully. The variation of aqueous alcohol solutions as non-solvent resulted in different microstructures of the membranes as shown by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The permeation experiment result using pure water as the feed showed that membrane 3 using aqueous butanol as non-solvent (membrane 3-ButOH) exhibited the highest permeate flux compared to that of membrane 3 using aqueous propanol (membrane 3-PrOH) or ethanol as non-solvent (membrane 3-EtOH). The ultrafiltration experiment was carried out using a feed solution of water containing polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20,000. The membrane 3-EtOH showed the lowest permeate flux of 3.24 kg/m h, but the highest rejection of PEG 20,000 of 65.87%. The membrane 3-PrOH had a permeate flux of 11.57 kg/m h and a rejection of 64.73%. Whereas the membrane 3-ButOH showed the highest permeate flux of 27.78 kg/m h, but the lowest rejection 16.93%. This result was obtained due to the different membrane microstructures which were strongly affected by the type of non-solvent.

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Menzel, C., M. Diehl, N. Hamscho, K. Zaplatnikov, F. Grünwald, and N. Döbert. "Increased FDG bone marrow uptake after intracoronary progenitor cell therapy." Nuklearmedizin 44, no. 01 (2005): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1623921.

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SummaryPatients with coronary artery disease who undergo FDG PET for therapy monitoring after intracoronary progenitor cell infusion (PCT) show an increased bone marrow up-take in some cases. Aim of the study was to evaluate the systemic bone marrow glucose metabolism in this patient group after PCT. Patients, methods: FDG bone marrow uptake (BMU), measured as standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in the thoracic spine, was retrospectively evaluated in 23 control patients who did not receive PCT and in 75 patients who received PCT 3 ± 2.2 days before PET scanning. Five out of them were pretreated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) 5 days prior to PCT and 10 ± 1.2 days before PET scanning. In 39 patients who received only PCT without G-CSF and underwent PET therapy monitoring 4 months later, baseline and follow up bone marrow uptake were measured. Leucocytes, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the influence of nicotine consumption were compared with the BMU. Results: In patients (n = 70) who received PCT without G-CSF, BMU median (1.3) was slightly, but significantly higher than in the controls (1.0) (p = 0.02) regardless nicotine consumption. BMU did not change significantly 4 months later (1.2) (p = 0.41, n.s.). After G-CSF pretreatment, patients showed a significantly higher bone marrow uptake (3.7) compared to patients only treated with PCT (1.3) (p = 0.023). Leucocyte blood levels were significantly higher in patients with a BMU ≥ 2.5 compared to patients with a bone marrow SUVmax < 2.5 (p <0.001). CRP values did not correlate with the BMU (rho -0.02, p = 0.38). Conclusion: Monitoring PCT patients, a slightly increased FDG BMU may be observed which remains unchanged for several months. Unspecific bone marrow reactions after PCT may be associated with increased leucocyte blood levels and play a role in the changed systemic glucose BMU.

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Austin, Harry P., Mark D. Allen, Bryon S. Donohoe, Nicholas A. Rorrer, Fiona L. Kearns, Rodrigo L. Silveira, Benjamin C. Pollard, et al. "Characterization and engineering of a plastic-degrading aromatic polyesterase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 19 (April 17, 2018): E4350—E4357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718804115.

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Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most abundantly produced synthetic polymers and is accumulating in the environment at a staggering rate as discarded packaging and textiles. The properties that make PET so useful also endow it with an alarming resistance to biodegradation, likely lasting centuries in the environment. Our collective reliance on PET and other plastics means that this buildup will continue unless solutions are found. Recently, a newly discovered bacterium, Ideonella sakaiensis 201-F6, was shown to exhibit the rare ability to grow on PET as a major carbon and energy source. Central to its PET biodegradation capability is a secreted PETase (PET-digesting enzyme). Here, we present a 0.92 Å resolution X-ray crystal structure of PETase, which reveals features common to both cutinases and lipases. PETase retains the ancestral α/β-hydrolase fold but exhibits a more open active-site cleft than homologous cutinases. By narrowing the binding cleft via mutation of two active-site residues to conserved amino acids in cutinases, we surprisingly observe improved PET degradation, suggesting that PETase is not fully optimized for crystalline PET degradation, despite presumably evolving in a PET-rich environment. Additionally, we show that PETase degrades another semiaromatic polyester, polyethylene-2,5-furandicarboxylate (PEF), which is an emerging, bioderived PET replacement with improved barrier properties. In contrast, PETase does not degrade aliphatic polyesters, suggesting that it is generally an aromatic polyesterase. These findings suggest that additional protein engineering to increase PETase performance is realistic and highlight the need for further developments of structure/activity relationships for biodegradation of synthetic polyesters.

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Mohan, Turup P., and Krishnan Kanny. "Mechanical and barrier properties of copolyester-nanoclay composites." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 6 (August 1, 2014): 511–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0202.

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Abstract This paper examines the influence of nanoclay on the structure, thermal and mechanical and gas barrier properties of a polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-based copolyester using a new modified formula. The copolyester considered in this work consists of partially replaced acid and diol monomers in main chain PET polymers, namely, polyethylene glycol (PEG) and isophthalic acid monomers, i.e., PET-IP. Nanoclays were filled from 0–3 wt% in PET-IP using the melt mixing method. The structural examination of composites tested by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the distribution of nanolayers of clay particles in polymeric matrix. Up to 1 wt% nanoclay in PET-IP, an exfoliated structure resulted and above 1 wt% nanoclay an intercalated structure resulted. It was observed that 0.5 wt% nanoclay filled PET-IP resulted in improved nucleation characteristics and above 0.5 wt% nanoclay dramatically increased the gas transport (CO2, O2, N2 and water vapor), thermal and mechanical properties. The results also showed that the distribution of nanoclays affected the gas barrier properties of the polymer and can be controlled by processing parameters.

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38

&NA;. "PET." Pediatric Physical Therapy 7, no. 1 (1995): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199500710-00023.

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Xu, Zichen, Yi-Cheng Tu, and Xiaorui Wang. "PET." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 5, no. 12 (August 2012): 1954–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/2367502.2367546.

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&NA;. "PET." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 24, no. 10 (October 1999): 827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199910000-00040.

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&NA;. "PET." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 24, no. 11 (November 1999): 909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199911000-00037.

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&NA;. "PET." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 24, no. 12 (December 1999): 1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-199912000-00042.

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&NA;. "PET." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 25, no. 1 (January 2000): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200001000-00038.

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&NA;. "PET." Clinical Nuclear Medicine 25, no. 2 (February 2000): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200002000-00033.

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&NA;. "PET." Pediatric Physical Therapy 7, no. 1 (1995): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001577-199507010-00023.

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Nanni, C., S. Fanti, and D. Rubello. "18F-DOPA PET and PET/CT." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 48, no. 10 (October 1, 2007): 1577–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.107.041947.

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Joseph, U. A. "Cardiac PET and PET/CT Imaging." Journal of Nuclear Medicine 49, no. 6 (May 15, 2008): 1029–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.108.050609.

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Perani, Daniela. "FDG-PET and amyloid-PET imaging." Current Opinion in Neurology 27, no. 4 (August 2014): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000109.

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Laffon, E. "PET and PET-CT in oncology." Journal de Radiologie 86, no. 2 (February 2005): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0221-0363(05)81342-3.

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Humm, John L., Anatoly Rosenfeld, and Alberto Del Guerra. "From PET detectors to PET scanners." European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 30, no. 11 (October 2, 2003): 1574–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00259-003-1266-2.

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Journal articles on the topic 'PET'

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