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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Pests Biological control

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Academic literature on the topic 'Pests Biological control'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Pests Biological control"

1

Ito, Hiroshi C., and Natsuko I. Kondo. "Biological pest control by investing crops in pests." Population Ecology 54, no. 4 (May 26, 2012): 557–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10144-012-0325-6.

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Lafferty, Kevin D., and Armand M. Kuris. "Biological Control of Marine Pests." Ecology 77, no. 7 (October 1996): 1989–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265695.

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Purti, R. S. Jaglan, and Krishna Rolania. "Biological Control of Coleopteran Pests." International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management 9, no. 3 (June 7, 2018): 421–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/ijbsm/2018.9.3.3c0249.

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Carlson, Gerald A. "Economics of biological control of pests." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 2-3 (1988): 110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002277.

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Biological pest control techniques usually have identifiable costs and constraints that they must overcome before they will be adopted by farmers. Many biological control agents are developed in the public sector and need economic assessments at an early stage. The methods often have hidden costs related to farm labor adjustments or initial costs of development. Living biological controls frequently escape, and they may be disrupted by pesticides, regulations, or farm commodity programs. Pest control registration procedures and small markets also present obstacles. Area-wide implementation programs and changes in incentives for researchers may speed development and adoption of biological controls.

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Paterson, I., and A. Witt. "Biological control of pest cactus and cactus pests in Africa." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1343 (September 2022): 563–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2022.1343.71.

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Driesche, R. G. Van. "Classical Biological Control of Environmental Pests." Florida Entomologist 77, no. 1 (March 1994): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3495870.

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Amporn Winotai. "Integrated Pest Management of Important Insect Pests of Coconut1." CORD 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v30i1.82.

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IPM or Integrated pest management is a strategy that integrates various methods of cultural, physical, mechanical, biological control and selection of pesticides as the last option. IPM is not only cost effective but simultaneously prioritized human and environmental safety. IPM is based on farmer’s local knowledge, acceptance and education. Several insects were reported as coconut pests in Asia and Pacific region. Among these pests, rhinoceros beetle, red palm weevil, coconut hispine beetle, coconut black headed caterpillar and coconut scale currently causing severe damage to coconut palms in the region. Rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. Management of this pest is a combination of sanitation in plantations and surrounding, biological control by using Metarhizium anisopliae, Oryctes virus and pheromone trapping. Red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) outbreaks usually occur after infestation of rhinoceros beetle. Keeping the rhinoceros under control results in keeping the red palm weevil under control too. Pheromone trapping is also developed for reduction of this pest. Coconut hispine beetle, Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae), is an invasive pest occurs in Southeast Asia and Pacific region. Biological control of the pest is recommended by releasing two species of parasitoids, Asecodes hispinarus Boucek (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Coconut black headed caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) is one of the key pests of coconut in South Asia and invaded Thailand in 2008. Management of this pest in its native region consisted of: 1) removing and burning of the infested leaves; 2) biological control by releasing parasitoids such as Goniozus nephantidis (Muesebeck), Bracon brevicornis (Wesmael), Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan; and 3) chemical control by trunk injection and applying systemic insecticides in the holes. Bacillus thruringiensis has been recommended for biological control of the black headed caterpillar in Thailand. Coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) has been reported as a serious in Philippines. Predators are significant biological control agents in limiting A. destructor populations. The most common natural enemies associated with the coconut scales are the coccinellid beetles Chilocorus spp., Azya trinitatis, Cryptognatha nodiceps, Rhyzobius lophanthae and Pentilia castanea. Local parasitoids, Comperiella, Aphytis and Encarsia also play important roles in keeping the pest under control. Application of insecticides could inducee the infestation of the scale. Biological controls is recommended for suppression of other coconut pests, such as slug caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) such as Parasa lepida Cramer; coconut leaf moth, Artona catoxantha Hampton (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae); and coconut leafminer, Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

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Aderinto, Yidiat O., Faith O. Ibiwoye, Michael O. Oke, and Folashade M. Jimoh. "Mathematical Characterization of Biological Control of Cassava Pests Model." Tanzania Journal of Science 47, no. 5 (January 5, 2022): 1882–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i5.32.

