Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Perturbation endocrinienne des invertébrés'
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Jubeaux, Guilaume. "Développement de la mesure de la vitellogénine chez les invertébrés & utilisation de marqueurs de la perturbation endocrinienne chez le crustacé amphipode gammarus fossarum." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10111/document.
Full textAmong pollutants, endocrine disruptors (ED) are in central scientific preoccupation because of the risks of these compounds to the environment, in particular for aquatic ecosystems. The availability and impact study of ED on aquatic vertebrates, in particular fishes, was the subject of many projects and papers. These studies led to the development of diagnostic tools, such as vitellogenin (Vg) induction in male organisms, inhibition of ovarian and testicular growth, delayed sexual maturity, presence of intersex individuals and abnormal concentrations of steroid hormones. However, little attention was paid to invertebrates which account for more than 95% of animal species and play an essential role in functioning and health of aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, the result is a lack of specific tools for endocrine disruption assessment in these species. In this context, the proposed work focuses first on the interest and relevance of mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to develop and to transfer among species a method for measuring Vg in invertebrates species, including crustaceans, molluscs and insects. Then, this work has focused on a model amphipod crustacean (Gammarus fossarum) and aims were (1) to develop the Vg biomarker, through the validation of its functional role in reproduction (vitellogenesis, embryogenesis and inter-sex differences), its sensitivity towards model compounds and to its use in field monitoring, using caged organisms and (2) develop a biotest in the female to assess the ED risk of chemical compounds and aquatic systems, by studying and measuring individual markers
Miglioli, Angelica. "Pathways of endocrine disruption in the larval development of the mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2021SORUS337.pdf.
Full textEndocrine Disruptors (EDCs) are a class of anthropogenic environmental contaminants that affect organisms by disrupting their endocrine system. Notably, the lack of detailed understanding of endocrine systems and their signaling pathway prevents understanding of the effect of PEs in invertebrates. Accordingly, this thesis aims to address the issue of endocrine disruption in marine invertebrates by exploiting the larval development of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. By applying the logic of the Adverse Outcome Pathway-AOP, the work in this thesis attempted to characterize the mechanism of action of the model EDCs BPA, TBBPA and TBT in mussel larvae and to identify plausible neuroendocrine pathways by which they induce their deleterious biological effect. The neuroendocrine elements regulating the biogenesis of the larval shell have been characterized and the morphogenetic process established as sensitive to neuroendocrine disruption. Plausible neuroendocrine AOPs that could be linked to the biological effects of the model EDCs have been identified. In addition, the possible AOP of TBT has established a plausible relationship between nuclear receptor signaling and the neuroendocrine system of mussel larvae. The results of this thesis represent essential evidence that will help and advance the current understanding of endocrine disruption mechanisms in invertebrate organisms
Stroheker, Thomas. "Molécules migrantes de l'emballage et perturbation endocrinienne." Dijon, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004DIJOS016.
Full textLabadie, Pierre. "Détermination des stéroïdes hormonaux dans l'environnement : développement analytiques et applications." Bordeaux 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004BOR12884.
Full textHinfray, Nathalie. "Etude de l'expression des cytochromes P 450 aromatases commr marqueurs biologiques d'une perturbation endocrinienne chez le poisson." Metz, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2006/Hinfray.Nathalie.SMZ0621.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this work was to study the effects of endocrine disrupting chernicals (EDCs) on brain and gonadal P45Oaromatase in fish in order to determine to which extent these genes or their products could be used as biomarkers of endocrine disruption in fish. We first developed methods to measure cypl9a and cypl9b mRNA and protein levels, as well as activity of brain and gonadal aromatase in zebrafish (Danio rerio). These methods allowed us to obtain relevant and original data on the expression of aromatases in this species. Next, we assessed the effects of several environmental pollutants and characterized the inhibitory potency of several pesticides using an in vitro assay based on brain and gonadal microsomal aromatase fiom rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Clotrimazole, an imidazole fùngicide used as a pharmaceutical, was found to be the most active substance among the tested pesticides. In vivo, we observed that various substances can perturb brain and gonadal aromatase and elicit tissue-specific responses. While androstadrienedione (a steroidal inhibitor of aromatase) inhibited aromatase activity in both brain and gonads without affecting cypl9 expression, the in vivo action of clotrimazole (characterized as an aromatase inhibitor in vitro) was more complex. The effects of this molecule differed depending on the target tissue and the concentration used for exposure. Moreover, the effects observed on the mRNA levels did not allow to predict the effects on the aromatase activity. Finally, we showed that some xenoestrogens are able to inhibit ovarian aromatase gene expression and at the same time to induce brain aromatase at the gene and protein level through an estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent mechanism. This demonstrates that measurement of cypl9b induction is a relevant biomarker of exposure to estrogenic compounds. Taken together, Our work provides new and relevant data concerning the effects and mechanisms of action of EDCs in fish, especially in female individuals. However, to determine the physiological and reproductive consequences of aromatase perturbation, M e r research is needed. Such knowledge is critical for establishing the use of these biomarkers in risk assessrnent of EDCs
Hinfray, Nathalie Vasseur Paule. "Etude de l'expression des cytochromes P 450 aromatases commr marqueurs biologiques d'une perturbation endocrinienne chez le poisson." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2006/Hinfray.Nathalie.SMZ0621.pdf.
