Journal articles on the topic 'Pesticides Chemistry'
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1
Zowada, Christian, Nadja Frerichs, Vânia Gomes Zuin, and Ingo Eilks. "Developing a lesson plan on conventional and green pesticides in chemistry education – a project of participatory action research." Chemistry Education Research and Practice 21, no. 1 (2020): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9rp00128j.
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The debate on the use of pesticides is very current in the public media when it comes to topics such as organic farming, bee mortality, and the use of glyphosate. The broad range of pesticide applications and their potential environmental impact makes pesticides an interesting topic for science education in general and for chemistry teaching in particular. This is particularly true when conventional pesticide use is contrasted with current chemistry research efforts to develop alternatives based on the ideas of green chemistry. This paper discusses the potential relevance of pesticides for chemistry education in connection with education for sustainable development. It gives a brief outlook on pesticides in science teaching and connects the topic to socio-scientific issue-based chemistry education. A case study which developed a lesson plan for secondary school students is presented here. It defines pesticides, before focusing on the development of green pesticides as potential alternatives to current products. The lesson is focusing learning about chemistry rather than learning of chemistry in the means that the lesson introduces quite young chemistry learners (age range 15–17) to ideas of green and sustainable chemistry and how green alternatives in chemistry can be assessed and compared to traditional alternatives. Video vignettes of a scientist are used to introduce the topic to students. Finally, both glyphosate as a conventional, industrial pesticide and orange oil as an example of a green pesticide are compared using spider chart diagrams. The lesson plan was cyclically designed by a group of ten chemistry teachers using participatory action research. It was piloted with the help of secondary school chemistry student teachers and then tested in five German secondary school classes (grades 10/11). The use of the spider charts was regarded as especially helpful by the learners, most of whom felt that they had been able to understand the controversy surrounding pesticides.
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Collier, Richard H. "Pesticide Formulations: Microbial Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 73, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/73.1.85a.
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Jackson, Edwin R. "Pesticide Formulations: Organothiophosphorus Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 69, no. 2 (March 1, 1986): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/69.2.227.
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Jackson, Edwin R. "Pesticide Formulations: Organothiophosphorus Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 2 (March 1, 1987): 266–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.2.266a.
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Santosh P., Supanekar, and Muniv Yojana S. "Sustainable Management of Pesticides." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 827–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.100.
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Pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any pest (insects, mites, nematodes, weeds, rats, etc.), including insecticide, herbicide, fungicide etc. used to control pests and to safeguard public health. Use of pesticide has secured the food production and enhanced the amount of produce. Once the pesticide enters in contact with the environment, its fate is determined by several natural processes (adsorption, degradation, erosion and leaching to groundwater). Of the total pesticides applied in agriculture, about 1-10% reach to the target plant, about 30% is lost in atmosphere, nearly 1-5% is lost due to runoff/surface erosion and roughly 1% is lost by leaching. Pesticides applied in the soil leaches up to 50 -100 %. Pesticide management reduces contamination of water from pesticides and foster effective and safe use of pesticides without causing degradation to the environment. This study provides an overview of pesticides on recent developments in sustainable management on strategies, practices and their effectiveness, core elements, principles of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and bio-pesticides in crop protection. This study recommends that during application of pesticides, guidelines approved by FAO and WHO (2014), from production to disposal of pesticides in the 'International Code of Conduct on Pesticide Management' (4th version) should be strictly followed by government regulators, the private sector, civil society as a best practice in managing pesticides throughout their lifecycle.
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Stephenson, Gerald R., Ian G. Ferris, Patrick T. Holland, and Monica Nordberg. "Glossary of terms relating to pesticides (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 11 (January 1, 2006): 2075–154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200678112075.
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The glossary contains definitions of more than 500 terms frequently used in relation to the chemistry, mode of action, regulation, and use of pesticides. A wide range of disciplines is involved in this field, and the glossary was developed as a step in facilitating communication among researchers, government regulatory authorities, and chemists in associated professional areas. The range of terms relates to pesticide residue analysis, sampling for analysis, good laboratory practice, metabolism, environmental fate, effects on ecosystems, computer simulation models, toxicology, and risk assessment. The number of important, "pesticide-related" terms has more than doubled since 1996, when the first IUPAC glossary of this type was developed, an indication of how this field has become so integrated with many other scientific and regulatory disciplines.
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Ganaie, M. Imran, Ishrat Jan, Afshan Nabi Mayer, Alamgir A. Dar, Ishtiaq A. Mayer, Pervez Ahmed, and Javid A. Sofi. "Health Risk Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Drinking Water of Upper Jhelum Region in Kashmir Valley-India by GC-MS/MS." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2023 (January 27, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6802782.
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Globally growing demand for agricultural and farm foods has more or less become dependent on chemical pesticides to maintain the supply chain, which undoubtedly boosts agricultural production. However, pesticides not only impact the target pests but cause hazard to human health. Pesticides are ubiquitous and can be found in almost every component of the environment. They can therefore impair human and biota health when present over the threshold level. The present study assessed the concentration of commonly used pesticides for agricultural purposes but get mixed in different sources of water, as such fifteen sampling sites along the upper Jhelum basin of Kashmir valley were chosen. For the analysis, 60 water samples were obtained from different water sources. Gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) was used to determine pesticide residues in water samples. Pesticide residues from 10 of the 26 commonly used pesticides were detected in water samples. Difenoconazole had the highest concentration among the pesticides detected, with a mean concentration of 0.412 ± 0.424 μg/L ranging from 0.0 μg/L to 0.8196 μg/L. The target hazards quotient (THQ) was used to quantify the possible noncarcinogenic health risks associated with drinking pesticide-contaminated water. Only chlorpyrifos and quinalphos were detected >1 in RWS3 (1.6571), RWS4 (1.0285), RWS14 (1.2571), and RWS15 (1.2000) sample sites, implying that the drinking water poses a health risk to humans. Hence, pesticide hazards should be mitigated and rigorous monitoring is needed to reduce pesticide residues in drinking water.
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Ram, Meena Asha. "Route of Exposure and Impact of Pesticides Pollution on Human Health and Aquatic Ecosystem." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 85–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.012.
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Pesticides have been found in aquatic ecosystems such as groundwater, lakes, rivers and oceans through clogged storm drains, improper disposal, unplanned discharges and accidental spills. Pesticide exposure results in a variety of abnormalities in the human body, including mutagenic or genotoxic impacts. Pesticide-exposed organisms exhibit a wide range of developmental abnormalities, including genital deformities. Herbicides have a direct negative impact on the population size of primary producer. Pesticides accumulate in rivers and fresh water because of the high concentration of pesticides in the agricultural environment. Toxicants produced by humans have been identified as a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems. Pesticide use has led to the drastic decline of the populations of certain fish species. Insecticides, herbicides and fungicides have all been associated with a decrease in several animal species. Pesticides accumulate in the bodies of fish and have an impact on human health as a result of biological cycling and bio-magnification. Not only can pesticides affect fish, but they can also affect the food webs that support them. Pesticides enter the human body through a variety of ways, including the food chain, air, soil, water, flora and fauna and the environment. In pesticide applicators, farmers and farm workers in general, abnormalities and illnesses of the skin have been documented
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Bruckmann, Franciele S., Carlos Schnorr, Leandro R. Oviedo, Salah Knani, Luis F. O. Silva, William L. Silva, Guilherme L. Dotto, and Cristiano R. Bohn Rhoden. "Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Pesticides into Nanocomposites: A Review." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 23, 2022): 6261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196261.
