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Journal articles on the topic 'Pesticide transformation product'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Warner, Kelly L., and William S. Morrow. "Pesticide and Transformation Product Detections and Age-Dating Relations from Till and Sand Deposits." Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43, no. 4 (August 2007): 911–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2007.00067.x.

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2

Benfeito, Sofia, Tiago Silva, Jorge Garrido, Paula B. Andrade, M. J. Sottomayor, Fernanda Borges, and E. Manuela Garrido. "Effects of Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Their Main Transformation Products on DNA Damage and Acetylcholinesterase Activity." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/709036.

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Persistent pesticide transformation products (TPs) are increasingly being detected among different environmental compartments, including groundwater and surface water. However, there is no sufficient experimental data on their toxicological potential to assess the risk associated with TPs, even if their occurrence is known. In this study, the interaction of chlorophenoxy herbicides (MCPA, mecoprop, 2,4-D and dichlorprop) and their main transformation products with calf thymus DNA by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy has been assessed. Additionally, the toxicity of the chlorophenoxy herbicides and TPs was also assessed evaluating the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. On the basis of the results found, it seems that AChE is not the main target of chlorophenoxy herbicides and their TPs. However, the results found showed that the transformation products displayed a higher inhibitory activity when compared with the parent herbicides. The results obtained in the DNA interaction studies showed, in general, a slight effect on the stability of the double helix. However, the data found for 4-chloro-2-methyl-6-nitrophenol suggest that this transformation product can interact with DNA through a noncovalent mode.

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3

Gassmann, M., O. Olsson, C. Stamm, M. Weiler, and K. Kümmerer. "Physico-chemical characteristics affect the spatial distribution of pesticide and transformation product loss to an agricultural brook." Science of The Total Environment 532 (November 2015): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.068.

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4

Campos-Mañas, Marina Celia, Patricia Plaza-Bolaños, Ana Belén Martínez-Piernas, José Antonio Sánchez-Pérez, and Ana Agüera. "Determination of pesticide levels in wastewater from an agro-food industry: Target, suspect and transformation product analysis." Chemosphere 232 (October 2019): 152–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.147.

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5

Fenner, Kathrin, Silvio Canonica, Lawrence P. Wackett, and Martin Elsner. "Evaluating Pesticide Degradation in the Environment: Blind Spots and Emerging Opportunities." Science 341, no. 6147 (August 15, 2013): 752–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1236281.

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The benefits of global pesticide use come at the cost of their widespread occurrence in the environment. An array of abiotic and biotic transformations effectively removes pesticides from the environment, but may give rise to potentially hazardous transformation products. Despite a large body of pesticide degradation data from regulatory testing and decades of pesticide research, it remains difficult to anticipate the extent and pathways of pesticide degradation under specific field conditions. Here, we review the major scientific challenges in doing so and discuss emerging opportunities to identify pesticide degradation processes in the field.

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6

Singh, Pardeep, Pradipkumar Adhale, Amit Guleria, Priya Brata Bhoi, Akash Kumar Bhoi, Manlio Bacco, and Paolo Barsocchi. "Crop Diversification in South Asia: A Panel Regression Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 9363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159363.

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The South Asian agricultural sector has experienced vigorous growth and structural transformation over the last few decades, albeit differently across the region. This study examines the crop diversification status and various determinants, such as socioeconomic (per capita gross domestic product, population, arable land, and cropland), soil/agronomic (root zone moisture), agricultural inputs (fertilizer and pesticide consumption), the productivity of food and non-food crops, international trade, and climate (maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall) factors. The share of cereals has decreased in most countries, but they continue to dominate South Asian agriculture. The area under high-value crops in India has increased significantly, replacing the area under cereal cultivation during the study period. Similar results were seen in the Maldives, where vegetables replaced oilseeds. The Hausman model test suggested a random-effects model for analyzing the determinants. All the determinants considered in the study explain 69 percent of the variation in the crop diversification index. The crop diversification in South Asia was influenced by per capita gross domestic product (G.D.P.), minimum temperature, pesticide consumption, food crop yield index, and non-food crop yield index during the study period. Cropland percentage and population, on the other hand, reduce crop diversification. The price factor contributed more than half to agricultural growth. It remained the primary source of growth in all South Asian countries, followed by yield, which is identified as the second most crucial factor. The contribution of crop diversification to agricultural growth has been declining over time.

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7

Feng, Chao, Qian Xu, Xinlei Qiu, Yu'e Jin, Jieyun Ji, Yuanjie Lin, Sunyang Le, et al. "Profiling of pesticides and pesticide transformation products in Chinese herbal teas." Food Chemistry 383 (July 2022): 132431. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132431.

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8

Hernández-Mesa, Maykel, and David Moreno-González. "Current Role of Mass Spectrometry in the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Food." Separations 9, no. 6 (June 9, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/separations9060148.

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The extensive use of pesticides represents a risk to human health. Consequently, legal frameworks have been established to ensure food safety, including control programs for pesticide residues. In this context, the performance of analytical methods acquires special relevance. Such methods are expected to be able to determine the largest number of compounds at trace concentration levels in complex food matrices, which represents a great analytical challenge. Technical advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have led to the development of more efficient analytical methods for the determination of pesticides. This review provides an overview of current analytical strategies applied in pesticide analysis, with a special focus on MS methods. Current targeted MS methods allow the simultaneous determination of hundreds of pesticides, whereas non-targeted MS methods are now applicable to the identification of pesticide metabolites and transformation products. New trends in pesticide analysis are also presented, including approaches for the simultaneous determination of pesticide residues and other food contaminants (i.e., mega-methods), or the recent application of techniques such as ion mobility–mass spectrometry (IM–MS) for this purpose.

