Academic literature on the topic 'Pesticides – Viticulture'
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Journal articles on the topic "Pesticides – Viticulture":
1
Tucker, Samuel, Georgiana-Diana Dumitriu (Gabur), and Carmen Teodosiu. "Pesticides Identification and Sustainable Viticulture Practices to Reduce Their Use: An Overview." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 24, 2022): 8205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238205.
Abstract:
The use of pesticides is a necessary practice in the modern era. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the pesticide market, which has developed into one of the most lucrative in the world. Nowadays, humans are subjected to many potential risks, and significant amounts of toxic compounds enter their bodies through food, drink, and the air itself. Identification and quantification of these hazardous compounds is crucial for the sustainable development of an increasing world population which poses high climatic and political constraints on agricultural production systems. The maximum residue limits for pesticides have been regulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission and European Union to protect human health. In this review, we have summarized and explained the analytical methods for pesticide extraction and determination. Also, sustainable viticulture practices like organic vineyards, tillage, biopesticides, nanobiopesticides, and precision viticulture are briefly discussed. These new techniques allow wine growers to be more profitable and efficient, while contributing to the reduction of pests and increasing the quality of wines.
2
Recchia, Lucia, Daniele Sarri, Marco Rimediotti, Paolo Boncinelli, Enrico Cini, and Marco Vieri. "Towards the environmental sustainability assessment for the viticulture." Journal of Agricultural Engineering 49, no. 1 (April 5, 2018): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2018.586.
Abstract:
During the last decades in Italy the wine sector focused on the environmental sustainability of the production processes, including the agricultural, the agro-industrial and the packaging phases. Recent surveys highlighted that the wine consumers are interested in the environmental certifications, even if they are not familiar with them. Several environmental pressures can be evaluated in the viticulture phase, but an elevated number of the analysed impacts require the collection of a large set of input data and significant efforts during the elaboration phase. Therefore, the aim of the present work was the identification of the inventory data and impacts, which mainly describe the environmental pressures associated with the viticulture phase. Particularly, the results of the life cycle assessment (LCA) were integrated with those of a model and a simplified approach for evaluating the risks due to the pesticides use. The LCA identified three phases, which are responsible of 70-80% of the CO2eq (CO2 equivalent), the cumulated energy utilisation, the acidification potential (expressed in SO2 equivalent) and the eutrophication (expressed in PO4 equivalent), i.e. the harvesting, the crop protection and the ligature. The phase of the pesticides use was analysed also through the pesticides risk indicator (PERI) model and a simplified approach elaborated by the Regional Agency for the Environment Protection in Tuscany, Italy. Results concerning the environmental risk showed that the PERI model, the Arpat approach and the LCA were coherent for the pesticide mix highlighting that the associated environmental risk is more than doubled from 2004 to 2010. Finally, some operative indications were elaborated in order to reduce the impacts and improve the local and global environmental sustainability of the viticulture phase.
3
Syrgabek, Yerkanat, and Mereke Alimzhanova. "Modern Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Pesticides in Grapes: A Review." Foods 11, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 1623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11111623.
Abstract:
Currently, research on the determination of pesticides in food products is very popular. Information obtained from research conducted so far mainly concerns the development of a methodology to determine the content of pesticides in food products. However, they do not describe the content of the pesticide used in viticulture in the resulting product. Over the past decade, this study has examined analytical methodologies for assessing pesticide residues in grapes. Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, PubMed, and Springer databases were searched for relevant publications. The phrases “pesticides” and “grapes” and their combinations were used to search for articles. The titles and annotations of the extracted articles have been read and studied to ensure that they meet the review criteria. The selected articles were used to compile a systematic review based on scientific research and reliable sources. The need to study the detection of pesticide residues in grapes using advanced analytical methods is confirmed by our systematic review. This review also highlights modern methods of sample preparation, such as QuEChERS, SPME, PLE, dLLME, and ADLL-ME, as well as the most used methods of separation and identification of pesticides in grapes. An overview of the countries where residual grape pesticide amounts are most studied is presented, along with the data on commonly used pesticides to control pests and diseases in grape cultivation. Finally, future possibilities and trends in the analysis of pesticide residues in grapes are discussed by various analytical methods.
4
Zito, S., A. Caffarra, Y. Richard, T. Castel, and B. Bois. "Climate change and vine protection : the case of mildews management in Burgundy." E3S Web of Conferences 50 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185001006.
Abstract:
Viticulture worldwide is currently facing two major challenges: adapting to climate change and reducing its environmental footprint. Plant protection is a central aspect of these challenges, firstly because pests and diseases development is strongly controlled by climate conditions, and secondly, because viticulture requires in many regions large quantities of pesticides. Phytosanitary protection is even more crucial for terroir-based viticulture areas, because the negative image given by excessive pesticide use impacts the whole region which reputation is partly built on environmental friendly practices. Moreover, most of terroir wines sensory properties and fame rely on specific cultivars, which makes it difficult to replace them using diseases resistant varieties. This study addresses the potential impact of climate change on pesticide use to control powdery and downy mildew in Burgundy. To assess the past evolution of diseases risk, a database composed by yearly number of applications of phytosanitary treatments for powdery and downy mildew diseases was built. This information was collected from 400 grapevine growers originating from 5 sub-regions of Burgundy. The data refer to yearly average number of treatments during the 1995-2014 period. Pesticide applications was related to climate by means of multiple linear regression models between the average number of treatments for powdery and downy mildews control and monthly temperature and monthly rainfall indices from April to July. Models providing the lowest error (estimated trough leave-one-out cross-validation) were selected for each of the 5 Burgundy wine sub-regions. According to each region, mildews yearly treatments number were significantly related to monthly climate data. In most models, May and June average temperature were selected with negative regression coefficients while April and May monthly precipitation were selected with positive regression coefficients. These models were fed with 1980-2100 temperature and rainfall projected data using CMIP5 RCP8.5 scenario from 18 GCM (General Circulation Models) statistically downscaled and debiased to match a daily 12 km target resolution. Increasing temperature and a slight ensemble rainfall increase (depending on the GCM) simulated during spring and early summer had inverse effects on models trend. However, regression models project a decreasing trend of the number of treatments for mildews control along the 21st century, based upon GCM data. Spraying numbers are expected to slightly vary in the future (-4,8 to -34.1% reduction), which strengthens the need for alternative plant protection strategies to match both consumer and policies promoting lower pesticides use for viticulture.