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The extensive use of pesticides in agriculture has significantly impacted the environment and human health, as these pollutants are inadequately disposed of into water bodies. In addition, pesticides can cause adverse effects on humans and aquatic animals due to their incomplete removal from the aqueous medium by conventional wastewater treatments. Therefore, processes such as heterogeneous photocatalysis and adsorption by nanocomposites have received special attention in the scientific community due to their unique properties and ability to degrade and remove several organic pollutants, including pesticides. This report reviews the use of nanocomposites in pesticide adsorption and photocatalytic degradation from aqueous solutions. A bibliographic search was performed using the ScienceDirect, American Chemical Society (ACS), and Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) indexes, using Boolean logic and the following descriptors: “pesticide degradation” AND “photocatalysis” AND “nanocomposites”; “nanocomposites” AND “pesticides” AND “adsorption”. The search was limited to research article documents in the last ten years (from January 2012 to June 2022). The results made it possible to verify that the most dangerous pesticides are not the most commonly degraded/removed from wastewater. At the same time, the potential of the supported nanocatalysts and nanoadsorbents in the decontamination of wastewater-containing pesticides is confirmed once they present reduced bandgap energy, which occurs over a wide range of wavelengths. Moreover, due to the great affinity of the supported nanocatalysts with pesticides, better charge separation, high removal, and degradation values are reported for these organic compounds. Thus, the class of the nanocomposites investigated in this work, magnetic or not, can be characterized as suitable nanomaterials with potential and unique properties useful in heterogeneous photocatalysts and the adsorption of pesticides.
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Liu, Jiangyu, Xinyu Guo, Yong Xu, and Xuemin Wu. "Spreading of Oil Droplets Containing Surfactants and Pesticides on Water Surface Based on the Marangoni Effect." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051408.
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Oil droplets containing surfactants and pesticides are expected to spread on a water surface, under the Marangoni effect, depending on the surfactant. Pesticides are transported into water through this phenomenon. A high-speed video camera was used to measure the movement of Marangoni ridges. Gas chromatography with an electron capture detector was used to analyze the concentration of the pesticide in water at different times. Oil droplets containing the surfactant and pesticide spread quickly on the water surface by Marangoni flow, forming an oil film and promoting emulsification of the oil–water interface, which enabled even transport of the pesticide into water, where it was then absorbed by weeds. Surfactants can decrease the surface tension of the water subphase after deposition, thereby enhancing the Marangoni effect in pesticide-containing oil droplets. The time and labor required for applying pesticides in rice fields can be greatly reduced by using the Marangoni effect to transport pesticides to the target.
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Sarojmoni, Sonowal, Dutta Mridusmita, Phukon Himadree, Jain Gunjan, and Jain Monika. "Pesticide Impact on Human Health." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 02 (2022): 717–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i02.087.
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Use of pesticides have contaminated every ecosystem on the earth since pesticide residues have been reported in water, air, soil, crops, non-target plants and animals. Due to the toxicity, pesticides are potentially hazardous to humans, animals, other organisms, and the environment. Therefore, people who use pesticides or regularly come in contact with them, must understand the relative toxicity, potential health effects, and preventative measures to reduce exposure to the products. Symptoms of pesticide poisoning in human are either topical (develop at the site of pesticide contact) or systemic (occur away from the original point of contact as a result of the pesticide being absorbed into and distributed throughout the body). Common signs and symptoms of acute exposure to active ingredients of insecticide include abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dizziness, excessive salivation and tearing, headache, loss of consciousness, Malaise, muscle twitching and weakness, nausea, nervous system depression, pinpoint pupils, respiratory depression, seizures, sweating, vomiting, coma and death in severe case. Exposure of pesticides may result into fatal diseases like cancers, leukaemia and asthma. The risk of health hazards due to pesticide exposure depends on toxicity of the ingredients and the level of exposure. Additionally, children, pregnant women and aging populations are more sensitive to the effects of pesticides. This review provides an overview on harmful effects of pesticides on human health with reference to routes of human exposure, risks of exposure to human and impact on human health
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Jackson, Edwin R. "Report on Pesticide Formulations: Organothiophosphoms Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 2 (March 1, 1985): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.2.227.
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Huang, Yichen, Lijuan Xiao, Feiyu Li, Mengshi Xiao, Derong Lin, Xiaomei Long, and Zhijun Wu. "Microbial Degradation of Pesticide Residues and an Emphasis on the Degradation of Cypermethrin and 3-phenoxy Benzoic Acid: A Review." Molecules 23, no. 9 (September 11, 2018): 2313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092313.
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Nowadays, pesticides are widely used in preventing and controlling the diseases and pests of crop, but at the same time pesticide residues have brought serious harm to human’s health and the environment. It is an important subject to study microbial degradation of pesticides in soil environment in the field of internationally environmental restoration science and technology. This paper summarized the microbial species in the environment, the study of herbicide and pesticides degrading bacteria and the mechanism and application of pesticide microbial degrading bacteria. Cypermethrin and other pyrethroid pesticides were used widely currently, while they were difficult to be degraded in the natural conditions, and an intermediate metabolite, 3-phenoxy benzoic acid would be produced in the degradation process, causing the secondary pollution of agricultural products and a series of problems. Taking it above as an example, the paper paid attention to the degradation process of microorganism under natural conditions and factors affecting the microbial degradation of pesticide. In addition, the developed trend of the research on microbial degradation of pesticide and some obvious problems that need further solution were put forward.
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Yen, Ivan Chang, Isaac Bekele, and Carlyle Kalloo. "Use Patterns and Residual Levels of Organophosphate Pesticides on Vegetables in Trinidad, West Indies." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 991–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.4.991.
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Abstract The twin-island state of Trinidad and Tobago produces much of the fresh fruit and vegetables consumed locally, although some are exported to Europe and North America. On average, approximately 1500 tons of pesticides are imported annually, of which about 10-15% are organophosphates. A survey of local farmers revealed that a wide range of pesticides are used and that the same pesticides are used on several crops to control different pests. Application rates exceeding manufacturers' recommendations are also common, as is the disregard of recommended preharvest intervals after pesticide application. Praedial larceny and subsequent sale of freshly sprayed crops also contribute to the risks posed to consumers by pesticide residues. A market basket survey of produce conducted between October 1996 and May 1997 in Trinidad for organophosphate pesticides showed that 10% of produce exceeded the internationally acceptable maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the respective pesticides. Celery constituted 6.5% of all such samples, with over 83% of celery samples exceeding the MRL. Organophosphate pesticides detected were methamidophos, triazophos, prophenofos, diazinon, ethion, pirimiphos methyl, malathion, and dimethoate, with the first 4 being the most commonly detected. There is an urgent need for comprehensive monitoring and control of pesticides on produce by local regulatory agencies, especially because the above data relate only to one class of pesticides. The education of farmers on safe operating practices regarding pesticide application and observation of recommended preharvest intervals for applied pesticides is also required.
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Jing Huang, Jing Huang, Jincan Lei Jincan Lei, and Shixian Zhao and Yan Li Shixian Zhao and Yan Li. "A Fast Detection Method for Pesticide Residues by Spectrometry Technique." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 6 (2022): 530. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/001189/jcsp/44.06.2022.