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9

Rousis, Nikolaos, Maria Denardou, Nikiforos Alygizakis, Aikaterini Galani, Anna Bletsou, Dimitrios Damalas, Niki Maragou, Kevin Thomas, and Nikolaos Thomaidis. "Assessment of Environmental Pollution and Human Exposure to Pesticides by Wastewater Analysis in a Seven-Year Study in Athens, Greece." Toxics 9, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics9100260.

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Pesticides have been used in large amounts around the world for decades and are responsible for environmental pollution and various adverse effects on human health. Analysis of untreated wastewater can deliver useful information on pesticides’ use in a particular area and allow the assessment of human exposure to certain substances. A wide-scope screening method, based on liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, was applied, using both target and suspect screening methodologies. Daily composite influent wastewater samples were collected for seven or eight consecutive days in Athens between 2014 and 2020 and analyzed for 756 pesticides, their environmental transformation products and their human metabolites. Forty pesticides were quantified at mean concentrations up to 4.9 µg/L (tralkoxydim). The most abundant class was fungicides followed by herbicides, insect repellents, insecticides and plant growth regulators. In addition, pesticide transformation products and/or metabolites were detected with high frequency, indicating that research should be focused on them. Human exposure was evaluated using the wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) approach and 3-ethyl-carbamoyl benzoic acid and cis-1,2,3,6-tetrahydrophthalimide were proposed as potential WBE biomarkers. Wastewater analysis revealed the presence of unapproved pesticides and indicated that there is an urgent need to include more transformation products in target databases.

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10

Tao, Yufeng, Jing Liu, Yiwen Xu, Hang Liu, Guiling Yang, Yan He, Jianming Xu, and Zhijiang Lu. "Suspecting screening “known unknown” pesticides and transformation products in soil at pesticide manufacturing sites." Science of The Total Environment 808 (February 2022): 152074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152074.

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11

Sinclair, Chris J., and Alistair B. A. Boxall. "Assessing the Ecotoxicity of Pesticide Transformation Products." Environmental Science & Technology 37, no. 20 (October 2003): 4617–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es030038m.

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12

Gassmann, M., C. Stamm, O. Olsson, J. Lange, K. Kümmerer, and M. Weiler. "Model-based estimation of pesticides and transformation products and their export pathways in a headwater catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 12 (December 23, 2013): 5213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-5213-2013.

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Abstract. Pesticides applied onto agricultural fields are frequently found in adjacent rivers. To what extent and along which pathways they are transported is influenced by intrinsic pesticide properties such as sorption and degradation. In the environment, incomplete degradation of pesticides leads to the formation of transformation products (TPs), which may differ from the parent compounds regarding their intrinsic fate characteristics. Thus, the export processes of TPs in catchments and streams may also be different. In order to test this hypothesis, we extended a distributed hydrological model by the fate and behaviour of pesticides and transformation products and applied it to a small, well-monitored headwater catchment in Switzerland. The successful model evaluation of three pesticides and their TPs at three sampling locations in the catchment enabled us to estimate the quantity of contributing processes for pollutant export. Since all TPs were more mobile than their parent compounds (PCs), they exhibited larger fractions of export via subsurface pathways. However, besides freshly applied pesticides, subsurface export was found to be influenced by residues of former applications. Export along preferential flow pathways was less dependent on substance fate characteristics than soil matrix export, but total soil water flow to tile drains increased more due to preferential flow for stronger sorbing substances. Our results indicate that runoff generation by matrix flow to tile drains gained importance towards the end of the modelling period whereas the contributions from fast surface runoff and preferential flow decreased. Accordingly, TPs were to a large extent exported under different hydrological conditions than their PCs, due to their delayed formation and longer half-lives. Thus, not only their different intrinsic characteristics but also their delayed formation could be responsible for the fact that TPs generally took different pathways than their PCs. We suggest that these results should be considered in risk assessment for the export of agricultural chemicals to adjacent rivers and that models should be extended to include both PCs and TPs.

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13

Gassmann, M., C. Stamm, O. Olsson, J. Lange, K. Kümmerer, and M. Weiler. "Model-based estimation of pesticides and transformation products and their export pathways in a headwater catchment." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 7 (July 26, 2013): 9847–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-9847-2013.