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Pests are major constraints to the effective growth and development of every crop through their damage, and can be controlled effectively by the use of their natural enemies which is referred to as the biological pest control. In this study, the biological control model of cassava pests through optimal control theory was presented in order to minimize the population of the pests and stabilize the natural enemies population so as not to affect the crop negatively. A mathematical model was formulated via the Lotka-Volterra model, and the model was characterized. The optimality system was established, the equilibrium point with its uniqueness was established for the model. Finally, stability analysis of the model was investigated through optimal control approach and numerical data were employed to validate the system. The results obtained showed that cassava pests can be effectively controlled biologically. Keywords: Optimal control, Cassava pest, Biological control, Stability, Natural enemies

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MESBAH, AHMED H., MOHAMED ELSAADANI, HASSAN ASHOSH, ELSAUD E. HAFEZ, and AHMED E. GAZELLE. "BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TOMATO PESTS IN EGYPT." Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 90, no. 3 (September 1, 2012): 1001–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2012.161859.

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Korang-Amoakoh, S., R. A. Cudjoe, and R. K. Adjakloe. "Biological control of cassava pests in Ghana." International Journal of Tropical Insect Science 8, no. 4-5-6 (December 1987): 905–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174275840002316x.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pests Biological control"

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Garcia, André Filipe Fidalgo Casquilho. "Enhancing biological control against Eucalyptus pests." Doctoral thesis, ISA, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/21212.

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Linkous, Emily Kathryn. "Integrating biological control and chemical control of cabbage caterpillar pests." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366362436.

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Solà, Cassi Mireia. "Approaches for the biological control of stored product pests." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/461300.

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Stored products include all postharvest agricultural foodstuffs that do not require refrigeration and that can be preserved for several months under proper conditions as cereal grain and other raw material or processed food. Regrettably, in the Mediterranean region, the presence of insect pests such as the internal feeders of grain: Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), Sitophilus spp. (S. granarius (L.), S. oryzae (L.) and S. zeamais (Motschulsky)) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) as well as the moth usually present in warehouses and grain mills, Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), induce important quantitative and qualitative damage before consumption. Among the integrated pest management strategies for the control of these concerning stored product pests, biological control with the introduction of parasitoids as natural enemies represents a good alternative to the use of pesticides. Unfortunately, for the correct implementation and success of this sustainable approach, higher management knowledge is required. For this reason, the aim of this thesis was to assess different biological control approaches for the control of the most important stored product pests. A major issue for the cereal industry is the early detection of insects during grain storage and processing, especially when immature stages of the pests are hidden inside the grain kernels, such as happens with the internal feeders. Then, the first two chapters of this thesis are dedicated to the development of two Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) methodologies for internal feeder’s diagnosis. First, in chapter 1, a realtime PCR (qPCR) protocol for the detection and quantification of R. dominica in rice as a model system to quantify internal feeders in grain with a simple methodology is presented. On the other side, in chapter 2, a multiplex PCR protocol for the simultaneous detection and identification of the five most prevalent internal feeder pest species in different grains and processed food is described and then, also tested with commercial samples. For the effective use of natural enemies it is vital to understand and consider the interactions among physical, chemical and biological factors that take place when the grain is stored. For this reason, the third chapter of the thesis is focused on assessing the effectiveness of the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) released in three different densities (10♀♀, 20♀♀ or 40♀♀ parasitoids) to control high infestations of the weevils R. dominica and S. zeamais in two kilos of rice under two risk temperatures (23ºC and 28ºC). The last chapter of the thesis is devoted to the optimization of an economic and easy to use device called Bankerbox for the control of the moth E. kuehniella by rearing and progressively releasing the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor (Hüber) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). In this perfectionated Bankerbox version, to avoid the risk of contamination of the stored products, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae was chosen as host to rear the parasitoid. Then, three different treatments were tested, one with E. kuehniella 4th instar larvae and two with G. mellonella: one containing 4th instar larvae and the other with mixed larval stages (2nd and 4th instar larvae). The research carried out in this thesis attends to increase the knowledge for the proper use of integrated pest management strategies by providing feasible alternatives to the use of pesticides in the stored product industry for the control stored product pests.