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In this paper, a fast detection method for pesticide residues was proposed, and the qualitative and quantitative detection of the pesticide could be got at once by the method of solution of multiple linear regression equations which were obtained by dual wavelength absorbance and fluorescence spectrometry with least squares method. Moreover, it could detect two kinds of mixed pesticides. Four selected pesticides, aldicarb, fenitrothion, fenvalerate, and chlorothalonil were detected by the method. The results shown that there were good linear relationship in the range of 0.01-1 ppm, and R2 ＞ 0.90. And the method could 100% discriminate the four pesticide residues, the limit of detection was below 8 ppb both single one and mixed one. The recoveries of the pesticides in cabbage samples were observed 92.12%-107.50%. And the recoveries of the mixed pesticides in mineral water samples were observed 86.44%-114.10%. The preliminary study demonstrates that the proposed method has excellent potential application for the safety inspection of food.
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Nkontcheu, Daniel Brice Kenko, Patricia Bi Asanga Fai, Géraud Canis Tasse Taboue, Norbert Ngameni Tchamadeu, Francis Ngealekeleoh, and Mpoame Mbida. "Assessment of Chemical Pollution With Routine Pesticides Using PRIMET, a Pesticide Risk Model in the Benoe Stream in the South-West Region of Cameroon." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 30 (October 31, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n30p153.
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Widespread extensive and improper application of pesticides may pose risk to aquatic ecosystem and affect non-target organisms. This study aimed at assessing chemical pollution with pesticides using the PRIMET (Pesticides Risks in the tropics to Man, Environment and Trade) model in the Benoe stream. Ecotoxicological data on pesticides, pesticide and water physico-chemistry were used as input parameters. Water parameters were measured monthly for 06 months in 08 sampling points along the stream. Pesticide characteristics were obtained from the Pesticides Properties Data Base (PPDB) and the PRIMET software. The risk assessment was done for 44 active ingredients used in the area and whose ecotoxicological and physico-chemical data were available. Water parameters significantly (p<0.05) varied across seasons. Based on the Exposure Toxicity Ratio (ETR) and the Predicted Exposure Concentration (PEC), the model predicted 09 pesticides to pose a definite acute risk (ETR>100), seven to pose an acute possible risk (1≤ETR≤100) and 28 to pose no risk (ETR<1). Cadusafos (ETR=5200, PEC=39µg/l) was the most risky pesticide while imazalil (ETR=0.0002, PEC=0.0053µg/l) was the least risky compound. Cypermethrin was predicted to pose both definite acute risk to water and possible chronic risk to fish, water and Daphnia. Seven active ingredients were predicted to pose possible chronic risk to Daphnia. Pesticide used in plantations near water bodies is a threat to the aquatic ecosystem augmented in case of misuse. Bioaccumulation potential and impact of these compounds on water quality and biota community structure should be examined.
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Xiao, Ouli, Minmin Li, Jieyin Chen, Ruixing Li, Rui Quan, Zezhou Zhang, Zhiqiang Kong, and Xiaofeng Dai. "Influence of Triazole Pesticides on Wine Flavor and Quality Based on Multidimensional Analysis Technology." Molecules 25, no. 23 (November 28, 2020): 5596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25235596.
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Triazole pesticides are widely used to control grapevine diseases. In this study, we investigated the impact of three triazole pesticides—triadimefon, tebuconazole, and paclobutrazol—on the concentrations of wine aroma compounds. All three triazole pesticides significantly affected the ester and acid aroma components. Among them, paclobutrazol exhibited the greatest negative influence on the wine aroma quality through its effect on the ester and acid aroma substances, followed by tebuconazole and triadimefon. Qualitative and quantitative analysis by solid-phase micro-extraction gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry revealed that the triazole pesticides also changed the flower and fruit flavor component contents of the wines. This was attributed to changes in the yeast fermentation activity caused by the pesticide residues. The study reveals that triazole pesticides negatively impact on the volatile composition of wines with a potential undesirable effect on wine quality, underlining the desirability of stricter control by the food industry over pesticide residues in winemaking.
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Zhang, Delin, Yan Gou, Xingyu Yu, Mei Wang, Wen Yu, Juan Zhou, Wei Liu, and Min Li. "Detection and Risk Assessments of Multi-Pesticides in Traditional Chinese Medicine Chuanxiong Rhizoma by LC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS." Molecules 27, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030622.
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With the internationalization of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and the increasing use of herbal medicines around the world, there are concerns over their safety. In recent years, there have been some sporadic reports of pesticide residues in Chuanxiong Rhizoma (CX), although the lack of systematic and comprehensive analyses of pesticide residues and evaluations of toxicological risks in human health has increased the uncertainty of the potential effects of pesticides exposure in humans. This study aimed to clarify the status of pesticide residues and to determine the health risks of pesticide residues in CX. The findings of this study revealed that 99 batches of CX samples contained pesticide residues ranging from 0.05 to 3013.17 μg/kg. Here, 6–22 kinds of pesticides were detected in each sample. Prometryn, carbendazim, dimethomorph, chlorpyrifos, chlorantraniliprole, pyraclostrobin, and paclobutrazol were the most frequently detected pesticides, with detection rates of 68.69–100%. Insecticides and fungicides accounted for 43.23% and 37.84% of the total pesticides detected, respectively. Here, 86.87% of the pesticide content levels were lower than 50 μg/kg, and a small number of samples contained carbofuran, dimethoate, and isofenphos-methyl exceeding the maximum residue levels (MRLs). A risk assessment based on the hazard quotient/hazard index (HQ/HI) approach revealed that the short-term, long-term, and cumulative risks of pesticide residues in CX are well below the levels that may pose a health risk. Worryingly, six banned pesticides (carbofuran, phorate sulfone, phorate-sulfoxide, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos-sulfone, and terbufoxon sulfoxide) were detected. This study has improved our understanding of the potential exposure risk of pesticide multi-residues in CX. The results of the study will have a positive impact on improving the quality and safety of CX and the development of MRLs for pesticide residues.
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Bondareva, Lydia, and Nataliia Fedorova. "Pesticides: Behavior in Agricultural Soil and Plants." Molecules 26, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 5370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175370.
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This review considers potential approaches to solve an important problem concerning the impact of applied pesticides of various classes on living organisms, mainly agricultural crops used as food. We used the method of multi-residual determination of several pesticides in agricultural food products with its practical application for estimating pesticides in real products and in model experiments. The distribution of the pesticide between the components of the soil-plant system was studied with a pesticide of the sulfonylureas class, i.e., rimsulfuron. Autoradiography showed that rimsulfuron inhibits the development of plants considered as weeds. Cereals are less susceptible to the effects of pesticides such as acetamiprid, flumetsulam and florasulam, while the development of legume shoots was inhibited with subsequent plant death.
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Ueno, Eiji, Harumi Oshima, Isao Saito, and Hiroshi Matsumoto. "Determination of Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticide Residues in Vegetables by Gas Chromatography with Nitrogen–Phosphorus and Flame Photometric Detection after Gel Permeation Chromatography and a Two-Step Minicolumn Cleanup." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 86, no. 6 (November 1, 2003): 1241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/86.6.1241.
