Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Perturbations écologiques – Méditerranée (région)'
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Lavorel, Sandra. "Structure spatiale, perturbations, et dynamique de la coexistence des espèces végétales : de l'expérimentation à la modélisation : l'exemple de friches méditerranéennes." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20006.
Full textFroustey, Nicolas. "Évaluer et quantifier les effets des aménagements soutenus ou réalisés par les Fédérations des chasseurs en faveur de la petite faune gibier sédentaire de plaine sur la biodiversité ordinaire et remarquable en zone méditerranéenne française." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Toulouse (2023-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024TLSES007.
Full textThe high biodiversity seen in the Mediterranean basin underlines the importance of traditional agricultural practices in landscape management and ecosystem functioning. Agricultural abandonment in rural areas has led to the spread of scrubland. This closure of environments is jeopardizing the proper functioning of Mediterranean lowland ecosystems, generating losses of species in open environments and undermining a large number of ecosystem, cultural and heritage services. Nowadays, hunting managers have been keen to restore areas suitable for small game species, which are in decline throughout Europe. However, the effects of these actions on biodiversity remain poorly understood. The aim of this doctoral thesis was to assess the ecological value of habitat management actions for small game in relation to biodiversity conservation. While the benefits of habitat management actions for small game species have been highlighted for passerines, further studies are needed to assess the impact of these actions on the conservation of bats, small terrestrial mammals and macro-arthropods, as current results remain preliminary, if not mixed. Seasonal bat activity is impacted by factors other than the habitat management itself. The diversity of small terrestrial mammal communities is naturally restricted in scrublands, making it difficult to assess the impact of habitat management on them. Moreover, the structure and enrichment of terrestrial macro-arthropod communities in scrublands are affected by various spatial descriptors of the local landscape. This manuscript proposes (1) four comparative studies of scrubland areas managed for small game fauna, compared with unmanaged areas, in order to assess the impact of habitat management on the conservation of non-target species; (2) inventory methods designed and suited to environments with restricted access, featuring dense evergreen and thorny vegetation ; (3) ideas to guide future research into the design of a simplified technical itinerary for hunters wishing to become involved in land-use planning, in support of sustainable, biodiversity-friendly hunting
Duvivier, Edmond. "Réponses bio-écologiques d'écosystèmes perturbés dans des secteurs aménagés en milieu méditerranéen." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30018.
Full textNader, Souhel. "Contribution à l'étude structurale des phytocénoses ligneuses méditerranéennes : aspects écologiques et biochimiques." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30013.
Full textAbou-Hamdan, Hussein. "Réponses des macrophytes de six cours d'eau méditerranéens à des perturbations naturelles et d'origine anthropique (sud-est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30060.
Full textThis is the first study on this topic focusing on the aquatic plants growing in six coastal rivers of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur area. These rivers were selected because of their morphological and hydrological characteristics are typical of most of Mediterranean coastal rivers. Owing to the size and the specific characteristics of these rivers, it was necessary to find a method of analysis of macrophyte. A macrophyte inventory of the species was drawn up and biomass evaluated. The responses of the macrophytic communities subjected to different types of disturbances (anthropic and natural) were both analysed in terms of intra - and inter ecosystemic functioning and of great ecological concepts. The water quality was calculated by various indices used in France (SEQ-EAU, IBD, IBMR, IBGN) and the different values discussed
Ormeño, Lafuente Elena. "Stratégies d'émission de composés organiques volatils (COV) par quatre espèces végétales méditerranéennes : effet de plusieurs facteurs écologiques sur l'émission et le stockage de terpènes." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX11036.
Full textCoreau, Audrey. "Dialogue entre des chiffres et des lettres : imaginer et construire des futurs possibles en écologie." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20190.
Full textStudying and predicting possible futures for ecological systems has become an objective of ecological research, particularly because of a growing awareness of the consequences of global changes. We propose here that the methods and concepts developed by the academic field of futures studies could be useful to enlarge ecological knowledge. Building model predictions has been the main method used by ecologists to study futures, whereas more qualitative methods are common in futures studies. We therefore adopted a reflexive viewpoint and conducted detailed interviews with ecologists to analyse the reasons for their limited application to ecological problems. The use of a reductionist approach to deal with complex systems and the lack of acknowledgement of futures' specificities appear as the major reasons for the continued preference for predictive approaches. We built conjectures based mainly on narratives to study possible futures for a Mediterranean landscape and showed that one can imagine several ecological futures. Incomplete knowledge, contingent events and the coexistence of several theories, play an important role in understanding possible future dynamics. By using numerical simulations of possible future changes in this Mediterranean landscape, we also illustrated the complementarities between prediction and narration. This study opens interesting perspectives for (i) ecological research, here we underline the importance of interactions and contingency to understand possible futures, (ii) futures studies, by going further in our understanding of the concepts of ‘conjectural problematic', and ‘diachronisation' and (iii) the link between these two disciplines
Le, Fur Ines. "Rôle des macrophytes dans la restauration des milieux lagunaires : successions écologiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG006/document.