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Malek, Robert Nehme. "Novel Monitoring and Biological Control of Invasive Insect Pests." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/257781.

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Invasive species are alien to the ecosystem under consideration and cause economic or environmental damage or harm to human health. Two alien insects that fit this description are the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys and the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula. Both invaders are polyphagous pests that feed on a myriad of plant species and inflict severe crop losses. As sustainable control methods depend on the accurate monitoring of species’ invasion and involve the use of natural enemies, we addressed these two facets by exploring novel monitoring techniques and deciphering host-parasitoid interactions for improved integrated pest management. Thus, we adopted ‘BugMap’, a citizen science initiative that enables students, farmers and everyday citizens to report sightings of H. halys from Italy, with emphasis on Trentino-Alto Adige. Aside from fostering citizen participation in scientific endeavors and the enhanced literacy that ensues, BugMap helped uncover the invasion dynamics of H. halys and forecast its potential distribution in Trentino, all while coordinating technical monitoring and informing management strategies. The most promising agent currently under study for the classical biological control of H. halys is the Asian egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. To assess the wasp’s potential non-target impacts, we investigated its foraging behavior in response to chemical traces ‘footprints’ deposited by its main host H. halys and by a suboptimal predatory species, the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris. Wasps exhibited a ‘motivated searching’ when in contact with footprints originating from both species. However, T. japonicus arrestment was significantly stronger in response to H. halys footprints, compared with P. maculiventris, implying the presence of underlying chemical cues that shape its natural preferences. A series of GC-MS chemical analyses revealed that n-tridecane and (E)-2-decenal were more abundant in H. halys footprints and are probably the key components utilized by the wasp for short range host location. The function of the aforementioned compounds was studied, n-tridecane acted as an arrestant, prolonging T. japonicus residence time, whereas (E)-2-decenal fulfilled its presumed defensive role and repelled the wasp. These results shed new light on the chemical ecology of T. japonicus and help expand the understanding of parasitoid foraging and its implications for classical biological control. Moving to the other invader L. delicatula, an egg parasitoid Anastatus orientalis was reported attacking it at high rates in its native range in Eastern Asia and may play a key role in reducing its populations there. A series of bioassays revealed that wasps responded to footprints deposited by L. delicatula gravid females by initiating a strong searching behavior. Moreover, A. orientalis preferred to oviposit in egg masses with intact oothecae, suggesting that the host’s egg covering functions as a trigger for A. orientalis probing and oviposition. Thus, A. orientalis not only overcomes, but also reverses an important line of host structural defense for its own fitness gains. This dissertation discusses the benefits of combining citizen science with traditional monitoring, and the usefulness of decoding host-parasitoid interactions to design more efficacious management strategies of invasive insect pests.

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Begum, Mahmuda. "Habitat manipulation to enhance biological control of lightbrown apple moth (Epiphyas postvittana) /." Connect to full text, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/690.

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Ahmad, Mahmood. "Initial frequencies of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Plutella xylostella and Helicoverpa armigera." Title page, contents and summary only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09pha2851.pdf.

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Leaves 101-104 are misnumbered. Bibliography: leaves 155-215. In this study thirteen populations of P. xylostella from crucifer growing areas of Queensland, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia and Western Australia were surveyed for resistance to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) toxins using a leaf-dip bioassay method.

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Williams, Elizabeth Catherine. "Entomopathogenic nematodes as control agents of statutory insect pests." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.265978.

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Tilly, Gaoh Abdouramane. "Potential of selected natural products as repellents against vertebrate pests of crops." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ50896.pdf.