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Abstract An efficient and reliable multiresidue method for determining pesticide residues in a large number of vegetable samples was studied. First, the important target compounds for monitoring, 52 nitrogen-and/or phosphorus-containing pesticides, were selected. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile, and the separated acetonitrile layer was cleaned up by a salting-out step. The acetonitrile extract was purified by gel permeation chromatography that divided the pesticide eluate into 2 fractions; the pesticide fractions were respectively purified by a 2-step minicolumn cleanup in which the second pesticide fraction was loaded on a silica-gel minicolumn. After a Florisil minicolumn was inserted on the silicagel minicolumn, the first pesticide fraction was loaded on the tandem minicolumn, which was eluted with acetone–petroleum ether (3 + 7). The combined eluate was subjected to dual-column gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen–phosphorus and flame photometric detection. By application of the optimum cleanup conditions to the 52 pesticides selected, good resolution and low breakdown levels of the pesticides during GC were maintained. Recoveries of the 52 pesticides from fortified cabbage, lettuce, spring onion, and spinach ranged from 72 to 108% with relative standard deviations of 2–17%, except for the recoveries of methamidophos and chlorothalonil. The detection limits of the pesticides were satisfactory (0.001–0.009 mg/kg) for monitoring pesticide residues in vegetables.
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Liang, Xin, Li Li, Cuiyan Han, Yan Dong, Feng Xu, Zhen Lv, Ying Zhang, Zhijie Qu, Wei Dong, and Yongqiang Sun. "Rapid Limit Test of Seven Pesticide Residues in Tea Based on the Combination of TLC and Raman Imaging Microscopy." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 5151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165151.
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Numerous studies have shown that pesticide residues in tea exceeding the maximum residue limits (MRL) can cause harmful effects on the human body. There are many limitations in the existing analytical methods for pesticide residues in tea, so new analytical methods need to be developed. We developed a limit test method that combines thin-layer chromatography with Raman imaging microscopy (TLC-RIM). Seven residual pesticide components in tea (Avermectin, Methomyl, Carbendazim, Imidacloprid, Chlorothalonil, Azoxystrobin, and Acetamiprid) could be preliminarily separated by TLC and then irradiated by a 532 nm laser. Raman spectra of seven pesticides obtained by Raman imaging microscopy could be used to test whether the pesticide residues in tea exceed the MRL. The limits of detection of the seven pesticides were 0.04, 0.10, 0.24, 0.20, 0.12, 0.12, and 1.0 mg/mL, respectively. The simulated positive test showed that the matrix in tea did not interfere with the test of the seven pesticides. When the pesticides were tested within 8 h, the RSD of the peak heights of the seven pesticides were 1.2%~9.6%; the test results of three batches of tea showed that the imidacloprid in one batch of tea exceeded its MRL, and the results were consistent with that by UPLC-MS/MS. The TLC-RIM is fast, sensitive, stable, specific, and reliable.
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Chang, Qiao-Ying, Guo-Fang Pang, Chun-Lin Fan, Hui Chen, and Zhi-Bin Wang. "High-Throughput Analytical Techniques for Determination of Residues of 653 Multiclass Pesticides and Chemical Pollutants in Tea, Part VI: Study of the Degradation of 271 Pesticide Residues in Aged Oolong Tea by Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Its Application in Predicting the Residue Concentrations of Target Pesticides." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 99, no. 4 (July 1, 2016): 1049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.16-0063.
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Abstract The degradation rate of 271 pesticide residues in aged Oolong tea at two spray concentrations, named a and b (a < b), were monitored for 120 days using GC–tandem MS (GC-MS/MS). To research the degradation trends and establish regression equations, determination days were plotted as horizontal ordinates and the residue concentrations of pesticide were plotted as vertical ordinates. Here, we consider the degradation equations of 271 pesticides over 40 and 120 days, summarize the degradation rates in six aspects (A–F), and discuss the degradation trends of the 271 pesticides in aged Oolong tea in detail. The results indicate that >70% of the determined pesticides coincide with the degradation regularity of trends A, B, and E, i.e., the concentration of pesticide will decrease within 4 months. Next, 20 representative pesticides were selected for further study at higher spray concentrations, named c and d (d > c > b > a), in aged Oolong tea over another 90 days. The determination days were plotted on the x-axis, and the differences between each determined result and first-time-determined value of target pesticides were plotted on the y-axis. The logarithmic function was obtained by fitting the 90-day determination results, allowing the degradation value of a target pesticide on a specific day to be calculated. These logarithmic functions at d concentration were applied to predict the residue concentrations of pesticides at c concentration. Results revealed that 70% of the 20 pesticides had the lower deviation ratios of predicted and measured results.
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Stachniuk, Anna, and Emilia Fornal. "Analytical considerations on the use of a fruit-specific and representative matrix in pesticide residue analysis by LC-ESI-MS/MS." Open Chemistry 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2013): 1112–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-013-0247-y.
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AbstractOne of the quantification methods frequently applied to pesticide residue analysis in food by liquid chromatography — mass spectrometry (LC-MS) involves matrix-matched calibrations with a representative matrix used for all commodities belonging to one group. This approach, although very practical, is deemed to generate analytical errors. The effect of the application of a representative-matrix calibration curve on the pesticide quantification result was examined. Extractions of 56 pesticides from five soft fruits (strawberries, blackberries, raspberries, black currant and red currant) were carried out using QuEChERS method. Pesticide determinations were performed by LC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Quantification difference functions and parameters were proposed and calculated. At the concentration of 0.05 mg kg−1 for ca. 90% of examined pesticides the quantification difference arising from the use of a representative matrix calibration curve (raspberries) instead of a specific fruit matrix calibration curve was below 20% for black and red currents, and below 30% and 35% in the case of strawberries and blackberries, respectively. The 25% difference limit was not exceeded for 51 pesticides in black and red currents, 46 pesticides in blackberries and 45 pesticides in strawberries. Quantification difference functions and parameters such as relative standard deviation of corrected process efficiencies were found to be helpful in data-driven decision-making on the applicability of a representative matrix; the former may be also used as a tool for data correction to ensure the reliability and accuracy of analyses.
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Won, Eun-Ji, Hee-Young Yun, Dong-Hun Lee, and Kyung-Hoon Shin. "Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues." Molecules 26, no. 15 (July 21, 2021): 4412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154412.
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Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.
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Schenck, Frank, Jon Wong, Chenseng Lu, Jing Li, Jim R. Holcomb, and LaTonya M. Mitchell. "Multiresidue Analysis of 102 Organophosphorus Pesticides in Produce at Parts-per-Billion Levels Using a Modified QuEChERS Method and Gas Chromatography with Pulsed Flame Photometric Detection." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 561–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.2.561.
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Abstract A multiresidue method for the analysis of organophosphorus pesticides in fresh produce at levels down to 1.0 g/kg (ppb) has been developed using a modification of the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure. The procedure entails extraction of pesticides from the sample with acetonitrile, salting-out with magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium chloride, and cleanup of the resulting extracts with dispersive solid-phase extraction using primary-secondary amine, graphitized carbon black, and MgSO4. Fortification studies were performed for 102 organophosphorus pesticides at 1.0, 10, and 100 ppb in 4 different pesticide-free commodities (grape, orange, spinach, and tomato). Recoveries ranged from 63125, with >80 being achieved for most of the pesticides tested in each commodity. The procedure was applied to the analysis of 400 produce samples collected from a cohort of children that participated in the Children's Pesticide Exposure Study and the Longitudinal Dietary Pesticide Exposure Study in which selected 24 h duplicate food items were collected throughout a 12-month period. Residues of 15 of the 102 pesticides were detected at levels ranging from <1 to 526 ppb.