5
Ghiglieno, Isabella, Anna Simonetto, Luca Facciano, Marco Tonni, Pierluigi Donna, Leonardo Valenti, and Gianni Gilioli. "Comparing the Carbon Footprint of Conventional and Organic Vineyards in Northern Italy." Sustainability 15, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 5252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15065252.
Abstract:
The carbon footprint is an index used to assess the impact of an activity in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. Viticulture contributes to greenhouse gas emissions due to the use of fuels, fertilizers and pesticides, and the consequent soil erosion. Organic viticulture differs from conventional viticulture, mainly because of the absence of synthetic products, the soil tillage, and the level of organic carbon in the soil. The purpose of the study was to determine the actual differences between conventional and organic vineyard management in terms of greenhouse gas emissions, comparing multiannual data from 25 wineries in northern Italy. No statistically significant differences were found between the overall mean values of conventional and organic management. In organically farmed vineyards, a higher incidence of fuel consumption was observed, while in conventionally farmed vineyards higher emissions were observed, due to the use of such products as pesticides and fertilizers. No differences were found between the two management systems in terms of emissions resulting from direct fertilizing. Further assessment of the potential sequestration of organic fertilizer would be necessary.
6
Dabbert, Stephan, and Jürgen Oberhofer. "Organic viticulture in West Germany." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, no. 3 (September 1990): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003404.
Abstract:
We present results from a survey of organic grape operations in the three most important grape-producing areas in West Germany. Data on expenses for fertilizers, pesticides, machinery and buildings, on labor requirements, on the quantity and quality of yields, and on marketing channels and price premiums are compared to data on conventional grape operations from statistical sources. Based on these data, multi-period linear programming models were constructed to assess the economic implications of a transition to organic grape growing for different types of operations. Model results indicate that the grape production quota implemented in West Germany in 1989-90 favors organic methods. However, with direct marketing of wine, the effect of the quota depends on the effect that the expected rise in the price of conventional wine has on the price of organic wine. Premium prices for organically produced wine currently can be achieved only by farms that sell their wine directly to the consumer, which means that direct marketing is necessary for a profitable organic grape operation under current market conditions.
7
Martin, Stéphan, Marie-Hélène Dévier, Justine Cruz, Geoffroy Duporté, Emmanuelle Barron, Juliette Gaillard, Karyn Le Menach, et al. "Passive Sampling as a Tool to Assess Atmospheric Pesticide Contamination Related to Vineyard Land Use." Atmosphere 13, no. 4 (March 22, 2022): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13040504.
Abstract:
The massive use of pesticides in agriculture has led to widespread contamination of the environment, particularly the atmospheric compartment. Thirty-six pesticides, most used in viticulture, were monitored in ambient air using polyurethane foams as passive air samplers (PUF-PAS). Spatiotemporal data were collected from the samplers for 10 months (February–December 2013), using two different sampling times (1 and 2 months) at two different sites in a chateau vineyard in Gironde (France). A high-volume active air sampler was also deployed in June. Samples were extracted with dichloromethane using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) (PUFs from both passive and active) or microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) (filters from active sampling). Extracts were analyzed by both gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 23 airborne pesticides were detected at least once. Concentrations in PUF exposed one month ranged from below the limits of quantification (LOQs) to 23,481 ng PUF−1. The highest concentrations were for folpet, boscalid, chlorpyrifos-methyl, and metalaxyl-m—23,481, 17,615, 3931, and 3324 ng PUF−1. Clear seasonal trends were observed for most of the pesticides detected, the highest levels (in the ng m−3 range or the µg PUF−1 range) being measured during their application period. Impregnation levels at both sites were heterogeneous, but the same pesticides were involved. Sampling rates (Rs) were also estimated using a high-volume active air sampler and varied significantly from one pesticide to another. These results provide preliminary information on the seasonality of pesticide concentrations in vineyard areas and evidence for the effectiveness of PUF-PAS to monitor pesticides in ambient air.
8
Weeks Santos, Shannon, Jérôme Cachot, Bettie Cormier, Nicolas Mazzella, Pierre-Yves Gourves, Christelle Clérandeau, Bénédicte Morin, and Patrice Gonzalez. "Environmentally Relevant Mixture of Pesticides Affect Mobility and DNA Integrity of Early Life Stages of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Toxics 9, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9080174.
Abstract:
The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of three concentrations of a pesticide mixture on the first development stages of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The mixture was made up of three commonly used pesticides in viticulture: glyphosate (GLY), chlorpyrifos (CPF) and copper sulfate (Cu). Eyed stage embryos were exposed for 3 weeks to three concentrations of the pesticide mixture. Lethal and sub-lethal effects were assessed through a number of phenotypic and molecular endpoints including survival, hatching delay, hatching success, biometry, swimming activity, DNA damage (Comet assay), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), protein carbonyl content and gene expression. Ten target genes involved in antioxidant defenses, DNA repair, mitochondrial metabolism and apoptosis were analyzed using real-time RT-qPCR. No significant increase of mortality, half-hatch, growth defects, TBARS and protein carbonyl contents were observed whatever the pesticide mixture concentration. In contrast, DNA damage and swimming activity were significantly more elevated at the highest pesticide mixture concentration. Gene transcription was up-regulated for genes involved in detoxification (gst and mt1), DNA repair (ogg1), mitochondrial metabolism (cox1 and 12S), and cholinergic system (ache). This study highlighted the induction of adaptive molecular and behavioral responses of rainbow trout larvae when exposed to environmentally realistic concentrations of a mixture of pesticides.