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Ramos, Olgaly. "Entomopathogenic nematodes for the biological control of stored product insect pests /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Greenfield, Bethany Patricia Jane. "Metarhizium pathogenesis of mosquito larvae." Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42819.

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Books on the topic "Pests Biological control"

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S, Bellows T., ed. Biological control. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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Driesche, Roy Van. Biological control. New York: Chapman & Hall, 1996.

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1936-, Rosen David, ed. Biological control by natural enemies. 2nd ed. Cambridge, [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1991.

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Rosas-Garcia, Ninfa M. Biological control of insect pests. Houston: Studium Press LLC, 2011.

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Crull, Anna W. Biological control of agricultural pests. Norwalk, Conn., U.S.A: Business Communications Co., 1989.

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National Symposium on "Biological Control of Insect Pests" (2002 Entomology Research Institute). Biological control of insect pests. New Delhi: Phoenix Pub. House, 2003.

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Manfred, Mackauer, Ehler Lester E, and Roland Jens, eds. Critical issues in biological control. Andover, Hants [England]: Intercept, 1990.

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Steiner, Marilyn Y. Quality control requirements for pest biological control agents. Vegreville, AB: Alberta Environmental Centre, 1993.

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Insect control: Biological and synthetic agents. Amsterdam: Academic Press/Elsevier, 2010.

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D, Lumsden R., Vaughn James L. 1934-, and Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, eds. Pest management: Biologically based technologies : proceedings of the Beltsville Symposium XVIII, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, May 2-6, 1993. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Pests Biological control"

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Kalia, Anu, and Rajinder K. Mudhar. "Biological Control of Pests." In Soil Biology, 223–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19769-7_10.

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Wainwright, Henry. "Biological control of pests." In Cut flowers and foliages, 316–41. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789247602.0007.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on the benefits of using biological control in cut flower production through augmentative biological control using invertebrate and microbial organisms (natural enemies and biopesticides) applied seasonally or prophylactically.

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Hazarika, L. K., K. C. Puzari, and Seema Wahab. "Biological Control of Tea Pests." In Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture, 159–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3_11.

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De, Arnab, Rituparna Bose, Ajeet Kumar, and Subho Mozumdar. "Biological Control of Insect Pests." In SpringerBriefs in Molecular Science, 27–28. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1689-6_7.

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Tazerouni, Zahra, and Ali Asghar Talebi. "Biological Control of Greenhouse Pests in Iran." In Progress in Biological Control, 553–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63990-7_15.

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Rayl, Ryan J., Morgan W. Shields, Sundar Tiwari, and Steve D. Wratten. "Conservation Biological Control of Insect Pests." In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 28, 103–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-90309-5_3.

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Hajiqanbar, Hamidreza, and Azadeh Farazmand. "Biological Control of Pests by Mites in Iran." In Progress in Biological Control, 89–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63990-7_3.

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Hickling, Graham J. "Success in Biological Control of Vertebrate Pests." In Biological Control: Measures of Success, 341–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4014-0_12.

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Ponnamma, K. N. "Biological Control of Pests of Oil Palm." In Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture, 235–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3_15.

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Mani, M., and A. Krishnamoorthy. "Biological Control of Pests of Tropical Fruits." In Biocontrol Potential and its Exploitation in Sustainable Agriculture, 345–65. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1377-3_20.

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Conference papers on the topic "Pests Biological control"

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Mishchenko, Andrey V. "ON THE ISSUE OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MINING INSECTS OF FOREST-STEPPE LANDSCAPES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA." In Treshnikov readings – 2021 Modern geographical global picture and technology of geographic education. Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University named after I. N. Ulyanov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.33065/978-5-907216-08-2-2021-55-56.

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Gevorkyan, I. S. "APPLICATION OF THE IONIZING RADIATION IN THE PEST CONTROL." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-67.