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Lott, Heidi M., and Steven A. Barker. "Extraction and Gas Chromatographic Screening of 14 Chlorinated Pesticides in Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) Hepatopancreas." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 3 (May 1, 1993): 663–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.3.663.
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Abstract A multiresidue isolation technique using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) and gas chromatography/ electron capture detection is applied to crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) hepatopancreas for the extraction and determination of 14 chlorinated pesticides (α-BHC, β-BHC, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlorepoxide, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4'- DDD, endrin aldehyde, p,p'-DDT, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor). Pureed crayfish hepatopancreata (0.5 g aliquot) are fortified with the 14 pesticides and with δ-BHC as an internal standard before blending with 2 g C18 (octadecylsilyl)- derivatized silica. The C18-hepatopancreas matrix blend and 2 g activated Florisil comprise an extraction column from which the pesticides are eluted by adding 8 mL acetonitrile. Two microliters of the eluate is directly analyzed by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Unfortified blank controls are treated similarly. The eluate contained all the pesticide analytes and was free of interfering coextractants at most fortification levels. Correlation coefficients for the 14 extracted pesticide standard curves (linear regression analysis) ranged from 0.9685 to 0.9985. Average relative percent recoveries (recoveries for all pesticides ranged from 55 ± 10.4% to 118 ± 45.2%, n = 15 for each pesticide) over the range of concentrations examined, interassay variability (7.1 ± 5.7% to 16.0 ± 5.6%, n = 15 for each pesticide), and intra-assay variability (0.0-26.2%, n = 5 for each pesticide) indicated that the MSPD methodology allowed for the successful extraction and determination of the 14 chlorinated pesticides at 125-2000 ng/g levels in crayfish hepatopancreas.
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Reed, Donald V., Pasquale Lombardo, John R. Wessel, Jerry A. Burke, and Bernadette Mcmahon. "The FDA Pesticides Monitoring Program." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 3 (May 1, 1987): 591–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.3.591.
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Abstract The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carries out an extensive program to monitor foods for pesticide residues. The 2 main objectives of the program are to enforce tolerances established by the Environmental Protection Agency for pesticide residues on foods and feeds and to determine the incidence and level of pesticide residues in the food supply. Because of the wide diversity of pesticide/ commodity combinations encountered, FDA uses a number of different approaches to achieve effective consumer protection. The components of the FDA Pesticides Monitoring Program and the strategy used in its development are described.
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Lott, Heidi M., and Steven Barker. "Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion Extraction and Gas Chromatographic Screening of 14 Chlorinated Pesticides in Oysters (Crassostrea virginica)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.1.67.
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Abstract A multiresidue isolation technique known as matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) is presented for the extraction and subsequent gas chromatographic/electron capture detection (GC/ECD) determination of 14 chlorinated pesticides (α-BHC, (β-BHC, lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, p,p’-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, 4,4’-DDD, endrin aldehyde, p,p’-DDT, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor) from oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Pureed whole oysters (0.5 g aliquots) are fortified with the 14 pesticides and δ-BHC, as an internal standard, and blended with 2 g C18 (octadecylsilyl)-derivatized silica. Pesticides are eluted from an extraction column composed of C18/oyster matrix blend and 2 g activated Florisil by addition of 8 mL acetonitrile-methanol (90 + 10). Then, 2 μL of the eluate is analyzed by GC/ECD. Unfortified blank controls are treated similarly. The eluate contained all the pesticide analytes and was free of interfering coextractants. Correlation coefficients for the standard curves of the 14 extracted pesticides (linear regression analysis) ranged from 0.9849 to 0.9980. Average relative percent recoveries over the range of concentrations examined (66 ± 12.7% to 84 ± 25.3%, n = 25 for each pesticide), interassay variability (13.6 ± 8.8% to 30.2 ± 9.1 %, n = 25 for each pesticide), and intra-assay variability (5.8-11.8%, n = 5 for each pesticide) indicated that the MSPD methodology successfully extracted and determined the 14 chlorinated pesticides in oyster at levels of 31.3-500 ng/g.
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Tanabe, Akiko, Hideko Mitobe, Kuniaki Kawata, Masaaki Sakai, and Akio Yasuhara. "New Monitoring System for Ninety Pesticides and Related Compounds in River Water by Solid-Phase Extraction with Determination by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/83.1.61.
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Abstract A new monitoring system was established for the determination of 90 pesticides and 10 pesticide degradation products in river water. The pesticides consisted of 18 fungicides, 30 insecticides, and 42 herbicides. The pesticides were extracted with a solid-phase, styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer, eluted with acetone, hexane, and ethyl acetate, and determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Overall recoveries ranged from 72 to 118%. The limits of detection were 0.01–0.1 μg/L. This system determines most of the pesticides used in Japan and was successfully applied to practical monitoring of water polluted with pesticides and related compounds.
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Dennis, P. M. "Chemistry and Specifications of Pesticides." Pathology 24, no. 1 (1992): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3025(16)36540-0.
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Pelajić, Maja, Izidor Pelajić, Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović, and Dubravka Vitali Čepo. "GC-MS Modified Quechers Method for Multiresidue Pesticide Determination in Red Wine." Croatica chemica acta 92, no. 3 (2019): 419–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5562/cca3552.
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This work reports a new selective and accurate multiresidue procedure for determination of 25 pesticides in red wine by GC-MS. Proposed procedure uses an original approach in sample preparation technique based on QuEChERS theory. Main focus of method development was modification of salts thus increasing ionic strength of solution which improved pesticides partitioning and extraction efficiency. LOQs were in the range 0.01–250 μg L–1 with 56 % of target pesticides below or equal to 10 μg L–1. RSD for most pesticides was < 20 % and recoveries were in the range 70–120 %. Matrix effect was found to be high for five pesticides confirming sample preparation procedure to be efficient. The proposed procedure was applied to 12 wine samples of different variety with determination of 40 % of target pesticides. Developed GC-MS methodology provides novel, selective and accurate approach for determination of 25 pesticide residues in red wine.
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Hayar, Salem, Rawan Zeitoun, and Britt Marianna Maestroni. "Validation of a Rapid Multiresidue Method for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Vine Leaves. Comparison of the Results According to the Different Conservation Methods." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 22, 2021): 1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26041176.
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The QuEChERS method was applied to the determination of pesticide residues in vine (Vitis vinifera) leaves by LC-MSMS. The method was validated in-house for 33 pesticides representing 17 different chemical groups, that are most commonly used in grape production. Recoveries for the pesticides tested ranged from 75 to 104%, and repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviations (RSDr% and RSDRw%) were less than 20%. The method was applied to the analysis of pesticide residues in 17 market brands of vine leaves processed according to three different preservation methods and sampled from the Lebanese market. Dried vine leaves were more contaminated with pesticide residues than those preserved in brine or stuffed vine leaves. The systemic fungicides were the most frequently detected among all the phytosanitary compounds usually applied to grape production. Brine-preserved and stuffed vine leaves contained lower concentrations of the residues but still contained a cocktail of different pesticides.
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Friedle, Carolin, Klaus Wallner, Peter Rosenkranz, Dieter Martens, and Walter Vetter. "Pesticide residues in daily bee pollen samples (April–July) from an intensive agricultural region in Southern Germany." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 18 (January 11, 2021): 22789–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12318-2.