Full textWarembourg, Charline. "Perturbation endocrinienne pendant la grossesse et anomalies précoces du système reproducteur : analyses à partir de cohortes mère-enfant." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B042/document.
Full textFrom last decades, researchers had increased interest about the impact of environmental exposure on reproductive impairments. The fetal life is a crucial period of development and exposure to chemical during gestation may lead to adverse health outcomes at birth or later in life. Several toxicological studies have reported that some chemicals are reproductive and developmental toxicants and that some of them are able to interact with the endocrine system. In humans, evidence about the endocrine effects of these molecules is limited. The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of prenatal exposure to chemicals on two endocrine-sensitive endpoints at birth: sex hormone levels and congenital anomalies of the genitalia. This work is based on data collected in two French mother-child cohorts that included pregnant women during pregnancy and collected biological samples to perform exposure assessment. Two chemicals classes are studies including persistent organic pollutants (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers) and glycol ethers, a class of oxygenated solvent. The studies conducted show effects of prenatal exposure to both classes of chemicals on endocrine-sensitive endpoints related to reproductive health. Modifications of sex hormone levels are observed in association with exposure to various persistent organic pollutants. Prenatal exposure to some glycol ethers is associated with an increased risk of hypospadias and with modifications of sex hormone levels. These results highlight the effect of prenatal exposure to ubiquitous chemicals, on the endocrine system of the fetus
Gaudriault, Pierre. "Effets d'anti-androgènes seuls ou en combinaison sur la stéroïdogenèse : approches combinées in vitro et in silico." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B018/document.
Full textA number of chemicals are capable of disrupting androgen production, but the possibility that they might act together to produce effects larger than those of the most effective component in the mixture has never been studied directly in human tissues. Suppression of androgen synthesis in fetal life can contribute to testis maldescent, malformations of the genitalia and poor semen quality. By using an organotypic culture system of human fetal testes, we conducted an unprecedented screening exercise in which 27 chemicals were tested for their possible anti-androgen effect. We demonstrate that several previously untested chemicals such as the pesticides imazalil and propiconazole and the industrial chemical bisphenol S (BPS), together with pharmaceuticals and pesticides, act jointly to exacerbate suppression of testosterone synthesis in the human fetal testis. This leads to considerable downward shifts of dose-response curves towards lower doses, at a particularly sensitive time when male sexual development is initiated. Our work reveals previously unrecognized risks to the developing fetus and provides the foundations of a predictive human mixture risk assessment approach. Our studies highlight concerns about the use of pharmaceutical in mixture during pregnancy and the impact on reproductive human health of multiple chemical exposure
Xuereb, Benoît. "Développement de marqueurs de neurotoxicité et de perturbations endocrines chez l'amphipode d'eau douce Gammarus fossarum." Thesis, Metz, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009METZ057S.