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The article briefly discusses the available and existing methods of control of insects-pests of grain reserves and food products. The author concludes about the preferences of the grain reserves irradiation by ionizing radiation. The author points out that to actual date, have been experimentally determined such doses of ionizing radiation, which sterilize or kill the most common insect pests. However, the data obtained are still not enough to organize a wide and comprehensive application of ionizing radiation in pest control. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further in-depth and comprehensive experimental studies of the sensitivity of all types of insect pests to ionizing radiation in order to justify the optimal conditions and modes of irradiation of agricultural and food products. Accumulation of experimental material will allow to study more deeply the reasons and mechanisms of infringement of vital functions of an organism of insects-wreckers under the influence of ionizing radiation, and, thereby, to provide successful fight against these wreckers of stocks.

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Gurr, Geoff M. "Ecological approaches to enhance biological control of insect pests." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93045.

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Lawson, Simon A. "Biological control of eucalypt pests: Benefits of diverse collaboration." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.94389.

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Kaas, Janpiet. "Notes on Northwestern Europe greenhouse pests and biological control." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.108683.

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Moldovan, Anna, Ion Toderaș, and Natalia Munteanu-Molotievskiy. "Noi agenți bacterieni de control biologic al insectelor dăunătoare in Republica Moldova." In International symposium ”Actual problems of zoology and parasitology: achievements and prospects” dedicated to the 100th anniversary from the birth of academician Alexei Spassky. Institute of Zoology, Republic of Moldova, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.53937/9789975665902.70.

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Modern agriculture faces numerous problems, many of which are caused by the excessive use of synthetic pesticides to control pests. Development of a sustainable agriculture system is a priority for the Republic of Moldova, the main objectives being food security, protection of environment, support the competitiveness of local farmers on national and international market. Biological control proved to be a successful approach to the sustainable management of harmful insects. Thus, it is necessary to make continuous efforts to address the demand of business and national economy in environmentally friendly pesticide products. This study aimed to highlight new agents for biological control of insect pests based on local Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains. Highlighted strains show promising results having a high insecticidal activity against lepidopteran (Lymantria dispar, Cydia pomonella and Archips rosana) and coleopteran (Neocoenorhinidius pauxillus, Phyllobius oblongus and Sitona lineatus) pest species. It therefore will allow local production of biopesticides, which will significantly reduce the final cost of the product, making it more accessible to farmers. Use of local Bt strains will also help avoid the ecological risks associated with the introduction of new organisms into ecosystems.

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Birkhofer, Klaus. "Conservation biological control of arthropod pests under a changing climate." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93435.

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Shavanov, M. V., I. I. Shigapov, and A. Niaz. "Biological methods for pests and diseases control in agricultural plants." In ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (OCBT2020): Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0070487.

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Lapointe, Stephen L. "Classical biological control of cassava pests in Latin America and Africa." In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.93558.

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Юдицкая, И. "Защита персика от чешуекрылых вредителей." In International Scientific Symposium "Plant Protection – Achievements and Prospects". Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, Republic of Moldova, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53040/9789975347204.60.

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The results of the research of efficiency of use of biological preparations against dominant lepidopteran pests in peach plantations in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine are presented. It was found that the use of biological preparations reduced the damage of shoots by caterpillars of lepidopteran pests by 2.3-6.1 times, to fruits - by 1.7-3.7 times compared to the control variant.

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Reports on the topic "Pests Biological control"

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Hackett, Kevin, Shlomo Rottem, David L. Williamson, and Meir Klein. Spiroplasmas as Biological Control Agents of Insect Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7613017.bard.

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Toward development of spiroplasmas as novel toxin-delivery systems for biocontrol of beetle pests in the United States (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Israel (Maladera matrida), media for cultivating beetle-associated spiroplasmas were improved and surveys of these spiroplasmas were conducted to provide transformable strains. Extensive surveys of spiroplasmas yielded promising extrachromosomal elements for vector constructs. One, plasmid pCT-1, was cloned, characterized, and used as a source of spiroplasma origin of replication in our shuttle vectors. The fibrillin gene was isolated and sequenced and its strong promoter was also used in the constructs. Means for transforming these vectors into spiroplasmas were developed and optimized, with electroporation found to be suitable for most applications. Development and optimization of means for using large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) in spiroplasma transformation represents a breakthrough that should facilitate insertion of large clusters of virulence genes. With completion of the vector, we should thus be poised to genetically engineer spiroplasmas with genes that will express toxins lethal to our target beetles, thus providing an effective and inexpensive alternative to conventional means of beetle control.