9
Aoujil, Faiçal, Vassilis Litskas, Hiba Yahyaoui, Nadia El Allaoui, Abdellatif Benbouazza, Aziz Aziz, Majida Hafidi, and Khaoula Habbadi. "Sustainability Indicators for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Plant Protection Products Use in Moroccan Vineyards." Horticulturae 10, no. 5 (May 6, 2024): 473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10050473.
Abstract:
The Sebou River Basin is vital for Moroccan agriculture, particularly in terms of producing industrial crops, fruits, vegetables, and olive oil. It is especially significant in viticulture, accounting for 80% and 60% of the national production area for wine and table grapes, respectively. However, the prevalence of diseases and pests requires extensive pesticide application in vineyards. This study aims to assess the impact of pesticides used in vineyards on the environment, human health and their associated sustainability. Agro-environmental indicators were evaluated across 30 vineyards covering 1197 hectares. Results show an average treatment frequency of 24.05 applications per growing cycle, the highest among grape-producing countries, with 77.94% being fungicides. The Quantity of Active Substances Indicator (QASI) reveals a high pesticide application rate of 44.60 Kg a.i./ha. Over 50% of chemicals are classified as “hazardous” based on the Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ). A Pesticide Environmental Risk Indicator model (PERI) identifies three active ingredients with a high Environmental Risk Score (>5). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) reveals that copper sulfate has significant environmental impacts compared to Mancozeb and sulfur. These findings highlight the extensive use of pesticides in vineyards, posing challenges to long-term sustainable agriculture due to associated environmental and health risks.
10
Correia, Sofia, Carla Guerra, José Manso, Natacha Fontes, and António Graça. "Integrative approach for sustainable viticulture in Portugalˈs Douro Valley: The NOVATERRA approach in mountain viticulture." BIO Web of Conferences 68 (2023): 01033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20236801033.
Abstract:
United Nations' Sustainable Development Goal number 12 pledges to ensure the sustainability of production and consumption of the food system. Towards more sustainable agriculture, a reduction of contentious pesticides, increasing spray application efficiency, and supporting strategies for integrated control is required. This can be obtained by developing innovative eco-friendly strategies that protect both the environment and human health. In this sense, SOGRAPE, a family-owned wine company, is a partner of project NOVATERRA (funded by EU’s Horizon 2020), aiming at improving the sustainability of viticulture by integrating new plant protection products (PPPs) of natural origin, biodiversity conservation, precision agriculture, robotics, and integrated soil and crop management strategies. NOVATERRA project trials have been made at SOGRAPE’s Quinta do Seixo, located in Cima Corgo, central sub-region of the Douro valley. This project is based in a practical and integrative approach, promoting multivariate case studies, in real scale trials executed by SOGRAPE to maximize adoption of successful solutions obtained from case studies. In this way, SOGRAPE engages in promoting the sustainability of the viticulture sector, working on several assignments of the project. The novel approaches assessed in NOVATERRA project work for the same goal of paving the way towards increasingly sustainable agriculture, combined into an integrated vine protection strategy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Pesticides – Viticulture":
1
Alonso, Ugaglia Adeline. "Une approche évolutionniste de la réduction des pesticides en viticulture." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR40051/document.
Abstract:
Les atteintes à l’environnement causées par un usage important de pesticides remettent en cause lemodèle productif actuel en viticulture d’appellation. Un cadre d’analyse évolutionniste est mobilisépour comprendre le manque de changement de pratiques phytosanitaires dans ce secteur malgrél’augmentation des pressions réglementaire et sociétale ces dernières années. Après avoir analysé lelock-in des viticulteurs vis-à-vis de l’utilisation des pesticides, nous appréhendons les nouvellespratiques grâce au concept d’innovation environnementale. En nous basant sur une enquête et unmodèle évolutionniste, nous montrons que l’IPM, en tant qu’innovation de processus, permet deréduire de manière significative les quantités de pesticides employées le long de trajectoiresgagnant-gagnant, mais que l’absence de compétences spécifiques dans les exploitations entrave sonadoption. Nous mettons ainsi en évidence l’importance des processus d’apprentissage pour laréduction des pesticides en viticulture. En l’absence de R & D formalisée, les viticulteurs ont besoind’un accompagnement spécifique et d’organismes de conseil agricole structurés localement pourrelever le défi de produire des vins rentables et respectueux de l’environnement. Les politiquespubliques en construction peuvent donc s’appuyer sur ces résultats pour impulser le changementattendu dans un délai raisonnableThe environmental damage caused by the intensive use of pesticides challenges the current production model in appellation wine growing. We mobilize here an evolutionary framework to understand the lack of change in vineyard phytosanitary protection despite increasing regulatory and social pressure in recent years. After analyzing grape growers’ pesticide lock-in, we consider new protection practices via the concept of environmental innovation. Our case analysis and evolutionary model allow us to show that IPM could significantly reduce pesticide use along win-win trajectories, but also that the lack of specific implementation know-how in farms hampers its adoption. We therefore highlight the importance of learning processes for pesticide reduction in grape growing. In the absence of formal R & D, growers need specialized advice and structured extension services to meet the challenge they face: producing profitable and environmentally friendly wines. Public policies can therefore be based on this result to drive the expected change in a reasonable time
2
Teysseire, Raphaëlle. "Exposition des riverains de parcelles viticoles aux pesticides : de la compréhension des déterminants de l’exposition aux moyens de prévention." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023BORD0049.