Full textThe aim of this works was to develop specific biomarkers of neurotoxicity (cholinesterase activity) and endocrine disruptions linked to reproduction (vitellogenine synthesis) in freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum. G. fossarum owns only an isoforme of cholinesterase of type acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Biotic factors have been shown as the main source of natural variability of the activity AChE in this species. Therefore, the selection of organisms with male phenotype and a body-weight of 15-20 mg allowed to propose a methodology of reliable and strong dosage. A reference value and a threshold value were described. Our works on the AChE, also demonstrated that there is no relation between the inhibition of this enzymatic activity and the mortality. On the other hand, a direct relation was observed between the activity AChE and behaviours. Finally, the coupled use of in situ bioassays and measure of the activity AChE showed to be a relevant tool for the environmental assessment of anti-ChE compound impact. The description of the physiological processes, bound to the reproduction cycle of females (moult cycle, oocyte growth and embryonic development), brought bases for the development of the Vtg gene expression as biomarker. It also allowed to develop a robust and reproducible reprotoxicity-test displaying a very weak variability of the basic values observed in the non-impacted organisms. Females present an important rise of the Vtg synthesis during their reproduction cycle, corresponding with the implementation of the secondary vitellogenesis process. The induction of the Vtg gene expression was observed in males exposed in laboratory to model endocrine disrupters and in organisms exposed in situ, in areas subjected to an anthropological pressure
Kinani, Said. "Caractérisation et dosage de substances chimiques à activité de perturbation endocrinienne dans des sédiments aquatiques, développement d'une approche couplant tests biologiques in vitro et méthodes physico-chimiques d'analyse." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009EPXX0059.
Full textDumont, Coralie. "Génotoxicité et potentiel perturbateur endocrinien de contaminants de l'aliment : modèle cellulaire Hep-G2 - mécanismes moléculaires." Thesis, Dijon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DIJOS046.
Full textFood can expose Human to xenobiotics. Indeed, the various steps between production and consumption can be at the origin of food contaminations, either with natural or chemical substances. The objective of this work was to test two toxicities exhibited at low doses: genotoxicity and endocrine disruption. Xenobiotics studied are a dioxin (TCDD, environmental pollutant), glyphosate and different Roundup formulations (pesticides), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (neoformed compound) and bisphenol F (food packaging contaminant). The model is the HepG2 cell line derived from a human hepatocarcinoma. These cells are chose because they have well-characterized metabolic capacities and all contaminants studied are hepatotoxic. Using transcriptional activation assay, we have shown that the four formulations of Roundup were anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic. Glyphosate was only anti-androgenic. Furthermore, formulations were able to modify the aromatase activity in HepG2 cells. After 4 hours of contact, the formulation at 400g/L induced genotoxic effect (comet assay) which was not correlated to an oxidative stress or an apoptotic effect (caspase 3,7 activation). The differences observed between the formulation and its components (glyphosate and POEA) suggest a “mixture effect”. We have shown that 5-HMF is a progenotoxic molecule at noncytotoxic concentrations in the comet assay. Also, we have demonstrated that BPF is the most active molecule in genotoxicity and endocrine disruption assays compared to its metabolites. In parallel, the establishment of a stably transfected HepG2 cell line in order to assess the potential (anti)estrogenic effects was initiated.Cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the toxic effects was also studied. Thus, HepG2 cells metabolized BPF to sulfate metabolite (30% at 25μM), whereas human hepatocytes produced the sulfate and / or glucuronide conjugates (100% at 25μM) with aninterindividual difference. Finally, in vitro and in our experimental conditions, the role of ERin the toxic effects of TCDD was investigated. Using transcriptional activity, TCDD was shown anti-estrogenic on ER. Furthermore, a potention of E2 on transcriptional activity of TCDD induced via AhR was demonstrated. Finally, in vitro assays was used to assess xenobiotic toxicity. They are relevant to in risk assessment
Legrand, Eléna. "Couplage d’approches écotoxicogénomiques chez le copépode estuarien Eurytemora affinis et d’outils bio-analytiques pour l’évaluation du caractère perturbateur endocrinien des contaminants aquatiques : exemple de deux pesticides modèles : le pyriproxyfène et la chlordécone, seuls et en mélange." Thesis, Le Havre, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LEHA0007/document.