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Hopper, Keith, and Moshe Coll. Parasitoid Movement between Habitats and Biological Control of Aphid Pests. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7570548.bard.

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Houck, Marilyn, Uri Gerson, and Robert Luck. Two Predator Model Systems for the Biological Control of Diaspidid Scale Insects. United States Department of Agriculture, June 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7570554.bard.

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Hemisarcoptes (Acari: Hamisarcoptidae) is a parasite of scale insects (Diaspididae), tenacious pests of vascular plants. Hemisarcoptes also has a stenoxenic phoretic (dispersal) relationship with Chilocorus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Chilocorus feeds on diaspidids, transports mites as they feed, and has been applied to the control of scales, with limited success. U.S.-Israeli cooperation focused on this mite-beetle interaction so that a two-component system could be applied to the control of scale insects effectively. Life history patterns of Hemisarcoptes were investigated in response to host plant type and physical parameters. Field and lab data indicated that mites attack all host stages of scales tested, but preferred adult females. Scale species and host plant species influenced the bionomics of Hemisarcoptes. Beetle diet also influenced survival of phoretic mites. Mites use a ventral sucker plate to extract material from Chilocorus, that is essential for development. Seven alkaloids were found in the hemolymph of Chilocorus and three were characterized. Examination of the subelytral surface of Chilocorus indicated that microsetae play a role in the number and distribution of mites a beetle transports. While Hemisarcoptes can be innoculatd into agroecosystems using various indigenous or imported Chilocorus species, the following are preferred: C. bipustulatus, C. cacti, C. distigma, C. fraternus, C. orbus, and C. tristis.

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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Edwin Lewis. Host Adaptation in Entomopathogenic Nematodes: An Approach to Enhancing Biological Control Potential. United States Department of Agriculture, April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613023.bard.

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The overall objective of our research was to develop methods to match species of entomopathogenic nematodes against the insect pests which they would be best adapted to control. The underlying hypothesis for this work was that entomopathogenic nematodes should be most effective when used against insect species to which they are naturally adapted to parasitize. Toward this end, we undertook a number of related studies focusing primarily on nematode foraging strategies. We found that foraging strategies affected host associations directly and indirectly. Nematodes' responses to host cues, and the role of their sensory organs based on lectin binding, led to new approaches to determining host range for these parasites. Based on this work, we developed a laboratory bioassay of host recognition behavior designed to predict field results. We also determined that nematodes that forage in a stationary manner (ambushers) have a slower metabolic rate than do active forgers (cruisers), thus their infective stage juveniles are longer lived. This study helps predict the duration of field activity after application and may partially explain field distributions of natural populations of entomopathogenic nematodes. The common thread linking all of these studies was that they led to a deeper understanding of the associations between entomopathogenic nematodes and insects as hosts.

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Glazer, Itamar, Randy Gaugler, Daniel Segal, Parwinder Grewal, Yitzhak Spiegel, and Senthamizh Selvan. Genetic Enhancement of Environmental Stability and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7695833.bard.