Abstract:
Le terme de produits phytopharmaceutiques regroupe une large gamme de substances actives destinées à protéger les végétaux contre les organismes nuisibles. Leur utilisation massive en milieu agricole ces dernières décennies s’est accompagnée d’une contamination généralisée de l’environnement, conduisant à l’exposition d’espèces non cibles. À cet égard, les populations vivant à proximité des zones d’épandages phytosanitaires font l’objet de préoccupations nouvelles de la part des chercheurs, des institutions et du grand public. Le premier objectif de cette thèse consistait à réaliser une revue bibliographique des travaux scientifiques portant sur la caractérisation de l’exposition des riverains de zones agricoles et sur l’étude de ses déterminants. Les résultats de ce travail ont montré que, pour de nombreuses substances actives, les expositions aux pesticides étaient plus élevées chez les riverains de zones de cultures que pour la population générale. En revanche, les données scientifiques restaient lacunaires concernant d’autres déterminants potentiels de l’exposition tels que les pratiques agricoles, les conditions météorologiques, les caractéristiques et le comportement des occupants ou encore la configuration des logements. Afin d’améliorer notre connaissance de ces facteurs, et cela dans l’optique de pouvoir proposer à terme des actions de prévention, une étude observationnelle pilotée par l’Université de Bordeaux a été conduite en Gironde (étude PESTIPREV). Dans ce cadre, une campagne de mesures a été menée dans une trentaine de domiciles jouxtant des parcelles de vignes, afin d’y collecter les résidus de pesticides présents sur des surfaces extérieures et intérieures du logement et d’y rechercher huit fongicides. Le second objectif de thèse consistait à identifier les déterminants de l’exposition individuelle non alimentaire aux pesticides agricoles des sujets inclus dans l’étude PESTIPREV. Nos résultats, issus d’analyses de modélisation par équations structurelles, ont montré que la contamination du jardin par les pesticides agricoles était positivement et significativement associée aux surfaces en vignes situées dans un rayon de 500m autour du logement. En revanche, des conditions météorologiques dispersives (pluie et vent) étaient de nature à limiter les concentrations surfaciques observées. À l’intérieur du logement, la contamination par les pesticides était positivement associée aux quantités annuelles moyennes de composés phytosanitaires vendues dans la zone postale du logement, et au transfert potentiel de pesticides depuis l’extérieur par les occupants. En revanche, le niveau d’activité du foyer, la fréquence de nettoyage et la fréquence de contact avec les surfaces étaient associés à une diminution de la contamination. Ces premiers travaux seront complétés par de futures analyses, mais permettent d’envisager des actions de gestion liées aux pratiques agricoles ainsi que des mesures de prévention individuelle à destination des populations rurales, dont l’efficacité et l’acceptabilité resteront à évaluer dans le cadre de futures études interventionnellesThe plant protection products include a wide range of active substances intended to protect plants against harmful organisms. Their massive use in agriculture in the last decades has led to a widespread contamination of the environment, resulting in the exposure of non-target species. The populations living near fields treated with pesticides are the object of new concerns from researchers and institutions. The first objective of this thesis was to conduct a bibliographic review of scientific publications that have characterized the exposure to pesticides of subjects living near crops and studied its determinants. The results of this review showed that, exposure to pesticides was higher for people living in agricultural areas than for the general population, for many active substances. On the other hand, scientific literature remained incomplete regarding other potential determinants of exposure, such as agricultural practices, meteorological conditions, occupant characteristics and behavior, and building configuration. In order to improve our knowledge of these factors, to conceive eventually preventive actions, an observational study led by the University of Bordeaux was conducted in Gironde (the PESTIPREV study). A measurement campaign was led in thirty homes adjacent to vineyards to collect pesticide residues on outdoor and indoor surfaces of the home, in order to search for eight fungicides. The second objective of the thesis was to identify the determinants of individual non-dietary exposure to agricultural pesticides of the subjects included in the PESTIPREV study. Our results, obtained using structural equation modeling, showed that the contamination of the garden by agricultural pesticides was positively and significantly associated with the area of vineyards within a 500m radius of the house. On the other hand, dispersive meteorological conditions (rain and wind) were likely to limit the observed pesticide concentrations. Inside the dwelling, pesticide contamination was positively associated with the average annual quantity of phytosanitary compounds sold in the postal area of the dwelling, and with the carrying of pesticides from outside by the occupants. On the opposite, the level of household activity, the cleaning frequency, and the frequency of contact with surfaces were associated with a decrease in contamination. These initial results will be completed by future analyses but allow us to consider management actions related to agricultural practices as well as individual prevention measures for rural populations, whose effectiveness and acceptability will remain to be evaluated in future interventional studies
3
Ueoka, Mayumi. "Environmental fate of pesticides used in Australian viticulture : a comparison of the behaviour of the fungicides dithianon and vinclozolin /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AEVP/09aevpu22.pdf.
4
Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058.
Abstract:
Les pesticides utilisés en agriculture posent aujourd’hui des problèmes avérés sur le plan sanitaire et environnemental. Malgré l’implication du monde agricole et l’apport de financements publics significatifs, les politiques publiques déployées depuis 40 ans en matière d’agri-environnement peinent à atteindre leurs objectifs, là où les systèmes de production durables développés en réaction au modèle productiviste s’avèrent probants mais marginaux. La transition vers des systèmes de production plus respectueux de l’environnement demeure ainsi un défi pour les pouvoirs publics et l’agriculture conventionnelle : comment s’organiser collectivement pour « sortir des phytos » ? A partir de l’exemple d’un dispositif expérimental visant la suppression des herbicides en viticulture et initié par des professionnels de la filière, la thèse propose de réinterroger, par le prisme d’une sociologie de l’action, la capacité d’innovation du monde agricole et de réaction des pouvoirs publics en matière d’agri-environnement, en prenant comme clé de lecture l’analyse de l’action collective professionnelle se développant en-deçà des dispositifs institués d’action publique. La thèse montre que, dans de telles conditions, les objets, les mobiles et les collectifs de l’action environnementale ont pour propriétés d’être hétérogènes, équivoques, variables et flexibles, tout au long de leur mise en débat. Qu’il s’agisse des solutions alternatives mises en œuvre ou de leurs capacités de transfert, la pluralité et la variation des situations soulignent une impossibilité de standardisation, susceptible d’appeler des réponses institutionnelles différenciées pour un même problème d’environnementPesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
5
Domange, Nicolas. "Etude des transferts de produits phytosanitaires à l'échelle de la parcelle et du bassin versant viticole (Rouffach, Haut-Rhin)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/DOMANGE_Nicolas_2005.pdf.