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Abstract. Pesticides applied onto agricultural fields are frequently found in adjacent rivers. To what extent and along which pathways they are transported is influenced by intrinsic pesticide properties such as sorption and degradation. In the environment, incomplete degradation of pesticides leads to the formation of transformation products (TPs), which may differ from the parent compounds regarding their intrinsic fate characteristics. Thus, the export processes of TPs in catchments and streams may also be different. In order to test this hypothesis, we extended a distributed hydrological model by the fate and behaviour of pesticides and transformation products and applied it to a small, well-monitored headwater catchment in Switzerland. The successful model evaluation of three pesticides and their TPs at three sampling locations in the catchment enabled us to estimate the quantity of contributing processes for pollutant export. Since all TPs were more mobile than their parent compounds (PCs), they exhibited larger fractions of export via subsurface pathways. However, besides freshly applied pesticides, subsurface export was found to be influenced by residues of former applications. Export along preferential flow pathways was less dependent on substance fate characteristics than soil matrix export, but total soil water flow to tile drains increased more due to preferential flow for stronger sorbing substances. Our results indicate that runoff generation by matrix flow to tile drains gained importance towards the end of the modelling period whereas the contributions from fast surface runoff and preferential flow decreased. Accordingly, TPs were to a large extent exported under different hydrological conditions than their PCs, due to their delayed formation and longer half-lives. Thus, not only their different intrinsic characteristics but also their delayed formation could be responsible for the fact that TPs generally took different pathways than their PCs. We suggest that these results should be considered in risk assessment for the export of agricultural chemicals to adjacent rivers and that models should be extended to include both PCs and TPs.

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14

Kiss, Attila, and Diána Virág. "GC-MS studies to map mechanistic aspects of photolytic decomposition of pesticides." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 28 (February 23, 2008): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/28/2956.

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Transformation of pesticides in the environment is a highly complex process affected by different factors. Both biological and physical-chemical factors may play a role in the degradation, whose ratio depends on the actual environmental conditions.Our study aims to reveal specific details of photolytic degradation of pesticides as important soil contaminants. Significance of these studies is enhanced by the fact that pesticide decomposition may contribute to soil degradation, and have harmful biological effects by degrading to toxic products. The toxicity of the examined pesticides is well known, however very little information is available regarding their natural degradation processes, the quality, structure and biological impact of the degradation products.The photolytic degradation of frequently applied pesticides of distinctive types (acetochlor – acetanilide, simazine – triazine, chlorpyrifos – organophosphate, carbendazim – benzimidazole) was investigated. A special, immerseable UV-light source was applied in order to carry out photodegradation. The degradation processes were followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and mass spectrometry coupled with gas chromatography (GC/MS). EI mass spectrometry was used to identify the degradation species.Each of the studied pesticides underwent photolytic decomposition, and the detailed mechanism of photolytic transformation was established. At least four degradation species were detected and identified in each case. Loss of alkyl, alkyloxy, amino-alkyl and chloro groups might be regarded as typical decomposition patterns. Deamination occurred at the last stage of decomposition.

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15

Mencia Torrico, Raquel, María del Mar Micó Reche, Alberto Cruz Alcalde, Rossmary Violette Romero Olarte, Henry Antezana Fernández, María Mercedes Álvarez Caero, and Carmen Sans Mazón. "Application of solar-based oxidation to the management of empty pesticide container rinse water in Bolivia." Open Research Europe 1 (June 18, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13555.1.

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Background: The management of empty pesticide containers (EPC) in Bolivia has been recently promoted as a control strategy for dispersed pollution in surface and underground water bodies, as well as in soil. It comprises the rinsing and proper disposal or reuse of clean EPC. However, the rinsing transfers the hazard to water, which must be properly treated before being discharged. Methods: In this study, solar photo-Fenton at low Fe2+ doses were tested at pilot plant scale in Cochabamba (Bolivia) for the removal of pesticides dimethoate and atrazine in their commercial form, spiked in river water. Results: The results demonstrated that solar photo-Fenton ([H2O2]0 = 200 mg L-1) with Fe2+ concentrations between 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 is an effective method to remove dimethoate and atrazine, at an initial concentration of 10 mg L-1 each. Efficiency increased when increasing Fe2+ doses, achieving a removal over 99% of both pesticides after a solar irradiation period of 60 minutes (corresponding to an accumulated energy of 4.96 kJ L-1). Conclusions: The presence of high concentrations of natural components of river water, mainly organic and inorganic carbon species, would have contributed to hydroxyl radical scavenging, explaining, together with the low iron dose applied, the high energy (irradiation time) and high hydrogen peroxide concentration required to produce pesticide depletion. Additionally, the relatively low oxidant consumption and mineralization observed leave room for process optimization regarding oxidant and catalyst doses and warrant further studies on its coupling with biological or other post-treatments for the removal of transformation products.

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16

Tadeo, José L., Consuelo Sánchez-Brunete, Beatriz Albero, and Ana I. Garcí-Valcárcel. "Determination of Pesticide Residues in Sewage Sludge: A Review." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 93, no. 6 (November 1, 2010): 1692–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/93.6.1692.

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Abstract Pesticides are widely applied to protect plants from diseases, weeds, and insect damage, and they usually come into contact with soil where they may undergo a variety of transformations and provide a complex pattern of metabolites. Spreading sewage sludge on agricultural lands has been actively promoted by national authorities as an economic way of recycling. However, as a byproduct of wastewater treatment, sewage sludge may contain pesticides and other toxic substances that could be incorporated into agricultural products or be distributed in the environment. This article reviews the determination of pesticides in sewage sludge samples. Sample preparation including pretreatment, extraction, and cleanup, as well as the subsequent instrumental determination of pesticide residues, are discussed. Extraction techniques such as Soxhlet extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, and matrix solid-phase dispersion and their most recent applications to the determination of pesticides in sewage sludge samples are reviewed. Determination of pesticides, generally carried out by GC and HPLC coupled with different detectors, especially MS for the identification and quantification of residues, is summarized and discussed.