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The overall obejctive of the research project was to enhance the intrinsic biological control potential of entomopathogenic nematodes through genetic manipulation. We have chosen heat and desiccation tolerance as prime traits to be enhanced in order to increase the overall efficacy of these nematodes against insect pests under harsh conditions. Initially, we used mutagenesis and selection approaches to enhance these traits. In the mutagenesis experiments several morphological mutants of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 were isolated and characterized phenotypically and genetically. Infective juveniles of H. bacteriophora HP88 were subjected to heat and desiccation selection regimes for several generations. Small increase was recorded, after 4 and 6 rearing cycles for both traits. However, in both selection regimes a significant deterioration in the reproductive capability of the nematodes was observed. In a screen of new nematode populations, from arid regions in Israel, a heat tolerant (IS5 strain) and desiccation tolerant (IS6 strain) were isolated. Both strains were taxonomically identified and their beneficial characteristics (environmental tolerance, insecticidal virulence and reproduction) were determined. We further investigated the stability of the enhanced heat tolerance trait in, and the storage capacity of, the newly discovered IS5 strain. Genetic studies demonstrated that the heat tolerance of the IS5 strain is genetically based and is dominant. The trait for heat tolerance was transferred from the IS5 strain to the HP88 strain of H. bacteriophora. The transfer was accomplished by allowing the heat tolerant strain (IS5) to mate with the commercial strain (HP88). The hybrid nature of the progeny was confirmed using a recessive marker mutant of the HP88 strain (H-dpy-2). We have used (RAPD-PCR) to compare genetic variation in the IS5 and the HP88 strains of H. baceriophora. The results indicated that genetic variation in the HP88 was significantly less than in the IS5 strain which was recently isolated from the field. The new IS5 strain may be used as an effective biological control agent in warm environments. In addition, IS5 can be used as a genetic source for cross-hybridization with other H. bacteriophora strains.

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Roush, Richard, and David Rosen. Understanding the Causes and Genetic Effects of Thelytoky in the Aphelinidae: A Key to Improving Biological Control. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1992.7561058.bard.

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Helytoky is a type of parthenogenesis whereby females produce only female offspring without the involvement of males, even where males are occasionally produced. In the last few years, strong circumstantial evidence has implied that thelytoky can be caused by micro-organisms called Wolbachia in at least some species of wasps. The thelytoky can be "cured" by treatment with antibiotics. Further Wolbachia-like organisms can be found in microscopic examinations and genetically identified through their DNA. The aphelinid wasps, and especially species in the genus Aphytis, are among the most important of all classical biological control agents. Aphytis species are critical in the biological control of scale insect pests in commercial orchards and ornamental plantings. About 30% of Aphytis species are thelytikous, of which we were able to study three in detail. In all three, thelytoky was curable by treatment with antibiotics and Wolbachia were identified morphologically and through their DNA. In contrast, Wolbachia were not detectable in biparental species of Aphytis. Studies of Wolbachia gene sequences obtained from Aphytis showed that they were most closely related to those from a very distantly related wasp, Muscidifurax uniraptor, strongly implying that the Wolbachia can be horizontally transferred. As revealed by electron microscopy, the Wolbachia show a strong association with the nurse and follicle cells of the female wasps.

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Needham, Glenn R., Uri Gerson, Gloria DeGrandi-Hoffman, D. Samatero, J. Yoder, and William Bruce. Integrated Management of Tracheal Mite, Acarapis woodi, and of Varroa Mite, Varroa jacobsoni, Major Pests of Honey Bees. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573068.bard.