Abstract:
Afin de mieux comprendre les transferts de produits phytosanitaires, les exutoires du bassin versant de Rouffach (Haut-Rhin, France) et de deux parcelles de celui-ci (désherbée chimiquement en plein et enherbée un inter-rang sur deux avec désherbage sur le rang) sont instrumentés afin de quantifier les flux de 17 pesticides en " continu ". L'instrumentation de mesure du site est validée en identifiant les sources d'erreurs possibles (incertitude et particulièrement biais) lors de l'évaluation de la concentration en pesticide. Les résultats acquis sur les deux années de suivi 2003-2004 avec des pluviosités opposées nous permettent de faire ressortir les principaux processus impliqués dans les transferts de pesticide dans ce type de milieu. Toutes les molécules sont détectées au moins une fois en 2003 ou en 2004. Les concentrations moyennes de la plupart des molécules sont fortes après les premiers épisodes suivant application. Mais les facteurs pluviométriques peuvent faire augmenter fortement les concentrations même plusieurs mois après l'application si les molécules sont encore mobilisables par le ruissellement. La plupart des molécules sont cependant aussi détectées pendant des événements ruisselants sur les zones imperméables, non successifs à des ruissellements parcellaires. Les facteurs défavorables expliquant en grande partie les fortes concentrations mesurées pour certaines molécules seraient une application généralisée dans le temps et l'espace et/ou des propriétés favorisant une disponibilité durable dans la zone d'interface sol-ruissellement. Nous avons validé, en utilisant un modèle hydrologique simplifié, l'hypothèse que le temps de réponse du chémogramme d'une molécule peut être influencé, après le premier événement majeur, par la répartition spatiale de l'apport de la molécule et, pour les événements suivants, par la répartition spatiale plus l'état de la molécule (désorption/dégradation) évoluant dans le temps en fonction de ses caractéristiques. Les flux totaux exportés à l'exutoire du bassin versant s'échelonnent de 0 à 0,62 % des quantité appliquées (essentiel des quantités exportées associé aux épisodes critiques). Nous proposons alors un certain nombre de solutions pour limiter les transferts de pesticide à l'échelle du bassin versantTo understand transfers of pesticides, the catchment of Rouffach (Haut-Rhin, France) and two plots inside (weeded chemically in a full and grassed inter-row on two with weeding on the row) are equipped to quantify the fluxes of 17 active matters in continuously during approximately 6 months per year. The measurement instrumentation of the site is validated by identifying the possible sources of errors (uncertainty and bias) during the evaluation of the pesticide concentration. From a method of decomposition of the measurement acquisition and experiments, we evaluate bias associated with data. The results achieved over the two years of monitoring (2003-2004) with opposite rainfalls enable us to emphasize the principal processes implied in pesticide transfers on this type of medium. All the compounds are detected at least once in 2003 or 2004. The average concentrations of the majority of the pesticides are strong after the first episodes according to application. But the pluviometric factors can make increase strongly the concentrations even several months after the application if the molecules are still mobilizable by runoff. The majority of the compounds are also detected during events with runoff on the impermeable zones, without plot runoff. The unfavourable factors mainly explaining the strong concentrations measured for some pesticides would be an input generalized in time and space and/or properties supporting a durable availability in the zone of interface soil-runoff. We finally validated, by using a simplified hydrological model, the assumption that the response time of the pesticide can be influenced, after the first major event, by the space distribution of the compound input(s) in a prevalent way and, for the following events, by the space distribution plus the pesticide state (desorption/degradation) moving in time according to its characteristics. The total fluxes exported with runoff at catchment outlet spread from 0 to 0,62 % of the applied quantity. The critical events from their hydrological characteristics (intensity, duration) and their situation with respect to the inputs constitute the main part of the exported quantities. The comprehension of pesticides behaviour enables us to propose solutions to limit pesticides transfers at catchment scale
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Peyrard, Xavier. "Transfert de produits phytosanitaires par les écoulements latéraux en proche surface dans le Beaujolais de coteaux : suivi sur parcelle exploitée, expérimentation de traçage in situ et modélisation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1120/document.
Abstract:
Les transferts latéraux de produits phytosanitaires en proche surface constituent une voie potentielle de contamination des eaux de surface dans certains contextes agro pédo climatique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'apporter des éléments de connaissance et de compréhension de ces transferts. Un site viticole, dans le Nord Beaujolais, a ainsi été instrumenté avec une tranchée d'interception des écoulements latéraux, un canal Venturi et un réseau piézométrique. Cette instrumentation a ensuite été utilisée pour suivre les transferts latéraux et le ruissellement de produits phytosanitaires sur deux années viticoles. Enfin, une expérimentation de traçage in situ a été menée puis modélisée. Les résultats montrent une relation de seuil entre les volumes évènementiels d'écoulements latéraux captés, le degré de connectivité du versant, les volumes pluviométriques évènementiels, et l'humidité initiale du sol. La dynamique de transfert latéral des pesticides en proche surface s'est avérée très variable à l'échelle de l'évènement, mais en accord avec les propriétés physico chimiques des substances. À l'échelle de l'ensemble des évènements, les concentrations de ces produits dans l'écoulement latéral suivent une décroissance exponentielle temporelle. À l'échelle annuelle, la saisonnalité de l'écoulement latéral et du ruissellement semble expliquer la saisonnalité observée des transferts. L'expérimentation de traçage a permis d'identifier une composante préférentielle de l'écoulement latéral et une composante matricielle. La composante préférentielle a engendré des flux de substance significatifs et de concentrations élevées, mais fugaces. La composante matricielle a généré un flux de faible concentration, mais continu et de longue durée, qui a impliqué une contribution finale plus élevée que la composante préférentielle. Des liens explicatifs entre les propriétés des substances et ces composantes du transfert latéral ont pu être soulignésSubsurface lateral flow may stand for a risky pathway in several agro pedo climatic contexts: in this way, the aim of this thesis work is to improve our understanding of pesticide transfer and dynamics by this pathway. A farmed vine plot, located on a hillslope in the Nord Beaujolais, was instrumented with a trench, a Venturi flume and a shallow groundwater well network. The instrumentation was used during two farming years to continuously monitor pesticide transfers in both subsurface lateral flows and surface runoff at a fine temporal resolution. Lastly, an in situ tracing experiment was conducted and modeled. Hydrological results highlighted a threshold relationship between subsurface lateral flow volumes measured in the trench, the degree of lateral connectivity of the hillslope, rainfall amounts and initial soil water content. The dynamics of these transfers was very variable at the event scale, and in agreement with the physico chemical properties of the substances. Considering all subsurface lateral flow events, pesticides concentrations were described using a decreasing exponential function depending on the time interval between a given event and the last application of the considered pesticides, and their physico chemical properties. At the year scale, the seasonality of pesticide transfers seemed related with the seasonality of subsurface lateral flow and surface runoff. The tracing experiment highlighted two components in subsurface lateral flow: a matrix related one and a preferential related flow component. The preferential component implied short, highly concentrated and significant lateral fluxes. Matrix related component produced continuous and slightly concentrated fluxes over a long period, and was responsible for a bigger part of the total transfer than the preferential component. Links between substance properties and transfer components were highlighted
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Schreck, Eva. "Influence des modes d'entretien du sol en milieu viticole sur le transfert des pesticides vers les eaux d'infiltration - Impact sur les lombriciens." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00372036.