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17

Chiron, Serge, Antonio Valverde, Amadeo Fernandez-Alba, and Damiá Barceló. "Automated Sample Preparation for Monitoring Groundwater Pollution by Carbamate Insecticides and Their Transformation Products." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 6 (November 1, 1995): 1346–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.6.1346.

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Abstract We investigated automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by liquid chromatographic (LC) techniques for monitoring carbamates and triazines and their transformation products. Analytical determinations were performed by LC with UV or postcolumn fluorescence detection (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 531.1 for carbamate insecticides) after preconcentration with on-line SPE using C18 Empore extraction disks. Online SPE/LC/thermospray mass spectrometry with time-scheduled selected-ion monitoring was used as confirmatory method. The method was used to determine pesticide traces in well waters of a typical aquifer in the Almeria area (Andalucia, south of Spain) from March 1993 to February 1994. The major pollutants, found in highest amounts, were carbofuran, methiocarb, and methomyl, at levels of 0.32,0.3, and 0.8 μg/L, respectively. According to results of seasonal variation studies, pollution by carbamate insecticides is sporadic and exceeds the limit of 0.5 μg/L for total pesticides allowed by the European Economic Community Drinking Water Directive only twice a year. 3-Hydroxycarbofuran and methiocarb sulfone also were detected, showing the importance of including the main toxic breakdown products of carbamate insecticides in future monitoring programs.

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18

Клименко, Нина Николаевна, and Елена Павловна Странишевская. "Influence of biologization approaches on the microbiota of the vineyard." Magarach Vinogradstvo i Vinodelie, no. 3(113) (September 21, 2020): 221–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35547/im.2020.22.3.007.

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Общеизвестно, что возделывание промышленных виноградников по интенсивной технологии оказывает отрицательное влияние на состояние компонентов ампелоценоза. Под влиянием антропогенных факторов отмечается нарушение структуры почвы, особенно при содержании по типу «черного пара», теряются ее водно-физические и агрохимические свойства, наблюдается снижение почвенного плодородия. При внесении больших доз пестицидов и агрохимикатов в агроценоз виноградника попадает большое количество тяжелых металлов и остатков пестицидов. Однако существуют биологизированные способы выращивания винограда, которые при сохранении прежних уровней урожайности и качества продукции, не наносят вреда окружающей среде. К элементам биологизации виноградарства можно отнести применение удобрительных, биопротекторных микробных препаратов, а также задернение почвы междурядий многолетними травами с целью обогащения ампелоценоза свежим органическим веществом. В статье приведены результаты исследований, проведенных на винограднике с целью определения совместного влияния микробных препаратов и задернения почвы междурядий многолетними травами на численность бактерий основных эколого-трофических групп микроорганизмов, участвующих в трансформации органического вещества почвы. Выявлено, что применение комплекса микробных препаратов (КМП) по фону задернения способствовало увеличению количества бактерий изученных нами эколого-трофических групп в ризосфере винограда сорта Шардоне по сравнению с контролем (без инокуляции): в среднем в 1,3 раза. It is well known that the cultivation of industrial vineyards using intensive technology has a negative impact on the state of ampelocenosis components. Under the influence of anthropogenic factors, there is a violation of the soil structure, especially such soil management type as “black fallow”, its water-physical and agrochemical properties are wasted, the level of soil fertility decreases. When applying large doses of pesticides and agrochemicals, a large amount of heavy metals and pesticide residues gets into the agrocenosis of the vineyard. However, there are biologized methods of growing grapes that, while maintaining the same levels of yield and product quality, do not harm the environment. Elements of biologization of viticulture include the use of fertilizing, bioprotective microbial preparations, as well as grassing the soil between rows with perennial grasses in order to enrich the ampelocenosis with fresh organic matter. The article presents the results of research conducted in the vineyard to determine the complex effect of microbial preparations and soil grassing between the rows by perennial grasses on bacterial count of the main ecological and trophic groups of microorganisms involved in the transformation of soil organic matter. It was found that the use of a complex of microbial preparations (CMP) by the background of grassing contributed to an increase in bacterial count of the ecological-trophic groups studied by us in the rhizosphere of ‘Chardonnay’ grapes compared to the control (without inoculation): by 1.3 times on average.

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Madsen, Henrik T., and Erik G. Søgaard. "Applicability and modelling of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for remediation of groundwater polluted with pesticides and pesticide transformation products." Separation and Purification Technology 125 (April 2014): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2014.01.038.

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20

TAKANASHI, Hirokazu, Tomohiro HAMA, Tsunenori NAKAJIMA, Akira OHKI, Takashi KONDO, Takashi KAMEYA, and Taku MATSUSHITA. "A Screening Study of Mutagen Formation Potential (MFP) of Pesticide Transformation Products in Water Environments (PTPWs) to Investigate the MFP Changes from their Parent Pesticides through Transformations." Journal of Water and Environment Technology 12, no. 1 (2014): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jwet.2014.25.

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21

Picó, Yolanda, Cristina Blasco, Marinella Farré, and Damiá Barceló. "Analytical Utility of Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Pesticide Residues in Comparison with an Optimized Column High-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 92, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 734–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/92.3.734.