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AbstractInsect-pollinated plants are essential for honey bees to feed their brood. In agricultural landscapes, honey bees and other pollinators are often exposed to pesticides used for cultivation. In order to gain more insight into the fluctuation of pesticide loads, 102 daily pollen samples were collected between April and July 2018 in a fruit-growing area in Southern Germany. Samples were analyzed with respect to more than 260 pesticides using a multi-residue pesticide analysis method. Almost 90% of the analyzed pollen samples featured between one and thirteen different pesticides. In total, 29 pesticides were detected at maximum concentrations of up to 4500 ng/g pollen. Maximum residual concentrations of most pesticides were observed during April and the first half of May, as well as during the second half of June. In most cases, serial data of pesticide residuals were detected for approximately 10 subsequent days with two or three maximum values, which were several folds higher than concentrations on the days before and thereafter. The pollen hazard quotient (PHQ) was calculated to estimate the risk of the detected pesticides to honey bees and wild pollinators.
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Steiniger, David, Guiping Lu, Jessie Butler, Eric Phillips, and Yolanda Fintschenko. "Determination of Multiresidue Pesticides in Green Tea by Using a Modified QuEChERS Extraction and Ion-Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 4 (July 1, 2010): 1169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/93.4.1169.
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Abstract The pesticide residues in exported and imported tea products must not exceed the maximum residue limits (MRLs) regulated by the import countries. Tea is a complex matrix that obfuscates the determination of pesticide residues. Many available methods for multiresidue pesticide analysis of tea are time-consuming and require many cleanup steps. The objective of this study was to develop a simple multiresidue method by using a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction and ion-trap GC/MS/MS, which can identify, confirm, and quantify pesticides in complex matrixes. A tea product was homogenized with water, and the pesticides were extracted with acetonitrile containing 1 acetic acid. The extract was subjected to centrifugation, initial cleanup with dispersive SPE (dSPE), solvent exchange, and final cleanup with dSPE. Diethyl-d10-parathion and triphenyl phosphate were used as the internal standard and surrogate, respectively. The final extract was injected into an ITQ 700 gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer. Quantitation of individual pesticides was based on matrix-matched calibration curves with a correlation coefficient of >0.9930 for the 22 pesticides selected for the study. The recoveries of the 22 pesticides ranged from 78 to 115, except those for diazinon (130) and malathion (122), with an average RSD of 8.7. The LOD values of all of the pesticides, except for terbufos, were below the MRLs set by the European Union and Japan.
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Esimbekova, Elena N., Valeriya P. Kalyabina, Kseniya V. Kopylova, Victoria I. Lonshakova-Mukina, Anna A. Antashkevich, Irina G. Torgashina, Kirill A. Lukyanenko, Elena V. Nemtseva, and Valentina A. Kratasyuk. "Enzyme Inhibition-Based Assay to Estimate the Contribution of Formulants to the Effect of Commercial Pesticide Formulations." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 2268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032268.
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Pesticides can affect the health of individual organisms and the function of the entire ecosystem. Therefore, thorough assessment of the risks associated with the use of pesticides is a high-priority task. An enzyme inhibition-based assay is used in this study as a convenient and quick tool to study the effects of pesticides at the molecular level. The contribution of formulants to toxicological properties of the pesticide formulations has been studied by analyzing effects of 7 active ingredients of pesticides (AIas) and 10 commercial formulations based on them (AIfs) on the function of a wide range of enzyme assay systems differing in complexity (single-, coupled, and three-enzyme assay systems). Results have been compared with the effects of AIas and AIfs on bioluminescence of the luminous bacterium Photobacterium phosphoreum. Mostly, AIfs produce a considerably stronger inhibitory effect on the activity of enzyme assay systems and bioluminescence of the luminous bacterium than AIas, which confirms the contribution of formulants to toxicological properties of the pesticide formulation. Results of the current study demonstrate that “inert” ingredients are not ecotoxicologically safe and can considerably augment the inhibitory effect of pesticide formulations; therefore, their use should be controlled more strictly. Circular dichroism and fluorescence spectra of the enzymes used for assays do not show any changes in the protein structure in the presence of commercial pesticide formulations during the assay procedure. This finding suggests that pesticides produce the inhibitory effect on enzymes through other mechanisms.
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Borzykh, О., and M. Krut. "To 75 years of Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS of Ukraine. The school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists." Interdepartmental Thematic Scientific Collection of Plant Protection and Quarantine, no. 67 (December 20, 2021): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/1606-9773.2021.67.18-29.
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Goal. To analyze the development of scientific research of the Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Pesticides of the Institute of Plant Protection of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine and to characterize the scientific school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists.
Methods. Information about the scientific activity of scientists in the spheres of analytical chemistry and ecotoxicology, reflected in their personal files and literature.
Results. Problems related to the improvement of the chemical method of plant protection and scientific substantiation of its application were largely solved by the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS during the whole period of 75 years of activity. The Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of Pesticides has played and still plays an important role in this respect. The founder of this laboratory Doctor Sciences (Chem.) Ye.S. Kosmaty was the first to conduct research on the problem of rational use of chemicals in agriculture, the study of processes and mechanisms of their interaction in the agro-ecosystem. His work was continued by students — V.M. Kavetsky, L.I. Bublyk, K.O. Chebot’ko. Doctor Sciences (Agr.), Professor L.I. Bublyk established a school of ecotoxicologists, preparing 15 candidates of science, 6 of whom continue to work at the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS and its network to this day. The main directions of their research are the development of the principles of rational use of pesticides, the methods for determining individual pesticides and their multiple residues in the objects of agrocoenosises and soil; study of the dynamics of pesticide detoxification in agrocoenosises; development of methods of ecological assessment of technologies of chemical protection of agricultural crops for the purpose of forecasting, prevention of ecological risks and reduction of negative impact on the environment.
Conclusions. The achievements of the scientific school of analytical chemists and ecotoxicologists of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS and its network are a significant contribution to the development of agricultural science. Their widespread implementation will help solve problems of ecologically oriented chemical method of plant protection and at the same time increase the production of high quality food.
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Meng, Xingang, Lu Wang, Niao Wang, Luting Chen, and Qian Huang. "Investigation and Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Four Common Vegetables and Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure in Ceramic Capital, China." Molecules 27, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 6562. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196562.
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In order to understand the basic situation of pesticide residues in vegetables in China’s porcelain capital, four kinds of common vegetables on the market were selected in this study for detection and analysis of pesticide residues. The pesticide residues in vegetables were analyzed through sample selection, optimization of instrument and equipment conditions, and comparison of detection pass rates. The sampling locations were common vegetables purchasing places such as large and medium-sized supermarkets. QuEChERS method was used as the sample pretreatment, and gas chromatography (GC-MS/MS) was used for quantitative analysis. Finally, the exposure risk of pesticides was assessed according to the test results. The results showed that all the pesticides were detected in four kinds of vegetables, but the detected pesticides did not exceed the national standard (GB 2763-2014, China). Moreover, the target risk coefficient (THQ) and risk index (HI) values of four vegetables were less than one, indicating that the combined and toxic effect of pesticide residual mixed contamination was smaller in four vegetables. Therefore, there was no significant harm from people using these vegetables.
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Sawaya, Wajih N., Fawzia A. Al-Awadhi, Talat Saeed, Ali Al-Omair, Nissar Ahmad, Adnan Husain, Sherif Khalafawi, et al. "Kuwait's Total Diet Study: Dietary Intake of Organochlorine, Carbamate, Benzimidazole and Phenylurea Pesticide Residues." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 6 (November 1, 1999): 1458–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.6.1458.