Abstract:
L'objectif de cette thèse est d'essayer de déterminer la pratique viticole d'entretien du sol des inter-rangs qui serait la moins polluante pour l'environnement. Pour cela, une étude a été mise en place afin de mettre en évidence une influence de cette pratique sur le transfert de produits phytosanitaires vers les eaux de drainage et sur le fonctionnement biologique du sol. Les investigations ont montré que la pratique culturale modifie les flux d'eaux drainés et la réponse hydrologique du sol à la pluie. Le transfert d'une molécule dépend essentiellement de ses caractéristiques physicochimiques et de son utilisation, son mode et sa date d'application, ainsi que le type de sol sur lequel elle est épandue. Une pollution des sols et des eaux de drainage de la modalité désherbée chimiquement est constatée. L'enherbement favorise l'infiltration de l'eau, et pourrait participer à la rétention et la biodégradation des pesticides dans la zone racinaire. Le désherbage chimique et le labour perturbent la vie microbienne et lombricienne tandis que l'enherbement favorise le développement des organismes (humidité, exsudats racinaires, matière organique). L'effet neurotoxique des insecticides et des fongicides mis en évidence au laboratoire n'est pas vérifié sur le terrain viticole. De la même façon, contrairement aux résultats apportés par l'expérimentation en conditions contrôlées, les lombriciens de la parcelle ne participent pas à la biotransformation des toxiques et ne semblent pas perturbés physiologiquement.
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Vidal, Marion. "Sortir des phytos en viticulture : pratiques professionnelles, action collective et normalisation environnementale." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20058/document.
Abstract:
Les pesticides utilisés en agriculture posent aujourd’hui des problèmes avérés sur le plan sanitaire et environnemental. Malgré l’implication du monde agricole et l’apport de financements publics significatifs, les politiques publiques déployées depuis 40 ans en matière d’agri-environnement peinent à atteindre leurs objectifs, là où les systèmes de production durables développés en réaction au modèle productiviste s’avèrent probants mais marginaux. La transition vers des systèmes de production plus respectueux de l’environnement demeure ainsi un défi pour les pouvoirs publics et l’agriculture conventionnelle : comment s’organiser collectivement pour « sortir des phytos » ? A partir de l’exemple d’un dispositif expérimental visant la suppression des herbicides en viticulture et initié par des professionnels de la filière, la thèse propose de réinterroger, par le prisme d’une sociologie de l’action, la capacité d’innovation du monde agricole et de réaction des pouvoirs publics en matière d’agri-environnement, en prenant comme clé de lecture l’analyse de l’action collective professionnelle se développant en-deçà des dispositifs institués d’action publique. La thèse montre que, dans de telles conditions, les objets, les mobiles et les collectifs de l’action environnementale ont pour propriétés d’être hétérogènes, équivoques, variables et flexibles, tout au long de leur mise en débat. Qu’il s’agisse des solutions alternatives mises en œuvre ou de leurs capacités de transfert, la pluralité et la variation des situations soulignent une impossibilité de standardisation, susceptible d’appeler des réponses institutionnelles différenciées pour un même problème d’environnementPesticides used in agriculture are a known environmental problematic fact. Despite the involvement of agriculture and the contribution of significant public funding, agri-environmental public policies deployed for over 40 years struggle to achieve their goals, where sustainable production systems remain convincing but marginal. Faced with this context, designing and spreading alternative techniques to chemicals remains a challenge for government and professionals. From case of a professional project aiming at removing herbicides in the South West of France vineyards, this thesis proposes to re-examine, through the prism of a sociology that pay attention to action (less than actors), the innovation capacity of agriculture and the responsiveness of public authorities about agri-environment, focusing on the analysis of professional collective action as a way of regulating environmental public issues, and considering its development out, in parallel, upstream or below established public policies offer. The research shows that in such conditions, objects, mobiles and collectives comprised by environmental action are heterogeneous, ambiguous, variable and flexible, throughout their discussions. Plurality and change situations emphasize as much unpredictability of collective action that impossibility of standardization, that are likely to call (on the contrary) differentiated institutional responses to the same environmental problem
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Weeks, Santos Shannon. "Étude des réponses adaptatives et délétères des premiers stades du développement de truite arc-en-ciel, Oncorhynchus mykiss, exposés à des produits phytosanitaires utilisés en viticulture." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0003.