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Abstract A multiresidue method for the analysis of 30 pesticides with different physicochemical properties in fruits and vegetables was developed. The method involves a rapid and small-scale extraction procedure based on matrix solid-phase dispersion using octadecylsilyl (C18) as the dispersant and dichloromethane as the eluent. The target pesticides were determined using column high-performance liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/QqQ-MS/MS). The method was validated for sensitivity, linearity, reproducibility, and accuracy. A recovery study was conducted at 3 different levels, and the average ranged from 74 to 99 for all of the studied compounds, with relative standard deviations lower than 19. The proposed method achieved limits of quantitation between 0.5 and 10 g/kg, well below the maximum residue limits. The capability of the extraction procedure to extract pesticide residues other than those selected as target analytes has been checked by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QqTOF-MS). Four incurred pesticides, not covered in the method as target analytes, were identified and unequivocally confirmed. Both systems were demonstrated to be complementary. LC/QqQ-MS/MS has the advantage that its detection limits are somewhat lower, and UPLC/QqTOF-MS offers the possibility to identify pesticides and transformation products not included as targets of the study.

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da Paixão Cansado, Isabel Pestana, Paulo Alexandre Mira Mourão, and Cristóvão Ramiro Belo. "Using Tectona Grandis Biomass to Produce Valuable Adsorbents for Pesticide Removal from Liquid Effluent." Materials 15, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 5842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15175842.

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This work presents a first approach concerning the valorization of Tectona Grandis tree by-products, from East Timor through their transformation into high activated carbon (AC) by chemical activation with KOH and K2CO3. The better ACs, Teak-KOH-1-1-700 and Teak-K2CO3-1-2-700, presented a high ABET (995 and 1132 m2·g−1) and micropore volume (0.43 and 0.5 cm3·g−1), respectively. Both ACs were tested on the removal of four pesticides, from the liquid phase. Both ACs performed better than existing commercial types, presenting a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.88, 1.67, 1.10 and 0.89 mmol·g−1, for 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, diuron and atrazine, respectively. Pesticide adsorption from diluted and concentrated solutions confirms that diffusion is the limiting factor. The possibility of implementing a production unit for ACs in East Timor is very promising for that country. It presents an opportunity for job creation, biomass waste reduction and a contribution to environmental sustainability, thereby following the principles of a circular economy.

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23

Sinclair, Chris J., Alistair B. A. Boxall, Simon A. Parsons, and Miles R. Thomas. "Prioritization of Pesticide Environmental Transformation Products in Drinking Water Supplies†." Environmental Science & Technology 40, no. 23 (December 2006): 7283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0603507.

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24

Wolfand, Jordyn M., Gregory H. LeFevre, and Richard G. Luthy. "Metabolization and degradation kinetics of the urban-use pesticide fipronil by white rot fungus Trametes versicolor." Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 18, no. 10 (2016): 1256–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6em00344c.

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25

KONDO, Takashi, Miho SAITO, Takashi KAMEYA, Koichi FUJIE, Taku MATSUSHITA, and Hirokazu TAKANASHI. "Analytical Method for Simultaneous Determination of Pesticides and Pesticide Transformation Products in Water Environment Using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS." Journal of Water and Environment Technology 10, no. 4 (2012): 409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jwet.2012.409.

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26

Matsushita, Taku, Ayako Morimoto, Taisuke Kuriyama, Eisuke Matsumoto, Yoshihiko Matsui, Nobutaka Shirasaki, Takashi Kondo, Hirokazu Takanashi, and Takashi Kameya. "Removals of pesticides and pesticide transformation products during drinking water treatment processes and their impact on mutagen formation potential after chlorination." Water Research 138 (July 2018): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2018.01.028.

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Ji, Chenyang, Qin Song, Yuanchen Chen, Zhiqiang Zhou, Peng Wang, Jing Liu, Zhe Sun, and Meirong Zhao. "The potential endocrine disruption of pesticide transformation products (TPs): The blind spot of pesticide risk assessment." Environment International 137 (April 2020): 105490. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105490.

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Belfroid, A. C., M. van Drunen, M. A. Beek, S. M. Schrap, C. A. M. van Gestel, and B. van Hattum. "Relative risks of transformation products of pesticides for aquatic ecosystems." Science of The Total Environment 222, no. 3 (October 1998): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00298-8.

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Mahler, Barbara J., Lisa H. Nowell, Mark W. Sandstrom, Paul M. Bradley, Kristin M. Romanok, Christopher P. Konrad, and Peter C. Van Metre. "Inclusion of Pesticide Transformation Products Is Key to Estimating Pesticide Exposures and Effects in Small U.S. Streams." Environmental Science & Technology 55, no. 8 (March 10, 2021): 4740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06625.

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30

Fernández-Pascual, Elena, Marcus Bork, Birte Hensen, and Jens Lange. "Hydrological tracers for assessing transport and dissipation processes of pesticides in a model constructed wetland system." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 1 (January 8, 2020): 41–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-41-2020.