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Abstract The State of Kuwait in cooperation with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a Total Diet Study (TDS) to estimate intakes of pesticide residues by the population. The levels of organochlorine (OC) pesticides, carbamates, benzimidazoles, and phenylureas in the TDS core list are reported here. The TDS core list was established through a national food consumption survey. All food items (140 for the Kuwaiti adult) were prepared as eaten and analyzed for the pesticides mentioned above. The FDA's multiresidue methods in Volume I of the Pesticide Analytical Manual were used in gas, liquid, and gel permeation chromatographic analyses. Only vegetable and fruit samples contained pesticide residues (mg/kg), including the carbamates 1-naphthol (1.4) and 3H-carbofuran (0.94) in carrots; the OC pesticide vinclozolin (0.47), 3H-carbofuran (0.66), and fenuron (0.6) in kiwi fruit; the OC pesticide procymidone (0.32) and carbendazim (0.5) in grapes; 3H-carbofuran (5.0) in apricots; the OC pesticides captan (0.013) and thiabendazole (0.63) in pears; captan (0.035) in plums; and carbendazim (0.4) in mandarin oranges. The levels of 3H-carbofuran found in both apricots and kiwi fruit exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) of the United Nations. The daily intakes of pesticides by the different population groups are discussed in light of the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intakes.
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Mendoza, Danilet VI Muncal. "Colorimetric Detection of Pesticide Residues in Water Using Zinc oxide Nanoparticles." Oriental Journal Of Chemistry 38, no. 6 (December 30, 2022): 1476–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/380620.
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized through green chemistry using lemon extract as reducing agent. The sensitivity of the synthesized nanoparticles against pesticide residues in water was determined. The nanoparticles were characterized based on the absorbance. Characteristic peaks were observed at 281 nm and 328 nm attributed to the exciton absorption peak and maximum absorbance that confirmed the size of the product. The nanoparticles were mixed with different concentration of pesticides in water at varying ratio. The color change was observed in relation to its sensitivity to the solutions. Evident change in color from pale yellow to colorless were observed for both 400 ppb of clothianidin and imidacloprid mixed with ZnO nanoparticles at 1:1 ratio. Absorbance spectra revealed that there is a difference in the interaction of the two pesticides with ZnO nanoparticles. However, same visual color change were observed for both pesticides from pale yellow to colorless. This suggests that the ZnO nanoparticles were not selective as colorimetric detector for clothianidin and imidacloprid.
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Keresteš, Ondřej, and Miroslav Pohanka. "Enzymatic Biosensors for the Environmental Analysis of Pesticides." Chemické listy 116, no. 6 (June 10, 2022): 358–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.54779/chl20220358.
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This review article describes the background of enzyme-based biosensors and discusses selected examples of pesticide detection using these platforms. Although cholinesterases are still the most common enzymes for the analysis of commonly used pesticides, alternative enzymes for commonly used pesticides are also important and are highlighted. This article shows the current status of enzyme-based biosensors for the analysis of pesticides in the environment and discusses the prospects for future developments, in particular the use of open source electronics as a promising interface for wireless biosensing in the environment.
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Utzeri, Gianluca, Luis Verissimo, Dina Murtinho, Alberto A. C. C. Pais, F. Xavier Perrin, Fabio Ziarelli, Tanta-Verona Iordache, Andrei Sarbu, and Artur J. M. Valente. "Poly(β-cyclodextrin)-Activated Carbon Gel Composites for Removal of Pesticides from Water." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051426.
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Pesticides are widely used in agriculture to increase and protect crop production. A substantial percentage of the active substances applied is retained in the soil or flows into water courses, constituting a very relevant environmental problem. There are several methods for the removal of pesticides from soils and water; however, their efficiency is still a challenge. An alternative to current methods relies on the use of effective adsorbents in removing pesticides which are, simultaneously, capable of releasing pesticides into the soil when needed. This reduces costs related to their application and waste treatments and, thus, overall environmental costs. In this paper, we describe the synthesis and preparation of activated carbon-containing poly(β-cyclodextrin) composites. The composites were characterized by different techniques and their ability to absorb pesticides was assessed by using two active substances: cymoxanil and imidacloprid. Composites with 5 and 10 wt% of activated carbon showed very good stability, high removal efficiencies (>75%) and pesticide sorption capacity up to ca. 50 mg g−1. The effect of additives (NaCl and urea) was also evaluated. The composites were able to release around 30% of the initial sorbed amount of pesticide without losing the capacity to keep the maximum removal efficiency in sorption/desorption cycles.
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Hopper, Marvin L. "Extraction and Cleanup of Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Fats by Supercritical Fluid Techniques." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 3 (May 1, 1997): 639–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.3.639.
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Abstract A supercritical fluid extraction and cleanup procedure was developed for separating organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from fats. Supercritical carbon dioxide modified with 3% (v/v) acetonitrile was used to extract the pesticides at 6O°C and separate the pesticides from the fats at 4000 psi and 95°C on an in-line C? silica-based column. The extraction and cleanup procedure gave good recoveries for 43 of 62 nonpolar to moderately polar organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides from fats, whereas 49 were recovered through conventional Florisil column cleanup before quantitation. This procedure can extract and clean up pesticide residues from 0.65 g animalbased fat and 1.0 g oils. Coeluted residues in the pesticide fraction ranged from 2.5 mg for butterfat to 0.8 mg for corn oil. Results for samples analyzed with this integrated extraction cleanup procedure were reproducible and comparable with results obtained with the current Total Diet Study methodology.
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Mogadati, Paul, Judith B. Louis, and Joseph D. Rosen. "Multiresidue Determination of Pesticides in High-Organic-Content Soils by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 82, no. 3 (May 1, 1999): 705–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/82.3.705.
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Abstract A multiresidue method based on solid-phase extraction cleanup and gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry was developed to analyze 120 pesticides and pesticide metabolites in 2 soils with organic matter contents of 4.0 and 5.2%. Among the pesticides and the pesticide metabolites studied (almost all of which were spiked into soils at 0.075 ppm in triplicate), 107 (89%) of those spiked in soil containing 4.0% organic matter showed recoveries of 70–130%, as did 98 (82%) of those spiked in soil containing 5.2% organic matter. At a signal-to-noise ratio of 5 for all pesticides except chlorothalonil in soil containing 5.2% organic matter, limits of detection ranged from <1 to 15 ng/g.
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Li, Xiangyang, Xueqing Yang, Xiaodong Zheng, Miao Bai, and Deyu Hu. "Review on Structures of Pesticide Targets." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 19 (September 28, 2020): 7144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197144.
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Molecular targets play important roles in agrochemical discovery. Numerous pesticides target the key proteins in pathogens, insect, or plants. Investigating ligand-binding pockets and/or active sites in the proteins’ structures is usually the first step in designing new green pesticides. Thus, molecular target structures are extremely important for the discovery and development of such pesticides. In this manuscript, we present a review of the molecular target structures, including those of antiviral, fungicidal, bactericidal, insecticidal, herbicidal, and plant growth-regulator targets, currently used in agrochemical research. The data will be helpful in pesticide design and the discovery of new green pesticides.
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Hernández-Mesa, Maykel, and David Moreno-González. "Current Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Food." Separations 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9060148.
