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Academic literature on the topic 'Peste – transmission – Dissertation universitaire'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Peste – transmission – Dissertation universitaire"
Bouvenot, Typhanie. "Nouvelles perspectives sur les mécanismes génétiques impliqués dans la propagation de la peste par les puces grâce à l’utilisation de la bioluminescence." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S020.
Full textThe agent of the plague, Yersinia pestis, obstructs the flea's digestive tract to be transmitted byfleas. Here, we sought to identify and study the role of new Y. pestis genes involved in theproduction of a transmissible infection in fleas. To this end, we developed a bioluminescencebasedapproach and employed it to investigate the mechanisms of pathogenesis at anunprecedented level of detail. Notably, we used our method to screen a library of mutants (eachlacking one or more of the genes previously identified as over-expressed in fleas) that wegenerated. Our screening listed several new and potentially important factors needed for fleabornetransmission of Y. pestis. Among them is LipB that catalyzes the first step of lipoatesynthesis (a cofactor covalently attached to at least three central metabolism enzymes). Oursubsequent studies have also revealed that the second and last enzyme of the lipoate biosynthesispathway, LipA, but also the lipoate ligase LplA (attaching lipoate scavenged from the environmentto apoenzymes) are also required to produce a transmissible infection in fleas. Thanks tobacteriological, microscopic and biochemical approaches carried out in vitro, ex-vivo and in vivo,we have revealed that bot the lipoate biosynthesis pathway and the lipoate scavenge pathway areinvolved in the colonization of the insect's proventriculus and midgut. Interestingly, we alsorevealed the salvage pathway’s enzyme LplA enhances the first step in lipoate biosynthesis duringforegut colonization but not during midgut colonization thanks to its octanoate activity. Lastly, wefound that Y. pestis primarily uses lipoate provided by digestive proteolysis (presumably as lipoylpeptides) rather than free lipoate in blood, which is quickly depleted by the vector. Thus, spatialand temporal factors dictate the bacterium’s lipoylation strategies during an infection, andreplenishment of lipoate by digestive proteolysis in the vector might constitute an Achilles’ heel thatis exploited by pathogens
Bruno, Céline. "Etude des mécanismes de transmission de dérégulations épigénétiques : analyse de la transmission spermatique chez l'homme." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCI002/document.
Full textThe notion that environmental exposure can be memorized and promote epimutation (defined as defects on DNA methylation) raises the question of possible epigenetic transgenerational transmission in humans. To address whether an epimutation could be transmitted in humans, we pursued two axes. First, the evaluation of intergenerational transmission in the family of a Silver-Russell patient has shown, for the first time, the efficiency of epigenetic reprogramming in humans, specifically on imprinted regions. Indeed, no imprinted defect on causal H19/IGF2 locus was detected in the patient’s spermatozoa or in the DNA of his daughter. The second axis was to assess the presence of sperm epimutations 1/ from fathers of children diagnosed with imprinted syndromes and 2/ from men presenting testicular seminoma. Pyrosequencing analyses on imprinted genes did not reveal any alteration of sperm DNA methylation, though we confirmed an association between oligozoospermia and sperm imprinting defects.The next step will be to identify the mechanisms involved in the origin of the sperm epimutation. The main hypotheses converge to small non-coding RNAs or certain DNA regions which escape to controls setting up (at least partially) at the time of epigenetic reprogramming
Touret, Franck. "Etude in vivo et in vitro du rétrovirus endogène gypsy chez Drosophila melanogaster." Paris, EPHE, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EPHE3001.
Full textRetroviruses are viruses that have the ability to reverse transcribe their RNA genome into DNA to integrate it in the host genome. Sequencing of many eukaryotic genomes has revealed the presence of many of these endogenous retrovirus sequences. The mechanisms by which these retroelement colonize the genome are still unknown. The endogenous retrovirus gyspsy of Drosophilz melanogaster is a powerful experimental model to decipher this process. Gypsy is expressed in a sheet of somatic cells and transformed into the oocyte. This critical step is the first of the endogenization process which remains poorly understood. In this work we have shown that gypsy maternal transmission is reduced in the presence of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolachia in a piRNAs independent way. Wolbachia represent a negative factor limiting gypsy genome invasion. We also isolate from a cell culture an infectious form of the gypsy endogenenous retrovirus. This form of gypsy is still able to form enveloped viral particles ans still have infectious properties. This process by which this virus can bud from the cell and still be infectious is unknown but i can lead to a better understanding of the endogenization process. Together this findings allow a better understanding of the complex relationship between host (and his inhabitants) and an endogenous retrovirus
Zeitler, Alexandre. "Traitement d'une douleur neuropathique par la modulation pharmacologique du complexe basolatéral de l'amygdale." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ115/document.
Full textThe amygdala is a major control center of the emotions, but also integrates sensory, especially nociceptive information. Cortical afferents to the amygdala largely target its basolateral complex. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) then projects to the central amygdala nucleus, which in turn projects densely to the periaqueductal gray and thus can drive a behavioural output via the spinal cord. Data obtained during my thesis have shown that the balance between excitation and inhibition in the BLA triggers an tonic control of pain. Therefore modulating one of the neurotransmission directly influences the pain threshold of control or nociceptive mice. My thesis work also focused on the functioning of an anxiolytic and non benzodiazepinic drug ; Etifoxin (EFX). This molecule as a positive modulator of GABAA receptors and indirectly by increasing the synthesis of neurosteroids, also known as strong modulator of these receptors. In our team, we already showed that EFX has anti-nociceptive effects when injected intraperitonealy in rats. Here we wanted to determine the action of EFX on pain descending control drive by BLA. We showed that EFX infusion in the BLA seems to be anti-nociceptive, inducing a recover of the pre-cuff mechanical threshold level. We also used a patch-clamp approach to study directly in vitro the modulation of the inhibitory synaptic transmission produced by EFX. We showed that EFX potentiate the inhibition in BLA neurons via different and complementary mechanisms. These potentiating effects are mostly dependent of a neurosteroidogenesis increase
Zell, Vivien. "Impact des glucocorticoïdes circulants sur la maturation et le fonctionnement de l'inhibition spinale GABAergique." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ097/document.
Full textGlucocorticoids (GC) are steroid hormones synthesized in adrenals following HPA axis activation. GC production is a response of the organism to alleviate homeostasis perturbations through different actions. One of them involves central neuronal modulation of behavior and pain perception.Primary afferents convey peripheral sensory information in the dorsal horns of the spinal cord. This information can be nociceptive and are modulated by a spinal neuronal network before being transmitted and integrated. We showed that GC are implied in the maturation and functioning of the inhibitory transmission involving GABA neurotransmitter. In the dorsal horns this inhibitory transmission is of major importance, limiting the processing of nociceptive information