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Abstract. Studies that have used hydrological tracers to investigate the fate and transport of pesticides in constructed wetlands have often considered such systems as a “black box”. Consequently, internal temporal and spatial mechanisms that dominate pesticide transport and dissipation (e.g., sorption, transformation and plant uptake) are still not fully understood. Here we present a novel approach that combines the use of tracers with different sorptive and reactive properties – i.e., bromide (Br−), uranine (UR) and sulforhodamine B (SRB) – with high vertical resolution sampling and monitoring to evaluate transport and dissipation processes of three selected pesticides (boscalid, penconazole and metazachlor) inside a model constructed wetland system on a long-term basis and detailed spatial scale. Moreover, the influence of vegetation and alternating different hydrologic conditions on transport and dissipation processes was evaluated by comparing a vegetated with a non-vegetated section and by alternating periods of saturation and drying. Breakthrough curves obtained at different sampling depths pointed out that the solutes were not equally distributed within the constructed wetland. Data revealed that a higher mass of solutes was transported to the vegetated part of the uppermost layer, which was associated with possible lateral transport at or near the surface and/or a shortcut effect produced by the roots. In contrast, the middle layers showed retardation, most likely due to the presence of water-filled pores before the injections and low pore connectivity in the vicinity of the sampling ports. The strong temporal and spatial correlation found between Br−, UR and metazachlor indicated that transport was the dominant process for these solutes. Conversely, SRB, boscalid and penconazole most likely underwent sorption, as evidenced by their absence in the middle layers, the rapid decrease in their concentrations after the injections and the gradual increase in accumulated mass recovery at the outlet. The overall tracer mass balance allowed us to identify three dissipation pathways: sorption, transformation and plant uptake. The detection of metazachlor transformation products (TPs) confirmed the contribution of transformation to metazachlor dissipation, whereas no TPs for boscalid and penconazole were detected; however, their transformation could not be ruled out in the present study. Hot spots of sorption and transformation were found in the uppermost layer, whereas hot moments were detected at the beginning of the experiment for sorption and after promoting aerated conditions for transformation. The use of hydrological tracers coupled with high vertical resolution sampling and monitoring proved to provide valuable information about the transport vectors and dissipation processes of pesticides inside a constructed wetland. This study represents a first approximation, and further experiments need to be carried under field conditions in combination with modeling.

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Yang, Bo, Youfeng Wang, Wang Zhang, Changgeng Liu, Xi Shu, and Jinian Shu. "Heterogeneous ozonolysis of pirimicarb and isopropalin: mechanism of ozone-induced N-dealkylation and carbonylation reactions." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 6 (2012): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en12092.

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Environmental contextPesticides emitted to the atmosphere can undergo extensive chemical transformations through reaction with atmospheric oxidants. Understanding the atmospheric lifetime and degradation mechanism of typical pesticides is very important to health and environmental risk assessments. We investigate the degradation products, lifetimes and reaction mechanisms of two representative pesticides oxidised by ozone in order to understand the environmental behaviours of these pesticides and their analogues. AbstractN,N-Dialkyl-substituted pyrimidine and N,N-dialkylaniline are basic structures for many pesticides. In this study, the heterogeneous reactions of O3 with pirimicarb and isopropalin adsorbed on silica particles are investigated. The N-dealkylation and carbonylation of the N,N-dialkyl group have been observed as the important reaction pathways for both pirimicarb and isopropalin. The measured effective rate constants for pirimicarb and isopropalin under room temperature (298 ± 2 K) are 1.45 × 10–18 (s.d. ±0.17) and 2.70 × 10–19 cm3 molecules–1 s–1 (±0.27). The corresponding half-life for the particulate pirimicarb and isopropalin are 5.6 and 30 days, assuming an average tropospheric ozone concentration of 40 ppbv. Detailed reaction mechanisms are proposed for the first time based on the density functional theory calculations. In addition, the transformation of –NO2 into –NHOH is observed in the ozonolysis of isopropalin, which has not been reported in previous studies.

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TAKANASHI, Hirokazu, Kenta HAMASAKI, Yusuke KATO, Tsunenori NAKAJIMA, Akira OHKI, Takashi KONDO, Takashi KAMEYA, and Taku MATSUSHITA. "Compilation of a List of Pesticide Transformation Products in Water Environments (PTPWs)." Journal of Japan Society on Water Environment 36, no. 2 (2013): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe.36.29.

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33

Martínez Vidal, J. L., P. Plaza-Bolaños, R. Romero-González, and A. Garrido Frenich. "Determination of pesticide transformation products: A review of extraction and detection methods." Journal of Chromatography A 1216, no. 40 (October 2009): 6767–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2009.08.013.

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Lacorte, Silvia, Silvain B. Lartiges, Philippe Garrigues, and Damia Barcelo. "Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides and Their Transformation Products in Estuarine Waters." Environmental Science & Technology 29, no. 2 (February 1995): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00002a020.

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35

Gassmann, Matthias, Miriam Khodorkovsky, Eran Friedler, Yael Dubowski, and Oliver Olsson. "Uncertainty in the river export modelling of pesticides and transformation products." Environmental Modelling & Software 51 (January 2014): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.09.021.

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36

Ulrich, Uta, Matthias Pfannerstill, Guido Ostendorp, and Nicola Fohrer. "Omnipresent distribution of herbicides and their transformation products in all water body types of an agricultural landscape in the North German Lowland." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 32 (April 13, 2021): 44183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13626-x.