Full textAquatic ecosystems constitute the chemicals’ final destination. Among the xenobiotics, endocrine disruptors (ED) are compounds of major concern. In this context, ED pesticides effects were investigated in the widespread copepod Eurytemora Affinis using ecotoxicogenomics technics. In response to PE pesticides, focus was made on reproduction, growth and development. In order to evaluate the endocrine activity, in vitro tests (YES/YAS/anti-YES/anti-YAS and S2 EcR) were used to screen the compounds alone and in mixtures. These results were discussed to evaluate the “cut off criterion” used in European assessment. This work presents for the first time, transcriptomes and proteomes of E. affinis after PXF and CLD –alone and in binary mixture- exposure. A sex dependent effect was observed by the two “omics” approaches. Male copepods were more impacted by contaminants than female copepods. Genes and proteins (e.g. chitin deacetylase, kelch protein) were identified as candidates for the development of ED molecular biomarkers. In vitro tests highlighted binding of pesticides with both vertebrate and invertebrate receptors. However, a toxicity for the highest concentrations tested and some limits for the interpretation of mixtures results were limiting in YES/YAS/anti-YES/anti-YAS assays. The last observation represents particularly a major concern for interpretation of the ED mode of action of environmental matrix. S2 EcR highlighted some complementary results about the mode of action of chemicals alone and in binary mixtures. These results accentuate the need to combine vertebrate specific test and invertebrate specific test in ED risk assessment
Domingos, Gouveia Duarte. "Approches moléculaires pour la découverte, le développement et l’application de biomarqueurs de toxicité chez les gammaridéscité spécifiques applicables au sein de la diversité des gammaridés." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1318/document.
Full textThe routine use of biomarkers in environmental biomonitoring faces several drawbacks, especially in invertebrates. Among these limitations, the lack of validated species-specific biomarkers and multibiomarker methodologies comprise major constraints. Based on gene and protein catalogs obtained from proteogenomics experiments previously performed on the ecotoxicological-relevant species Gammarus fossarum, this thesis aimed at identifying and validating molecular biomarkers for the diagnostic of toxic perturbations in this species. Following recent methodologies for the development of biomarkers in human disease diagnosis, we implemented a fast, specific, quantitative multiplexed targeted proteomics assay (using Selected Reaction Monitoring mass spectrometry) to study dozens of protein biomarker candidates simultaneously. The assay was applied to assess the physiological importance of protein candidates, and to assess their pertinence as biomarkers after laboratory and field exposures to chemical contamination. The second part of this thesis aimed at the development of specific endocrine disruption biomarkers, through two complementary approaches. The first approach, based on a comparative shotgun proteomic analysis using a known endocrine disruptor for arthropods, allowed exhaustively increasing the whole-proteome analysis through the detection of roughly 4000 proteins (53 modulated by the exposure). The second comprised sequence homology searches, phylogenetic analyses, and gene expression studies for proposing new biomarker candidates identified from literature searches
Tartu, Sabrina. "Relationships between contaminants and hormones involved in breeding decisions in polar seabirds." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS022/document.
Full textIn order to maximise fitness, individuals will have to take several decisions that shall match with environmental conditions (whether to breed or not, when to breed, what level of parental investment). These decisions are mediated by hormones : such as luteinizing hormone (LH), a pituitary hormone involved in the onset of breeding, stress hormones (corticosterone, CORT) and prolactin (PRL) a pituitary hormone involved in the expression of parental care. Environmental contaminants are present world-wide, and also in Polar Regions. Since many contaminants are endocrine disruptors, they may impair breeding decisions, but evidences are scarce for wildlife. The aim of this thesis was to assess the relationships between some legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs : PCBs, organochlorine pesticides), mercury (Hg) and hormones (LH, CORT, PRL) in different Arctic and Antarctic seabird species. Results show that POPs and Hg clearly interact with LH, CORT and PRL secretion. These contaminants appear to target different hormones : increasing Hg was related to decreasing pituitary hormone secretion (LH and PRL) ; whereas increasing PCBs were linked to an exacerbated CORT response to an acute stress. Hg disrupted LH secretion by probably suppressing GnRH input to the pituitary ; PCBs seem to act at the adrenal level by probably stimulating ACTH receptors. Legacy POPs and Hg are therefore able to disrupt reproductive decisions and to impact fitness : elevated Hg levels were linked to skipped reproduction and poor incubation behavior ; elevated PCB levels may make individuals more susceptible to environmental perturbations. The long-term consequences of contaminant exposure for seabirds are discussed in the context of the environmental challenges affecting polar regions
Dehédin, Arnaud. "Changements globaux et assèchement des zones humides fluviales : conséquences sur les processus biogéochimiques et les communautés d'invertébrés." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00976026.
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