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The extensive use of pesticides represents a risk to human health. Consequently, legal frameworks have been established to ensure food safety, including control programs for pesticide residues. In this context, the performance of analytical methods acquires special relevance. Such methods are expected to be able to determine the largest number of compounds at trace concentration levels in complex food matrices, which represents a great analytical challenge. Technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have led to the development of more efficient analytical methods for the determination of pesticides. This review provides an overview of current analytical strategies applied in pesticide analysis, with a special focus on MS methods. Current targeted MS methods allow the simultaneous determination of hundreds of pesticides, whereas non-targeted MS methods are now applicable to the identification of pesticide metabolites and transformation products. New trends in pesticide analysis are also presented, including approaches for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and other food contaminants (i.e., mega-methods), or the recent application of techniques such as ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM–MS) for this purpose.
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Zamora-Sequeira, Roy, Ricardo Starbird-Pérez, Oscar Rojas-Carillo, and Seiling Vargas-Villalobos. "What are the Main Sensor Methods for Quantifying Pesticides in Agricultural Activities? A Review." Molecules 24, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24142659.
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In recent years, there has been an increase in pesticide use to improve crop production due to the growth of agricultural activities. Consequently, various pesticides have been present in the environment for an extended period of time. This review presents a general description of recent advances in the development of methods for the quantification of pesticides used in agricultural activities. Current advances focus on improving sensitivity and selectivity through the use of nanomaterials in both sensor assemblies and new biosensors. In this study, we summarize the electrochemical, optical, nano-colorimetric, piezoelectric, chemo-luminescent and fluorescent techniques related to the determination of agricultural pesticides. A brief description of each method and its applications, detection limit, purpose—which is to efficiently determine pesticides—cost and precision are considered. The main crops that are assessed in this study are bananas, although other fruits and vegetables contaminated with pesticides are also mentioned. While many studies have assessed biosensors for the determination of pesticides, the research in this area needs to be expanded to allow for a balance between agricultural activities and environmental protection.
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El-Sheikh, El-Sayed A., Mahmoud M. Ramadan, Ahmed E. El-Sobki, Ali A. Shalaby, Mark R. McCoy, Ibrahim A. Hamed, Mohamed-Bassem Ashour, and Bruce D. Hammock. "Pesticide Residues in Vegetables and Fruits from Farmer Markets and Associated Dietary Risks." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228072.
Full textAbstract:
The use of pesticides leads to an increase in agricultural production but also causes harmful effects on human health when excessively used. For safe consumption, pesticide residues should be below the maximum residual limits (MRLs). In this study, the residual levels of pesticides in vegetables and fruits collected from farmers’ markets in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt were investigated using LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. A total number of 40 pesticides were detected in the tested vegetable and fruit samples. Insecticides were the highest group in detection frequency with 85% and 69% appearance in vegetables and fruits, respectively. Cucumber and apple samples were found to have the highest number of pesticide residues. The mean residue levels ranged from 7 to 951 µg kg−1 (in vegetable samples) and from 8 to 775 µg kg−1 (in fruit samples). It was found that 35 (40.7%) out of 86 pesticide residues detected in vegetables and 35 (38.9%) out of 90 pesticide residues detected in fruits exceeded MRLs. Results for lambda-cyhalothrin, fipronil, dimothoate, and omethoate in spinach, zucchini, kaki, and strawberry, respectively, can cause acute or chronic risks when consumed at 0.1 and 0.2 kg day−1. Therefore, it is necessary for food safety and security to continuously monitor pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in markets.
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Murschell, Trey, S. Ryan Fulgham, and Delphine K. Farmer. "Gas-phase pesticide measurement using iodide ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 6 (June 8, 2017): 2117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-2117-2017.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract. Volatilization and subsequent processing in the atmosphere are an important environmental pathway for the transport and chemical fate of pesticides. However, these processes remain a particularly poorly understood component of pesticide lifecycles due to analytical challenges in measuring pesticides in the atmosphere. Most pesticide measurements require long (hours to days) sampling times coupled with offline analysis, inhibiting observation of meteorologically driven events or investigation of rapid oxidation chemistry. Here, we present chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry with iodide reagent ions as a fast and sensitive measurement of four current-use pesticides. These semi-volatile pesticides were calibrated with injections of solutions onto a filter and subsequently volatilized to generate gas-phase analytes. Trifluralin and atrazine are detected as iodide–molecule adducts, while permethrin and metolachlor are detected as adducts between iodide and fragments of the parent analyte molecule. Limits of detection (1 s) are 0.37, 0.67, 0.56, and 1.1 µg m−3 for gas-phase trifluralin, metolachlor, atrazine, and permethrin, respectively. The sensitivities of trifluralin and metolachlor depend on relative humidity, changing as much as 70 and 59, respectively, as relative humidity of the sample air varies from 0 to 80 %. This measurement approach is thus appropriate for laboratory experiments and potentially near-source field measurements.
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Tan, Peng, Li Xu, Xi-Chuan Wei, Hao-Zhou Huang, Ding-Kun Zhang, Chen-Juan Zeng, Fu-Neng Geng, Xiao-Ming Bao, Hua Hua, and Jun-Ning Zhao. "Rapid Screening and Quantitative Analysis of 74 Pesticide Residues in Herb by Retention Index Combined with GC-QQQ-MS/MS." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2021 (January 16, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8816854.
Full textAbstract:
In this research, a very practical QuEChERS-GC-MS/MS analytical approach for 74 pesticide residues in herb based on retention index was established. This novel analytical approach has two important technical advantages. One advantage is to quickly screen pesticide compounds in herbs without having to use a large number of pesticide standard substances at the beginning of the experiment. The other advantage is to assist in identifying the target pesticide compound accurately. A total of 74 kinds of pesticides were quickly prescreened in all chuanxiong rhizoma samples. The results showed that three kinds of pesticides were screened out in all the samples, including chlorpyrifos, fipronil, and procymidone, and the three pesticides were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. The RSD values for interday and intraday variation were acquired to evaluate the precision of the analytical approach, and the overall interday and intraday variations are not more than 1.97% and 3.82%, respectively. The variations of concentrations of the analyzed three pesticide compounds in sample CX16 are 0.74%–4.15%, indicating that the three pesticides in the sample solutions were stable in 48 h. The spiked recoveries of the three pesticides are 95.22%, 93.03%, and 94.31%, and the RSDs are less than ± 6.0%. The methodological verification results indicated the good reliability and accuracy of the new analytical method. This research work is a new application of retention index, and it will be a valuable tool to assist quickly and accurately in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of multipesticide residues in herbs.
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Meng, Xingang, Yuanjun Guo, Yihui Wang, Shijun Fan, Kaiqi Wang, and Wenhua Han. "A Systematic Review of Photolysis and Hydrolysis Degradation Modes, Degradation Mechanisms, and Identification Methods of Pesticides." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (June 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9552466.
Full textAbstract:
The degradation modes and characteristics of different pesticides were introduced. In addition, this paper also describes the degradation mechanism of different pesticides, classifies, and summarizes the methods of degradation products identification. For the sake of human life health and better biological environment, we should have a familiar knowledge of the natural degradation of pesticides and understand the photo-hydrolysis and its influencing factors (temperature, pH, light, etc.). Through the degradation mechanism and influencing factors, the degradation time could be accelerated and it also provides a theoretical basis and basic support for the treatment of pesticide residues in the future.