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AbstractThe research of the environmental fate of pesticides has demonstrated that applied compounds are altered in their molecular structure over time and are distributed within the environment. To assess the risk for contamination by transformation products (TP) of the herbicides flufenacet and metazachlor, the following four water body types were sampled in a small-scale catchment of 50 km2 in 2015/2016: tile drainage water, stream water, shallow groundwater, and drinking water of private wells. The TP were omnipresent in every type of water body, more frequently and in concentrations up to 10 times higher than their parent compounds. Especially metazachlor sulfonic acid, metazachlor oxalic acid, and flufenacet oxalic acid were detected in almost every drainage and stream sample. The transformation process leads to more mobile and more persistent molecules resulting in higher detection frequencies and concentrations, which can even occur a year or more after the application of the parent compound. The vulnerability of shallow groundwater and private drinking water wells to leaching compounds is proved by numerous positives of metazachlor-TP with maximum concentrations of 0.7 μg L−1 (drinking water) and 20 μg L−1 (shallow groundwater) of metazachlor sulfonic acid. Rainfall events during the application period cause high discharge of the parent compound and lower release of TP. Later rainfall events lead to high displacement of TP. For an integrated risk assessment of water bodies, the environmental behavior of pesticide-TP has to be included into regular state-of-the-art water quality monitoring.

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Anagnostopoulou, Kyriaki, Christina Nannou, Eleni Evgenidou, and Dimitra Lambropoulou. "Overarching issues on relevant pesticide transformation products in the aquatic environment: A review." Science of The Total Environment 815 (April 2022): 152863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152863.

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38

Páleníková, Agneša, Gerardo Martínez-Domínguez, Francisco Javier Arrebola, Roberto Romero-González, Svetlana Hrouzková, and Antonia Garrido Frenich. "Occurrence of pesticide residues and transformation products in different types of dietary supplements." Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 32, no. 6 (April 14, 2015): 849–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2015.1028481.

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39

TANABE, Akiko, Hideko MITOBE, Kuniaki KAWATA, and Masaaki SAKAI. "Distribution of Pesticides and Transformation Products to Particulate Matter in River Water." Journal of Environmental Chemistry 8, no. 2 (1998): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5985/jec.8.227.

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40

Steen, R. J. C. A., I. Bobeldijk, and U. A. Th Brinkman. "Screening for transformation products of pesticides using tandem mass spectrometric scan modes." Journal of Chromatography A 915, no. 1-2 (April 2001): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00600-8.

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41

Kotthoff, Lisa, Julia Keller, Dominique Lörchner, Tessema F. Mekonnen, and Matthias Koch. "Transformation Products of Organic Contaminants and Residues—Overview of Current Simulation Methods." Molecules 24, no. 4 (February 19, 2019): 753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24040753.

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The formation of transformation products (TPs) from contaminants and residues is becoming an increasing focus of scientific community. All organic compounds can form different TPs, thus demonstrating the complexity and interdisciplinarity of this topic. The properties of TPs could stand in relation to the unchanged substance or be more harmful and persistent. To get important information about the generated TPs, methods are needed to simulate natural and manmade transformation processes. Current tools are based on metabolism studies, photochemical methods, electrochemical methods, and Fenton's reagent. Finally, most transformation processes are based on redox reactions. This review aims to compare these methods for structurally different compounds. The groups of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and mycotoxins were selected as important residues/contaminants relating to their worldwide occurrence and impact to health, food, and environmental safety issues. Thus, there is an increasing need for investigation of transformation processes and identification of TPs by fast and reliable methods.

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42

Kaderbhai, M. A., S. L. Kelly, and N. N. Kaderbhai. "Towards engineered topogenesis of cytochrome b5 and P450 for in vivo transformation of xenobiotics." Biochemical Society Transactions 34, no. 6 (October 25, 2006): 1231–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0341231.

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Nature is endowed with catalysts capable of an unprecedented diversity of biotransformations, beyond the capabilities of synthetic chemistries. In a biotechnological context, there is a growing and emerging need to tap this catalytic potential. CYP (cytochrome P450) represents a superfamily of enzymes capable of a diverse array of catalytic activities. Distinct members are engaged in biosynthetic reactions within many organisms, while others have a role in the detoxification of foreign compounds. The latter substrates include medicines, pollutants, pesticides, carcinogens, perfumes and herbicides, representing considerable applied importance for pharmacology and toxicology. CYPs show a high degree of stereo- and regio-specificity for their reactions, which have wide industrial applications. Recombinant CYPs are commonly expressed as active recombinant cytosolic forms in Escherichia coli. However, selective permeability of E. coli to many substrates and products can cause problems with product recovery when using whole-cell systems. To overcome these problems, we have been developing approaches to facilitate export of functional recombinant haemoproteins to the inner membrane, periplasm and the outer membrane of E. coli. Here, we describe the progress in relation to cytochrome b5 and CYPs.

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43

Sampieri, Alvaro, Geolar Fetter, María Elena Villafuerte-Castrejon, Adriana Tejeda-Cruz, and Pedro Bosch. "Twofold role of calcined hydrotalcites in the degradation of methyl parathion pesticide." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2 (February 9, 2011): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.2.11.

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Methyl parathion (MP) is a very toxic organophosphate pesticide used as a non-systematic insecticide and acaricide on many corps. As MP and its by-products are highly toxic, they have to be retained to avoid pollution of rivers and lakes. Highly efficient sorbents are hydrotalcites (HTs) (or anionic clays). We have correlated the degradation of an aqueous solution of MP at room temperature, with the basicity of the adsorbing materials. It was found that the metal composition of hydrotalcites determines both the surface electronic properties (basic or acidic) and the sorption capacity. Depending on the basic strength, some calcined hydrotalcites can catalyze the transformation of MP to p-nitrophenol (p-NP) and retain its by-products. Such a process has the advantage of being able to be carried out at room temperature and at the pH of the pesticide solution.