Full textThe growing awareness of the negative impacts of the degradation of the water quality in coastal lagoons because of eutrophication has resulted in public action aiming at the reduction of the nutrient loadings into these lagoons. Hence, some of these coastal lagoons are currently undergoing ecological restoration and have shown a clear improvement of their water quality linked to decreasing phytoplankton biomass in the last 10 years. However, the response of the benthic macrophytes appears more complex, particularly by showing non-linear behaviour. By using complementary approaches including statistical analyses of long-term observations (1998-2015) and in situ measurements, this thesis aims to describe the dynamics of the macrophytes in space and time and to study their functional role during the oligotrophication process. Salinity, depth and nutrient concentrations in the water column represent the main factors that statistically explain the distribution of the benthic macrophyte communities in Mediterranean coastal lagoons. The first steps of the ecological restoration in eutrophied polyhaline and euhaline lagoons has been inferred from the statistical analysis of time series in 21 coastal lagoons. The reduction of the external nutrient loading results in a rapid regime shift (3-4 years) from a phytoplankton-dominated system to a macroalgae-dominated system, with particularly Ulva species. The decreasing inorganic nitrogen concentrations due to uptake by Ulva spp. in the water column appears to facilitate the development of Gracillaria spp. (red algae) and Chaetomorpha spp. (green filamentous algae). While the appearance of these macroalgal species is the result of the ecological restoration, these species also play a central role in this process by regulating the biogeochemical element fluxes. This way these species create more favourable conditions for perennial species. Although for re-oligotrophication trajectories in coastal lagoons our theory describes a tendency towards the return of perennial species, so far, we have not been able to document their return after a long period of absence. This shows, that among other factors, the internal nutrient loading and ecological connectivity are important factors to take into account for the recolonization of angiosperms in coastal lagoons
Khater, Carla. "Dynamiques végétales post-perturbations sur les carrières calcaires au Liban : Stratégies pour l'écologie de la restauration en régions méditerranéennes." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00413773.
Full textBabin, Régis. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le miride du cacaoyer Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemiptera : Miridae). Influence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur la dynamique des populations du ravageur." Phd thesis, Montpellier 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON30047.
Full textThis work aims at better understanding the mecanisms and agro-ecological factors involved in the Sahlbergella singularis population dynamics in farm. Life table analysis conducted on a rearing population showed that S. Singularis is a slow growing species. This result could explain the low densities of S. Singularis populations in cocoa farms. The study of S. Singularis demographic parameters showed that fecundity is a key-parameter of the seasonal variations of natural populations. Indeed, the high reproductive potential of females, due to optimal food supply and climatic conditions, may largely explain the growth of natural populations. Our work revealed that the density of S. Singularis populations in farms depends on agro-ecological conditions of cocoa production. Among cultural practices, spraying of insecticides, shade management and resort to hybrid varieties were the main factors influencing mirid density. The study of the impact of shade on mirid spatial distribution showed that mirids were aggregated in those areas where sunlight was highest. The infested areas, identified as mirid pockets, could be an infestation source for the surrounding farms. Our results also showed that large forest trees had a tendency to homogenize exposure to sunlight in plots and then to limit the development of mirid pockets. Overall, our study revealed that chemical control and shade management recommendations for cocoa mirids were seldom applied by farmers. Therefore, we discussed our results to fit recommendations to current cocoa production context in Cameroon
Babin, Régis. "Contribution à l'amélioration de la lutte contre le miride du cacaoyer Sahlbergella singularis Hagl. (Hemiptera : Miridae). Influence des facteurs agro-écologiques sur la dynamique des populations du ravageur." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00871800.
Full textCoiffait-Gombault, Clémentine. "Règles d’assemblages et restauration écologique des communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : le cas de la Plaine de La Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AVIG0322/document.
Full textMediterranean herbaceous ecosystems which are characterized by a high biodiversity have been submitted to a lot of changes in use. Their conservation is not sufficient enough and ecological restoration seems to be an adapted solution to improve conservation efforts as it can mitigate damages induced by human activities. To develop restoration methods adapted to these ecosystems, preliminary researches on the different communities composing an ecosystem and the filters which are responsible for community assemblage before and after disturbance are necessary. Representative of numerous Mediterranean steppe ecosystems, the “Coussouls de Crau” and their ex-arable-fields (Bouches-du-Rhône, France) are the biological models used to identify and study the principal filters potentially responsible for organizing the plant communities. Sheep grazing, trophic changes, competition and reproduction and /or species dispersal, were identified in a first study on steppe regeneration; these filters were then the core of the following three research experiments. We carried out two in-situ restoration protocols (hay transfer and sowing foundation species) and one ex-situ experiment testing interactions between a selection of steppe species. The main results show that reproduction, seed dispersal, soil trophic level, competition, extensive sheep grazing are filters which have a determinant role in structuring the communities, in determining plant composition and partly in explaining the slow dynamics towards the reference steppe. Also, we show that filters interact between them. For applied restoration, the tested methods promote steppe vegetation come back, but in the short term (two or three years after restoration), the composition of restored areas remains different to the reference ecosystem. Even if we understand better the different factors which explain community organization, these results demonstrate that it is difficult to restore it integrally because it is not easy to manipulate and find an equilibrium between the different filters actions. Now it is necessary to continue these fundamental and applied researches, in particular on the maturation and structure of the old herbaceous plant communities
Guittonny-Philippe, Anna. "Phytoépuration de mélanges de polluants organiques et métalliques pour la préservation des zones humides méditerranéennes : approche exploratoire vers la mise au point d'outils d'ingénierie écologique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4722/document.