Abstract:
L’utilisation excessive de pesticides engendre des pollutions et des dégradations importantes de l’environnement y compris sur les écosystèmes aquatiques. L’activité viticole ne fait pas exception à cette règle, et c’est pour cette raison que ce travail de thèse s’est intéressé aux réponses adaptatives ou délétères aux premiers stades de vie de poissons exposés à trois produits phytosanitaires utilisés en viticulture ainsi qu’à leur mélange et à des échantillons environnementaux. La thèse s’intéresse aux stades précoces de développement de la truite arc-en-ciel, mais également à la lignée cellulaire de foie de truite RTL-W1. Les embryons de truite ont été exposés au cuivre, au glyphosate et au chlorpyrifos seuls ou en mélange. Une autre partie de ce travail a consisté à étudier les effets toxiques des échantillons environnementaux d’eau et de sédiment provenant d’un cours d’eau, La Livenne, à proximité de parcelles viticoles. Toutes les expériences ont été faites en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire. Les réponses induites par ces expositions ont été mesurées à différents niveaux d’organisation biologique : au niveau moléculaire, phénotypique et comportemental pour l’étude in vivo (larves de la truite arc-en-ciel) ; et l’analyse des effets cytotoxiques de l’induction des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) et des dommages à l’ADN pour l’étude in vitro (lignée RTL-W1). Les résultats de ce travail ont montré que l’exposition aux pesticides individuels, ou en mélange, chez les larves de truites arc-en-ciel n’a pas produit d’effets létaux aux concentrations testés. En revanche, ces substances ont provoqués différents effets sub-létaux, selon le composé et les concentrations étudiés, dont des effets tératogènes, des perturbations du comportement natatoire, des effets génotoxiques et l’expression différentielle de gènes cibles. Le cuivre s’est avéré le plus toxique provoquant un échec d’éclosion important. Des effets cytotoxiques et une production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) ont été observés sur cellules de truite exposées à des extraits d’eau de rivière. Par ailleurs, des effets comportementaux ont été observés sur les larves de truites exposées pendant 48 h à des sédiments et de l’eau de la Livenne. En conclusion, ces travaux de thèse ont mis en évidence des effets sub-létaux sur les cellules et les stades précoces de développement de truite arc-en-ciel exposés à des concentrations environnementales de pesticides utilisés en viticultureThe excessive use of pesticides generates significant pollution and degradation of the environment, including aquatic ecosystems. The viticultural activity is not an exception for this rule, and this is why the aim of this work is to study the adaptive or deleterious responses in the early life stages of fish exposed to three phytosanitary products used in viticulture as well as to their mixture and environmental samples. The thesis focuses on the early stages of development of rainbow trout, but also on the trout liver cell line RTL-W1. Trout embryos were exposed to copper, glyphosate and chlorpyrifos alone or as a mixture. Another part of this work consisted in studying the toxic effects of environmental samples of water and sediment coming from a river, La Livenne, close to vineyard plots. All experiments were done under controlled laboratory conditions. The responses induced by these exposures were measured at different levels of biological organization: at the molecular, phenotypic and behavioral level for the in vivo study (rainbow trout larvae); and the analysis of cytotoxic effects and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage for the in vitro study (RTL-W1 line). The results of this work showed that exposure to individual or mixed pesticides in rainbow trout larvae did not produce lethal effects at the tested concentrations. In contrast, these substances caused different sub-lethal effects, depending on the compound and concentrations studied, including teratogenic effects, swim behavior disturbances, genotoxic effects, and differential expression of target genes. Copper was found to be the most toxic causing a major hatching failure. Cytotoxic effects and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were observed on trout cells exposed to river water extracts. In addition, behavioral effects were observed on trout larvae exposed for 48 h to sediments and Livenne water. In conclusion, these thesis studies revealed sub-lethal effects on cells and early stages of development of rainbow trout exposed to environmental concentrations of pesticides
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Bozon, Nicolas. "Coupling atmospheric dispersion model and Geographical Information Systems : application to pesticide spray drift." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20255.
Abstract:
La pollution atmosphérique par les pesticides issus de la viticulture est un problème environnemental majeur affectant aussi bien la santé humaine que l'équilibre des écosystèmes. La modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique et l'usage des systèmes d'information géographique peuvent permettre de quantifier spatialement la pollution atmosphérique sur le territoire. Cette thèse est fondée sur le couplage d'un modèle de dispersion atmosphérique des pesticides et d'un système d'information géographique, destiné à prédire et cartographier la pollution atmosphérique après les traitements phyto-sanitaires. L'introduction des modèles numériques de terrains et des changements d'échelle dans la modélisation à complexité réduite sont présentés et illustrés. La plateforme de simulation numérique découlant du couplage prend la forme d'un plugin au logiciel Quantum GIS, explorant ainsi le potentiel des SIG libres dans l'implémentation de modèles physiques complexes. La plateforme est finalement utilisée sur un bassin versant viticole du Sud de la France, et un scénario d'analyse des risques de pollution est proposéAtmospheric pollution due to agricultural pesticide for viticulture is a major concern today, regarding both public health, sustainable agriculture and ecosystems quality monitoring. Atmospheric dispersion modeling and the use of geographic information systems allow us to spatially quantify the atmospheric pollution on a given area. This thesis is based on the coupling of an atmospheric dispersion model and a geographic information system, in order to predict and map atmospheric pollution after pesticide spraying applications. Implementations of digital elevation models and scale changes into the reduced order modeling are described and illustrated. The resulting simulation platform is presented as a Quantum GIS software plugin, thus exploring the Open Source GIS capabilities to implement complex physical models. The platform is finally used on a typical Souther French wine-growing area, and a pollution risk analysis scenario is proposed
Books on the topic "Pesticides – Viticulture":
1
Vorobʹeva, T. N. Produktivnostʹ ampelot︠s︡enozov i agrotekhnicheskie novat︠s︡ii v vinogradarstve: (izuchenie, ėkologizat︠s︡ii︠a︡ proizvodstva). Krasnodar: Severo-Kavkazskiĭ zonalʹnyĭ NII sadovodstva i vinogradarstva, 2011.
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Vorobʹeva, T. N. Primenenie medʹsoderzhashchikh preparatov na vinogradnikakh i︠u︡ga Kubani: (issledovanii︠a︡, ėkologicheskai︠a︡ optimizat︠s︡ii︠a︡). Krasnodar: OOO "Alʹfa-Poligraf+", 2011.