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Goel, Anubha, Laura L. McConnell, and Alba Torrents. "Determination of vapor pressure-temperature relationships of current–use pesticides and transformation products." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 42, no. 4 (May 7, 2007): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03601230701309494.

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45

Cruz-Alcalde, A., C. Sans, and S. Esplugas. "Priority pesticide dichlorvos removal from water by ozonation process: Reactivity, transformation products and associated toxicity." Separation and Purification Technology 192 (February 2018): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.069.

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Jezierska-Tys, Stefania, Jolanta Joniec, Joanna Bednarz, and Edyta Kwiatkowska. "Microbiological Nitrogen Transformations in Soil Treated with Pesticides and Their Impact on Soil Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Agriculture 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11080787.

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Research was conducted in connection with the pressure exerted by man on the environment through the use of pesticides. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of pesticides on soil and to evaluate the effect of these changes on greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. The research was carried out on soil sown with oilseed rape. The activity of protease and urease, ammonification, nitrification in soil, as well as CO2 (carbon dioxide) and N2O (nitrous oxide) gas emissions from soil were assessed. The analyses were carried out directly after harvest and 2 months after. Pesticides most frequently negatively affected the tested parameters, in particular enzymatic activities. Of the two herbicides used, Roundup had a stronger negative impact on microbial activity. The application of pesticides, especially the fungicide, resulted in an increase in gas emissions to the atmosphere over time. Pesticides disturbed soil environmental balance, probably interfering with qualitative and quantitative relationships of soil microorganism populations and their metabolic processes. This led to the accumulation of microbial activity products in the form of, among others, gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect by escaping from the soil into the atmosphere.

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Kish, L. K., A. V. Tretyakov, O. I. Lavrukhina, V. G. Amelin, M. A. Gergel, and N. V. Mishchenko. "Transformation products of pesticides and veterinary drugs in food and raw materials (analytical review)." Theoretical and Applied Ecology, no. 2 (2022): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25750/1995-4301-2022-2-015-025.

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48

Pereliaeva, Ekaterina V., Maria E. Dmitrieva, Maria M. Morgunova, Alexander Y. Belyshenko, Natalia A. Imidoeva, Alexander S. Ostyak, and Denis V. Axenov-Gribanov. "The Use of Baikal Psychrophilic Actinobacteria for Synthesis of Biologically Active Natural Products from Sawdust Waste." Fermentation 8, no. 5 (May 6, 2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8050213.

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One of the relevant areas in microbiology and biotechnology is the study of microorganisms that induce the destruction of different materials, buildings, and machines and lead to negative effects. At the same time, the positive ecological effects of degradation can be explained by the detoxication of industrial and agricultural wastes, chemical substances, petroleum products, xenobiotics, pesticides, and other chemical pollutants. Many of these industrial wastes include hard-to-degrade components, such as lignocellulose or plastics. The biosynthesis of natural products based on the transformation of lignocellulosic wastes is of particular interest. One of the world’s unique ecosystems is presented by Lake Baikal. This ecosystem is characterized by the highest level of biodiversity, low temperatures, and a high purity of the water. Here, we studied the ability of several psychrophilic representatives of Baikal Actinobacteria to grow on sawdust wastes and transform them into bioactive natural products. Different strains of both widely spread genus of Actinobacteria and rare genera of Actinobacteria were tested. We used the LC-MS methods to show that Actinobacteria living in sawmill wastes can produce both known and novel natural products with antibiotic activity. We demonstrated that the type of sawmill wastes and their concentration influence the Actinobacteria biosynthetic potential. We have shown for the first time that the use of Baikal psychrophilic microorganisms as a factory for biodegradation is applicable for the transformation of lignocellulosic wastes. Thus, the development of techniques for screening novel natural products leads to an elaboration on the active ingredients for novel drugs.

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Páleníková, Agneša, Gerardo Martínez-Domínguez, Francisco Javier Arrebola, Roberto Romero-González, Svetlana Hrouzková, and Antonia Garrido Frenich. "Determination of Pesticides and Transformation Products in Ginkgo biloba Nutraceutical Products by Chromatographic Techniques Coupled to Mass Spectrometry." Food Analytical Methods 8, no. 9 (February 6, 2015): 2194–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0103-0.

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50

Xiao, Peng Fei, and Yu Zhen Song. "A New Metabolic Pathway of Heptachlor Epoxide Biotransformation by Cordyceps brongniartii ATCC66779." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.295.

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Although heptachlor epoxide (HE) is the major metabolite of organochlorine pesticide heptachlor in soil, there is very limited information on the biodegradation of HE by microorganisms, and no systematic study on the metabolic products and pathways for HE transformation by fungi has been conducted. In this study, the metabolism of HE was performed with Cordyceps brongniartii ATCC66779, which is capable of degrading polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin. This fungus removed about 27% and 21% of HE in PDB and BSM medium, respectively, after 20 days of incubation. Three hydroxylated products including heptachlor diol, 1,2-dihydroxydihydrochlordene and trihydroxychlordene were detected as metabolites of HE using GC/MS analysis, suggesting that HE was metabolized to hydrophilic products via hydrolysis, dechlorination and hydroxylation.

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