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Objectives: The Israeli work plan regarding HBTM included: (a) producing a better diagnostic method; (b) following infestations during the season and evaluating damage to resistant bees and, (c) controlling HBTM by conventional means under local conditions. For varroa our plans to try novel control (e.g. oil novel control (e.g. oil patties & essential oils) were initially delayed by very low pest populations, then disrupted by the emergence of fluvalinate resistance. We monitored the spread of resistance to understand it better, and analyzed an underlying biochemical resistance mechanism in varroa. The US work plan focused on novel management methods for both mites with an emphasis on reducing use of traditional insecticides due to resistance and contamination issues. Objectives were: (a) evaluating plant essential oils for varroa control; (b) exploring the vulnerability of varroa to desiccation for their management; and (c) looking for biological variation in HBTM that could explain virulence variability between colonies. Although the initial PI at the USDA Beltsville Bee Lab, W.A. Bruce, retired during the project we made significant strides especially on varroa water balance. Subcontracts were performed by Yoder (Illinois College) on varroa water balance and DeGrandi-Hoffman (USDA) who evaluated plant essential oils for their potential to control varroa. We devised an IPM strategy for mite control i the U.S. Background: Mites that parasitize honey bees are a global problem. They are threatening the survival of managed and feral bees, the well-being of commercial/hobby beekeeping, and due to pollination, the future of some agricultural commodities is threatened. Specific economic consequences of these mites are that: (a) apiculture/breeder business are failing; (b) fewer colonies exist; (c) demand and cost for hive leasing are growing; (d) incidences of bee pathogens are increasing; and, (e) there are ore problems with commercial-reared bees. As a reflection of the continued significance f bee mites, a mite book is now in press (Webster & delaplane, 2000); and the 2nd International Conference on Africanized Honey Bees and Bee Mites is scheduled (April, 2000, Arizona). The first such conference was at OSU (1987, GRN was co-organizer). The major challenge is controlling two very different mites within a colony while not adversely impacting the hive. Colony management practices vary, as do the laws dictating acaricide use. Our basic postulates were that: (a) both mites are of economic importance with moderate to high infestations but not at low rates and, (b) once established they will not be eradicated. A novel strategy was devised that deals with the pests concomitantly by maintaining populations at low levels, without unnecessary recourse to synthetic acaricides. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements: A major recent revelation is that there are several species of "Varroa jacobsoni" (Anderson & Trueman 1999). Work on control, resistance, population dynamics, and virulence awaits knowing whether this is a problem. In the U.S. there was no difference between varroa from three locales in terms of water balance parameters (AZ, MN & PA), which bodes well for our work to date. Winter varroa (U.S.) were more prone to desiccation than during other seasons. Varroa sensitivity to desiccation has important implications for improving IPM. Several botanicals showed some promise for varroa control (thymol & origanum). Unfortunately there is varroa resistance to Apistan in Israel but a resistance mechanism was detected for the first time. The Israel team also has a new method for HBTM diagnosis. Annual tracheal mite population trends in Israel were characterized, which will help in targeting treatment. Effects of HBTM on honey yields were shown. HBTM control by Amitraz was demonstrated for at least 6 months. Showing partial resistance by Buckfast bees to HBTM will be an important IPM tactic in Israel and U.S.

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Gurevitz, Michael, Michael E. Adams, and Boaz Shaanan. Structural Elements and Neuropharmacological Features Involved in the Insecticidal Properties of an Alpha Scorpion Neurotoxin: A Multidisciplinary Approach. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7573061.bard.

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Integrated pest management in modern crop protection requires the use of chemical or biological insecticides in many instances. Nontheless, the use non-selective chemical insecticides poses risks to the environment and livestock and consequently urgent need exists for safer alternatives, which target insects more specifically. Scorpions produce anti-insect selective polypeptide toxins that are biodegradable and not toxic to wam-blooded animals. Therefore, mobilization of these substances into insect pest targets is of major interest. Moreover, clarification of the molecular basis of this selectivity may provide valuable information pertinent to their receptor sites and to the future design of peptidomimetic anti-insect specific substances. These toxins may also be important for reducing the current overuse of chamical insecticides provided they have a synergistic effect with conventional pesticides. All of these objectives were addressed in this research. A direct approach for plant protection was the mobilization of toxins into target pests using baculoviral vectors. The other approach was to develop a suitable system enabling the elucidation of the toxin bioactive site, which would enable design of insecticidal peptidomimetics. In parallel, the mode of action and synergistic effects of scorpion insecticidal toxins, were studied at the sodium channel receptor site. All the above approaches show great promise and clearly indicate that scorpion insecticidal toxins may provide powerful means in insect pest control.

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Ingegno, B. L., and G. J. Messelink. Omnivorous predators for biological pest control in greenhouse crops. BioGreenhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373599.

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Messelink, G. J., and B. L. Ingegno. Recommended future research for biological pest control in greenhouse vegetable crops. BioGreenhouse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/373608.

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