Book chapters on the topic "Pesticides – Viticulture":
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Dumitriu (Gabur), Georgiana-Diana, Carmen Teodosiu, and Valeriu V. Cotea. "Management of Pesticides from Vineyard to Wines: Focus on Wine Safety and Pesticides Removal by Emerging Technologies." In Grapes and Wine [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98991.
Abstract:
Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) represent an important crop, being cultivated in 2018 on 7.4 million hectares worldwide, and with a total production of 77.8 million tonnes. Grapes are susceptible to a large number of fungal pests and insects that may cause important economic losses, reduction of quality and undesired sensory characteristics in wines. A common practice in viticulture is the utilization of chemical reagents, as pesticides, that can insure constant production of high-quality grapes. The use of pesticides in vineyards is an old agricultural practice and although generally beneficial, some concerns are raising due to potential toxic compounds assimilation during wine consumption and human health risks. This chapter offers a complete overview of the most common pesticides used in vineyard and tracks them across grapes, winemaking stages and wines. The impacts of pesticide residues on phenolic compounds and volatile compounds are discussed in details, alongside with emerging technologies for removal of pesticide residues from grapes and wines.
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Ghiță, Simona, Mihaela Hnatiuc, Aurora Ranca, Victoria Artem, and Mădălina-Andreea Ciocan. "Studies on the Short-Term Effects of the Cease of Pesticides Use on Vineyard Microbiome." In Environmental Sciences. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105706.
Abstract:
In this chapter, an overview of the impact of phytosanitary treatments on the vineyard microbiome is provided, together with the results of the research we conducted. The studied plant material consisted of grapevine from the cultivars Sauvignon blanc and Cabernet Sauvignon, cultivated within the plantation of the Research Station for Viticulture and Enology from Murfatlar, Romania. For each cultivar, a treated plot and an untreated plot were established. For each of those, the phyllosphere microbiota was quantified using the epifluorescence microscopy method, followed by automated image analysis using CellC software. At the same time, the soil fungal diversity was evaluated in three stages during the year 2021, using microscopic morphological criteria. The results give useful information regarding the phytosanitary state of the studied plant, as well as the short-term effects produced by the ceasing of pesticide application on the grapevine microbiota.
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Agarwal, Sonam, Krishna Kumar Gupta, Vivek Kumar Chaturvedi, Ankita Kushwaha, Pankaj Kumar Chaurasia, and M. P. Singh. "The Potential Application of Peroxidase Enzyme for the Treatment of Industry Wastes." In Research Advancements in Pharmaceutical, Nutritional, and Industrial Enzymology, 278–93. IGI Global, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5237-6.ch012.
Abstract:
Environmental pollution is becoming one of the major threats around the world because of the release of toxic and hazardous substances from food, pharmaceutical, and other industries as well. These wastes are mainly dumped indiscriminately which ultimately reached water bodies, thereby affecting marine ecosystem. Therefore, effective effluent treatment is an important step which can help in conserving our water resources. White rot fungus (WRF) have been shown to degrade and mineralize a wide variety of wastes because of their nonspecific extracellular lignin mineralizing enzymes (LMEs). These enzymes are used for the decolorization of synthetic dyes. They help in the degradation of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pharmaceuticals wastes like- anti-inflammatory, lipid regulatory, antiepileptic drugs, endocrine disrupting chemicals, etc. They also help in degrading the food waste and convert them into useful products which can be used as food, feed, fodder; some of these wastes are lignocellulosic waste, viticulture waste, olive mill waste, molasses waste, etc.
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Nario, Adriana, Ana Maria Parada, Ximena Videla, Ines Pino, Marco Acuña, Manuel Casanova, Oscar Seguel, et al. "Indicators of Good Agricultural Practices in Viticulture." In Integrated Analytical Approaches for Pesticide Management, 261–70. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816155-5.00017-8.
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Dalton, David R. "General Comments." In The Chemistry of Wine. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687199.003.0026.
Abstract:
Viticulture, it will be recalled, is the art and science of vine-growing and grape-harvesting, and it was the subject of Sections I–IV (Chapters 1–14). Enology, the subject of this Section (Chapters 15– 20), is the art and science of winemaking. Much of what follows in this brief Chapter on General Comments is expanded upon in other Chapters in this Section. In making the wine, it appears to be generally agreed that where possible it is best to follow the traditional methods to produce the best results. However, it should be clearly understood that work is underway to engineer yeast to make it more alcohol tolerant and to use the yeast to produce specific compounds recognized as being particularly flavorful. Additionally, as the number of vintners has grown, finding the proper oak for casks is becoming ever harder. Therefore, the art of reworking old oak casks or even avoiding them altogether (e.g., by aging wine in the presence of oak chips) may be used. In the same vein, it is widely recognized that stoppers other than cork may be used, so that the day may come when the cork stopper will be a thing of the past. Traditionally, grapes are taken directly from the vineyard to be crushed, and it is still the case in many of the oldest and most respected vineyards that this practice will continue. However, as the use of pesticides and fungicides has increased, methods for rapid washing and then drying of grapes before crushing may be employed. The arguments against these extra steps are mainly two. First, lingering water would dilute the grape juice. Second, the adventitious yeasts that might be removed by washing or deactivated by drying are often desired for the production of the vintage. Indeed, it has been argued that unique fungi, which might be exclusive to the most prestigious vineyards, are important to the production of the best wines. The issue of washing versus not washing has been investigated, and it was concluded for the case examined that only minor changes are effected by washing.
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Carlos, Cristina C. R., and Maria do Carmo M. Val. "Novel technologies and Decision Support Systems to optimize pesticide use in vineyards." In Improving Sustainable Viticulture and Winemaking Practices, 147–64. Elsevier, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85150-3.00007-4.
Conference papers on the topic "Pesticides – Viticulture":
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Llorens, J., C. Román, A. Escolà, J. Gené-Mola, J. Arnó, and J. A. Martínez-Casasnovas. "34. How can precision agriculture prescription maps contribute to the 50% pesticide reduction goal of the farm-to-fork strategy in viticulture." In 14th European Conference on Precision Agriculture. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-947-3_34.