Full textThe thesis aimed at developing a constructed wetland for simultaneous phytoremediation of organic micropollutants (OPM) and trace metals and metalloids (MM) in Mediterranean environment, for treating chronical and accidental releases from an industrialized catchment, and enhancing the resilience of a protected wetland. A greenhouse study was conducted in microcosms with pozzolan substrate, with five native helophytes (Alisma lanceolatum, Carex cuprina, Epilobium hirsutum, Iris pseudacorus, and Juncus inflexus) from the "Les Paluns" wetland (Marignane, 13). Plant growth and development parameters were monitored during 113 days of exposure to mixtures of OPM and/or MM, with the maximum concentrations ten times over the limits of European quality standards. MM concentrations in belowground and aboveground plant parts and rhizosphere bacterial communities were analyzed at the end of the study. Results confirmed the system depurative efficiency and provided an insight into the interactions between plants, substrate, pollutants and microorganisms, and an assessment of their effects on phytoremediation processes. Results encourage the use of C. cuprina for MM phytoaccumulation and for phytostimulation, and of E. hirsutum as a bioindicator in constructed wetlands. Finally, a bioindication tool was created to assist the constructed wetland integration in the industrialized territory, as a complement of a sociological approach. The thesis led to the implementation of three experimental eco-filters upstream from the Les Paluns wetland, in order to test in naturae the tools developed and to have a pilote site for the Mediterranean basin
Jaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d’une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d’usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0324/document.
Full textEcosystem restoration has been identified as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity and to protect all the biodiversity-based goods and services from which humankind benefits. Restoration feeds from knowledge coming from both community ecology and restoration ecology. The objectives of the thesis are to provide insights on both the dynamics of a mediterranean steppe after changes in land-use and the implementation of techniques which could be applied to restore this ecosystem after severe anthropogenic disturbances. The thesis takes as a study object the La Crau Mediterranean steppe, and especially former cultivated fields to study the recovery after cultivation and the Cossure large scale rehabilitation project to experiment rehabilitation and restoration techniques. Concerning dynamics after severe exogenous anthropogenic disturbances, we confirmed the low resilience of the steppe plant community both at mid- (30-40 years) and long-term (150 years) while the resilience of soil parameters and mycorrhizal infestation rate are effective on the long-term. Moreover we confirmed the role played by the three filters in the plant community recovery and found that for the La Crau steppe, this is firstly driven by the abiotic filter, then by the dispersion filter and finally by the biotic filter. Given this low resilience, we tested several restoration techniques applied at large-scale within the Cossure rehabilitation project: nurse species seeding, topsoil removal, hay transfer and soil transfer. In order to assess the efficiency of restoration techniques we developed indices to measure the community structure integrity, disentangling lower and higher abundances compared to the reference. The best results were obtained with soil transfer, followed by topsoil removal, then nurse species seeding and finally hay transfer. The research conducted for this thesis shows that current knowledge in ecological restoration makes it possible to restore at least partially some La Crau ecosystem components, but ought to lead us to understand the importance of in situ conservation of natural habitats as a better alternative to restore them after they were destroyed
Muller, Isabelle. "Restauration de marais temporaires et de pelouses méso-xériques à partir d’anciennes rizières : Rôle respectif des filtres dans l'assemblage des communautés." Thesis, Avignon, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AVIG0329/document.
Full textEcological restoration is considered as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity. Changes in land-uses may be an opportunity to restore ecosystems degraded by agricultural activities. This is the case of the participatory project of the Cassaïre site, located in the Rhône delta, which aims at recreating Mediterranean ecosystems favorable to hunting on former ricefields. Two ecosystems are targeted, temporary wetlands and meso-xeric grasslands. The aims of the thesis are to highlight the main drivers of plant community establishment, to test restoration techniques and to evaluate their effects on plant communities but also on other compartments of the ecosystem. In the absence of target species in the regional species pool, the introduction of these species is necessary in addition to the restoration of abiotic conditions. Topsoil removal and soil transfer for wetland communities allow an increase of target species and of similarity with the reference community. This technique appears to be less relevant for aquatic invertebrate community. The contrasted successful of soil transfer highlights the risks of favoring some indicators of restoration success, as they may not reflect the entire ecosystem. Topsoil removal and hay transfer seem to be a relevant combination to recreate grassland plant community, although the results obtained are less convincing than for temporary wetland, probably due to high competition. Our results, obtained in mesocosms, even if they relate only to the early stages of recovery, provide restoration techniques that seem relevant to establish some components of the two reference ecosystems. These results, by their limitations, however, suggest focusing on in situ conservation of natural habitats rather than trying to restore them after they were destroyed.Keywords: Biodiversity, Community ecology, Restoration